Journal articles: 'Egocentric bias'

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김은영, Choongkil Lee, and 김택준. "Repulsive bias in egocentric localization." Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 2014): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.22172/cogbio.2014.26.4.005.

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Dimmock, Paul. "Knowledge, belief, and egocentric bias." Synthese 196, no. 8 (November 9, 2017): 3409–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1603-9.

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Hayashi, Hajimu, and Mina Nishikawa. "Egocentric bias in affective perspective taking." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 1PM—096–1PM—096. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_1pm-096.

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Hayashi, Yugo. "Facilitating Perspective Taking in Groups." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 5, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2013010101.

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The present study investigates the nature of egocentric biases in a situation where a speaker is surrounded by social actors with different perspectives. In this context, the author investigated how communication channels function to ease egocentric bias during collaborative activities. To investigate this point, the author used conversational agents as social actors. The present study therefore created a virtual situation where a speaker was surrounded by several speakers. The author hypothesized that the diversity of communication channels available to the audience would increase the awareness of others and facilitate the adoption of an exocentric perspective. The results of the analysis show that participants who engaged in the collaboration task with various communication channels used fewer egocentric perspectives. Studies in egocentrism and communication have not yet investigated the conversational dynamics of multiple speakers. This study therefore provides a new perspective about the kinds of factors that may ease such biases.

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Clark, Dale L. "Aesop's fox: Consequentialist virtue meets egocentric bias." Philosophical Psychology 22, no. 6 (December 2009): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515080903409911.

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Wallin, Annika. "Is egocentric bias evidence for simulation theory?" Synthese 178, no. 3 (September 2, 2009): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-009-9653-2.

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Samuel, Steven, Edward W. Legg, Robert Lurz, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Egocentric bias across mental and non-mental representations in the Sandbox Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (January 1, 2018): 2395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817742367.

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In the Sandbox Task, participants indicate where a protagonist who has a false belief about the location of an object will look for that object in a trough filled with a substrate that conceals the hidden object’s location. Previous findings that participants tend to indicate a location closer to where they themselves know the object to be located have been interpreted as evidence of egocentric bias when attributing mental states to others. We tested the assumption that such biases occur as a result of reasoning about mental states specifically. We found that participants showed more egocentric bias when reasoning from a protagonist’s false belief than from their own memory, but found equivalent levels of bias when they were asked to indicate where a false film would depict the object as when they were asked about a protagonist’s false belief. Our findings suggest that that egocentric biases found in adult false belief tasks are more likely due to a general difficulty with reasoning about false representations than a specialised difficulty with reasoning about false mental states.

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Hayashi, Hajimu, and Mina Nishikawa. "Egocentric bias in emotional understanding of children and adults." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 185 (September 2019): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.009.

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Wexler, Mark. "Voluntary Head Movement and Allocentric Perception of Space." Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (July 2003): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.14491.

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Although visual input is egocentric, at least some visual perceptions and representations are allocentric, that is, independent of the observer's vantage point or motion. Three experiments investigated the visual perception of three-dimensional object motion during voluntary and involuntary motion in human subjects. The results show that the motor command contributes to the objective perception of space: Observers are more likely to apply, consciously and unconsciously, spatial criteria relative to an allocentric frame of reference when they are executing voluntary head movements than while they are undergoing similar involuntary displacements (which lead to a more egocentric bias). Furthermore, details of the motor command are crucial to spatial vision, as allocentric bias decreases or disappears when self-motion and motor command do not match.

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Samuel, Steven, Anna Frohnwieser, Robert Lurz, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Reduced egocentric bias when perspective-taking compared with working from rules." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 9 (May 22, 2020): 1368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820916707.

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Previous research has suggested that adults are sometimes egocentric, erroneously attributing their current beliefs, perspectives, and opinions to others. Interestingly, this egocentricity is sometimes stronger when perspective-taking than when working from functionally identical but non-perspectival rules. Much of our knowledge of egocentric bias comes from Level 1 perspective-taking (e.g., judging whether something is seen) and judgements made about narrated characters or avatars rather than truly social stimuli such as another person in the same room. We tested whether adults would be egocentric on a Level 2 perspective-taking task (judging how something appears), in which they were instructed to indicate on a continuous colour scale the colour of an object as seen through a filter. In our first experiment, we manipulated the participants’ knowledge of the object’s true colour. We also asked participants to judge either what the filtered colour looked like to themselves or to another person present in the room. We found participants’ judgements did not vary across conditions. In a second experiment, we instead manipulated how much participants knew about the object’s colour when it was filtered. We found that participants were biased towards the true colour of the object when making judgements about targets they could not see relative to targets they could, but that this bias disappeared when the instruction was to imagine what the object looked like to another person. We interpret these findings as indicative of reduced egocentricity when considering other people’s experiences of events relative to considering functionally identical but abstract rules.

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Poirel, Nicolas, Manuel Vidal, Arlette Pineau, Céline Lanoë, Gaëlle Leroux, Amélie Lubin, Marie-Renée Turbelin, Alain Berthoz, and Olivier Houdé. "Evidence of Different Developmental Trajectories for Length Estimation According to Egocentric and Allocentric Viewpoints in Children and Adults." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000079.

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This study investigated the influence of egocentric and allocentric viewpoints on a comparison task of length estimation in children and adults. A total of 100 participants ranging in age from 5 years to adulthood were presented with virtual scenes representing a park landscape with two paths, one straight and one serpentine. Scenes were presented either from an egocentric or allocentric viewpoint. Results showed that when the two paths had the same length, participants always overestimated the length of the straight line for allocentric trials, whereas a development from a systematic overestimation in children to an underestimation of the straight line length in adults was found for egocentric trials. We discuss these findings in terms of the influences of both bias-inhibition processes and school acquisitions.

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Damen, Debby, Marije van Amelsvoort, Per van der Wijst, Monique Pollmann, and Emiel Krahmer. "Lifting the curse of knowing: How feedback improves perspective-taking." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 6 (February 4, 2021): 1054–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820987080.

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People are likely to use their own knowledge as a frame of reference when they try to assess another person’s perspective. Due to this egocentric anchoring, people often overestimate the extent to which others share their point of view. This study investigated which type of feedback (if any) stimulates perceivers to make estimations of another person’s perspective that are less biased by egocentric knowledge. We allocated participants to one of the three feedback conditions (no feedback, accuracy feedback, narrative feedback). Findings showed that participants who were given feedback adjusted their perspective-judgement more than those who did not receive feedback. They also showed less egocentric projection on future assessments. Participants adjusted their perspective within the same trial to the same degree for both feedback types. However, participants’ egocentric bias was only reduced when they received narrative feedback and not when they received accuracy feedback about their performance. Implications of these findings for theories of perspective-taking are discussed.

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Wang, J. Jessica, Philip Tseng, Chi-Hung Juan, Steven Frisson, and Ian A. Apperly. "Perspective-taking across cultures: shared biases in Taiwanese and British adults." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (November 2019): 190540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190540.

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The influential hypothesis by Markus & Kitayama (Markus, Kitayama 1991. Psychol. Rev. 98 , 224) postulates that individuals from interdependent cultures place others above self in interpersonal contexts. This led to the prediction and finding that individuals from interdependent cultures are less egocentric than those from independent cultures (Wu, Barr, Gann, Keysar 2013. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7 , 1–7; Wu, Keysar. 2007 Psychol. Sci. 18 , 600–606). However, variation in egocentrism can only provide indirect evidence for the Markus and Kitayama hypothesis. The current study sought direct evidence by giving British (independent) and Taiwanese (interdependent) participants two perspective-taking tasks on which an other-focused ‘altercentric’ processing bias might be observed. One task assessed the calculation of simple perspectives; the other assessed the use of others' perspectives in communication. Sixty-two Taiwanese and British adults were tested in their native languages at their home institutions of study. Results revealed similar degrees of both altercentric and egocentric interference between the two cultural groups. This is the first evidence that listeners account for a speaker's limited perspective at the cost of their own performance. Furthermore, the shared biases point towards similarities rather than differences in perspective-taking across cultures.

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Tang, Ty Y., and Michael K. McBeath. "Who hit the ball out? An egocentric temporal order bias." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaav5698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5698.

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Temporal order judgments can require integration of self-generated action events and external sensory information. We examined whether conscious experience is biased to perceive one’s own action events to occur before simultaneous external events, such as deciding whether you or your opponent last touched a basketball heading out of bounds. Participants made temporal order judgments comparing their own touch to another participant’s touch, a mechanical touch, or an auditory click. In all three manipulations, we find a robust bias to perceive self-generated action events to occur about 50 ms before external sensory events. We denote this bias to perceive self-actions earlier as the “egocentric temporal order” bias. Thus, if two players hit a ball nearly simultaneously, then both will likely have different subjective experiences of who touched last, leading to arguments.

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Fincham, Frank D., and Thomas N. Bradbury. "Perceived Responsibility for Marital Events: Egocentric or Partner-Centric Bias?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 51, no. 1 (February 1989): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352365.

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Feng, Chunliang, Xue Feng, Li Wang, Lili Wang, Ruolei Gu, Aiping Ni, Gopikrishna Deshpande, Zhihao Li, and Yue-Jia Luo. "The neural signatures of egocentric bias in normative decision-making." Brain Imaging and Behavior 13, no. 3 (May 16, 2018): 685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-018-9893-1.

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Tanaka, Ken'ichiro. "Egocentric bias in perceived fairness: Is it observed in Japan?" Social Justice Research 6, no. 3 (September 1993): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01054462.

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Mikellidou, Kyriaki, Guido Marco Cicchini, and David C. Burr. "Perceptual History Acts in World-Centred Coordinates." i-Perception 12, no. 5 (September 2021): 204166952110293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211029301.

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Serial dependence effects have been observed using a variety of stimuli and tasks, revealing that the recent past can bias current percepts, leading to increased similarity between two. The aim of this study is to determine whether this temporal integration occurs in egocentric or allocentric coordinates. We asked participants to perform an orientation reproduction task using grating stimuli while the head was kept at a fixed position, or after a 40° yaw rotation between trials, from left (−20°) to right (+20°), putting the egocentric and allocentric cues in conflict. Under these conditions, allocentric cues prevailed.

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Samuel, Steven, Edward W. Legg, Robert Lurz, and Nicola S. Clayton. "The unreliability of egocentric bias across self–other and memory–belief distinctions in the Sandbox Task." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181355.

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Humans are often considered egocentric creatures, particularly (and ironically) when we are supposed to take another person's perspective over our own (i.e. when we use our theory of mind). We investigated the underlying causes of this phenomenon. We gave young adult participants a false belief task (Sandbox Task) in which objects were first hidden at one location by a protagonist and then moved to a second location within the same space but in the protagonist's absence. Participants were asked to indicate either where the protagonist remembered the item to be (reasoning about another's memory), believed it to be (reasoning about another's false belief), or where the protagonist would look for it (action prediction of another based on false belief). The distance away from Location A (the original one) towards Location B (the new location) was our measure of egocentric bias. We found no evidence that egocentric bias varied according to reasoning type, and no evidence that participants actually were more biased when reasoning about another person than when simply recalling the first location from memory. We conclude that the Sandbox Task paradigm may not be sensitive enough to draw out consistent effects related to mental state reasoning in young adults.

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Valente, Thomas W., Leanne Dougherty, and Emily Stammer. "Response Bias over Time." Field Methods 29, no. 4 (June 2, 2017): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x17703718.

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This study investigates potential bias that may arise when surveys include question items for which multiple units are elicited. Examples of such items include questions about experiences with multiple health centers, comparison of different products, or the solicitation of egocentric network data. The larger the number of items asked about each named individual or location, the greater potential interviewer and respondent burden accrues to the naming of more names. Interviewers may be inclined to limit the number of names elicited to reduce the amount of time required to complete the interviews. We tested whether such bias occurred from data collected in northwest Ghana by contrasting group learning with individual learning. The results provided mixed evidence for both group and individual learning and stress the need to take actions such as increased training, change in incentives, and/or monitoring responses to guard against such results.

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Wraga, Maryjane, Sarah H. Creem, and Dennis R. Proffitt. "Perception-Action Dissociations of a Walkable Müller-Lyer Configuration." Psychological Science 11, no. 3 (May 2000): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00248.

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These studies examined the role of spatial encoding in inducing perception-action dissociations in visual illusions. Participants were shown a large-scale Müller-Lyer configuration with hoops as its tails. In Experiment 1, participants either made verbal estimates of the extent of the Müller-Lyer shaft (verbal task) or walked the extent without vision, in an offset path (blind-walking task). For both tasks, participants stood a small distance away from the configuration, to elicit object-relative encoding of the shaft with respect to its hoops. A similar illusion bias was found in the verbal and motoric tasks. In Experiment 2, participants stood at one endpoint of the shaft in order to elicit egocentric encoding of extent. Verbal judgments continued to exhibit the illusion bias, whereas blind-walking judgments did not. These findings underscore the importance of egocentric encoding in motor tasks for producing perception-action dissociations.

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Leung, Kwok, Kwok-Kit Tong, and Salina Siu-Ying Ho. "Effects of Interactional Justice on Egocentric Bias in Resource Allocation Decisions." Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 3 (2004): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.405.

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Schaerer, Michael, Roderick Swaab, Mary Kern, Gail Ann Berger, and Victoria Husted Medvec. "Transparency Illusions in Performance Appraisals: How Egocentric Bias Explains Feedback Inflation." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (January 2015): 10885. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.10885abstract.

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Zhan, Lingjing, Piyush Sharma, and Ricky Y. K. Chan. "Using spotlight effect to curb counterfeit consumption – an experimental investigation." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 556–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-04-2014-0076.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how counterfeit users estimate the probability of being detected and how this probability affects their counterfeit consumption behaviour. Specifically, it addresses three questions: do perceived social consequences influence counterfeit users’ probability estimate of being detected? What is the psychological mechanism underlying the estimation of this probability? And how does this probability estimate affect counterfeit purchase and usage intentions? Design/methodology/approach – The authors used three scenario-based experimental studies with university students in Hong Kong, a place where counterfeit products are widely available. First study used a factitious brand of jeans as the stimulus and the other two studies used a Ralph Lauren polo shirt. In each study, the authors measured participants’ responses towards counterfeit purchase and the probability of being detected after they read the relevant brand information and had a close-up view of the attributes in the genuine and counterfeit versions. Findings – The authors found that counterfeit users are susceptible to a pessimism bias such that they estimate a higher probability of being detected when they judge the outcome of being detected as more severe and this bias is driven by the spotlight effect in that counterfeit users judging the outcome as more severe tend to perceive that others pay more attention to their counterfeit usage. Moreover, this pessimism bias is mitigated when the target user is another person instead of oneself, thus suggesting the egocentric nature of the bias. Research limitations/implications – The authors used undergraduate students and scenario-based experimental approach in all the studies that may limit the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications – The results suggest that brand managers should emphasise the importance of negative social consequences and highlight the role of outcome severity and egocentric bias in their advertising and communication programmes in order to curb counterfeit consumption. Originality/value – The research contributes to the growing literature on counterfeit consumption by studying the process underlying estimation of the probability of being detected by others, an important but often neglected factor that influences counterfeit purchase decision. The authors also highlight the role of outcome severity and egocentric bias in this process.

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Reed, Lucy. "The 2013 Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre Kaplan Lecture Arbitral Decision-Making: Art, Science or Sport?" Journal of International Arbitration 30, Issue 2 (April 1, 2013): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2013007.

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The following article is a print version of the annual Kaplan Lecture delivered by Lucy Reed in Hong Kong in December 2012.The lecture is divided into two parts. It begins with a discussion of heuristics and cognitive biases in adjudication. It relates various findings in experimental settings of how cognitive biases such as the anchoring effect, hindsight bias, egocentric bias, cultural effects and extremeness aversion may have an impact on adjudicators. The second part describes how, from a practical point of view, both advocates and arbitrators can reduce the potential for bias, and increase efficiency and responsiveness in arbitral proceedings.

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Muelenz, Cornelius, Matthias Gamer, and Heiko Hecht. "Testing the Egocentric Mirror-Rotation Hypothesis." Seeing and Perceiving 23, no. 5 (2010): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847510x540000.

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AbstractAlthough observers know about the law of reflection, their intuitive understanding of spatial locations in mirrors is often erroneous. Hecht et al. (2005) proposed a two-stage mirror-rotation hypothesis to explain these misconceptions. The hypothesis involves an egocentric bias to the effect that observers behave as if the mirror surface were rotated by about 2° to be more orthogonal than is the case. We test four variants of the hypothesis, which differ depending on whether the virtual world, the mirror, or both are taken to be rotated. We devised an experimental setup that allowed us to distinguish between these variants. Our results confirm that the virtual world — and only the virtual world — is being rotated. Observers had to perform a localization task, using a mirror that was either fronto-parallel or rotated opposite the direction of the predicted effect. We were thus able to compensate for the effect. The positions of objects in mirrors were perceived in accordance with the erroneous conception that the virtual world behind the mirror is slightly rotated and that the reconstruction is based on the non-rotated fronto-parallel mirror. A covert rotation of the mirror by about 2° against the predicted effect was able to compensate for the placement error.

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Coleman, Allison, and Frank H. Durgin. "Egocentric reference frame bias in the palmar haptic perception of surface orientation." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 21, no. 4 (November 20, 2013): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0552-7.

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Komlik, Oleg. "Egocentric Perceptions and Self-Serving Bias in Negotiations: Fairness, Dynamics, and Ethics." Journal of Intercultural Management and Ethics 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35478/jime.2021.3.07.

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Vijayabaskaran, Sandhiya, and Sen Cheng. "Navigation task and action space drive the emergence of egocentric and allocentric spatial representations." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): e1010320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010320.

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In general, strategies for spatial navigation could employ one of two spatial reference frames: egocentric or allocentric. Notwithstanding intuitive explanations, it remains unclear however under what circumstances one strategy is chosen over another, and how neural representations should be related to the chosen strategy. Here, we first use a deep reinforcement learning model to investigate whether a particular type of navigation strategy arises spontaneously during spatial learning without imposing a bias onto the model. We then examine the spatial representations that emerge in the network to support navigation. To this end, we study two tasks that are ethologically valid for mammals—guidance, where the agent has to navigate to a goal location fixed in allocentric space, and aiming, where the agent navigates to a visible cue. We find that when both navigation strategies are available to the agent, the solutions it develops for guidance and aiming are heavily biased towards the allocentric or the egocentric strategy, respectively, as one might expect. Nevertheless, the agent can learn both tasks using either type of strategy. Furthermore, we find that place-cell-like allocentric representations emerge preferentially in guidance when using an allocentric strategy, whereas egocentric vector representations emerge when using an egocentric strategy in aiming. We thus find that alongside the type of navigational strategy, the nature of the task plays a pivotal role in the type of spatial representations that emerge.

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Haun, Daniel B. M. "Memory for Body Movements in Namibian Hunter-Gatherer Children." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 10, no. 1 (2011): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.10.1.56.

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Despite the global universality of physical space, different cultural groups vary substantially as to how they memorize it. Although European participants mostly prefer egocentric strategies (“left, right, front, back”) to memorize spatial relations, others use mostly allocentric strategies (“north, south, east, west”). Prior research has shown that some cultures show a general preference to memorize object locations and even also body movements in relation to the larger environment rather than in relation to their own body. Here, we investigate whether this cultural bias also applies to movements specifically directed at the participants’ own body, emphasizing the role of ego. We show that even participants with generally allocentric biases preferentially memorize self-directed movements using egocentric spatial strategies. These results demonstrate an intricate system of interacting cultural biases and momentary situational characteristics.

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Adebola Olaborede and Lirieka Meintjes-van der Walt. "Cognitive Bias Affecting Decision-Making in the Legal Process." Obiter 41, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 806–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i4.10489.

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Several empirical research studies have shown that cognitive bias can unconsciously distort inferences and interpretations made by judges either at the hearing, ruling or sentencing stage of a court trial and this may result in miscarriages of justice. This article examines how cognitive heuristics affects judicial decision-making with seven common manifestations of heuristics such as availability heuristics, confirmation bias, egocentric bias, anchoring, hindsight bias, framing and representativeness. This article contends that the different manifestations of heuristics pose a potentially serious risk to the quality and objectivity of any criminal case, despite the professional legal training and experience of judges and magistrates. Therefore, suggestions on how best to avoid and minimise the effects of cognitive heuristics, especially within South African courts are proffered. These include creating awareness raising, cross-examination and replacement.

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PIENNAR, RUDOLPH, and JOHAN J. KRUGER. "AN INTRODUCTION TO AN EGOCENTRIC CONCEPT OF MACHINE INTELLIGENCE." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 08, no. 03 (September 1999): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821309900021x.

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Intimate to the functioning and behavior of intelligent systems is the manner in which information is represented internally. The conventional approach to intelligent system design assumes a particular bias in the manner by which this information is represented. Typically, this is characterized by an "abstract" or "objective" design methodology which holds that intelligence is not a function of the physical nature of the system. Such an approach suffers from several shortcomings, most notably problems relating to scaling and complexity. Recent physiological research, however, has demonstrated that physical bodily form is a fundamental building block in the organization of mammalian cortical structures. Consequently, this article explores such a biologically motivated "subjective" or "egocentric" approach to system design, and demonstrates its utility in a simple robot arm control problem.

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Sandelands, Lloyd E., and Ralph E. Stablein. "SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND BIAS IN SOCIAL INTERACTION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 14, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1986.14.2.239.

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Two studies were conducted to investigate whether trait differences in self-consciousness could account for egocentric attribution bias in social interaction. Study 1 examined the prediction that bias would be greater for high self-conscious versus low self-conscious subjects. This prediction was affirmed for the public form of self-consciousness. Study 2 then sought to replicate this effect and examine its generality. The prediction was that self-consciousness effects would be enhanced when social interaction was made salient as the cause of performance (Interaction Important Condition) and would be diminished when social interaction was obscured as the cause of performance (Interaction Unimportant Condition). As predicted, the biasing effect of public self-consciousness was replicated for controls. Also as predicted, public self-consciousness was found to have no effect in the Interaction Unimportant Condition. Contrary to prediction, however, the effect of public self-consciousness was reversed in the Interaction Important Condition. Implications of these findings are discussed

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WU, Menghui, Jiushu XIE, and Zhu DENG. "The debate between inhibition and attribution of egocentric bias in visual perspective taking." Advances in Psychological Science 30, no. 1 (2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.00179.

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Beggan, James K., David M. Messick, and Scott T. Allison. "Social values and egocentric bias: Two tests of the might over morality hypothesis." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55, no. 4 (1988): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.4.606.

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Krueger, Joachim, and Russell W. Clement. "The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 4 (1994): 596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.596.

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Begeer, Sander, Daniel M. Bernstein, Andre Aßfalg, Halima Azdad, Tessa Glasbergen, Marlies Wierda, and Hans M. Koot. "Equal egocentric bias in school-aged children with and without autism spectrum disorders." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 144 (April 2016): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.10.018.

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Karnath, H. O., M. Fetter, and M. Niemeier. "Disentangling Gravitational, Environmental, and Egocentric Reference Frames in Spatial Neglect." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (November 1998): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998563095.

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Previous studies in neglect patients using rotation of the body around the roll-axis revealed neglect of visual stimuli not only in the egocentric, body-centered left but also in the environmental left. The latter has been taken as evidence for a gravity-based environment-centered component of neglect occurring independently of the subject's actual body orientation. However, by using visual stimuli in a normally lightened room, the studies confounded the gravitational upright with the visible upright of the surround. Thus, it is possible that the visible upright of the environment may have served the role of the gravitational upright relative to which neglect occurred. The present experiment evaluated the influence of gravity on contralateral neglect when no visual information was presented. In complete darkness, neglect patients' exploratory eye movements were recorded in five experimental conditions: body in normal upright position, body tilted 30° to the left and 30° to the right, and body pitched 30° backward and 30° forward. In the upright orientation, the patients with neglect showed a bias of ocular exploration to the ipsilesional right side. In egocentric body coordinates, we found no significant differences between the orientation of the biased search field in the different experimental conditions showing that the search field shifted with the orientation of the body. No significant decrease or enhancement of neglect was observed when body orientation was varied in the different conditions. In conclusion, the present results revealed that the modulation of gravitational forces has no significant influence on the exploratory bias of these patients. When visual information was excluded and only graviceptive information was available, the patients' failure to explore the contralesional part of space appeared purely body-centered. The results argue against a disturbed representation of space in neglect that encodes locations in a gravity-based reference system.

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Worsfold, Naomi, Alyson Davis, and Bart De Bruyn. "The Effect of Horizontal versus Vertical Task Presentation on Children's Performance in Coordinate Tasks." Perception 37, no. 11 (January 1, 2008): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5890.

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Empirical work on children's ability to understand spatial coordinates has focused on the factors that increase children's proficiency. When interpreting performance, it should be considered that presenting a coordinate task on a horizontal surface might constrain the responses that children make because some target positions are further away from the child than others. Vertical task presentation removes this constraint. Children aged 3 to 9 years were presented with an interpretative coordinate task administered on a touchscreen, presented in an egocentric-vertical position or egocentric-horizontal position. The results show that for 5- to 7-year-old children vertical presentation led to far more correct responses than horizontal presentation. Analysis of the children's errors suggests that this may be due to the fact that vertical presentation suppresses children's bias towards responding in relation to one rather than both coordinates. Taken together these findings contribute to understanding why children's performance in xy coordination tasks is highly contextually sensitive.

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Kitts, James A. "Egocentric Bias or Information Management? Selective Disclosure and the Social Roots of Norm Misperception." Social Psychology Quarterly 66, no. 3 (September 2003): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1519823.

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Krueger, Joachim, and Russell W. Clement. ""The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception": Correction." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, no. 4 (1995): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.579.

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Li, J., M. M. Cohen, C. W. DeRoshia, and L. T. Guzy. "Effects of Observer Orientation on Perception of Ego- and Exocentric Spatial Locations." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970208.

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Perceived eye position and/or the perceived location of visual targets are altered when the orientation of the surrounding visual environment (Cohen et al, 1995 Perception & Psychophysics571 433) or that of the observer (Cohen and Guzy, 1995 Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine66 505) is changed. Fourteen subjects used biteboards as they lay on a rotary bed that was oriented head-down −15°, −7.5°, supine, head-up +7.5°, and +15°. In the dark, subjects directed their gaze and set a target to the apparent zenith (exocentric location); they also gazed at a subjective ‘straight ahead’ position with respect to their head (egocentric location). Angular deviations of target settings and changes in vertical eye position were recorded with an ISCAN infrared tracking system. Results indicated that, for exocentric locations, the eyes deviate systematically from the true zenith. The gain for compensating changes in head orientation was 0.69 and 0.73 for gaze direction and target settings, respectively. In contrast, ‘straight ahead’ eye positions were not significantly affected by changes in the subject's orientation. We conclude that subjects make systematic errors when directing their gaze to an exocentric location in near-supine positions. This suggests a systematic bias in the integration of extra-ocular signals with information regarding head orientation. The bias may result from underestimating changes in the orientation of the head in space. In contrast, for egocentric locations, where head orientation information can potentially be discarded, gaze directions were unaffected by head orientation near supine.

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Ooi, Teng Leng, Bing Wu, and Zijiang J. He. "Perceptual Space in the Dark Affected by the Intrinsic Bias of the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 5 (May 2006): 605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5492.

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Correct judgment of egocentric/absolute distance in the intermediate distance range requires both the angular declination below the horizon and ground-surface information being represented accurately. This requirement can be met in the light environment but not in the dark, where the ground surface is invisible and hence cannot be represented accurately. We previously showed that a target in the dark is judged at the intersection of the projection line from the eye to the target that defines the angular declination below the horizon and an implicit surface. The implicit surface can be approximated as a slant surface with its far end slanted toward the frontoparallel plane. We hypothesize that the implicit slant surface reflects the intrinsic bias of the visual system and helps to define the perceptual space. Accordingly, we conducted two experiments in the dark to further elucidate the characteristics of the implicit slant surface. In the first experiment we measured the egocentric location of a dimly lit target on, or above, the ground, using the blind-walking-gesturing paradigm. Our results reveal that the judged target locations could be fitted by a line (surface), which indicates an intrinsic bias with a geographical slant of about 12.4°. In the second experiment, with an exocentric/relative-distance task, we measured the judged ratio of aspect ratio of a fluorescent L-shaped target. Using trigonometric analysis, we found that the judged ratio of aspect ratio can be accounted for by assuming that the L-shaped target was perceived on an implicit slant surface with an average geographical slant of 14.4° That the data from the two experiments with different tasks can be fitted by implicit slant surfaces suggests that the intrinsic bias has a role in determining perceived space in the dark. The possible contribution of the intrinsic bias to representing the ground surface and its impact on space perception in the light environment are also discussed.

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Beck, Aaron T., and Neil A. Rector. "Delusions: A Cognitive Perspective." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.16.4.455.52522.

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The understanding of delusions, while historically focused on neuropsychological deficits, can be approached from the same cognitive perspective as that applied to other forms of psychopathology. The cross-sectional analysis of delusional thinking shows several cognitive characteristics: egocentric bias (irrelevant events are construed as self-relevant); externalizing bias (strong internal sensations or symptoms are attributed to external agents); and intentionalizing bias (other people’s behaviors are believed to be based on intentions—usually malevolent—towards the patient). In addition, defective reality testing precludes reevaluation and rejection of erroneous conclusions. Consequently, cognitive distortions such as selective abstraction, overgeneralization, and arbitrary inferences are prevalent. From a developmental perspective, grandiose delusions appear to arise from earlier daydreams of glory, serving as a compensation for feelings of loneliness, inadequacy, and inferiority. The daydreams become increasingly real to the patient until they become overt delusions. Persecutory delusions typically begin as a fear of retaliation or discrimination. Because of attentional bias, these fears receive pseudoconfirmation until they become fully formed beliefs that preempt normal information processing and displace more realistic beliefs.

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Yin, Shouhang, Jie Sui, Yu-Chin Chiu, Antao Chen, and Tobias Egner. "Automatic Prioritization of Self-Referential Stimuli in Working Memory." Psychological Science 30, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618818483.

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People preferentially attend to external stimuli that are related to themselves compared with others. Whether a similar self-reference bias applies to internal representations, such as those maintained in working memory (WM), is presently unknown. We tested this possibility in four experiments, in which participants were first trained to associate social labels (self, friend, stranger) with arbitrary colors and then performed a delayed match-to-sample spatial WM task on color locations. Participants consistently responded fastest to WM probes at locations of self-associated colors (Experiments 1–4). This self-bias was driven not by differential exogenous attention during encoding or retrieval (Experiments 1 and 2) but by internal attentional prioritization of self-related representations during WM maintenance (Experiment 3). Moreover, self-prioritization in WM was nonstrategic, as this bias persisted even under conditions in which it hurt WM performance. These findings document an automatic prioritization of self-referential items in WM, which may form the basis of some egocentric biases in decision making.

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Begeer, Sander, Daniel M. Bernstein, Andre Aßfalg, Halima Azdad, Tessa Glasbergen, Marlies Wierda, and Hans M. Koot. "Reprint of: Equal egocentric bias in school-aged children with and without autism spectrum disorders." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 149 (September 2016): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.05.017.

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Vingerhoets, R. A. A., W. P. Medendorp, and J. A. M. Van Gisbergen. "Body-Tilt and Visual Verticality Perception During Multiple Cycles of Roll Rotation." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 5 (May 2008): 2264–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00704.2007.

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To assess the effects of degrading canal cues for dynamic spatial orientation in human observers, we tested how judgments about visual-line orientation in space (subjective visual vertical task, SVV) and estimates of instantaneous body tilt (subjective body-tilt task, SBT) develop in the course of three cycles of constant-velocity roll rotation. These abilities were tested across the entire tilt range in separate experiments. For comparison, we also obtained SVV data during static roll tilt. We found that as tilt increased, dynamic SVV responses became strongly biased toward the head pole of the body axis (A-effect), as if body tilt was underestimated. However, on entering the range of near-inverse tilts, SVV responses adopted a bimodal pattern, alternating between A-effects (biased toward head-pole) and E-effects (biased toward feet-pole). Apart from an onset effect, this tilt-dependent pattern of systematic SVV errors repeated itself in subsequent rotation cycles with little sign of worsening performance. Static SVV responses were qualitatively similar and consistent with previous reports but showed smaller A-effects. By contrast, dynamic SBT errors were small and unimodal, indicating that errors in visual-verticality estimates were not caused by errors in body-tilt estimation. We discuss these results in terms of predictions from a canal-otolith interaction model extended with a leaky integrator and an egocentric bias mechanism. We conclude that the egocentric-bias mechanism becomes more manifest during constant velocity roll-rotation and that perceptual errors due to incorrect disambiguation of the otolith signal are small despite the decay of canal signals.

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Castano, Emanuele, Alison Jane Martingano, and Pietro Perconti. "The effect of exposure to fiction on attributional complexity, egocentric bias and accuracy in social perception." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): e0233378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233378.

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Shavit, Adam Y., Wenxun Li, and Leonard Matin. "Individual Differences in Perceived Elevation and Verticality: Evidence of a Common Visual Process." Multisensory Research 26, no. 3 (2013): 205–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002413.

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The frontoparallel orientation of a long peripheral line influences two visual norms, elevation, also called the visual perception of eye level (VPEL), and orientation in the frontoparallel plane, called visually perceived vertical (VPV). However, VPEL and VPV are distinct in that different integration rules describe the combinatorial effects of two lines symmetrically located on opposite sides of the median plane. Nevertheless, we propose that the same orientation-sensitive process underlies the two discriminations. We measured the two norms while we manipulated visual orientation with 1-line and 2-line stimuli (on opposite sides of the median plane), then modeled the large and significant effect of line orientation on VPEL and VPV settings as linear averages of signals from vision and from non-visual, body-referenced, vestibular and proprioceptive mechanisms. Significant correlations are evident between observers () in the effect of visual orientation on both VPEL and VPV, and in the baseline measures (dark value, intercept) on both norms. The latter egocentric bias is further discussed in the context of the operation of the body-referenced mechanism across different egocentric discriminations for an individual subject. Given the evidence for different integration rules, the pattern of individual co-variation implies the existence of a single, shared visual orientation process that feeds to separate integration processes.

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Tamariz, Monica, T. Mark Ellison, Dale J. Barr, and Nicolas Fay. "Cultural selection drives the evolution of human communication systems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20140488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0488.

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Human communication systems evolve culturally, but the evolutionary mechanisms that drive this evolution are not well understood. Against a baseline that communication variants spread in a population following neutral evolutionary dynamics (also known as drift models), we tested the role of two cultural selection models: coordination- and content-biased. We constructed a parametrized mixed probabilistic model of the spread of communicative variants in four 8-person laboratory micro-societies engaged in a simple communication game. We found that selectionist models, working in combination, explain the majority of the empirical data. The best-fitting parameter setting includes an egocentric bias and a content bias, suggesting that participants retained their own previously used communicative variants unless they encountered a superior (content-biased) variant, in which case it was adopted. This novel pattern of results suggests that (i) a theory of the cultural evolution of human communication systems must integrate selectionist models and (ii) human communication systems are functionally adaptive complex systems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Egocentric bias'

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