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Huu Trung, Tran, Mai Duc Huynh, Do Van Cong, and Nguyen Vu Giang. "PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE BASED ON HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE BLEND AND A NOVEL ORGANIC MODIFIED WASTE GYPSUM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 3B (September 13, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/3b/12915.
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In this study, waste gypsum (WGS) was used as the filler in blend of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) in order to improve the flame resistance of this composite. After modification by ethylene bis stearamide (EBS), modified gypsum (EGS) at various contents was dispersed into HDPE/EVA blend by melt-mixing method to obtain EGS/HDPE/EVA composites. The IR analysis of the EGS showed the interaction between EBS and gypsum. The difference in morphology of HDPE/EVA/EGS and HDPE/EVA/OGS composites was also observed in SEM images. By adding EGS and small amounts of flame retardant additives such as ammonia polyphosphate and zinc borate, the thermal stability and the flame resistance of HDPE/EVA/EGS composites have improved and classified at V2 grade of UL94 standard. Moreover, the second self extinguishing time (t2) of EGS composite is shorter than that of unmodified gypsum (OGS) composite because of the quality char forming after the fist burning and it plays a role as thermal barriers to protect material from heat of the second ignition. About mechanical properties, both tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite decreased with increasing the gypsum content and flame retardant additives because of filler aggregation.
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Liu, Zhi Guo. "Effect of Heating Temperature of Expandable Graphite on Amorphous Process of Expanded Graphite/Ni System during Ball Milling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.233.
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Two expanded graphites, EG1 and EG2 that were prepared by rapid heating expandable graphite to 600 and 1000 °C, respectively, were ball milled in a high-energy mill under an air atmosphere with 16.7% nickel addition. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the products show that that increasing the heating temperature of expandable graphite accelerates the amorphous process of the EG-Ni systems during the milling process. Ball milling the EG2-Ni mixture results in the formation of an amorphous EG-Ni system and Ni3C phase. Comparing with the amorphous process of the milled EGs without nickel addition, it is concluded that the presence of nickel restrains the process of EG1 in rate, but it promotes this process of EG2.
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Roy, J. David, W. Johnson Hardy, Morgan E. Roberts, Joseph E. Stahl, C. Caleb Butts, Jon D. Simmons, and William H. Barber. "Reducing Health Care Burden of Emergency General Surgery with a 24-Hour Dedicated Emergency General Surgery Service." American Surgeon 88, no. 5 (December 9, 2021): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00031348211056283.
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Background Emergency general surgery (EGS) diagnoses account for 11% of surgical admissions and 50% of surgical mortality. In this population, 7 specific operations are associated with 80.3% of deaths, 78.9% of complications, and 80.2% of hospital costs. In 2016, our institution established a comprehensive in-house EGS service. Herein, we hypothesize that formation of a dedicated EGS service is associated with a significant reduction in morbidity for patients undergoing the most common EGS procedures. Methods All patients undergoing one of the most common EGS procedures within 2 days of admission were identified from 1/1/2013 to 5/9/2019 via a retrospective chart review. Patients were cohorted as pre- and post-EGS implementation. The primary outcome measure was the overall complication rate. Secondary endpoints included mortality, individual complication rate, time to operation, overnight operation, and length of stay. Finally, both cohorts were benchmarked to national outcomes. Results 718 patients met inclusion criteria (pre-EGS = 409 and post-EGS = 309). Overall complication rate decreased significantly (19.8% vs 13.9%, P = .0387) and overnight operations increased significantly in the post-EGS group (7.8%-16.5%, P = .0003). Pre-EGS complications were higher than national data in all but 1 procedure group, whereas post-EGS complications rates were lower in all but 2 categories. Discussion Implementation of a dedicated EGS service line was associated with a significant decrease in complication rate among the most complication-prone EGS procedures. Number of operations within 24 hours did not increase significantly; however, overnight operations did increase. Our results indicate that establishing a service-specific EGS line is reasonable and beneficial.
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de Melo, Jaime, and Jean-Marc Solleder. "The EGA Negotiations: Why They Are Important, Why They Are Stalled, and Challenges Ahead." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 3 (June 1, 2020): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020015.
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Decade-long negotiations on the reduction of tariffs on Environmental Goods (EGs) at the Doha Round using a list approach to define EGs, failed to produce an agreement. In July 2014, fourteen countries entered plurilateral negotiations under the ambit of the WTO. If successful, the resulting Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) would have eliminated tariffs on a list of EGs. These negotiations broke down in December 2016. This article documents this episode and the mercantilistic behaviour of negotiators that prevented agreement on an extended list of EGs, a prerequisite for a meaningful outcome for the environment. A conclusion of the EGA negotiations under the current narrow agenda focusing only on tariffs could help build trust to go further but would be insufficient to help mitigate climate change, even if a critical mass were to be reached allowing extension of the tariff reductions to all WTO members. This is because average tariffs for the negotiating group are too low (1.5%). Extending the agenda to include Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Environmental Services (ESs) remains the acid test for an EGA to address meaningfully the climate change challenge. Reaching agreement on how to tackle NTBs and ESs will require delegating negotiating authority to independent scientific experts and probably modifying WTO rules. Aligning the trade and climate regimes will call for transformational changes in the WTO contract to take into account transnational externalities and public goods. This would amount to a shift from the present negative contract where countries are free to choose their policies so long as they do not discriminate between domestic and imported goods to a positive contract where WTO members have to pursue similar climate-friendly policies. Environmental goods, Environmental services, EGA, WTO, trade and environment,
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Ogiwara, Hideki, and Nobuhito Morota. "Bifrontal encephalogaleosynangiosis for children with moyamoya disease." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 10, no. 3 (September 2012): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.peds11483.
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Object Several operative techniques have been reported to increase the cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory in patients with moyamoya disease. However, the optimal procedure has not yet been determined. This study compared the efficacy of performing bifrontal encephalogaleosynangiosis (EGS) using a craniotomy with performing EGS using bur holes. Methods The authors retrospectively analyzed surgical results of pediatric patients with moyamoya disease treated using encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) and bifrontal EGS with a craniotomy, or EGS with bur holes, for the purpose of improving the ischemia of the ACA territory. Patients' demographic data, clinical presentations, surgical therapies, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results Nine patients underwent EDAS with bifrontal EGS using a craniotomy. Three patients underwent EDAS with EGS using bur holes for 5 cerebral hemispheres (1 bur hole in 2 hemispheres, 2 bur holes in 2 hemispheres, and 3 bur holes in 1 hemisphere). The mean follow-up period was 46.8 months (range 7–96 months). Preoperative symptoms improved in all patients in each group. The collateral circulation in the ACA territory made by EGS was divided into 3 groups according to postoperative angiography results: Group A (revascularization of more than two-thirds of the ACA territory), Group B (revascularization between one-third and two-thirds), and Group C (revascularization less than one-third). Of 5 hemispheres treated with EGS using bur holes, 1 was evaluated as Group B and 4 as Group C. Of 18 hemispheres treated with bifrontal EGS using a craniotomy, 8 were evaluated as Group A, 7 as Group B, and 3 as Group C. The patients who underwent bifrontal EGS using a craniotomy showed significantly better revascularization than those who underwent EGS using bur holes (p = 0.0065). Cerebral blood flow in the ACA territory improved in 13 (92.9%) of 14 hemispheres in patients treated with bifrontal EGS. In contrast, only 3 (60%) of 5 hemispheres demonstrated an increase of CBF in patients treated with EGS using bur holes. A trend was demonstrated for better improvement with bifrontal EGS (p = 0.08). Conclusions Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis with bifrontal EGS using a craniotomy demonstrated better revascularization and improvement of CBF in the ACA territory than with EGS using bur holes. Bifrontal EGS using a craniotomy is considered to be a simple, safe, and effective surgical procedure for improvement of the ischemia of the ACA territory in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease.
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Liu, Xin. "An Overview of EGS Development and Management Suggestions." Frontiers Research of Architecture and Engineering 3, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/frae.v3i3.2452.
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The world is facing the energy challenge to over-reliance to fossil-fuels, the development of renewable energy is inevitable. From a clean and economic view, enhanced geothermal system (EGS) provides an effective mean to utilize geothermal energy to generate. Different form the conventionalhydro geothermal, the host rock of EGS is Hot Dry Rock (HDR), which buries deeper with high temperature (more than 180°C). The generationof EGS is promising. The development of EGS can be combined with the tech Power to geothermal energy. Exceed power is supposed to drive fluid working in HDR layer to obtain geothermal energy for generation. The whole article can be divided into three parts. In the first art, evaluation indexes of EGS as well as pilot EGs Projects (e.g. Fenton Hill and Basel) and exiting EGS project (e.g. Paralana and Newberry) are summarized, which points a general impression on EGS site. The dominate indexes are heat flow, geothermal gradient and thermal storage. The second part is focused on the simulation methods and working fluids selection of EGS. A detailed comparison of the main simulation software (e.g. TOUGH2 and FEHM) is carried out. With the respect of working fluid selection, the comparison between water and CO2 is researched and CO2 is a preferred option for EGS development for less fluid loss and less dissolution to HDR. The art of CO2-EGS is introduced clearly in this part. The third part is about the addition consideration of EGS plant operation, it excludes auxiliary plant support and HSE management.
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Pan, Feng, Brian J. McPherson, and John Kaszuba. "Evaluation of CO2-Fluid-Rock Interaction in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Field-Scale Geochemical Simulations." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5675370.
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Recent studies suggest that using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) instead of water as a heat transmission fluid in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) may improve energy extraction. While CO2-fluid-rock interactions at “typical” temperatures and pressures of subsurface reservoirs are fairly well known, such understanding for the elevated conditions of EGS is relatively unresolved. Geochemical impacts of CO2 as a working fluid (“CO2-EGS”) compared to those for water as a working fluid (H2O-EGS) are needed. The primary objectives of this study are (1) constraining geochemical processes associated with CO2-fluid-rock interactions under the high pressures and temperatures of a typical CO2-EGS site and (2) comparing geochemical impacts of CO2-EGS to geochemical impacts of H2O-EGS. The St. John’s Dome CO2-EGS research site in Arizona was adopted as a case study. A 3D model of the site was developed. Net heat extraction and mass flow production rates for CO2-EGS were larger compared to H2O-EGS, suggesting that using scCO2 as a working fluid may enhance EGS heat extraction. More aqueous CO2 accumulates within upper- and lower-lying layers than in the injection/production layers, reducing pH values and leading to increased dissolution and precipitation of minerals in those upper and lower layers. Dissolution of oligoclase for water as a working fluid shows smaller magnitude in rates and different distributions in profile than those for scCO2 as a working fluid. It indicates that geochemical processes of scCO2-rock interaction have significant effects on mineral dissolution and precipitation in magnitudes and distributions.
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Egan, RJ, T. Abdelrahman, S. Tate, J. Ansell, R. Harries, L. Davies, GWB Clark, and WG Lewis. "Modular emergency general surgery training: A pilot study of a novel programme." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 98, no. 7 (September 2016): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0187.
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Introduction Pan-speciality consensus guidance advocates mandatory emergency general surgery (EGS) training modules for specialist registrars (StRs). This pilot study evaluated the impact of EGS modules aimed at StRs over 1 year. Methods Eleven StRs were allocated a focused 4-week EGS module, in addition to the standard 1:12 on-call duty rota, in a tertiary surgical centre. Primary outcome measures included the number of indicative emergency operations and validated Procedure Based Assessments (PBAs) performed, both during the EGS module and over the training year. Results StRs performed a median of 11 (range 5–15) laparotomies during the EGS module versus 31 (range 9-49) over the whole training year. StRs attended 43.7% of available laparotomies during the module (range 24.1–63.7%). EGS modules provided more than one-third of the total emergency laparotomy experience, and a quarter of the emergency colectomy, appendicectomy and Hartmann’s procedure experience. There were no differences in EGS module-related outcomes between junior and senior StRs. Significantly more PBAs related to laparotomy and segmental colectomy were completed during EGS modules than the on-call duty rota, at 32% versus 14% (p<0.001) and 48% versus 22% (p=0.019), respectively. Performance levels were maintained following module completion. Conclusions These findings provide an important baseline when considering future modular EGS training.
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Aslam, Muhammad, Sumbal Mukhtar, Muhammad Ubaid Ullah Sheikh, Syed Aqeel Akbar Shah Gillani, Fakhra Wahab, and Sidra Masood. "Calculating the Increased Morbidity and Mortality Related with Emergency General Surgery while Adjusting for Patient-Specific Characteristics." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 26, 2022): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22164843.
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Aim: When compared with untreated, emergency general surgery entails inconsistent share of responsibility from medical mistakes, infections, in addition mortality. Early work has been restricted by patient and procedure variability; however, it appears that EGS individuals have an even worse prognosis due to preoperative danger the current aspects. The objectives of this paper were to assess additional overall mortality highly regulated environment with EGS while adjusting for case-explicit variables. Researchers predicted that EGS remains a significant predictor for disease and mortality on its own. Methods: Researchers studied information from American College of Surgeons-National Operational Performance Development Program in the past. From 2020 to 2021, fifteen processes shared by both EGS and NEGS can be included. Individuals have been divided into groups depending on the level of emergency. Clinical symptoms represented secondary endpoints. Variables were compared using the W2 and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. To discover individual risk variables for death and morbidity, multivariate logistic model was applied. Results: There were 26,076 EGS and 43,650 NEGS among the 67,680 individuals. EGS individuals die at a rate of 13.52 percent, whereas NEGS deaths occurred at a rate of 3.67 percent (p G 0.0002). In 34.81 percent of EGS cases and 13.75 percent of NEGS participants, significant problems happened (p G 0.0002). EGS remained autonomously linked through mortality (odds ratio, 1.39; p = 0.028) in addition significant complications (odds ratio, 1.34; p = 0.002) when postoperative factors and surgery type were adjusted for. Conclusion: EGS is a cause of morbidity and mortality and complication rates on its own. EGS's increased incidence and mortality are not caused entirely by preoperative health conditions, making EGS a viable target for improvement initiatives. Keywords: Emergency general surgery (EGS), medical mistakes, infections, and mortality.
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Hilpert, Markus, Bruce D. Marsh, and Peter Geiser. "The radiator-enhanced geothermal system: Benefits of emulating a natural hydrothermal system." Interpretation 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): SR35—SR48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0032.1.
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We have developed a novel enhanced geothermal system (EGS) called radiator EGS (RAD-EGS). This system attempts to emulate naturally occurring hydrothermal systems by creating a vertically oriented heat exchanger or vane in the deep subsurface, mimicking a radiator in an internal combustion engine. Water is injected at the bottom of the vane and produced on the top. We propose to build the RAD-EGS in hot sedimentary aquifers (HSAs) with high-permeability vane(s) created in the plane defined by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (vertical). We have evaluated 3D heat-transfer simulations to better understand the fluid and heat flows that may occur in RAD-EGSs. The simulations account for subsurface heterogeneity including the presence of underlying basement rock, an overlying confining layer, and an ambient hydraulic gradient, which causes background groundwater flow. Our simulations indicate that our induced upward flow in the vane significantly prolongs the lifetime of RAD-EGS when compared with downward flow because hydraulic short circuiting is avoided. Within the vane, convection may occur, and its onset is analyzed in terms of a characteristic Rayleigh number. A critical aspect of RAD-EGS, therefore, is that thermal recharge does not rely solely on heat conduction from the surrounding wall rock, which is typical for EGS built in hot dry rock (HDR). Instead, recharge is also due to heat advection through the surrounding water-saturated aquifer, substantially prolonging the lifetime of the thermal reservoir. Moreover, fluid losses as typical for EGS built in HDR do not occur. It is also possible that cold water injected at the bottom of the vane may sink into deeper rock layers, which displaces hot water from the surrounding aquifer into the RAD-EGS. We suggest that mimicking a natural hydrothermal system is a successful EGS strategy via RAD-EGS.
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Lee, Katherine C., Elizabeth J. Lilley, Daniel Sturgeon, Stuart R. Lipsitz, Joaquim M. Havens, Eric Roeland, and Zara Cooper. "The impact of emergency general surgery on end-of-life care among older patients with metastatic cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 34_suppl (December 1, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.56.
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56 Background: Despite high post-discharge mortality among older patients with metastatic cancer who undergo emergency general surgery (EGS), little is known about the impact of EGS on the type of end-of-life care received. We sought to examine the association between EGS and established markers of high intensity or poor quality end-of-life care for cancer patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used 2001-2013 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare to identify beneficiaries 65 years or older, diagnosed initially with stage IV cancer (lung, colorectal, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, or melanoma), who received one of the seven highest-burden EGS operations, and died within 180 days of surgery. Non-EGS controls were exact-matched by age, sex, race, cancer type, and cancer diagnosis date then assigned a pseudo-exposure date corresponding to the EGS date. Conditional logistic regression adjusting for region and Charlson score was performed among pairs discharged alive to compare location of death (facility or home/hospice), healthcare utilization (hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, emergency department (ED) visit) in the last 30 days of life, and hospice use (death in hospice, hospice enrollment less than three days from death). Results: Among 1,129 matched pairs, EGS patients had higher odds of death in facility (OR [95% CI]: 1.29 [1.05 - 1.58]) as well as hospitalization (1.83 [1.54 - 2.18]), ICU stay (2.05 [1.66 - 2.53]) or ED visit (1.76 [1.47 - 2.10]) in the last 30 days of life compared to non-EGS patients. EGS patients had higher odds of dying in hospice (1.22 [1.02 - 1.45]), but also experienced higher odds of hospice enrollment less than three days from death (1.72 [1.20 - 2.46]). Conclusions: Older patients with metastatic cancer who survive EGS experienced higher intensity end-of-life care than similar non-EGS patients. Such EGS patients may benefit from targeted interventions during the emergent hospitalization to improve the end-of-life care received.
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Avery, Brock, and Fred O. Boadu. "Global Demand for U.S. Environmental Goods and Services." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, no. 1 (April 2004): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800021854.
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This paper reports import demand elasticities for environmental goods and services (EGS) for the world in aggregate and for six world regions. The paper involves a pooled cross-section and time-series estimation procedure and makes per capita demand for EGS a function of economic, political, and structural factors. The results show that per capita incomes, exchange rates, political and economic freedoms, and debt affect the demand for EGS. The results also show that demand for EGS is tied to the particular environmental problem facing a particular region. Exporters of EGS need to disaggregate world markets to better target products.
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Ji, Xiao, Rachel L. Kember, Christopher D. Brown, and Maja Bućan. "Increased burden of deleterious variants in essential genes in autism spectrum disorder." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (December 12, 2016): 15054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613195113.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous, highly heritable neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by impaired social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavior. It is estimated that hundreds of genes contribute to ASD. We asked if genes with a strong effect on survival and fitness contribute to ASD risk. Human orthologs of genes with an essential role in pre- and postnatal development in the mouse [essential genes (EGs)] are enriched for disease genes and under strong purifying selection relative to human orthologs of mouse genes with a known nonlethal phenotype [nonessential genes (NEGs)]. This intolerance to deleterious mutations, commonly observed haploinsufficiency, and the importance of EGs in development suggest a possible cumulative effect of deleterious variants in EGs on complex neurodevelopmental disorders. With a comprehensive catalog of 3,915 mammalian EGs, we provide compelling evidence for a stronger contribution of EGs to ASD risk compared with NEGs. By examining the exonic de novo and inherited variants from 1,781 ASD quartet families, we show a significantly higher burden of damaging mutations in EGs in ASD probands compared with their non-ASD siblings. The analysis of EGs in the developing brain identified clusters of coexpressed EGs implicated in ASD. Finally, we suggest a high-priority list of 29 EGs with potential ASD risk as targets for future functional and behavioral studies. Overall, we show that large-scale studies of gene function in model organisms provide a powerful approach for prioritization of genes and pathogenic variants identified by sequencing studies of human disease.
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Moore, Wesley S. "The EVT Tube and Bifurcated Endograft Systems: Technical Considerations and Clinical Summary." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 4, no. 2 (May 1997): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660289700400210.
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Endovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is an investigational technique under scrutiny around the world. The tube and bifurcated versions of the Endovascular Grafting System (EGS) developed by Endovascular Technologies are the subjects of FDA-approved multicenter trials in the United States (US). Similar studies are under way in Europe, Australia, and the United Kingdom. This review details the implantation techniques for the EGS device and summarizes the important clinical findings published through 1996. Although the EGS was voluntarily removed from the US trial when fractures were discovered in the graft attachment system, subsequent experience with the re-engineered EGS has been positive. Successfully implanted EGS tube grafts have been associated with aneurysm shrinkage after 1 year in AAAs initially excluded or with sealed endoleaks. Aneurysm enlargement has been seen in EGS tube grafts with persistent endoleak.
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Kulichikhin, V. V. "Fulity of use of expander-generator sets at thermal power plants." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-2-161-166.
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The so-called expander-generator sets (EGS) have found some application in Western Europe. Their operation is based on a drop in the pressure of natural gas (NG), which comes to a power-generating or industrial facility, and which used to be lost in choking devices of the gas distribution station (GDS) of these facilities. The capacity of such sets, e.g., in Germany, is limited to just tens to hundreds of kilowatts. The benefit for their owners lies in obtaining, according to the German law, markups to the cost of energy released to electricity consumers. However, the economic environment in place in Russia is somewhat different.According to the author, the limited number of EGS in Russia’s power industry, as well as cases of their decommissioning, are due to the lack of evidence of their thermodynamic or technical-economic efficiency, or even worsening economic conditions at facilities, where those were implemented. Besides, the facilities in question have to be provided with considerable specific conditions. These include a relatively high value of initial NG pressure at the input of EGS, its considerable flow rate and the possibility of NG heating at the input of EGS. This necessity to heat NG upstream the EGS is determined, on the one hand, by the intention to enhance the EGS capacity, and on the other hand, by having to comply with requirements imposed by the EGS manufacturer regarding the temperature values upstream and downstream the EGS. Without a required source of heat of relevant parameters at the facility, application of EGS turns out to be impossible, altogether. An interest in EGS in Russia arose due to construction and commissioning (first, at CHPP-21, and later at CHPP-23 of Mosenergo) of two power-generating centers, each equipped with two 5 MW EGS. Since then, a large number of articles have been published, and numerous theses have been defended based on the studies undertaken, mostly of analytical nature. Yet, those publications have not considered, for a real expander, matters of effects produced by the relation between the absolute electrical efficiency (ηe) of CPP and/or CHPP and the efficiency ratio of expander (ηer ), the NG expansion ratio (δ). Conditions, at which heating NG upstream the EGS is expedient, have not been established, either, whereas these are the factors crucial for economic feasibility of a TPP to be equipped with EGS.
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Nantais, Jordan, Kristian Larsen, Graham Skelhorne-Gross, Andrew Beckett, Brodie Nolan, and David Gomez. "Potential Access to Emergency General Surgical Care in Ontario." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 13730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113730.
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Limited access to timely emergency general surgery (EGS) care is a probable driver of increased mortality and morbidity. Our objective was to estimate the portion of the Ontario population with potential access to 24/7 EGS care. Geographic information system-based network-analysis was used to model 15-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-min land transport catchment areas for hospitals providing EGS care, 24/7 emergency department (ED) access, and/or 24/7 operating room (OR) access. The capabilities of hospitals to provide each service were derived from a prior survey. Population counts were based on 2016 census blocks, and the 2019 road network for Ontario was used to determine speed limits and driving restrictions. Ninety-six percent of the Ontario population (n = 12,933,892) lived within 30-min’s driving time to a hospital that provides any EGS care. The availability of 24/7 EDs was somewhat more limited, with 95% (n = 12,821,747) having potential access at 30-min. Potential access to all factors, including 24/7 ORs, was only possible for 93% (n = 12,471,908) of people at 30-min. Populations with potential access were tightly clustered around metropolitan centers. Supplementation of 24/7 OR capabilities, particularly in centers with existing 24/7 ED infrastructure, is most likely to improve access without the need for new hospitals.
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Min, Ki-Bok, Yoonho Song, and Woon-Sang Yoon. "EGS Power Generation and Hydraulic Stimulation." Journal of Korean Society For Rock Mechanics 23, no. 6 (December 31, 2013): 506–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7474/tus.2013.23.6.506.
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Cao, Xuping, and Nancy Hanson-Rasmussen. "Dynamic Change in the Export Technology Structure of China’s Environmental Goods and Its International Comparison." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103508.
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Growing natural disaster intensity, ocean warming, air quality alerts, and a desire to emphasize sustainable practice has prompted countries to payincreased attention to the development of environmental industries. This has led to trade in environmental goods (EGs) and a need for export technology research. The purpose of this paper is to measure the evolution of the technological structure of China’s export EGs and its position in the international industrial value chain. Based on the 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) EGs list and United Nations Comtrade (COMTRADE) data, this study uses the technical complexity index to empirically calculate the technology structure and level changes of China’s EGs exports from 2007 to 2016. The results are then compared with those of the Asia-Pacific region and the world’s major exporters of EGs. Additionally, this study proposes a method called “Equalization Technology Classification” that divides all EGs into five technical levels: high, medium-high, medium, medium-low, and low. The research finds that (1) China’s EGs exports are predominately of medium-low technical complexity, and while the proportion of exported goods with high technical complexity is very low, the export technology structure is constantly being optimized. (2) Compared with Singapore, the United States, and the European Union, the overall technical level of China’s exported EGs is lagging behind. (3) The overall technical level of exported EGs in major exporting countries is rapidly increasing but is especially impressive in South Korea and China, where growth ranks first and second in the world, respectively.
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Santry, Heena, Lillian S. Kao, Shahid Shafi, Lawrence Lottenberg, and Marie Crandall. "Pro-con debate on regionalization of emergency general surgery: controversy or common sense?" Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 4, no. 1 (May 2019): e000319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2019-000319.
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More than three million patients every year develop emergency general surgical (EGS) conditions and this number is rising. EGS diseases range from straightforward to potentially life-threatening, and if severe or complex may require extensive resources. Given the looming surgeon shortage and concerns about access to care, regionalization of EGS care, in a manner similar to trauma care, has been proposed. We present a unique pro–con debate highlighting the salient arguments for and against regionalization of EGS care in the USA.
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Quinn, Kirby, Mary E. Davis, Lewin Carter, Cynthia K. Shortell, and Courtney Sommer. "Emergency General Surgery—A Misnomer?" American Surgeon 84, no. 7 (July 2018): 1214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400741.
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Emergency general surgery (EGS) is defined as the urgent assessment and treatment of non-trauma, general surgical emergencies involving adults. Acute surgical emergencies often represent the most common reason for hospital admission with diagnoses, including bowel obstruction and appendicitis. EGS is a growing surgical subspecialty that includes both operative and nonoperative management of acutely ill patients. We sought to assess the burden of nonoperative care in EGS patients at our academic medical center. This study was conducted by retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients entered into the Duke EGS Registry between July 1, 2016 and September 10, 2017. Fifty-six per cent (n = 771) of patients in the Duke EGS Registry (n = 1377) were managed nonoperatively as compared with 44 per cent (n = 606) who were managed operatively. Nonoperative management of disease represents a large subset of EGS and, therefore, needs further investigation to improve processes, outcomes, and standardization of care.
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Pirisi, Mario, Monica Leutner, David J. Pinato, Claudio Avellini, Luca Carsana, Pierluigi Toniutto, Carlo Fabris, and Renzo Boldorini. "Reliability and Reproducibility of the Edmondson Grading of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Paired Core Biopsy and Surgical Resection Specimens." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2009-0551-oar1.1.
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Abstract Context—It has been claimed that the Edmondson and Steiner grading system (EGS) values should be obtained preoperatively to select patients with hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. However, EGS reliability in biopsy specimens has been questioned. Objective—To verify the reliability of the EGS using core biopsy specimens and its reproducibility among pathologists. Design—Paired biopsy and surgical specimens obtained from 40 patients (subset 1) were retrieved by means of computer-aided search of the pathology records and blindly and independently reviewed. The EGS interrater agreement was measured using κ statistics. After having held a consensus meeting, pathologists graded an additional 21 paired hepatocellular carcinoma specimens (subset 2). Results—Analyzing subset 1, pathologists gave significantly lower EGS grades to the biopsy specimens (P < .001), for which the observed agreement was 32.5% (κ = 0.021), which increased to 82.5% (κ = 0.186) if only 2 categories were considered (low grade, EGS I–II; high grade, EGS III–IV). The observed agreement in the case of the surgical specimens was 52.5% (κ = 0.199), which increased to 62.5% (κ = 0.275) when the low- and high-grade scores were merged. The observed agreement between the assessments of paired biopsy and surgical specimens was 50.0% for pathologist 1 (κ = 0.057) and 35.0% for pathologist 2 (κ = 0.078). Merging the EGS grades did not improve the strength of the agreement. Analyzing subset 2 (after the consensus meeting), the observed agreement between pathologists improved more on biopsies (76.2%, κ = 0.614) than on surgical specimens (61.9%, κ = 0.434). Conclusions—The EGS is easily underestimated in core biopsy specimens, and interrater disagreement between pathologists can be significant unless consensus meetings are held.
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Tennakoon, Lakshika, Ioana Baiu, Waldo Concepcion, Marc L. Melcher, David A. Spain, and Lisa M. Knowlton. "Understanding Health Care Utilization and Mortality After Emergency General Surgery in Patients With Underlying Liver Disease." American Surgeon 86, no. 6 (June 2020): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003134820923304.
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Background Mortality and complications are not well defined nationally for emergency general surgery (EGS) patients presenting with underlying all-cause liver disease (LD). Study design We analyzed the 2012-2014 National Inpatient Sample for adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with a primary EGS diagnosis. Underlying LD included International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for alcoholic and viral hepatitis, malignancy, congenital etiologies, and cirrhosis. The primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes included complications, operative intervention, and costs. Results Of the 6.8 million EGS patients, 358 766 (5.3%) had underlying LD. 59.1% had cirrhosis, 6.7% had portal hypertension, and 13.7% had ascites. Compared with other EGS patients, EGS-LD patients had higher mean costs ($12 847 vs $10 234, P < .001). EGS-LD patients were less likely to have surgery (26.1% vs 37.0%, P < .001) but for those who did, mortality was higher (4.8% vs 1.8%, P < .001). Risk factors for mortality included ascites (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.68, P < .001), dialysis (aOR = 3.44, P < .001), sepsis (aOR = 8.97, P < .001), and respiratory failure requiring intubation (aOR = 10.40, P < .001). Odds of death increased in both surgical (aOR = 4.93, P < .001) and non-surgical EGS-LD patients (aOR = 2.56, P < .001). Conclusions Underlying all-cause LD among EGS patients is associated with increased in-hospital mortality, even in the absence of surgical intervention.
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Lauerman, Margaret H., Anthony V. Herrera, Jennifer S. Albrecht, Hegang H. Chen, Brandon R. Bruns, Ronald B. Tesoriero, Thomas M. Scalea, and Jose J. Diaz. "Interhospital Transfers with Wide Variability in Emergency General Surgery." American Surgeon 85, no. 6 (June 2019): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481908500622.
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Interhospital transfer of emergency general surgery (EGS) patients is a common occurrence. Modern individual hospital practices for interhospital transfers have unknown variability. A retrospective review of the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database was undertaken from 2013 to 2015. EGS encounters were divided into three groups: encounters not transferred, encounters transferred from a hospital, and encounters transferred to a hospital. In total, 380,405 EGS encounters were identified, including 12,153 (3.2%) encounters transferred to a hospital, 10,163 (2.7%) encounters transferred from a hospital, and 358,089 (94.1%) encounters not transferred. For individual hospitals, percentage of encounters transferred to a hospital ranged from 0 to 30.05 per cent, encounters transferred from a hospital from 0.02 to 14.62 per cent, and encounters not transferred from 69.25 to 99.95 per cent of total encounters at individual hospitals. Percentage of encounters transferred from individual hospitals was inversely correlated with annual EGS hospital volume ( P < 0.001, r = -0.59), whereas percentage of encounters transferred to individual hospitals was directly correlated with annual EGS hospital volume ( P < 0.001, r = 0.51). Individual hospital practices for interhospital transfer of EGS patients have substantial variability. This is the first study to describe individual hospital interhospital transfer practices for EGS.
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Hapgood, M. "RAS at EGS." Astronomy & Geophysics 40, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 3.7—a—3.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrog/40.3.3.7-a.
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Barton, P. J. "13th EGS Assembly." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 48 (1988): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo069i048p01608-02.
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Oliver, Howard. "EGS honorary members." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 66, no. 40 (1985): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo066i040p00686-03.
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Barton, P. J. "13th EGS Assembly." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 42 (1988): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo01158.
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Barton, P. J. "13th EGS Assembly." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 50 (1988): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo01236.
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Barton, P. J. "13th EGS Assemlby." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 51 (1988): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo01256.
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van der Straaten, Saskia, Alexander Springer, Aleksandra Zecic, Doris Hebenstreit, Ursula Tonnhofer, Aneta Gawlik, Malgorzata Baumert, et al. "The External Genitalia Score (EGS): A European Multicenter Validation Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): e222-e230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz142.
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Abstract Context Standardized description of external genitalia is needed in the assessment of children with atypical genitalia. Objectives To validate the External Genitalia Score (EGS), to present reference values for preterm and term babies up to 24 months and correlate obtained scores with anogenital distances (AGDs). Design, Setting A European multicenter (n = 8) validation study was conducted from July 2016 to July 2018. Patients and Methods EGS is based on the external masculinization score but uses a gradual scale from female to male (range, 0–12) and terminology appropriate for both sexes. The reliability of EGS and AGDs was determined by the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Cross-sectional data were obtained in 686 term babies (0–24 months) and 181 preterm babies, and 111 babies with atypical genitalia. Results The ICC of EGS in typical and atypical genitalia is excellent and good, respectively. Median EGS (10th to 90th centile) in males < 28 weeks gestation is 10 (8.6–11.5); in males 28–32 weeks 11.5 (9.2–12); in males 33–36 weeks 11.5 (10.5–12) and in full-term males 12 (10.5–12). In all female babies, EGS is 0 (0-0). The mean (SD) lower/upper AGD ratio (AGDl/u) is 0.45 (0.1), with significant difference between AGDl/u in males 0.49 (0.1) and females 0.39 (0.1) and intermediate values in differences of sex development (DSDs) 0.43 (0.1). The AGDl/u correlates with EGS in males with typical genitalia and in atypical genitalia. Conclusions EGS is a reliable and valid tool to describe external genitalia in premature and term babies up to 24 months. EGS correlates with AGDl/u in males. It facilitates standardized assessment, clinical decision-making and multicenter research.
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Bu, Yan, Mingjing Guo, and Penghong Cheng. "Optimization of Enhanced Geothermal System Power Generation Investment Scheme Based on Fuzzy VIKOR Model." E3S Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185701001.
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In the future, Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) power generation will be a hot spot for new energy investment development. How to optimize the EGS power generation investment program is an important issue to be solved by the government and enterprises. In order to improve the accuracy of the EGS investment project evaluation, this paper proposes a technical route to optimize the EGS power generation investment program. It comprehensively considers the ambiguity of the decision attributes and the conflict between the indicators. The index is calculated using the entropy method and the order relationship method. Comprehensive weights; using triangular fuzzy numbers instead of exact numbers to reduce the loss of decision information; using a multi-criteria compromised sorting method to obtain trade-off solutions to solve the problem that investment plans cannot be accepted by all decision makers when there are multiple conflicting indicators. Finally, taking an enterprise’s EGS power generation project as an example, the effectiveness and rationality of the optimized technology route for the EGS power generation investment program are verified.
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Kinnear, Ned, Jennie Han, Minh Tran, Matheesha Herath, Samantha Jolly, Derek Hennessey, Christopher Dobbins, Tarik Sammour, and James Moore. "Emergency general surgery models in Australia: a cross-sectional study." Australian Health Review 44, no. 6 (2020): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah19260.
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ObjectiveEmergency general surgery (EGS) patients experience superior outcomes when cared for within an acute surgical unit (ASU) model. EGS structures in most Australian hospitals remain unknown. This study aimed to describe the national spectrum of EGS models. MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed of all Australian public hospitals of medium or greater peer group (>2000 patient separations per annum). The primary outcome was the incidence of each EGS model. Secondary outcomes were the relationship of the EGS model to objective hospital variables, and qualitative reasons for the choice of model. ResultsOf the 120 eligible hospitals, 119 (99%) participated. Sixty-four hospitals reported using an ASU (28%) or hybrid EGS model (26%), whereas the remaining 55 (46%) used a traditional model. ASU implementation was significantly more common among hospitals of greater peer group, bed number, surgeon pool and trauma service sophistication. Leading drivers for ASU commencement were aims to improve patient care and decrease after-hours operating, whereas common barriers against uptake were insufficient EGS patient load or surgeon on-call pool. ConclusionsASU or hybrid models of care may be more widespread than currently reported. The introduction of such structures is heavily dependent on hospital and staff size, trauma subspecialisation and EGS patient throughput. What is known about the topic?Traditionally, general surgical staff were rostered to elective operating and clinic duties, with emergency patients managed on an ad hoc basis. An ASU model, with a surgeon dedicated to EGS patients, has been associated with superior outcomes. However, the Australian uptake of this model is unknown. What does this paper add?This study enrolled 119 of 120 (99%) Australian public hospitals of medium or greater peer group (>2000 patient separations per annum). Uptake of the ASU or hybrid model was more widespread than expected, existing in 64 of 119 (54%) centres. Factors for and against ASU implementation were also assessed. What are the implications for practitioners?Hospitals considering implementing an ASU or hybrid model will be reassured by the common reports of improved patient outcomes and decreased after-hours operating. However, potential hospitals must assess the suitability of the ASU model to their surgeon pool and EGS patient load.
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Ha, Tran Manh, and Doan Ngoc Thang. "Are Economic Sanctions a Barrier to Trade in Environmental Goods? The International Evidence." Economics and Finance Letters 9, no. 2 (September 6, 2022): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/29.v9i2.3118.
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The purpose of economic sanctions is to isolate a sanctioned country and harm its economy to force its government to adjust course, policies, and actions. To resist sanctions, a sanctioned country needs to adopt a variety of survivalist and unsustainable policies that undermine the economic challenge of sanctions at the expense of lowering priority to the environmental sector and the production of environmental goods (EGs). Due to the shortage of EGs in the sanctioned nations, we hypothesize that economic sanctions are a potential driver of trade in EGs. To assess the empirical merits of our theoretical claims, we used panel data with 5,297 pairs of 88 countries for the years spanning 1996 to 2019, inclusive. While economic sanctions take various forms, EGs refer to environmental goods and services that are manufactured, consumed, and disposed of without causing unintended environmental impacts. We used the Combined List of Environmental Goods (CLEG) to define the EGs. Our empirical results indicate that imposition of economic sanctions hinders trade in EGs. We also found clear evidence that the effect becomes more pronounced for the use of trade and financial sanctions and when the economic sanction is put on low-income countries.
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Yao, Chi, Yulong Shao, and Jianhua Yang. "Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Areal Flow on EGS Thermal Exploitation Based on the 3-D T-H Single Fracture Model." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2018): 3026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113026.
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The research on the factors of heat recovery performance of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is an important issue, especially in the well position optimization in EGS, because it can maximize the economic benefits of EGS. Based on the three-dimensional thermo and hydro (TH) single-fracture model, a flow field in the EGS is added to the model, the thermal energy mining of the EGS thermal reservoir is realized through the double well and better study of the impact of regional flow on EGS well placement. To verify the reliability of the three-dimensional numerical model, the comparison between the two-dimensional single fracture model and the single fracture analytical model is performed under the same conditions, and it is found that there is a good agreement between the numerical and the analytical solutions. The influence of the direction of regional flow on the thermal recovery performance of EGS is studied, and the operating lifetime, power generation and heat production rate of the system are used as the evaluation indicators. It is found that there are two stagnation points in the flow field under regional flow conditions, and the stagnation point position changes regularly with regional flow direction. The direction of regional flow has a great influence on the heat extraction ratio and service lifetime of the geothermal system, the layout of the double well must take into account the regional flow. When only considered the influence of regional flow on EGS, after 50 years of EGS operation, the production well temperature and system operating lifetime increase with the increase of β (the angle between the direction of the regional flow and the line connecting the centers of the two wells). When it has regional flow, the greater the well spacing, the greater the temperature of the production well, but when the well spacing increases to a certain value, the well spacing will not affect the temperature of the production well.
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Bruns, Brandon R., Ronald Tesoriero, Mayur Narayan, Elena N. Klyushnenkova, Herbert Chen, Thomas M. Scalea, and Jose J. Diaz. "Emergency General Surgery: Defining Burden of Disease in the State of Maryland." American Surgeon 81, no. 8 (August 2015): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481508100825.
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Acute care surgery services continue expanding to provide emergency general surgery (EGS) care. The aim of this study is to define the characteristics of the EGS population in Maryland. Retrospective review of the Health Services Cost Review Commission database from 2009 to 2013 was performed. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-defined EGS ICD-9 codes were used to define the EGS population. Data collected included patient demographics, admission origin [emergency department (ED) versus non-ED], length of stay (LOS), mortality, and disposition. There were 3,157,646 encounters. In all, 817,942 (26%) were EGS encounters, with 76 per cent admitted via an ED. The median age of ED patients that died was 74 years versus 61 years for those that lived ( P < 0.001). Twenty one per cent of ED admitted patients had a LOS > 7 days. Of 78,065 non-ED admitted patients, the median age of those that died was 68 years versus 59 years for those that lived ( P < 0.001). Twenty eight per cent of non-ED admits had LOS > 7 days. In both ED and non-ED patients, there was a bimodal distribution of death, with most patients dying at LOS ≤ 2 or LOS > 7 days. In this study, EGS diagnoses are present in 26 per cent of inpatient encounters in Maryland. The EGS population is elderly with prolonged LOS and a bimodal distribution of death.
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Zhang, Fu-Zhen, Pei-Xue Jiang, and Rui-Na Xu. "System thermodynamic performance comparison of CO2-EGS and water-EGS systems." Applied Thermal Engineering 61, no. 2 (November 2013): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.08.007.
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Carlos Córdoba, Juan, and Marla Ripoll. "The Elasticity of Intergenerational Substitution, Parental Altruism, and Fertility Choice." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 5 (December 21, 2018): 1935–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy071.
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Abstract Dynastic models common in macroeconomics use a single parameter to control the willingness of individuals to substitute consumption both intertemporally, or across periods, and intergenerationally, or across parents and their children. This article defines the concept of elasticity of intergenerational substitution (EGS), and extends a standard dynastic model in order to disentangle the EGS from the EIS, or elasticity of intertemporal substitution. A calibrated version of the model lends strong support to the notion that the EGS is significantly larger than one. In contrast, estimates of the EIS suggests that it is at most one. What disciplines the identification is the need to match empirically plausible fertility rates for the U.S. We illustrate the potential role of the EGS in macroeconomics.
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QUEIROZ, Larissa de Oliveira, Gladston Rafael de Arruda SANTOS, Francisco de Assis Fonseca de MACÊDO, Natália Holtz Alves Pedroso MORA, Maryane Gluck TORRES, Talita Estéfani Zunino SANTANA, and Filipe Gomes de MACÊDO. "Características quantitativas da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês, abatidos com diferentes espessuras de gordura subcutânea." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 16, no. 3 (September 2015): 712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402015000300021.
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ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar as características quantitativas das carcaças de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês em confinamento, abatidos com três espessuras de gordura subcutâneas (EGS) diferentes. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros, machos não castrados da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 100 dias de idade e peso vivo de 22,7±3,75kg, divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: abates com espessura de gordura subcutânea de 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0mm. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições por tratamento. Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o softwareSAEG Os cordeiros abatidos com 2,0mm apresentaram maiores rendimentos do fígado (2,12%), baço (0,32%), cabeça (6,69%) e patas (3,08%), havendo um declínio nos rendimentos com o aumento da EGS. Os rendimentos de carcaça na origem, no frigorifico, comercial e verdadeiro, sofreram interferência das EGS (p<0,05), seguindo o mesmo comportamento dos pesos corporais e pesos das carcaças, em que os cordeiros abatidos com 4,00 mm de EGS apresentaram resultados superiores aos abatidos com 2,00 mm. Com o aumento da EGS foi observado no lombo que as proporções dos tecidos apresentaram o seguinte comportamento, aumento da gordura, diminuição do osso e não alteração do músculo. Recomenda-se o abate de cordeiros Santa Inês com 3,0 mm de EGS, pois foram os que proporcionaram melhores resultados para as características quantitativas da carcaça.
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BALINEAU, GAËLLE, and JAIME DE MELO. "Removing barriers to trade on environmental goods: an appraisal." World Trade Review 12, no. 4 (June 24, 2013): 693–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745613000074.
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AbstractThis paper reviews the extent of reductions in tariffs on environmental goods (EGs) by country participation in the negotiations mandated by a Doha Ministerial Decision in November 2001. Symptomatic of the cleavages across countries throughout the Round, little progress was achieved during the negotiations in defining an approach to a multilateral reduction in protection of EGs. Conflicting interests and differing perceptions of the benefits from increased trade in EGs was reflected in the different approaches proposed by members (request and offer, integrated project, list approach, hybrid approach), and for the few countries (13) that adopted a list approach, there was little overlap across submissions. For all income groups, on average, EGs are less protected than other goods and countries reduced protection by about 50% from initial levels in 1996 leaving little room for further exchange of market access. Difficulties in applying the two complementary conceptions of EGs: (i) ‘goods for environmental management’, and (ii) ‘environmentally preferable products' are reviewed and mentioned as reasons for the lack of progress during the negotiations. Inspection of the submission lists against a ‘core list’ of 26 EGs drawn up by the WTO shows that this ‘core list’ was mostly made up of products in which developed countries had a comparative advantage, and that countries that submitted lists generally avoided including on their lists the most highly protected goods.
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Cao, Zheng, Zhifeng Wu, Guanhua Guo, Wenjun Ma, and Haiyun Wang. "Quantifying spatial associations between effective green spaces and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by applying volunteered geo-referenced data." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 014055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac40b3.
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Abstract Among the top public health risks, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases cause more than 1 million deaths annually globally. Due to the calming effect of green spaces and their ability to trap air pollutants, urban green spaces are considered have close associations with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, ignoring the spatial heterogeneity of different urban green space types and considering only the configuration or compositions of urban green spaces has resulted in inconsistent and contradictory conclusions. Therefore, by introducing Tencent urban density data, four effective green spaces (EGSs) were categorized. Category 1 EGSs, which exhibit a high increasing of visitors and areas, accounted for the smallest areal percentage (0.81%). Category 2 EGSs, which exhibit a low increasing of visiting and high increasing of areas, accounted for the highest areal percentage (42.51%). Category 3 EGSs, which exhibit a high increasing of visiting and low increasing of areas, accounted for 13.70% of the total EGS areas. Category 4 EGSs, which exhibit a low increasing of visiting and areas, accounted for 3.75% of the total EGS areas. Using a geographically weighted regression model, spatial associations between EGS and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were quantified. Consequently, these spatial associations varied among EGS types and seasons. EGS configurations (perimeters of vegetation and areas of vegetation) have a more significant association with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases than the composition (normalized difference vegetation index) of EGS. Spatial associations implying stronger relationships were observed in EGS1. The strongest association was found in summer. Enlarge the coverage of evergreen vegetation in all EGS is first considered to enhance the negative association between EGS and chronic diseases. A methodology framework was provided to classify urban green space types using multi-source data. Suggestions for how to plan different urban green spaces for developing sustainable cities have been provided in this study, which offer scientific support to urban managers and planners for effective decision making.
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Na, Jin, Fu Gang Wang, Yan Shi, and Zhi Min Cai. "The Impacts of Different CO2 Injection Temperature on Heat Extraction Rate in CO2-EGS Based on CCS Demonstration Project." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.21.
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In this paper we use Majiagou geologic formation in Erdos Carbon Caputure and Storage(CCS) demonstration project aera as artificial geothermal reservoir, and create numerical models of Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS) using CO2 as a heat transfer carrier. In order to analyze the impacts of CO2 injection temperatures on heat extraction rate and the sustainability of CO2-EGS, five cases with different CO2 injection temperature are designed. Simulation results show that the range of the average heat extraction rate of case 1～5 is 6.56～8.47MW in the whole CO2-EGS operation period. The heat extraction rates vary over time, And it is 6.37～7.9MW in CO2 and water displacement stage and 6.64～8.68MW after aqueous phase dispear respectively. Injection temperature of CO2 significantly impacts the heat extraction rate of EGS .
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Wang, Xin-chao, Ya-peng Sun, Jie Sheng, Tie Geng, Lih-sheng Turng, Yong-gang Guo, Xian-hu Liu, and Chun-tai Liu. "Effects of expandable graphite on the flame-retardant and mechanical performances of rigid polyurethane foams." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 8 (December 8, 2021): 084002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac3b27.
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Abstract Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are found everywhere in our daily life, but they suffer from poor fire resistance. In this study, expansible graphite (EG) as flame retardant was incorporated into PUFs to improve material fire resistance. With the presence of EGs in the PU matrix, bubble size in PUF became smaller as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy. The mass density of PUFs is directly proportional to the content of EG additive. The compression strengths of EG0/PUF and EG30/PUF decrease from 0.51 MPa to 0.29 MPa. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of RPUFs showed that the addition of EGs did not change the functional group structures of RPUFs. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) testing results showed that the carbon residue weight of EG30/PUF is higher than other PU composite foams. The combination of TGA and FTIR indicated that the EG addition did not change the thermal decomposition products of EG0/PUF, but effectively inhibited its thermal decomposition rate. Cone calorimeter combustion tests indicated that the peak of the heat release rate of EG30/PUF significantly decreased to 100.5 kW m−2 compared to 390.6 kW m−2 for EG0/PUF. The ignition time of EG/PUF composites also increased from 2 s to 11 s with incorporation of 30 wt% EGs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 standard tests show that the LOI of EG30/PUF can reach 55 vol%, and go through V-0 level. This study showed that adding EG into PU foams could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of EG/PUF composites without significantly sacrificing material compression strength. The research results provide useful guidelines on industrial production and applications of PUFs.
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Timothy, Kneafsey. "The EGS Collab Project: An intermediate-scale field test to address enhanced geothermal system challenges." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020501002.
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Three components are typically needed to extract geothermal energy from the subsurface: 1. hot rock, 2. a heat transfer fluid, and 3. flow pathways contacting the fluid and the rock. These naturally occur in many locations resulting in hydrothermal systems, however there are enormous regions containing hot rock that do not naturally have adequate fluid, and/or appropriate fluid permeability to allow hot fluid extraction. Some type of engineering or enhancement of these systems would be required to extract the energy. These enormous regions provide the possibility of long-term extraction of significant quantities of energy. Enhanced (or engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS) are engineered reservoirs created to extract economical amounts of heat from low permeability and/or porosity geothermal resources. There are technological challenges that must be addressed in order to extract the heat. These include proper stimulation, effective monitoring, reservoir control, and reservoir sustainability. The US DOE Geothermal Technologies Office and geothermal agencies from other countries have supported field tests over a range of scales and conditions. A current US field project, the EGS Collab Project, is working nearly a mile deep in crystalline rock at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) to study rock stimulation under EGS stress conditions. We are creating intermediate-scale (tens of meters) test beds via hydraulic stimulation and are circulating chilled water to model the injection of cooler water into a hot rock which would occur in an EGS, gathering high resolution data to constrain and validate thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) modeling approaches. These validated approaches would then be used in the DOE’s flagship EGS field laboratory, Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) underway in Milford, Utah and in commercial EGS. In the EGS Collab project, numerous stimulations have been performed, characterized, and simulated and long-term flow tests have been completed.
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Stenzel, Mark R., Caroline P. Groth, Tran B. Huynh, Gurumurthy Ramachandran, Sudipto Banerjee, Richard K. Kwok, Lawrence S. Engel, Aaron Blair, Dale P. Sandler, and Patricia A. Stewart. "Exposure Group Development in Support of the NIEHS GuLF Study." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 66, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i23—i55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab093.
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Abstract In the GuLF Study, a study investigating possible adverse health effects associated with work on the oil spill response and clean-up (OSRC) following the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, we used a job-exposure matrix (JEM) approach to estimate exposures. The JEM linked interview responses of study participants to measurement data through exposure groups (EGs). Here we describe a systematic process used to develop transparent and precise EGs that allowed characterization of exposure levels among the large number of OSRC activities performed across the Gulf of Mexico over time and space. EGs were identified by exposure determinants available to us in our measurement database, from a substantial body of other spill-related information, and from responses provided by study participants in a detailed interview. These determinants included: job/activity/task, vessel and type of vessel, weathering of the released oil, area of the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf coast state, and time period. Over 3000 EGs were developed for inhalation exposure and applied to each of 6 JEMs of oil-related substances (total hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, total xylene, and n-hexane). Subsets of those EGs were used for characterization of exposures to dispersants, particulate matter, and oil mist. The EGs allowed assignment to study participants of exposure estimates developed from measurement data or from estimation models through linkage in the JEM for the investigation of exposure-response relationships.
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F., Agbetuyi Ayoade, Abdulkareem Ademola, Orovwode H. E., Oladipupo Oluwafemi K., Matthew Simeon, and Agbetuyi Oluranti A. "Power quality considerations for embedded generation integration in Nigeria: A case study of ogba 33 kV injection substation." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp956-965.
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The deregulation of the Nigerian power sector has resulted in the quest to explore power generation options for power quality improvement. One of such options is the pattern shift from central power generation to embedded power generation. Network integration of embedded generators (EGs) causes several regulatory, technical and economic issues. This research focuses on power quality challenges that may arise as a result of network integration of embedded generation in a weak electricity networks using Ogba 33 kV injection substation as case study. The embedded generators considered comprised of gas turbine and diesel generators. NEPLAN software was used to perform the load flow analysis with and without EGs connection on the network. This was necessary so as to ascertain the healthiness of the existing distribution network for EGs integration. The power quality issues considered in the study were bus voltage profiles and the total line losses. Simulation results showed that EGs connection improved the voltage profile, for example, bus voltage at PTC 11 kV, improved from 0.881 pu to 0.958 pu while the total active power loss was reduced by 78.16%. The results obtained suggest that the grid is healthy enough to accommodate the EGs with no quality issues.
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Dong, Xu, Haozhe Geng, Guan Hao, Pan Li, Yi Teng, and Wen Zhang. "Numerical Simulation on Heat Recovery Efficiency of Different Working Fluids in High-Temperature Rock Mass." Geofluids 2021 (October 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1468825.
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It is of great significance for the sustainable development of global energy to develop hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources by using enhanced geothermal system (EGS) technology. Different working fluids in EGS have different heat recovery efficiencies. Therefore, this paper takes water and CO2 as the heat-carrying media and establishes a thermal hydraulic mechanical coupling model to simulate the heat recovery process in high-temperature rock mass. By considering the different confining pressures, rock temperature, and injection pressure, the advantages of H2O-EGS and CO2-EGS are obtained. The results show that with the increase of confining pressure, the heat recovery efficiency of water is significantly higher than that of CO2, but at higher reservoir temperature, CO2 has more advantages as a heat-carrying medium. The net heat extraction rate will increase with the increase of injection pressure, which indicates that the mass flow rate plays a leading role in the heat recovery process and increases the injection pressure of fluid which is more conducive to the thermal recovery of EGS. This study will provide a technical guidance for thermal energy exploitation of hot dry rock under different geological conditions.
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Palacio-Villa, Maria Alejandra, Daniela Blessent, Jacqueline López-Sánchez, and David Moreno. "Sistemas geotérmicos mejorados: revisión y análisis de casos de estudio." Revista Boletín de Geología 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v42n1-2020006.
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En este artículo se hace una revisión bibliográfica de las características de los EGS, fuentes de energía limpia que prometen ser una alternativa para enfrentar los problemas relacionados con el calentamiento global ocasionados por el uso de combustibles fósiles como el petróleo y el gas natural. Actualmente en Colombia los sistemas geotérmicos de interés son de tipo hidrotermal, por lo que no hay EGS planificados aún, sin embargo, este artículo pretende ser una introducción para el lector interesado en los EGS y ser referencia a futuros proyectos desarrollados en el territorio nacional, describiendo los lugares del mundo más significativos donde se ha hecho uso de esta técnica, junto con su percepción social e impactos asociados. Además, busca analizar las diferencias entre la estimulación hidráulica en los EGS y el fracking utilizado para la extracción de gas de esquisto
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Gaiha, Raghav. "Does the Employment Guarantee Scheme Benefit the Rural Poor in India? Some Recent Evidence." Asian Survey 45, no. 6 (November 2005): 949–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.6.949.
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Although participation in the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in the Indian state of Maharashtra has declined in recent years, the program continues to bring significant transfer and stabilization benefits to some of the least-developed villages during long seasonal slack periods. Because alternative employment options are few and far between, this dependence on the EGS is unavoidably high. This article makes a case for enhanced outlays under the EGS, with a substantially higher reallocation in favor of the least-developed regions and appropriate changes in the scheme's design and implementation.
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NIE, PU-YAN, and PEI-AI ZHANG. "EVOLUTIONARY GRAPHS WITH FREQUENCY DEPENDENT FITNESS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 04 (February 10, 2009): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209049905.
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Evolutionary graph theory was recently proposed by Lieberman et al. in 2005. In the previous papers about evolutionary graphs (EGs), the fitness of the residents in the EGs is in general assumed to be unity, and the fitness of a mutant is assumed to be a constant r. We aim to extend EG to general cases in this paper, namely, the fitness of a mutant is heavily dependent upon frequency. The corresponding properties for these new EGs are analyzed, and the fixation probability is obtained for large population.
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Wissner, Erik, Vitaly Kalinin, Alexander Kalinin, Oleg Sopov, Mikhail Chmelevsky, Andreas Metzner, Amiran Revishvili, and Karl-Heinz Kuck. "Noninvasive Phase Mapping of Atrial Flutter in Humans – Comparison with Invasive Mapping." European Journal of Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology 04, no. 01 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ejae.2018.04.01.15.
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Introduction: The present study compared invasive activation and phase mapping to noninvasive phase mapping in patients with cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter (AFl) using a novel noninvasive epicardial and endocardial electrophysiology system (NEEES). Methods: Four patients with CTI-dependent AFl underwent simultaneous invasive and noninvasive mapping using an electroanatomical mapping system and the NEEES. A mapping catheter aligned along the tricuspid valve region provided data on local activation times analysing unipolar and bipolar electrograms (EGs). Invasive and noninvasive EGs were processed using the same phase mapping algorithm. Results: Activation times obtained invasively and noninvasively from phase-processed unipolar EGs demonstrated close correlation with activation times obtained from invasive bipolar EGs. Noninvasively reconstructed phase maps accurately delineated the activation sequence of CTI-dependent AFl. Conclusion: Noninvasive phase mapping can accurately delineate the activation pattern of CTIdependent AFl and may be useful in other types of macro-reentrant tachycardias.