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1
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid, and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." American Historical Review 90, no. 1 (February 1985): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860873.
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Daly, M. W., and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." International Journal of African Historical Studies 19, no. 4 (1986): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219148.
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Clay, Christopher, and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." Economic History Review 38, no. 3 (August 1985): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597034.
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Mead, Donald C. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952. Robert L. Tignor." Economic Development and Cultural Change 34, no. 4 (July 1986): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451568.
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Hatem, Mervat F. "Economic and Political Liberation in Egypt and the Demise of State Feminism." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 2 (May 1992): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021541.
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In the late 1950s and the 1960s, an Egyptian welfare state was developed to provide the economic basis of a new social contract between the Nasser regime and its key class allies. Its main beneficiaries were the men and women of both the middle class and the labor aristocracy, who were to staff and run its expanding state sector. For Egyptian women, who were scorned by the pre-1952 states, the new welfare state offered explicit commitment to public equality for women. It contributed to the development of state feminism as a legal, economic, and ideological strategy to introduce changes to Egyptian society and its gender relations. In its own turn, state feminism contributed to the political legitimacy of Gamal Abdel Nasser's regime and its progressive credentials.
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Allah, Mohamed Abo Bakr Abd. "Digital Economy in Egypt." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 10, no. 2 (April 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2019040101.
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The evolutionary stages for each state are crucial to foresee its fate. After the 2011 revolution events, Egypt suffered from decline in all economic indicators. Nowadays, people live a new age of comprehensive economic reform. This article focuses on studying digital economy as one of the future economic aspects that helps achieving the sustainable development, and how to apply it in Egypt. It illustrates the global development in the digital economy; the current economic conditions in Egypt; the expected contributions of the digital economy to the Egyptian economy; the government efforts exerted towards building a digital economy; and the main elements supporting it.
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Cleveland, William L. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952, by Robert L. TignorState, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952, by Robert L. Tignor. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1984. xvi, 317 pp. $40.00." Canadian Journal of History 20, no. 3 (December 1985): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.20.3.468.
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Lipa, Michał. "Reżim Gamala Abdela Nasera i geneza pierwszej fali liberalizacji gospodarczej w Egipcie." Poliarchia 5, no. 8 (June 30, 2017): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/poliarchia.05.2017.08.03.
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Gamal Abdel Naser’s Regime and the Genesis of the First Wave of Liberalization in EgyptThe aim of this article is to analyse the origins of the first wave of economic liberalization in Egypt. This paper refers to the historical period preceding the fundamental change of economic policy initiated by Anwar as-Sadat in the 1970s, analysing the causes of delegitimation of Gamal Abdel Nasser’s regime (1952–1970). The author characterizes the mechanisms of consolidation of the authoritarian rule, describes the main pillars of power, and analyses Nasser’s economic reforms (statism and central planning), including their social consequences.
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Abdou, Doaa Salman, and Zeinab Zaazou. "Arab Spring future challenges: evidence from Egypt." Review of Economics and Political Science 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-07-2018-004.
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Purpose This paper aims to shed light on the Egyptian socio-economic and political conditions seven years post the 2011 revolution. Design/methodology/approach The authors depended on secondary data and information gathered from scholars and from domestic and international institutions as well. Additionally, the authors distributed 390 Likert-scale questionnaires among respondents to test their perceptions regarding the safety, social, political and economic conditions in Egypt seven years post the 2011 revolution. Findings The research findings confirmed that there was an agreement among participants that the safety conditions in Egypt improved during the past seven years post the 2011 revolution, and there was a general agreement among participants that the political conditions in Egypt became more stable lately. The economic and social cost presents a challenging status to the current decision maker. Practical implications Finally, authors came up with recommendations aiming to find solutions for certain economic and political problematic issues. The main research limitation is that the representative sample was confined only to the two main governorates in Egypt: Cairo and Giza. Originality/value Finally, the study is of a value, as it could be considered a road map to policy makers. Moreover, the findings provide a set of policies for governments to undertake tenable actions to accelerate development and economic growth.
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Utkin, Olexandr. "UKRAINIAN TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTE IN 1932–1952." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2019.1.8.
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The article gives a detailed analysis of the main reasons which allowed to create the Ukrainian Technical and Economic Institute of Distance Learning. It was formed by scientists, public figures of emigrants. The Institute carried out the work in Czechoslovakia and Germany in the 1930s-50s. It was being formed in the difficult conditions of the international economic crisis. In this way the socio-economic and cultural sphere of European countries, the nature and content of the activities of the diaspora scientific and educational structures were influenced on.The newly created Institute formed a system of correspondence training for agricultural workers in comparison with the Ukrainian Academy of Economics. There were found non-state independent ways of financing the educational and research process to write and publish a methodological literature, the textbooks. The students and lectures got opportunity to participate in scientific forums. Overcoming the difficulties of the occupation of Czechoslovakia during the Second World War when the activity of the Institute was meticulously controlled by the police, the Gestapo, a censorship. It braked and suspended the educational work. In spite of this fact it could not deprive Ukrainian students of the desire to study. As a result the student’s emigrant community of the High School was saved and replenished. After the end of World War II the Institute moved to the territory of Germany. The Ukrainian Technical and Economic Institute of Distance Learning was expanded. There were five high school departments, a network of technical schools, secondary and lower secondary schools and courses, training skilled personnel for agricultural and industrial production. In 1952 the Institute was relocated to the United States of America. There it functioned as a research institution.
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Okon, Emmanuel O. "Nigeria: Does Terrorism Spring from Economic Conditions?" American Economic & Social Review 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2018): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v2i1.151.
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Over the last half-century, Nigeria has become one of Africa’s three giants along with Egypt and South Africa, thereby gaining considerable clout on the regional and global arenas. It is Africa’s largest oil producer and recent finds ensure Nigeria’s significance in the energy market for the foreseeable future. But the country has an inability or an unwillingness to distribute economic resources and development programs equitably. The primary objective of this paper is to find out whether economic condition leads to domestic terrorism in the country, as the contemporary Nigeria society is engulfed by terrible acts of Terrorism. This paper uses annual data for the time period 1970-2016 and the multivariate regression results suggest that government expenditure hinders terrorism, whereas macroeconomic policies foster it. Possible reasons for the outcomes and the policy implications of the findings were discussed.
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Begichev, M. M., and A. V. Vlasov. "Problems of counteraction to economic crimes in modern conditions." Entrepreneur’s Guide 13, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2020-13-1-108-117.
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The Development of economic crime occurred in Russia in the «dashing 90s», at the same time the first economic crimes are known in the era of ancient Rome and Egypt, and each era is somehow connected with new economic crimes that have their own characteristics and specificity. The problem of preventing crimes in the economic sphere is complex, requiring all third-party study in a specific period of time and countering them depends directly on the mechanisms that are currently in the state and law enforcement agencies.The article analyzes the peculiarity of the use of digital technologies aimed at combating economic crime.
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Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.
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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
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Ignatiev, P. "EGYPT UNDER THE RULE OF ABDEL FATTAH EL-SISI: INTERNAL CHALLENGES." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 132 (2017): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.132.0.4-17.
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Egypt is the demographic giant of the world with strategic location at the crossroads between different continents. The country was under rule of military generals since 1952 and the first competitive presidential elections in its history took place only in 2012. The latest period of military rule under the President Hosni Mubarak lasted from 1981 till 2011. It was a time of a relative stability and the lack of crucial reforms when Egypt was supported by generous US aid and tourism expenditures. Is this about to change after the ≪Arab Spring≫ and short term of Mohammed Morsi’s presidency? Such issues as demographic explosion and high levels of unemployment, forced military conscription, the lack of affordable housing and scarcity of water resources are examined. The author makes an attempt to analyze how Egypt is trying to cope with those challenges under the rule of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. To this end he looks into the development of different spheres of economic activity like tourism, the transit via Suez Canal, remittances and cotton agriculture.
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Moussa, Amr Ahmed. "Determinants of working capital behavior: evidence from Egypt." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-09-2017-0219.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze and identify key factors affecting working capital behavior of companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach Working capital requirement and cash conversion cycle were used to proxy working capital behavior. The study explored nine main factors widely discussed in previous research to explain working capital behavior: operating cash flow, growth opportunities, performance, firm value, age, size, leverage, economic conditions and industry type. The study employed a panel data analysis for 68 listed Egyptian industrial firms for the period 2000–2010. Different techniques of the generalized method of moments were used to test the validity of the research hypotheses. Findings The results show that working capital behavior is affected by various factors related to firm characteristics, economic conditions and industry type. Originality/value This study provides financial managers with a better understanding of the impact of different internal and macroeconomic factors on working capital behavior in an emerging market, such as Egypt’s.
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Lutsenko, N. "MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ACTIVITY IN EGYPT (20th – EARLY 21st CENTURIES)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.9.
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The article examines the origins of political Islam in the Middle East and the terminological aspect of the problem. The stages of the formation of the Egyptian Islamic organization Muslim Brotherhood were clarified and its key ideological tenets were established. The political and socio-economic circumstances in which the organization was formed are outlined. Attention is drawn to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the military and economic presence in Egypt of the United Kingdom, which consolidated political Islamic parties. The process of transforming the Muslim Brotherhood from a "group of like-minded people" into a political party is considered. The political and legal ideas of the founder of the organization Hasan al-Banna are covered. which became the main strategy of the Muslim Brotherhood. The situation of the organization in the 30's and 40's was analyzed during the attempt of Nazi Germany to turn the Brothers into their own puppet. The article reveals the role in the organization of its ideologist Said Qutb. His main ideas and views, which formed the basis of the radical Muslim Brotherhood branch, are analyzed. The link between the radicalism of the organization and the ultra-conservative trend of Islam - "Salafism" - was noted. The connection of the Muslim Brotherhood with the Free Officers organization, which came to power in Egypt in 1952, has been disclosed. It was stated that the Brothers supported General Gamal Nasser in the struggle for power, which allowed them to take part in the parliamentary elections. It is stated that the Brothers' criticism of the policies of Gamal Nasser and Anwar Sadat on Israel led to a ban of the organization's activities in Egypt. It has been established that under the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, the "Brothers" tried to enter parliament in other parties. The place and role of the organization during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, which led the Muslim Brotherhood to power, were examined. The main reasons for the failure of the organization are indicated.
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García, Juan Carlos Moreno. "Recent Developments in the Social and Economic History of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2014-0002.
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AbstractRecent developments in Pharaonic social and economic history help provide a more balanced interpretation of ancient Egypt. Landscape research shows the succession of several micro-regions in the Nile Valley. The conditions prevailing in some of these regions show that cattle rearing played a crucial economic role, while mobile populations from Egypt and abroad could lead lifestyles alternative to cereal cultivation. Trade also appears as a largely underestimated activity, where markets, private merchants and agricultural “entrepreneurs” fuelled exchanges not only within Egyptian borders but also abroad. Their role was crucial in the transformation of agrarian produce into wealth while their activities were in many ways autonomous from any institution, including temples or the crown itself. Not surprisingly, the social structure appears less rigidly organized than previously thought. Elites and peasantry, for instance, actually encompassed very distinct social groups whose goals and interests were not always coincident. While the former included not only officials and high dignitaries but also local potentates and chiefs of villages, the latter encompassed a variety of conditions, from poor rural workers and forced labourers to wealthy cultivators and rich peasants. The local power of such sub-elites enabled them to head extensive patronage networks. Their cooperation with the royal administration was crucial for the stability of the monarchy, even if their appearance in official sources is rather elusive. Politics, the negotiation between factions and groups for power, between the core of the kingdom and the provinces, were common practice, quite far in fact from the supposedly autocratic power of pharaohs.
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Shechter, Relli. "Glocal Mediators: Marketing in Egypt during the Open-Door Era (infitah)." Enterprise & Society 9, no. 4 (December 2008): 762–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700007618.
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This article discusses the business strategies formulated by Egyptian marketers as they established their enterprises to meet new multinational corporations' (MNCs') demand for marketing—research, promotion, and advertising services. This transition occurred during a period of economic liberalization, known locally as the infitah (open-door era), and rapid economic growth, resulting from the regional oil-boom of the early 1970s. Local entrepreneurship and competition for accounts would create a new, “glocal” business environment in Egypt, which concurrently mediated MNCs adaptation to local economic conditions and “Egyptianized” imported goods.
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Abdel-Rahman, Hager, Yasser Elsayed, and Doaa Abouelmagd. "Assessing the Egyptian Public Housing Policies and Governance Modes (1952-2020), Towards Achieving a Sustainable Integrated Urban Approach." Journal of Art & Architecture Research Studies - JAARS 1, no. 1 (June 21, 2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47436/jaarsfa.v1i1.11.
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Public housing provision is one of the most urgent problems in Egypt; over the last 70 years, the leading provider was the state, problems were coping with the high demand, as well as the quality of the units concerning household's requirements.This paper discusses and analyzes the development of the international housing policies for low-income categories, from direct provision to sustainable integrated approach, compared to Egypt's public housing policies, governance modes during the last 70 years. This paper divides this period into four main phases according to the state political and economic approach in each phase, starting with the first intention for public housing projects through socialism, passing by the open door policy, capitalism, and the variety of housing schemes. Finally, the state initiatives after 2011 through the national social housing program.
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Hussein, Safaa Ahmed, and Walter Mswaka. "Entrepreneurial Motives of Egyptian Entrepreneurs." International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcrmm.2018010101.
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This article explores the growth of (SME) development in Egypt. It focuses on measuring the motives of Egyptian entrepreneurs. The research design of the article is based on a quantitative data collection method in which a questionnaire was administrated to 211 small and medium sized firm entrepreneurs in Alexandria, Egypt. The results of the article indicate that the financial motive has less impact than the need for recognition in the process of starting a business. However, the financial motive is greater than the need to preserve family businesses and traditions. The recognition motive is related to perceived favorable governmental policies designed to stimulate entrepreneurial development. The financial motives are not associated with perceived economic conditions or available marketing opportunities. The freedom motive is significantly related to economic conditions, governance, and marketing opportunities. The family tradition motive is significantly associated with economic conditions but only moderately related to marketing opportunity.
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Baugh, Albert C. "1952: Justification by Works." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 115, no. 7 (December 2000): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463584.
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Some of the writers whose remarks I have quoted may belong to the school often referred to as the New Critics. At any rate, if we can trust their frequently expressed disapproval of current scholarship, the New Critics would not disagree with those remarks. I do not wish to be intolerant of those whose intolerance I deprecate. There is more than one fruitful approach to a work of literature, and while some of the New Criticism seems to me to be quite sterile I am ready to welcome any method of interpretation which leads to the fuller understanding and enjoyment of a work of literature. What I am not willing to admit is that the New Criticism is the only true source of illumination. Behind the poem is the poet, and whatever in his own life or in the life of his time helps us to understand the man helps us to understand his work. Literary history is a frame which enhances the work of art, or, if I may change the figure, a means of displaying it, a setting which permits us to view it in proper perspective. Without it we should be like the historian who would interpret Magna Carta or the Declaration of Independence without reference to the conditions which called these documents into being. Besides this, literary history as a part of the history of man is as legitimate an object of interest and as worthy of study as political or economic history, or the history of science or art. And the history of literature has been made possible only by the patient labors of scholars who have quarried and shaped the stone out of which the edifice has been built. We need criticism and we need the historical perspective which investigation makes possible. Let us seek for a fruitful union of the two without disparaging the share which each contributes to the common end.
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Salem, Samira. "AHMED GALAL AND ROBERT Z. LAWRENCE, ED., Building Bridges: An Egypt–US Free Trade Agreement (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998). Pp. 121. $29.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 2 (May 2000): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002488.
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Has the time come for a free-trade agreement (FTA) between Egypt and the United States? According to the contributors to Building Bridges, an FTA is the logical next step in the Egypt–U.S. relationship. This policy-oriented volume explores the conditions under which the benefits of an FTA between the parties would be maximized. Although the contributors reach different conclusions regarding the optimal form of the Egypt–U.S. FTA, consensus is reached on one point: an FTA between Egypt and the United States will produce economic benefits for both nations.
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Salama, Amir H. Y. "Whose face to be saved? Mubarak’s or Egypt’s? A pragma-semantic analysis." Pragmatics and Society 5, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.5.1.06sal.
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The 25th of January, 2011 witnessed a wave of political unrest all over Egypt, with repercussions that have re-shaped the future of contemporary Egypt. For the first time in the modern history of Egypt since the 1952 Nasserite revolution, grass-root protestors went to streets chanting slogans against the military regime headed by the (since then ex-) President of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak. This placed the then regime, as well as its mainstay, the National Democratic Party (NDP), in a political crisis on both local and international scales. It is this critical moment that led Mubarak to give his unprecedented speech on February 1st, 2011. The speech has brought about epoch-making political changes in the history of contemporary Egypt. Under public pressure, two seminal declarations were made in this speech: (1) Mubarak’s intention not to nominate himself for a new presidential term; (2) a call on the Houses of Parliament to amend articles 76 and 77 of the constitution concerning the conditions on running for presidency and the period for the presidential term in Egypt. The present paper seeks to answer the following overarching question: what are the discursive strategies used for saving the political face of Mubarak in his speech on February 1st, 2011? I follow a text-analytic framework based on the socio-semantic theory of social actors and the pragmatic models of speech acts and face-threatening acts. The analysis reveals Mubarak’s attempt to save his positive political face as a legitimate President who regarded himself as the official ruler invested with absolute power over Egypt.
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Baba, Noor Ahmad. "Nasser'S Pan-Arab Radicalism and the Saudi Drive for Islamic Solidarity: A Response for Security." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492849204800101.
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Post World War-II era has witnessed great upheavals of far-reaching social, political and economic consequences, overtaking almost all regions of the World. This changed the very context of international relations in these areas. West Asian region dominated by conservative monarchies under varying degrees of western colonial influences, could not escape this all pervading currents of change especially since the late 40s and early 50s. A series of developments in a quick succession changed the very patterns of relationships in the region and shook the very foundations of the conservative regimes there.1 One of the prominent regime that felt threatned and survived by successfully responding to the situation, is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the most potent threat that it had to confront with was the post 1952 revolution in Egypt
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Holbrook, Thomas M. "Incumbency, National Conditions, and the 2008 Presidential Election." PS: Political Science & Politics 41, no. 04 (October 2008): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096508081250.
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At the time of this writing (early August, 2008), the political landscape would appear to bode well for Barack Obama and spell almost certain disaster for John McCain. With presidential approval hovering in the high-20 and low-30% range for more than a year, and levels of economic satisfaction bottoming out, it “should” be a terrible year for the Republican Party in general and the Republican presidential nominee, John McCain, in particular, at least if the retrospective model holds. One factor that could mitigate the impact of negative retrospections, however, is that George W. Bush himself is not on the ballot to absorb the full impact of the national angst; in fact, for the first time since 1952, neither the president nor vice president is on the ballot.
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Isaev, V. A., and A. O. Filonik. "Food Sovereignty and Agricultural Policy of Egypt." World of new economy 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-1-82-90.
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The material conditions for countries and peoples’ existence are now changing signifiantly and sharply and put forward new requirements for the quality of reproductive mechanisms. To a large extent, this process is related to the village, which seeks to increase agricultural productivity, but cannot yet become on a par with industrial potential. The gap between these two parts of a single economic organism is large and is especially noticeable in developing countries and, in particular, in Egypt. This country is extremely poor in agricultural resources; it has been trying for decades to overcome the threat of hunger, sometimes achieving moderate success in some areas. But on the whole, it can only follow events in a catch-up mode. Now Egypt is entering a new phase of the struggle for food sovereignty and an unclear fial result. However, the state’s current policy is focused on making food security solvable.
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Mostafa, Diana, Mostaq Hussain, and Ehab K. A. Mohamed. "The effect of religiosity–morality interaction on auditor independence in Egypt." Managerial Auditing Journal 35, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1009–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-04-2019-2267.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of religiosity on the degree of auditor independence given the significance of symbolic gestures constructed by client economic conditions in different situations before and after considering the degree of auditors’ moral development. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an experimental design based on running mixed factorial analysis of variance (SPANOVA) using mainly repeated measures GLM to test the interaction effects between (and within) variables on auditor independence. Findings The main findings indicate that there is a significant interactional effect between the degree of moral development and intrinsic religiosity on the degree of auditor independence, given the stimulating effect of the client’s economic gestures/conditions. Practical implications The Egyptian economy is growing and ensuring that auditor independence is paramount to sustaining the local, as well as foreign investors’ interest. Hence, this study is very important in highlighting factors that might lead to some impairment of auditors’ independence. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to test the interactional effect between the religious orientation rather than religious affiliation and moral development on the degree of auditor independence, such a relationship has not been tested before in the literature. Additionally and most importantly, it uses statistical measurement through its experimental design, as there is a lack of studies in terms of auditor independence in Egypt. The existing literature follows the perceptional assessment rather than the real measurement of the degree of auditor independence.
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Krishnarajan, Suthan, and Lasse Lykke Rørbæk. "The Two-sided Effect of Elections on Coup Attempts." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 7-8 (January 21, 2020): 1279–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719900001.
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In this article, we investigate the relationship between elections and coup attempts. We argue that elections have opposing effects on the risk of coup attempts, depending on the state of the economy in which they are held. Elections occurring in conditions of economic crisis spur anti-government mobilization and high levels of state repression. This increases the subsequent risk of coup attempts. Conversely, elections held during economic expansion induce pro-government mobilization and waning repression, which reduces the subsequent risk of coups. We find strong support for these propositions in a statistical analysis of 130 countries that conducted contested elections in the period 1952 to 2013. The results are robust to an array of model specifications, including when we account for election outcome, postelection economic performance, and the possibility that both elections and economic performance are endogenous to coup attempts.
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Helmy, Riham, Nevien Khourshed, Mohamed Wahba, and Alaa Abd El Bary. "Exploring Critical Success Factors for Public Private Partnership Case Study: The Educational Sector in Egypt." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040142.
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This research aims to explore and identify the critical success factors (CSFs) needed to facilitate and guarantee the implementation of successful public private partnership (PPP) projects in the education sector in Egypt. Thus, the research proposed a CSFs model based on an exhaustive literature review to identify CSFs for PPPs’ successful implementation. The identified 21 CSFs were divided into four groups: political, legal, economic and financial as well as operational and managerial. A qualitative and quantitative analysis that involved semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey tool was applied to gather required data. Then, data were analyzed using the Nvivo program, correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesis for the research. The results showed that the set of four CSFs groups which are political, legal, economic and financial as well as managerial and operational have positive significant impacts on successful PPP implementation in education in Egypt. Results also show that managerial and operational factors are the most significant factors followed by legal factors, political factors, then economic and financial factors. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the research findings provide the private sector investor with the direction, clarity and guidance essential to create the confidence needed to invest in the education market and programs in Egypt. It also provides public sector employees with a clear vision for the environment and conditions needed to embrace PPP projects in the sector of education in Egypt.
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KAHSAY, TEWODROS NEGASH, ONNO KUIK, ROY BROUWER, and PIETER VAN DER ZAAG. "THE ECONOMY-WIDE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE NILE BASIN: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH." Climate Change Economics 08, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201000781750004x.
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A multi-country, multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is employed to evaluate the economy-wide impacts of climate change under the IPCC’s A2 and B1 scenarios and existing irrigation development plans in the Nile basin. The study reveals that climate change adversely affects mainly downstream Egypt and to a lesser extent Sudan, while it results in a limited impact in the upstream countries Ethiopia and the Equatorial Lakes region, where irrigated agriculture is still limited. The economic consequences for Egypt are especially substantial if the river basin countries pursue a unilateral irrigation development strategy. In order to prevent water use conflicts and ease water scarcity conditions, a cooperative water development strategy is needed as well as economic diversification in favor of less water-intensive sectors, combined with investments in water-saving infrastructure and improved irrigation efficiency.
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Sabea, Hanan. "Still Waiting: Labor, Revolution, and the Struggle for Social Justice in Egypt." International Labor and Working-Class History 86 (2014): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547914000222.
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In his first televised address as prime minister on March 2, 2014, Ibrahim Mehleb reiterated what has become a familiar term of state rhetoric used to contain labor unrest, widely referred to as “the wheel of production” (‘agalat el-intag) discourse. The true meaning of the “wheel of production” iteration was expressed in Mehleb's call on “Egyptians to help rebuild the nation and halt strikes and protests.” When representatives of the state—or state-allied political actors, including some labor unions—proclaim that the “wheel of production must turn” in response to strikes and other labor demonstrations, they are suggesting that the protesters are behaving selfishly, in their own economic interests. For laborers to make demands for better wages and working conditions during a time of national crisis is presented to the public as a threat to economic stability and national security that is harmful to all Egyptians. Ironically, though not unexpectedly, in the same address Mehleb pledged to address many of the basic demands raised by protesting workers: a decent standard of living, the even distribution of resources, the rooting out of corruption, and institutional reform of the public sector—all while maintaining workers’ rights. Although state agents' rhetorical commitment to decent standards of living and social and economic rights is not novel, the simultaneous conjuring of the “wheel of production” to halt protests has a more recent history occasioned by the last three years of revolutionary transformations.
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Ibragimov, I. E. "The Role of the Military-Political Elite of Egypt in the Struggle for National Independence in the Post-World War II Period (1945-1952)." MGIMO Review of International Relations 12, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-4-67-72-88.
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The article analyzes the role of the Egyptian military-political elite on the eve of the Revolution of 1952, when the military came to power, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. The study of the history and activities of the organization «Free Officers» is hardly possible without considering the evolution of the national-patriotic and political movements in the Egyptian army. During the second quarter of the 20 th century the Egyptian society experienced fairly turbulent and eventful political process that influenced the further development of the country. At present the study of role of army in liberation movement in the Middle East is extremely urgent since military structures have become the base of the state system of many Arabic countries. The army has sufficiently influenced to the political development of the states. In connection with the recent transformations in the Middle East, that witnessed crises of political systems and statehood, the consideration of military elites, their coming to power and impact on a political system is important for the study of the general issues of the Middle East.The author considers the factors which influenced the evolutionary transformation of the Egyptian military before and after the World War II, as well as the social origins of the officer corps. Moreover, the object of the study includes the entire period of the national liberation movement of the Egyptian people, when almost all segments of Egyptian society were involved in this struggle. An important aspect of this trend is that, in the run-up to the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the officers and the military elite became a more prepared and organized than other groups and was able to quickly and almost bloodlessly take power into their own hands.The article notes that it is impossible to solve urgent social problems and overcome economic backwardness without centralized strong leadership. While forming the Egyptian statehood and the Kingdom of Egypt, there were three centers of power – Wafd party led by Saad Zaghloul, the king and his supporters, as well as Great Britain, which retained control over Egypt. Given the absence of one center of power in the country, as well as the weakness and dependence of the existing ones, opposition movements with different views on the development of Egypt were created. The society of «Muslim Brotherhood» was one of them, eventually discrediting itself during its further development. «Free Officers» were able to establish themselves as a secret society, which ideologically did not belong to any political camp. Coherence, hierarchy and army solidarity became effective advantages in their struggle for power.
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Yimere, Abay, and Engdawork Assefa. "Assessment of the Water-Energy Nexus under Future Climate Change in the Nile River Basin." Climate 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9050084.
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This study investigated the Water-Energy relationship in the Nile River Basin under changing climate conditions using an energy and water model. Climate change will likely affect both water and energy resources, which will create challenges for future planning and decision making, particularly considering the uncertainty surrounding the direction and magnitude of such effects. According to the assessment model, when countries depend heavily on hydropower for energy, power generation is determined by climate variability. For example, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan are more hydropower-dependent than Burundi or Rwanda. As a result, the trading relationships and economic gains of these countries shift according to climate variability. Among 18 climate scenarios, four demonstrate a change in climate and runoff. Under these scenarios, trading partnerships and economic gains will favor Ethiopia and Egypt instead of Sudan and Egypt. This study examines the extent of potential climate challenges, their effects on the Nile River Basin, and recommends several solutions for environmental planners and decision makers. Although the proposed model has the novel ability of conducting scientific analyses with limited data, this research is still limited by data accessibility. Finally, the study will contribute to the literature on the climate chamber effects on regional and international trade.
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Oweiss, Ibrahim M. "Labor and the State in Egypt, 1952-1994: Workers, Unions, and Economic Restructuring. By Marsha Pripstein Posusney. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 327p. $49.50 cloth, $17.50 paper." American Political Science Review 95, no. 3 (September 2001): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400500410.
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El-Shafeiy, Moataz, Ahmed El-Kammar, Ahmed El-Barkooky, and Philip A. Meyers. "Paleo-redox depositional conditions inferred from trace metal accumulation in two Cretaceous-Paleocene organic-rich sequences from Central Egypt." Marine and Petroleum Geology 73 (May 2016): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.03.007.
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Selby, A. K. "Robert L. Tignor: State, private enterprise, and economic change in Egypt, 1918-1952. (Princeton Studies on the Near East.) xvi, 317 pp. Princeton, N.J.:Princeton, University Press,[1984]. £37." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 1 (February 1987): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00053386.
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Aly, Wael Omran. "Towards a Framework to Create Shared Value Partnerships in the Community Evidence from Egypt." Public Administration Research 9, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v9n1p51.
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Government and non-government organizations (NGOs) basic reaction to the pace and scale of international changes has been a hesitancy to recognize adequately the need to modify themselves. Problems tend to be interdependent as well as bundled, needing thorough approaches as well as common participation. On the other hand, the private sector in developing countries providing on average 60 per cent of GDP, 80 per cent of capital flows and 90 per cent of jobs. As a result, a solid along with vital private sector is essential for help Developing countries move from associations depending on aid towards types depending on economic partnerships. Consequently, developing a collaboration dependent upon creating shared value (CSV) credo by using the private sector - rather than the conventional social responsibility approach- is a must to increase the impact involving aid investments while bringing in business growth. Hence, such paper aims to depict the suitable framework to create shared value policies and practices that enhance the competitiveness of private sector companies while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which they operate. Moreover, it tends to detect barriers impeding the realization of such framework; and the needed pillars to overcome such barriers in developing countries as Egypt.
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Wu, Ming-Lu. "Examining Convergence Clubs in Chinese Provinces (1952-2017): New Findings from the Simplified Clustering Convergence Test." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): p90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n3p90.
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This paper empirically investigates the convergence clustering in 31 Chinese provinces regarding the popular and important economic indicator of GDP per capita over the period 1952-2017. Using the club convergence and clustering procedure of Phillips and Sul (2007) with necessary simplifications, a few provincial clusters are identified. It is clearly verified as expected that the Chinese provincial GDP per capita series contain significant nonlinear components. It is found that there are two or three convergence clubs depending on different starting years or initial conditions, and the clustering results are somewhat stable with respect to different starting years. The results can help local and central governments to select appropriate growth promotion strategies for different groups of provinces in general and, due to the evidence that GDP per capita in China heavily inclines to a few major provinces (such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang), can also help provide useful information to relevant authorities to fight against the increasing income inequality across provinces in particular.
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Barrie, Christopher, and Neil Ketchley. "OPPORTUNITY WITHOUT ORGANIZATION: LABOR MOBILIZATION IN EGYPT AFTER THE 25TH JANUARY REVOLUTION*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-23-2-181.
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Prevailing understandings of labor protest and strikes take as their focus stable democratic settings where autonomous trade union structures are an established component of the organizational resources available to workers. We extend the analysis of labor mobilization to a radically different context: Egypt in the year of the January 25th Revolution, when workers mobilized en masse in the absence of union leadership. For this, we use a catalogue of 4,912 protest events reported in Arabic-language newspapers. Our findings point to the importance of cross-sectoral demonstration effects in contexts of political disorganization—local and national mobilization advancing both labor and nonlabor demands inspired subsequent labor protest. This speaks to the value of understanding labor protest and strikes not as delimited domains of action but as parts of a wider universe of contentious politics. In addition, state-level signals of opportunity and shifts in economic conditions are also found to pattern the incidence of labor mobilization.
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Abdelrady, Ahmed, Saroj Sharma, Ahmed Sefelnasr, Mustafa El-Rawy, and Maria Kennedy. "Analysis of the Performance of Bank Filtration for Water Supply in Arid Climates: Case Study in Egypt." Water 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061816.
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Bank filtration (BF) is acknowledged as a sustainable and effective technique to provide drinking water of adequate quality; it has been known for a long time in Europe. However, this technique is site-specific and therefore its application in developing countries with different hydrologic and environment conditions remains limited. In this research, a 3-discipline study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of the application of this technique in Aswan City (Egypt). Firstly, a hydrological model was developed to identify key environmental factors that influence the effectiveness of BF, and to formulate plans for the design and management of the BF system. Secondly, water samples were collected for one year (January 2017 to December 2017) from the water sources and monitoring wells to characterize the bank-filtrate quality. Lastly, an economic study was conducted to compare the capital and operating costs of BF and the existing treatment techniques. The results demonstrated that there is high potential for application of BF under such hydrological and environmental conditions. However, there are some aspects that could restrict the BF efficacy and must therefore be considered during the design process. These include the following: (i) Over-pumping practices can reduce travel time, and thus decrease the efficiency of treatment; (ii) Locating the wells near the surface water systems (<50 m) decreases the travel time to the limit (<10 days), and thus could restrict the treatment capacity. In such case, a low pumping rate must be applied; (iii) the consequences of lowering the surface water level can be regulated through the continuous operation of the wells. Furthermore, laboratory analysis indicated that BF is capable of producing high quality drinking water. However, an increase in organic matter (i.e., humics) concentration was observed in the pumped water, which increases the risk of trihalomethanes being produced if post-chlorination is implemented. The economic study ultimately demonstrated that BF is an economic and sustainable technique for implementation in Aswan City to address the demand for potable water.
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Abdelmonem, M., M. Elshamsy, H. Wasim, M. Shedid, and A. Boraik. "Epidemiology Of Helicobacter Pylori In Delta Egypt." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.284.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one the most prevalent bacterial infection in the world, affecting more than 50% of the world’s population. H. pylori are gram negative bacteria usually found in the stomach, penetrate the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to Gastric cancer which is the second most common cancer worldwide Objectives: The aim of this study is to predict the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastrointestinal tract patients in Egypt. Methods Subjects and methods: A total of 1120 patients were enrolled in this study from The Delta region in Egypt. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to detect H. pylori stool Antigen. Among the 1120 patient; 301 patients (26.9%) were males, 510 patients (45.6%) were females and 309 patients (27.5%) were children with age range from 1 years to 76 years. The mean of the age was 8,35,34 for children, males and females respectively. Results The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 52%. Among the 1120 patients, 576 patients (48%) were negative while 624 patients (52%) of the patients were Positive. It was observed that 169 patients (51.6%) of males were positive,275 patients (52.9%) of females were positive and 135 patients (41%) of children were positive. Furthermore, 133 patients (48.4%) of males were negative, 227 patients (47.2%) of females were negative and 181 patients 59% of children are negative. Conclusion This study revealed that the incidence and prevalence rates of H. Pylori in Egypt are relatively high. The high H. pylori prevalence is related to poor standard of living, low socio-economic conditions, poor sanitation and fecal contamination of food or water. It is crucial to launch educational awareness program for H. pylori in Egypt.
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Hegazy, Ibrahim Rizk. "Toward efficient energy consumption in middle income housing buildings in Egypt." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz070.
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Abstract Current research pays special attention to the application of approaches that promote sustainable design in a built environment and ensure energy efficiency. In this context, the form of housing buildings is an important parameter that has a meaningful impact on the use of energy in housing buildings. Hence, this research attempts to study the impact of the form of housing buildings on energy efficiency taking into account the mid-hot weather conditions in one of the middle-income housing buildings in new communities in Egypt. To achieve the research aim, a comparative analysis is carried out using parametric numerical analysis—DesignBuilder energy analysis—to compare the various hypothetical proposals for different building configurations. The study determines that the efficiency of energy use in buildings depends to a large extent on their forms that will help urban designers and planners to propose the best energy performance in the form of housing buildings in the stage of conceptual design suitable for other environmental, social and economic urban planning issues. These results should be incorporated into the building codes adopted in Egypt’s new cities in order to reach more energy-efficient housing buildings in Egypt.
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Awadallah, Abdelmoneim A., and Haitham M. Elsaid. "Investigating the impact of macro-economic changes on auditors' assessments of audit risk: a field study." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 21, no. 3 (May 7, 2020): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-10-2019-0149.
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PurposeThe study aims at examining whether or not poor macro-economic conditions can lead auditors to change their risk management policies when performing an audit.Design/methodology/approachThe present study is based on a questionnaire distributed to auditors working at the branches of the big four audit firms in Egypt over two rounds under different economic conditions. The responses in each of the two rounds were analyzed to identify any similarities or differences in auditors' behavior when performing analytical procedures under different economic conditions.FindingsAuditors appear to alter their risk management strategies during challenging economic times. The present study results suggest that auditors increase their dependence on non-financial data and information as supporting evidence when assessing audit risk during times of economic difficulties. The findings also show that when the macro-economic trends are declining, audit firms tend to assign the performance of analytical procedures to more experienced audit personnel (i.e. senior auditors, audit managers and partners) with less of this work being done by the audit staff.Research limitations/implicationsThe present study is based on a sample of 40 respondents. It is recommended for future research to use a larger sample size as results may differ for a greater sample. The present research did not consider the effect of auditors' specialization in a certain industry on the audit judgment during an audit engagement. Future research would examine the impact of auditors' industry specialization on audit judgments during periods of unfavorable economic conditions. The present study is based on a survey that aims at capturing auditors' perception. Further research would use other research techniques (e.g. laboratory experiment) to examine the effect of the general economic conditions on auditors' assessment of audit risk.Practical implicationsAuditors need to give sufficient attention to the analyses of non-financial information of their audit clients during the performance of the analytical procedures under unstable economic conditions rather than depending solely on financial information. Moreover, audit firms could use a much richer labor mix for audit teams through increasing their reliance on experienced senior auditors, audit managers and partners during periods of deteriorating macro-economic conditions to mitigate risk and improve audit judgment.Originality/valueThis study adds to the scarce literature in developing countries investigating the influence of external economic factors on the audit process. The present research provides information to practitioners and educators about risk management policies that could be considered in case of performing analytical procedures during an audit conducted under poor economic conditions.
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Goral, Ramazan. "Tourism Policy and Enabling Conditions; A Comparative Analysis Related to Mediterranean Destinations." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i1.p157-174.
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On the study, competitive position of eight destinations on Mediterranean Basin (Turkey, Greece, Italy, France, Spain, Egypt , Tunisia and Morocco ) related to Tourism Polıcy and Enabling Conditions were analyzed as comparative in terms of both index wide and also sub-factors as Data of Travel and Tourism Competition Index (TTCI) which was published by World Economic Forum in 2015 was used. According to analysis ' s findings, most competitive first three destinations are respectively Spain, Greece and Tunisia in terms of general index of Tourism Polıcy and Enabling Conditions. Destinations' cImpetitive positions' order changes in terms of sub-factors. Five point likert scale was used to make meaningful country's competitive position by points that it got from criteria belonging to countries' sub-factors. Accordingly, the following points which countries got from criteria express competitive positions: 5= Very well, 4=Well, 3=Medium, 2=Bad ,1=Very bad. Moreover, when eight destinations on Mediterranean Basin are evaluated, there is a significant relation between Tourism Polıcy and Enabling Conditions and Tourism Income and Number of Tourist in terms of statistics.
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Vitalis, Robert. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918–1952. By Robert L. Tignor · Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. xvi + 371 pp. Charts, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $44.50." Business History Review 63, no. 4 (1989): 994–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115994.
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Herrera, Linda. "Youth and Citizenship in the Digital Age: A View from Egypt." Harvard Educational Review 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.82.3.88267r117u710300.
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Youth are coming of age in a digital era and learning and exercising citizenship in fundamentally different ways compared to previous generations. Around the globe, a monumental generational rupture is taking place that is being facilitated—not driven in some inevitable and teleological process—by new media and communication technologies. The bulk of research and theorizing on generations in the digital age has come out of North America and Europe; but to fully understand the rise of an active generation requires a more inclusive global lens, one that reaches to societies where high proportions of educated youth live under conditions of political repression and economic exclusion. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), characterized by authoritarian regimes, surging youth populations, and escalating rates of both youth connectivity and unemployment, provides an ideal vantage point to understand generations and power in the digital age. Building toward this larger perspective, this article probes how Egyptian youth have been learning citizenship, forming a generational consciousness, and actively engaging in politics in the digital age. Author Linda Herrera asks how members of this generation who have been able to trigger revolt might collectively shape the kind of sustained democratic societies to which they aspire. This inquiry is informed theoretically by the sociology of generations and methodologically by biographical research with Egyptian youth.
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ElFouly, Heba A., and Noha A. El Aziz. "Physical Quality of Life Benchmark for Unsafe Slums in Egypt." Sustainability in Environment 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v2n2p258.
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<em>Enhancing the quality of life in urban settle ments is one of the most significant challenges facing </em><em>governments. In the case of unsafe-slums, the challenge is even more problematical, as slum dwellers </em><em>not only suffer from substandard housing, devoid of basic necessities and unhealthy urban conditions, </em><em>but they are exposed to danger. This paper focuses on extracting the most significant physical </em><em>QoLindices in unsafe-slums in Egypt, taking into account the limited designated investments and the </em><em>temporary situation of suchslums. Interviews with central governments (ISDF, GOPP), local </em><em>authorities (Cairo and Gizagovernates), and urban planning experts were conducted, in addition to </em><em>secondary data collected from reports andresearches. The study reveals that the first priority to uplift </em><em>the QoL, is to reserve the household health by providing adequate and low-cost water supply, </em><em>sanitation and solid waste management. While enhancing services, housing condition and increasing </em><em>economic activities is not prompt, as it probably will result in rooting the community to unsafe </em><em>neighborhoods. Finally, the study proposed a paradigm that differentiates between the QoLbench mark </em><em>for unsafe slums subjected to relocation strategies and other types of slums to be upgraded and </em><em>developed.</em>
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Ladynin, Ivan A. "The Journey Begins: Letter from Vasily Struve to Mikhail Rostovtzev of 25 May 1914." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 1119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-1119-1130.
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The article presents a publication of the letter from Vasily Vasilievich Struve (1889–1965), pioneer in the research of the Ancient Near East societies in the Soviet Union, to Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzev (1870–1952), the prominent Classicist, one of the first scholars in socio-economic history of the Antiquity in pre-revolutionary Russia. The letter was written during Struve’s post-graduate sabbatical in Berlin in 1914; it is stored in the Russian State Historical Archives in St. Petersburg. The document is significant due to its information on Struve’s stay in Berlin and on his contacts with leading German scholars (including Eduard Meyer and Adolf Erman), but it also touches upon a bigger issue. In the early 1930s Struve forwarded his concept of slave-owning mode of production in the Ancient Near East, which was immediately accepted into official historiography, making him a leading theoretician in the Soviet research of ancient history. It has been repeatedly stated in memoirs and in post-Soviet historiography that this concept and, generally speaking, Struve’s interest in socio-economic issues was opportunistic. His 1910s articles on the Ptolemaic society and state published prior to the Russian revolution weigh heavily against this point of view. The published letter contains Struve’s assessment of his future thesis (state institutions of the New Kingdom of Egypt) and puts its topic in the context of current discussions on the Ptolemaic state and society and of his studies in the Rostovtzev’s seminar at the St. Petersburg University. Struve declares the study of Egyptian social structure and connections between its pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic phases his life-task, introduced to him by Rostovtzev. Thus, Struve’s early interest in these issues appears to be sincere; it stems from pre-revolutionary trends in the Russian scholarship.
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Abdelwahed, Amr, Anne Goujon, and Leiwen Jiang. "The Migration Intentions of Young Egyptians." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239803.
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This study examines the migration intentions of young people in Egypt before and after the 2011 revolution, driven by three sets of factors: (1) individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, (2) household characteristics, and (3) community characteristics and political and civic participation. Logistic regression models are applied to study the determinants of intentions to live, study, or work abroad among young Egyptians (defined as individuals aged 18 to 29), using data from the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE) conducted in 2009 (N = 8488) and in 2014 (N = 5885). The surveys are nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt. The analysis indicates that respondents’ age, gender, marital status, and employment status play a significant role in shaping migration intentions. After the 2011 revolution, the effects are dependent upon economic and institutional conditions. The employment status affects the migration intention of young people in 2009; but the effects become insignificant in 2014. Moreover, respondents who have participated in political and voluntary activities are more likely to express migration intentions. Pollution levels in the community are also positively correlated with the intention to migrate. The results indicate that those who expressed migration intentions are a selective group in terms of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings have policy relevance because knowledge and understanding of migration intentions and their determinants can be used to assess and develop scenarios about future migration.
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Vasileva, Anna Y. "On the issue of the British presence in Egypt: the business of “Thomas Cook and Son” in the assessment of contemporaries (the last third of the 19th century)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 191 (2021): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-191-224-232.
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The purpose of the study is to determine how the development of the tourism business of Thomas Cook and Son in the Nile Valley influenced the perception and assessment of contemporaries of the British presence in Egypt at the end of the 19th century. The relevance of the analyzed problem lies in the fact that the study of the history of tourism in the era of New imperialism allows us to supplement our understanding of the representations of the empire and private busi-ness and their mutual influence. It is substantiated that, according to the views of contemporaries, the activities of the company contributed to the creation of conditions for the economic develop-ment of Egypt, opened these territories to the world, providing free movement along the Nile, and contributed to the spread of the English language, making this country more “civilized” in the eyes of Europeans. We conclude that, at the same time, the handbooks of the company broadcasted the achievements of the imperial policy of Great Britain, reinforcing the idea of the positive conse-quences of the British occupation for Egypt. It is concluded that the commercial success of private business became a visible manifestation of the success of the England’s civilizing mission. The research materials can be used to further study the relationship between the development of mass tourism and the colonial policy of Great Britain.