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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Egypt – History – 19th century

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Academic literature on the topic 'Egypt – History – 19th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Egypt – History – 19th century"

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Cuno, Kenneth M. "African Slaves in 19th-Century Rural Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (2009): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090588.

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By all accounts, the population of enslaved Africans in Egypt increased in the 19th century compared to earlier times. An estimated 5,000 African slaves were imported annually during the 1840s and 1850s, and as few as 1,000 in 1860. However, during the cotton boom (1861–64), some 25,000 to 30,000 slaves were brought to Egypt each year to satisfy the demand for labor generated by the rapid expansion of cotton cultivation.

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Turekulova, Zh E., and M. U. Zhumabekov. "History and development trends of Egyptian cities in the 19th century." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-77-84.

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Egypt has always attracted the attention of researchers as one of the oldest centers of civilization; many historical, geographical, cultural and religious studies have been devoted to its study. Taking into account the fact that the Arab Republic of Egypt occupies a leading position in the modern Arab East, more attention in historical and cultural studies is paid to the problems of the formation of Egypt, the history of its political, socioeconomic, cultural, literary and religious movements of modern and modern times. However, the processes of urbanization in Egypt today are on the periphery of sociocultural research, they are not given due attention. The beginning of the 19th century and the reforms of Muhammad Ali, as well as the construction of the Suez Canal, can be considered a conventional starting point for urbanization. The scientific article shows a direct relationship between the construction of the Suez Canal and the processes of Europeanization of the country launched by Muhammad Ali and his successors. The creation of large European cities, the impetus for the development of which was given by the construction of the Suez Canal, was subjected to a detailed analysis.

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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 4 (1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.

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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.

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van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (2010): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000486.

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Research on the Copts of Egypt has developed especially rapidly in new directions during the past twenty years. Having started as a corollary of Egyptology, it is advancing from the study of the early Christian centuries to include medieval, early modern, and contemporary Coptic Studies. Concurrently, Coptic issues are being inserted into studies of Egypt in general. Publications on the 19th century mostly ignored Copts, but they were given stereotypical cameo appearances in the prolific research on the profound transformations in 20th-century Egyptian society.

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GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.

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Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.

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GÖKGÖZ, Turgay. "LITERATURE AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN BEYRUT IN THE 19TH CENTURY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.23.

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Throughout history, Beirut has been the habitat of different religions and nations. The people of various nations are made up of Christians and Muslims. Today, it is seen that languages such as Arabic, French and English are among the most spoken languages in Lebanon, where Beirut is located. Looking at Beirut in the 19th century, it was seen that colonial powers such as Britain and France were a conflict area, and at the same time it was one of the centers of Arab nationalism thought against the Ottoman Empire. During the occupation of Mehmet Ali Pasha, missionary schools were allowed to open, as well as cities such as Zahle, Damascus and Aleppo, Jesuit schools were opened in Beirut. With the opening of American Protestant schools, the influence of the relevant schools in the emergence and development of the idea of Arab nationalism is inevitable. Especially in Beirut, it would be appropriate to state that the aim of using languages such as French and English instead of Arabic education in missionary schools is to instill Western culture and to attract students to Christianity. The students of the Syrian Protestant College, who constituted the original of the American University of Beirut, worked against the Ottoman Empire within the society they established and aimed to establish an independent secular Arab state. Beirut comes to the fore especially in areas such as poetry and theater before the “Nahda” movement that started in Egypt during the reign of Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Pasha with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. The advances that paved the way for the development of modern literature in Beirut before Egypt will find a place in the field of literature later. In this study, it is aimed to present information on literary and cultural activities that took place in Beirut and emphasize the importance of Beirut in modern Arabic literature in the 19th century.

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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "TRADING IN POWER: MERCHANTS AND THE STATE IN 19TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 1 (2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812001262.

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AbstractIn this article, I argue that commercial legislation promulgated and implemented in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century was one of several factors that diminished the effect of merchants’ social networks, reduced merchants’ identity to a purely professional dimension, and made profit dependent upon association with the state. The transformation of merchants’ social roles was not part of a natural evolution toward modernization and the specialized division of labor. Rather, it resulted from interactions between state-building endeavors, pressures from established merchants who sought to parry threats to their position while profiting from new business opportunities, and an influx of merchants from outside the Ottoman sultanate, who could draw neither on personal connections nor on knowledge of local markets but instead had to depend on the protection of the European consulates and the influence of the growing Egyptian state apparatus.

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Aydin, Murat Burak. "Legal Receptions, Legal Academia and Islamic Legal Thinking in 19th- and 20th-century Egypt." Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2018, no. 26 (2018): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg26/457-459.

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Cheta, Omar Youssef. "A PREHISTORY OF THE MODERN LEGAL PROFESSION IN EGYPT, 1840S–1870S." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 4 (2018): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000855.

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AbstractThis article examines the emergence of a new corps of legal practitioners in Egypt during the 1860s and early 1870s. The proceedings of hundreds of merchant court cases in mid-19th-century Cairo are replete with references to deputies and agents (wukalā; sing.wakīl) who represented merchant-litigants in a wide range of commercial disputes. Examining how these historical actors understood Egyptian, Ottoman, and French laws, and how they strategically deployed their knowledge in the merchant courts, this article revises the commonly accepted historical account of the founding of the legal profession in Egypt. Specifically, it argues that norms of legal practice hitherto linked to the establishment of the Mixed Courts in 1876 were already being formed and refined within the realm of commercial law as part of a more comprehensive program of legal reforms underway during the middle decades of the 19th century. In uncovering this genealogy of practice, the article reevaluates the extent to which the khedival state shared a legal culture with the Ottoman center, and, simultaneously, created the space for a new form of legal representation that became ubiquitous under British, and, subsequently, postcolonial rule.

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Thompson, Jason. "Edward William Lane's “Description of Egypt”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 4 (1996): 565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800063832.

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Few Western students of the Arab world are as well known as the 19th-century British scholar Edward William Lane (1801–76). During his long career, Lane produced a number of highly influential works: An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), a translation of The Thousand and One Nights (1839–41), Selections from the Ḳur-án (1843), and the Arabic–English Lexicon (1863–93). The Arabic–English Lexicon remains a pre-eminent work of its kind, and Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians is still a basic text for both Arab and Western students. Through his published work, Lane contributed substantially to the prevailing Western picture of the Arab world.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Egypt – History – 19th century"

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Munro, Marc Andrew. "Religion and revolution in Egypt." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43921.pdf.

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Boauod, Marai. "The Making of Modern Egypt: the Egyptian Ulama as Custodians of Change and Guardians of Muslim Culture." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3102.

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Scholarship on the modern history of the Middle East has undergone profound revision in the previous three decades or so. Many earlier perceptions, largely based on modernization theory, have been either contested or modified. However, the perception of the Egyptian ulama (the traditionally-educated, religious Muslim scholars) in academic scholarship remains largely affected by the legacy of hypotheses of the modernization theory. Old assumptions that the Egyptian ulama were submissive to political power and passive players incapable of accommodating, let alone of fathoming, conditions of the modern world, and who chose or were forced to retreat from this world, losing much, if not all, of their relevance and significance, still infuse the scholarly literature. Making use of materials obtained from the Egyptian National Archives, this study offers an examination of modern legal reform in Egypt from the nineteenth century through the first part of the twentieth century with the ulama and their legal institutions in mind. As the findings of this study effectively illustrate, the Egyptian ulama were by no means submissive. Rather, they were patient. Far from being passive agents of the past, the Egyptian ulama were active participants who played a critical role in the building of modern Egypt. The ulama had at their disposal sustained social and moral influence, a long-standing position as community leaders, a reputation as defenders and representatives of Islam, the power to validate or invalidate the political establishment by means of public and doctrinal legitimization, and the final authority over laws of family and personal status. Through these strengths, the ulama were able to influence the direction of change and to impact its scope and nature during transitional period that witnessed the making and remaking of modern Egypt. Considering the nature of changes that they allowed to be introduced to the shari-based justice system and the ones they resisted, as well as their stance regarding social matters, the Egyptian ulama comprehended and recognized modernity as useful. Advanced techniques had to be embraced to strengthen state institutions. However, the ulama thwarted massive and sudden adoption of modernity's cultural elements, so that Egypt would not become a chaotic country and go astray. On the weight of their position as the ultimate authority over family law, the Egyptian ulama blocked rapid social change imposed from the top. Alterations to family law and the social structure were undertaken gradually and with a great deal of delicacy. Therefore, the long-standing social order was not suddenly destroyed and replaced with a new one. Instead, changes to the long-standing social structure were allowed to evolve slowly, while the core was largely preserved. The ulama's far-reaching plan, which was realized in the long run, was to maintain Islam's position in modern Egypt as a guide and as the main source of legitimacy. As will be shown in this study, the history of the Egyptian ulama reveals not passivity, detachment, or submission but careful, and deliberate action.

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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "Shaping the Nation: Early 19th Century America." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/731.

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Bloom, Kelly. "Orientalism in French 19th Century Art." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/477.

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Thesis advisor: Jeffery Howe<br>The Orient has been a mythical, looming presence since the foundation of Islam in the 7th century. It has always been the “Other” that Edward Said wrote about in his 1979 book Orientalism. The gulf of misunderstanding between the myth and the reality of the Near East still exists today in the 21st century. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and the subsequent colonization of the Near East is perhaps the defining moment in the Western perception of the Near East. At the beginning of modern colonization, Napoleon and his companions arrived in the Near East convinced of their own superiority and authority; they were Orientalists. The supposed superiority of Europeans justified the colonization of Islamic lands. Said never specifically wrote about art; however, his theories on colonialism and Orientalism still apply. Linda Nochlin first made use of them in her article “The Imaginary Orient” from 1983. Artists such as Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Léon Gérôme demonstrate Said's idea of representing the Islamic “Other” as a culturally inferior and backward people, especially in their portrayal of women. The development of photography in the late 19th century added another dimension to this view of the Orient, with its seemingly objective viewpoint<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Fine Arts<br>Discipline: College Honors Program

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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Teaching the history of philosophy in 19th-century Germany." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-161196.

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What does it mean to do philosophy historically, and when does the legend of philosophy begin? When Hegel tried to give a logical explanation of philosophy's history, was he doing the same thing as Eduard Zeller in his account of Creek thought, or Kuno Fischer in his narrative of modern philosophy? l do not believe so, and I shall sugges t in the following that we should carefully differentiate between the different activities commonly referred to as the history of philosophy. I will point out the enormous productivity of the 19th century in terms of printed books devoted to the history of philosophy. I will also point to the context in which these were produced and used rather than examining individual works or authors. There is an entirely new context in the 19th century, which is the study of philosophy. A proper culture developed around the historical interest in philosophy, and it is this culture I want to sketch here.

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Schneider, Ulrich Johannes. "Teaching the history of philosophy in 19th-century Germany." Teaching new histories of philosophy / ed. by J. B. Schneewind. Princeton 2004, S. 275 - 295 ISBN 0-9763726-0-6, 2004. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12120.

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What does it mean to do philosophy historically, and when does the legend of philosophy begin? When Hegel tried to give a logical explanation of philosophy''s history, was he doing the same thing as Eduard Zeller in his account of Creek thought, or Kuno Fischer in his narrative of modern philosophy? l do not believe so, and I shall sugges t in the following that we should carefully differentiate between the different activities commonly referred to as the history of philosophy. I will point out the enormous productivity of the 19th century in terms of printed books devoted to the history of philosophy. I will also point to the context in which these were produced and used rather than examining individual works or authors. There is an entirely new context in the 19th century, which is the study of philosophy. A proper culture developed around the historical interest in philosophy, and it is this culture I want to sketch here.

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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. "On the standing of states : Latin America in nineteenth-century international society." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05459d05-0dfa-4220-bbdc-42e3df63d71a.

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The present dissertation offers a critical examination of the place accorded to Latin American states in the English School account of the expansion of international society. It pursues two aims. First, the study contributes to understanding the nature and scope of international order, and its historical transformation over the course of the 'long nineteenth century'. Because of the profound impact that European colonization had on the region, the English School has conventionally treated the entry of Latin American states into international society as an unproblematic historical fact achieved with diplomatic recognition in the 1820s. The crucial cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, however, indicate that more attention needs to the paid to the hierarchical nature of the international order. The central argument of this historical-comparative study posits that the three Latin American states were recognized diplomatically, but they were not regarded as fully-fledged members of the community of 'civilized' states. Second, the dissertation examines the implications of hierarchy in international politics. Building on a critique of the legal-formalist conception of 'standing' in English School theorizing, three ideal-typical dimensions of international stratification are identified: the distribution of material capabilities (stature), the function states perform in international society (role), and estimations of honour and prestige (status) among states. The interpretative framework sheds light on how agents understand international society, and the way in which they deal with its hierarchical nature. The study analyzes how Latin American elites perceived the standing of their state, and how these perceptions shaped politics through their corresponding 'logics of social action'. The study finds that nineteenth-century elites in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil conceived of the standing of their states predominantly in terms of status, and demonstrates how these perceptions informed politics.

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Bennett, Joshua Maxwell Redford. "Doctrine, progress and history : British religious debate, 1845-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:299ba472-2a9c-488c-a8de-12ac55acc4ea.

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Religion and history became closely related in new ways in the Victorian imagination. This thesis asks why this was so, by focusing on arguments within British Protestant culture over progress and development in the history of Christianity. In an intellectual movement approximately beginning with the 1845 publication of John Henry Newman's 'Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine', and powerfully spreading and developing until the earlier years of the twentieth century, British intellectuals came to treat the history of religion - both as a past and present process, and as a didactic genre - as a vital element of broader attempts to stabilise or reconstruct religious belief and social order. Religious revivalists, determined to use church history as a raw material for the inculcation of exclusive confessional identities and dogmatic theology, were highly successful in pressing it on the attention of early Victorian audiences. But they proved unable to control its meaning. Historians rose to prominence who instead interpreted the history of Christianity as a guide to how religious culture, which many treated as indistinguishable from society as a whole, might eventually supersede denominational and dogmatic divisions. Humanity's spiritual development in time, which numerous British critics assessed with the aid of German Idealist thought, also became an attractive apologetic resource as the epistemological basis of Christian belief came under unprecedented public challenge. A major part of that danger was perceived to come from rival, avowedly secularising interpretations of human social progress. Such accounts - the ancestors of twentieth-century secularisation theory - were vigorously opposed by historians who understood modernity as involving not the decline, but the purification of Christianity. By exploring the ways in which Victorian critics - clerical and lay, religious and secular - approached religious history as a resource for solving the problems of their own age, this thesis offers a new way of understanding the importance of history, claims to knowledge, and the nature and ends of 'liberalism' in the long nineteenth century.

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Ng, Kin-yuen. "Constitutional developments in China and Japan from the mid 19th century to the early 20th century." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13280181.

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Milewicz, Przemysław. "Visions of nation in Poland, 1815-1831." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609456.

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Books on the topic "Egypt – History – 19th century"

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Adjei, E. Osei. A history of Egypt, the Sudan, and Ethiopia in the 19th century. Ofori Panin Secondary School, 1991.

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Kūmī, Sāmī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz. al- Ṣiḥāfah al-Islāmīyah fī Miṣr fī al-qarn al-tāsiʻ ʻashar. Dār al-Wafāʾ lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1992.

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İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin. Egypt: As viewed in the 19th century. Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2001.

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Talking along the Nile: Ippolito Rosellini, travellers and scholars of the 19th century in Egypt : proceedings of the international conference held on the occasion of the presentation of Progetto Rosellini, Pisa, June 14-16, 2012. Pisa University Press, 2013.

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Macdonald, Fiona. 19th century Europe: Women in History. Chrysalis, 2003.

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Phyllis, Freeman, and McKee Bob, eds. 19th-century sculpture. Abrams, 1985.

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Michael, Gibson. 19th century lustreware. Antique Collectors' Club, 1999.

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Hawkins, J. B. 19th century Australian silver. Antique Collectors' Club, 1990.

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Kalman, Bobbie. 19th century clothing. Crabtree Pub. Co., 1993.

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Kalman, Bobbie. 19th century clothing. Crabtree Pub. Co., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Egypt – History – 19th century"

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Hall, Robert A. "19th-Century Italian." In The History of Linguistics in Italy. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.33.11jal.

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Driel, Lodewijk van. "19th-Century Linguistics." In The History of Linguistics in the Low Countries. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sihols.64.10dri.

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Steindorff, George. "Excavations In Egypt." In Explorations in Bible Lands During the 19th Century. Gorgias Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463209681-012.

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Roberts, Adam. "Early 19th-Century SF." In The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56957-8_6.

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Vannatta, Seth. "The 19th Century and History." In Conservatism and Pragmatism. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137466839_4.

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Gallarotti, Giulio M. "The 19th century conferences." In A History of International Monetary Diplomacy, 1867 to the Present. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315732435-3.

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Green, Michael D., and Theda Perdue. "Native-American History." In A Companion to 19th-Century America. Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998472.ch16.

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Kay, A. Barry. "Landmarks in Allergy during the 19th Century." In History of Allergy. S. KARGER AG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000358477.

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Franco, Raquel Campos, Lili Wang, Pauric O’Rourke, et al. "Civil Society History V: 19th Century." In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_529.

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DiCristina, Bruce. "Criminology in 19th-Century France." In The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119011385.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Egypt – History – 19th century"

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Ismail, Amnah Saay, B. Jalal, M. Md Saman, and Wan Kamal Mujani. "19th Century Pahang Islamic Scholars in 'A History of Pahang'." In 2017 International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research (ICEEMR 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceemr-17.2017.49.

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NECHITA, Constantin. "DECLINE HISTORY OF OAKS IN 20TH CENTURY FOR ROMANIAN EXTRA-CARPATHIAN REGIONS." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.2/s14.087.

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Tleubekova, G. "Late 19th – early 20th century European travelers account of the nomadic people of Central Asia." In Scientific dialogue: Questions of philosophy, sociology, history, political science. ЦНК МОАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-01-07-2020-05.

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Stansfield, Billy, and William B. Ouimet. "HISTORY, MAPPING, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 18TH – 19TH CENTURY RELICT CHARCOAL HEARTHS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT." In 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019ne-328410.

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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "MIGRATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE NORTHERN ASIAN POPULATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.068.

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Mitina, Rimma. "STAGES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFFICIAL PERIODICALS IN RUSSIAN PROVINCES IN THE 19TH CENTURY (FOR EXAMPLE NEWSPAPERS PERM PROVINCIAL GAZETTE)." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.076.

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Wozniakowski, Arkadiusz. "THE EASTERN BATTERY IN SWINOUJSCIE, POLAND � HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF A PRUSSIAN COASTAL FORT FROM THE 19th CENTURY." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/5.3/s21.077.

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FONSECA, Letícia Pedruzzi. "Graphic innovations implemented in the Brazilian press by Julião Machado in the end of the 19th Century." In Design frontiers: territories, concepts, technologies [=ICDHS 2012 - 8th Conference of the International Committee for Design History & Design Studies]. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/design-icdhs-075.

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Guettaoui, Amel, and Ouafi Hadja. "Women’s participation in political life in the Arab states." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-93-105.

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The level of political representation of women in different legislative bodies around the world varies greatly. The women in the Arab world, is that as in other areas of the world, have throughout history experienced discrimination and have been subject to restriction of their freedoms and rights. Many of these practices and limitations are based on cultural and emanate from tradition and not from religion as many people supposed, these main constraints that create an obstacle towards women’s rights and liberties are reflected in the participation of women in political life. Although there are differences between the countries, the Arab region in general is noted for the low participation of women in politics. Universal suffrage has become common in most countries, but there are still some Arab women who are denied such rights. There have been many highly respected female leaders in Arab history, such as Shajar al-Durr (13th century) in Egypt, Queen Orpha (d. 1090) in Yemen. In the modern era there have also been examples of female leadership in Arab countries. However, in Arabic-speaking countries no woman has ever been head of state, although many Arabs remarked on the presence of women such as Jehan Al Sadat, the wife of Anwar El Sadat in Egypt, and Wassila Bourguiba, the wife of Habib Bourguiba in Tunisia, who have strongly influenced their husbands in their dealings with matters of state. Many Arab countries allow women to vote in national elections. The first female Member of Parliament in the Arab world was Rawya Ateya, who was elected in Egypt in 1957. Some countries granted the female franchise in their constitutions following independence, while some extended the franchise to women in later constitutional amendments.

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Tsydene, Shirap. "Pre-Revolutionary Historiography of the History of Local Self-Government in Buryat." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.53.

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With the inclusion of Buryats in the Russian state, the need arose to create management mechanisms and inclusion are of the Buryats in Russian culture. This need became the subject of research by theoreticians of scientific thought and state building, which formed over the 19th century, the historiographic foundation. The article highlights the issues formed and the development of historiography on the history of local self-government.

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