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Journal articles on the topic 'Egyptian Astronomy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Belmonte, Juan Antonio. "Essay Review: Egyptian Astronomy: La Astronomía del Antiguo Egipto." Journal for the History of Astronomy 37, no. 3 (August 2006): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860603700308.

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2

Locher, Kurt. "Book Review: Ancient Egyptian Astronomy: Ancient Egyptian Science, ii: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy." Journal for the History of Astronomy 27, no. 2 (May 1996): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182869602700205.

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3

Fitriani, Fitriani, and Anggita Nabila. "Historitas Agama Mesir Kuno Dalam Perspektif A-Qur’an." Jurnal Dirosah Islamiyah 5, no. 3 (April 14, 2023): 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/jdi.v5i3.3295.

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Ancient Egyptian civilization is very often talked about. This is not surprising given the great legacy of the ancient Egyptian leaders. What is taken for discussion is the belief system of the ancient Egyptian people. There are so many things related to Egypt in terms of their civilization which can be said to be very large and extraordinary at that time. The relics that are considered the most historic are the Pyramids which were built using very heavy stone. Then, another thing that was discussed was about the belief of the Egyptian people in the existence of many gods and recognizing and respecting the sanctity of certain animals. In this paper, using a qualitative approach to the method of literature study, through exploration of various data such as books, journals and others. The result of this study is to find that ancient Egyptian folk beliefs were more focused on the number of gods and considered that Pharaoh was the representative of the gods and as a means of intermediary between the people and the gods. Pharaohs who are believed to have sacred powers to intercede for their people with the goddess in the field of knowledge, the ancient Egyptians focused on mathematics and astronomy, they also used the calendar to calculate planting time, the language used comes from the ancient Greek language contained in the covenant called stone. the ancient rosetta hunting system, still uses the hunting system, still uses weapons such as spears and arrows and farms on the banks of the nile because apart from that the area is dry because of the desert, social life is divided into 3 castes, namely upper caste, middle caste and lower caste. Keywords: Ancient Egypt, civilization, religion, history.

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4

Belmonte, Juan Antonio. "In search of cosmic order: Astronomy and culture in Ancient Egypt." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131100216x.

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AbstractOver the past five years, the Egyptian-Spanish Mission on the archaeoastronomy of ancient Egypt and its collaborators has been performing an ambitious scientific project with the aim of studying the cosmovision of the ancient civilization of the pharaohs. Part of the project has consisted of a re-analysis of the iconographic and historical sources that has allowed, among other things, a reassessment of the calendar theory and a new proposal for the sky-maps of ancient Egypt. For various reasons, Archaeoastronomy has not been one of the favourite disciplines of egyptologists in the past. Probably because of this, important questions such as the orientation of Egyptian temples and the relevance of astronomy in this respect had never been afforded with the requisite seriousness and depth. Our work has had among its various priorities, the solution of this problem. In order to achieve this, our team has so far measured the orientation of some 330 temples in the Valley, the Delta, the Oases and the Sinai. The aim is to find a correct and almost definitive answer to the question of whether the ancient Egyptian sacred constructions were astronomically aligned or not. Our results may provide an affirmative answer.

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5

Depuydt, Leo, and Marshall Clagett. "Ancient Egyptian Science, Vol. II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy." Journal of the American Oriental Society 118, no. 1 (January 1998): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606303.

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6

Lazaridis, Nikolaos, Omar Abdel-Kareem, and Grigorios Tsokas. "Essays in Archaeology and Archaeometry and the Hellenic Contribution to Egyptology." Heritage 5, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5010023.

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The contemporary trend of research projects and works are presented on selective issues of archaeometry, archaeology and Egyptology. The current status in research in the area of SE Mediterranean on cultural heritage and archaeological/historical reflections alone and/or coupled with archaeological sciences of eleven papers are placed within an updated frame. The results concern a variety of selected topics critically presented. The topics touch on the cultural astronomy, the ancient textiles and masonries and the physico-chemical and biological investigations, the socio-political issues of Egyptian Ramesside era, revisiting the inscription of an Egyptian statuette, and the valuable information extracted from rock graffiti in north Kharga, Egypt.

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7

Inayah, Maulida, and Ahmad Izzuddin. "Universal Solution of Medieval Spherical Astronomy." KULMINASI: Journal of Falak and Sharia 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/kulminasi.v1i2.4173.

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Spherical astronomy is a part of astronomy that figures of the sky as a sphere. It concerns the study of astronomical coordinate frames, the direction and apparent motion of celestial bodies, the determination of positions from astronomical observations, and the errors that can occur in observations. Spherical astronomy makes it easier for humans to determine the direction and position of celestial bodies relative to observers on Earth. In the history of human civilization, spherical astronomy has been the solution to determining the time of worship for medieval Muslims. Especially during the glory days of the Mamluks, Egypt and Syria. This article was written based on literature research with qualitative method as an approach. Then the collecting data was carried out by the documentation method on various notes, books, transcripts and images could be found. Then the data was analyzed descriptively. The results of this research show that Egyptian and Syrian astronomers during Mamluk reign (between the 13th-15th centuries) made a major contribution to the progress and development of science, especially in astronomy. Both the preparation of astronomical tables and various astronomical tools or instruments they designed.

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8

Bochi, Patricia. "Time in the Art of Ancient Egypt: From Ideological Concept to Visual Construct." KronoScope 3, no. 1 (2003): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852403322145388.

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AbstractThe pervasiveness and immutability of time forced the ancient Egyptians to deal with its impact on everyday life in various ways. Yet, so far most studies have focused on the written expression of the concern for time, thus overlooking other areas of cognition equally capable of accounting for the ancient Egyptians' attempt at addressing the issue. Thus, the present study focuses on the way in which the ancient Egyptians conceptualized and visually represented the phenomenon of time. After examining the image-making process, the study analyzes the socio-cultural implications of such visual approach within the context of ancient Egyptian society.

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9

von Lieven, Alexandra. "The Religious Sciences in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 8, no. 1-2 (April 22, 2021): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2020-0013.

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Abstract Within the Ancient Egyptian temple, science was an important occupation for certain specialized priests. Two fields particularly well documented are astronomy and astrology on the one hand, and medicine on the other. For the medical practitioners, namely the Sakhmet priest and the Leader of Serqet, there are even special manuals for their use attested. The paper presents some of the evidence and discusses it within its cultural context.

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10

Allen, James P. "Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book. Volume 2: Calenders, Clocks, and Astronomy. Marshall Clagett." Isis 87, no. 2 (June 1996): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/357503.

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11

Belmonte, Juan Antonio, Mosalam Shaltout, and Magdi Fekri. "Astronomy and landscape in Ancient Egypt: Challenging the enigma of the minor step pyramids." Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancien Egypt 1695-4750 (2005): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.tde.2005.04.01.

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The minor step pyramids (MSPs) form a coherent group of seven monuments distributed along Egyptian geography with a series of common characteristics that make them unique and distinct from other buildings of similar typology. The purpose of these pyramids is a matter of dispute among Egyptologists and most proposals could be interpreted as sad examples of vox nihil. By contrast, our archaeoastronomical study of the monuments would suggest that minor step pyramids were built at certain locations and with particular orientations that might relate them to the preliminary stages and consolidation, during the reign of king Snefru, of two master creations of early dynastic Egypt, the civil calendar and the stellar Afterlife later appearing in the Pyramid Texts.

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12

Henry, Holly. "Archaeoastronomy in the Poetry of T.S. Eliot." Culture and Cosmos 27, no. 0102 (October 2023): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01227.0225.

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T.S. Eliot's poem The Hollow Men, published in 1925, generally has been understood as a depiction of cultural and spiritual disillusionment following the First World War. Against the backdrop of a war-ravaged Europe with millions of lives lost and numerous cultural monuments destroyed, Eliot was deeply concerned about the future and preservation of humankind, and of the arts and sciences. While Modernist scholars have noted Eliot's interest in and incorporation of aspects of astronomy and physics in his poetry, this essay explores ancient Egyptian culture and archaeoastronomy as a fresh context for reading the poem.

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13

Ghatass, Z. F., A. W. Nashed, I. H. Saleh, and M. M. Mohmed. "Spectral signature of Egyptian crude oils." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 548 (November 24, 2014): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/548/1/012059.

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14

Demortier, Guy. "Revisiting the construction of the Egyptian pyramids." Europhysics News 40, no. 1 (January 2009): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2009303.

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15

Blomstedt, Patric. "Imhotep and the Discovery of Cerebrospinal Fluid." Anatomy Research International 2014 (March 13, 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/256105.

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Herbowski (2013) suggested recently the Egyptian Imhotep from the 3rd dynasty in Egypt to be the discoverer of cerebrospinal fluid. There are, however, no sources within the first 2000 years after Imhotep suggesting him to be in any way connected with the field of medicine. Over the course of three millennia Imhotep evolves into the sage who besides architecture also masters the arts of medicine, magic, astronomy, and astrology, at the same time as him being transformed from man to demi-God, and finally to a God. The identification of Imhotep as a doctor has thus little to do with facts and it is unlikely that he had anything to do with the Edwin-Smith papyrus from a much later period where CSF is first mentioned.

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16

Makarious, A. S., and F. M. Sayed Ahmed. "Neutron Distributions in Ducted Egyptian Ilmenite Concrete Shields." Annalen der Physik 501, no. 3 (1989): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19895010302.

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17

Hughes, Stephen W. "Unwrapping an ancient Egyptian mummy using x-rays." Physics Education 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/45/3/002.

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18

Eissa, E. A., N. B. Rofail, L. S. Ashmawy, and A. M. Hassan. "Neutron activation analysis of an Egyptian monazite ore sample." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 49, S1 (January 1999): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-999-0042-3.

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19

Reed, Annette Yoshiko. "2 Enoch and the Trajectories of Jewish Cosmology: From Mesopotamian Astronomy to Greco-Egyptian Philosophy in Roman Egypt." Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 22, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1477285x-12341249.

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20

Schaefer, Bradley E. "The Heliacal Rise of Sirius and Ancient Egyptian Chronology." Journal for the History of Astronomy 31, no. 2 (May 2000): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860003100204.

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21

Dee, Michael, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink, and Christopher Bronk Ramsey. "An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2159 (November 8, 2013): 20130395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0395.

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The Egyptian state was formed prior to the existence of verifiable historical records. Conventional dates for its formation are based on the relative ordering of artefacts. This approach is no longer considered sufficient for cogent historical analysis. Here, we produce an absolute chronology for Early Egypt by combining radiocarbon and archaeological evidence within a Bayesian paradigm. Our data cover the full trajectory of Egyptian state formation and indicate that the process occurred more rapidly than previously thought. We provide a timeline for the First Dynasty of Egypt of generational-scale resolution that concurs with prevailing archaeological analysis and produce a chronometric date for the foundation of Egypt that distinguishes between historical estimates.

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22

Lieven, Alexandra von. "Amduat und Klassisches Himmelsbild (zu Amduat 325–328, 396–399 und 757–758)." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 149, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2021-0015.

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Summary In the Fourth Hour of the Great Amduat, the group of deities 325 to 328 are identified as forms of Orion, Sothis and the planet Venus in disguise. This leads to some general observations on Venus and to a lesser extent Mercury within Egyptian Religious Astronomy. As the scene in question is one of only three that is made up of complete figures in red ink in the version of Thutmosis III, it is investigated what might link these three scenes. Ultimately, a possible connection to issues of time measurement is proposed. Another one of these three scenes in red ink is in the Fifth Hour. It concerns figures 396 to 399 holding four crowns on their knees. This scene provides some ties with conceptions prominent for example in Edfu. The four crowns together form the -crown often attested for Horus of Edfu. As the astral form of this god is Venus, the Fourth and Fifth Hours prove to be closely bonded.

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23

Khodjaeva`, Rano Umarovna. "The Role Of The Central Asians In The Socio-Political And Cultural Life Of Mamluk Egypt." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (October 29, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-38.

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The article considers the strengthening of the Turkic factor in Egypt after the Mamluk Emirs, natives from the Khwarezm, Turkmen and Kipchak tribes, who came to power in the second half of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic factor affected all aspects of life in Egypt. Under the leadership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptians defeated the crusaders who invaded Egypt in 1248. This defeat of the 7th crusade marked the beginning of the General collapse of the Crusades. Another crushing defeat of the Mamluks led by Sultan Kutuz caused the Mongols, stopping their victorious March through the Arab world. As a result of these brilliant victories, Egypt under the first Mamluk Sultans turned into a fairly strong state, which developed agriculture, irrigation, and foreign trade. The article also examines the factors contributing to the transformation of Egypt in the 13-14th centuries in the center of Muslim culture after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. Scientists from all over the Muslim world came to Egypt, educational institutions-madrassas were intensively built, and Muslim encyclopedias were created that absorbed the knowledge gained in various Sciences (geography, history, philology, astronomy, mathematics, etc.). Scholars from Khwarezm, the Golden Horde, Azerbaijan, and other Turkic-speaking regions along with Arab scholars taught hadith, logic, oratory, fiqh, and other Muslim Sciences in the famous madrassas of Egypt. In Mamluk Egypt, there was a great interest in the Turkic languages, especially the Oguz-Kipchak dialect. Arabic and Turkic philologists write special works on the vocabulary and grammar of the Turkic languages, and compile Arabic-Turkic dictionaries. In Egypt, a whole layer of artistic Turkic-language literature was created that has survived to the present day. The famous poet Saif Sarayi, who came from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river in Mawaraunnahr was considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigatai (old Uzbek) language and is recognized a poet who stands at the origins of Uzbek literature. In addition to his known the names of eight Turkish-speaking poets, most of whom have nisba “al-Khwarizmi”. Notable changes occurred in Arabic literature itself, especially after the decline of Palace Abbasid poetry. There is a convergence of literature with folk art, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such as “zazhal”, “mavval”, “muvashshah”, etc. emerge in the Egyptian poetry. In Mamluk Egypt, the genre of “adaba” is rapidly developing, aimed at bringing up and enlightening the good-natured Muslim in a popular scientific form. The works of “adaba” contained a large amount of poetic and folklore material from rivayats and hikayats, which makes it possible to have a more complete understanding of medieval Arabic literature in general. Unfortunately, the culture, including the fiction of the Mamluk period of Egypt, has been little studied, as well as the influence of the Turkic factor on the cultural and social life of the Egyptians. The Turkic influence is felt in the military and household vocabulary, the introduction of new rituals, court etiquette, changing the criteria for evaluating beauty, in food, clothing, etc. Natives of the Turkic regions, former slaves, historical figures such as the Sultan Shajarat ad-Durr, Mamluk sultans as Kutuz and Beybars became national heroes of the Egyptian people. Folk novels-Sirs were written about their deeds. And in modern times, their names are not forgotten. Prominent Egyptian writers have dedicated their historical novels to them, streets have been named after them, monuments have been erected to them, and series and TV shows dedicated to them are still shown on national television. This article for the first time examines some aspects of the influence of the Turkic factor on the cultural life of Mamluk Egypt and highlights some unknown pages of cultural relations between Egypt and Mawaraunnahr.

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Mohamed, Abdel-Monem S., Nadia AbouAly, Esraa E. Hegazy, Matthias Becker, and Mohamed Saleh. "Geodynamics of the Egyptian side of eastern Mediterranean region: preliminary results." NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20909977.2020.1818532.

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25

Hamada, A., R. Raslan, and D. Mumovic. "Cost optimal energy retrofit strategies for public administrative buildings: A Cairo case study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012160.

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Abstract The Egyptian government is currently constructing a new governmental quarter in the New Administrative Capital City, located east of Cairo. A planned relocation for all ministerial authorities to the New Capital City will leave a vacant governmental estate in Cairo. The study of the energy retrofit options provides a unique opportunity to reduce energy use and maximize the benefit from the anticipated investment in the re-use to be implemented within this stock. However, energy retrofit was found to be under-researched in the Egyptian context. This paper presents a pilot study that aims to identify cost optimal retrofit strategies for one of the soon to be vacated buildings, the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Using DesignBuilder, an energy modelling study was implemented to estimate the existing performance of the building, assess the projected performance after a change of use (to an office building), and evaluate the cost optimality and the savings associated with the application of retrofit measures. The study found that the feasibility of implementing retrofit can be significantly offset by the discount rates in Egypt. As such, maintaining economic stability and considering non-economic incentives can be key drivers to increasing the energy retrofit uptake in Egypt.

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26

Clark, K. A., S. Ikram, and R. P. Evershed. "The significance of petroleum bitumen in ancient Egyptian mummies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2079 (October 28, 2016): 20160229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0229.

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Mummification was practised in ancient Egypt for more than 3000 years, emerging from initial observations of buried bodies preserved by natural desiccation. The use of organic balms (and other funerary practices) was a later introduction necessitated by more humid burial environments, especially tombs. The dark colour of many mummies led to the assumption that petroleum bitumen (or natural asphalt) was ubiquitous in mummification; however, this has been questioned for more than 100 years. We test this by investigating 91 materials comprising balms, tissues and textiles from 39 mummies dating from ca 3200 BC to AD 395. Targeted petroleum bitumen biomarker (steranes and hopanes) analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring (GC-MS SIM, m/z 217 and 191) showed no detectable bitumen use before the New Kingdom ( ca 1550–1070 BC). However, bitumen was used in 50% of New Kingdom to Late Period mummies, rising to 87% of Ptolemaic/Roman Period mummies. Quantitative determinations using 14 C analyses reveal that even at peak use balms were never more than 45% w/w bitumen. Critically, the dark colour of balms can be simulated by heating/ageing mixtures of fats, resins and beeswax known to be used in balms. The application of black/dark brown balms to bodies was deliberate after the New Kingdom reflecting changing funerary beliefs and shifts in religious ideology. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Quantitative mass spectrometry’.

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27

Zhuang, Qiao, Xiao-Min Wang, Ming-Xuan Li, Jie Mao, and Fu-Xun Wang. "Noseleaf pit in Egyptian slit-faced bat as a doubly curved reflector." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 97, no. 4 (February 1, 2012): 44001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/97/44001.

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28

Abdel-Aal, M. M., M. A. Ahmed, and L. Ateya. "Temperature and Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Constant and Conductivity of Natural Egyptian Monazite." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 65, no. 10 (October 15, 1996): 3351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.65.3351.

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29

AbdelHafiez, H. E., and A. Tawfiek. "A review of the Egyptian National Seismological Network after 20 years of operation." NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20909977.2020.1744802.

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30

Mohamed, Marwa, Nourhan Sherif, Omar Aboelazayem, Hany A. Elazab, Mamdouh Gadalla, and Basudeb Saha. "Waste Cooking Oil Management in Egypt: Production of Biodiesel-Development of Rapid Test Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2305, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2305/1/012035.

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Abstract According to the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC) report in 2017, Egypt produced 500,000 tonnes of WCO from various resources including food industries, restaurants and hotels. Based on our previous funded project, we have reported unique properties for Egyptian WCO as it has very high range acidity (≈18 mg KOH/ g oil) due to the extensive usage of oil in the cooking process. Further, the repeated heating of cooking oil for long time produces carcinogenic compounds that have significant impact on people health. On the other hand, high acidity WCO could be valorised into soap, biodiesel and value added chemicals. However, most of these industries requires costly pre-treatment for the WCO to reduce the acidity prior processing. Accordingly, the WCO should be produced within a guideline of specified properties that could detect if it has been extensively used. Low-acidity WCO will prevent several health consequences for Egyptian people and allow industries to easily valorise it into value added chemicals and fuels. The waste cooking oil was subjected to filtration before being fed to the reactor the produced biodiesel was treated to remove any methanol and the characteristics of the final product was compared with the international standards. This work develops a guideline for WCO quality testing to ensure that it has not been extensively used in cooking process. The work also applies supercritical conditions to convert WCO into biodiesel. The response surface methodology was used to conclude the optimum conditions to produce biodiesel.

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31

Darwish, Mohamed S., Hazem Badreldin, Nasser M. Ahmed, Mostafa Morsy, E. E. Kohil, Hany M. Hassan, I. Helmy, et al. "Multiparameter study for a new ground-based telescope in Egypt." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 526, no. 4 (October 20, 2023): 6330–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad3074.

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ABSTRACT A multiparameter analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of meteorological parameters, night sky brightness and seismic hazards on proposed sites for the new optical/infrared Egyptian astronomical telescope. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) data set is used to obtain the following meteorological parameters: total cloud coverage fraction, precipitable water vapour, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and air temperature. To estimate the aerosol optical depth, we used the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). Light pollution over the candidate sites was measured using the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) day/night band. In order to assess the seismic hazards for the candidate sites, the seismic input in terms of maximum acceleration and response spectra was computed using a physics-based ground motion approach to assess the seismic hazards and, consequently, the designation of a seismic-resistant structure for the proposed sites. Of the seven nominated sites, two sites are found to have the best measurements and might be considered as future sites for the new Egyptian astronomical telescope. The first site is located in the south of the Sinai peninsula, while the second site is located in the Red Sea mountains region.

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32

Aakhus, Patricia. "Astral Magic and Adelard of Bath’s Liber Prestigiorum; or Why Werewolves Change at the Full Moon." Culture and Cosmos 16, no. 1 and 2 (October 2012): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01216.0227.

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Astral magic, the capturing of celestial spirits or rays in engraved stones at astronomically propitious times, enters the West with Adelard of Bath’s 12th century translation of Thabit ibn Qurra’s treatise on talismanic magic, Liber Prestigiorum. Derived from Greek, Babylonian, Sabian, Egyptian and Neo-Platonic magical theory and practice, astral magic requires profound knowledge of astronomy. Talismans draw down planetary spirits along stellar rays, the vehicles of transmission, following sympathetic correspondences between astronomical and terrestrial phenomena. In the 12th century works Guillaume de Palerne and Le Chevalier au Lion, magic rings and werewolves are tied to astral magic. These works were written for the English court that supported Adelard, and Gervase of Tilbury’s Otia Imperialia where ‘in England we have often seen men change into wolves according to the phases of the moon’ and ‘there is no precious stone which may not be consecrated for the exercise of its extrinsic power with the herb of the same name or with the blood of the bird or animal, combined with spells’. Adelard’s version of Thabit’s text, along with the Latin Picatrix, also derived from Thabit, had the greatest impact on learned magic in the medieval and early modern periods

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33

Shaltout, Mosalam, and Juan Antonio Belmonte. "On the Orientation of Ancient Egyptian Temples: (1) Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia." Journal for the History of Astronomy 36, no. 3 (August 2005): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860503600302.

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34

Locher, Kurt. "Two Further Coffin Lids with Diagonal Star Clocks from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom." Journal for the History of Astronomy 23, no. 3 (August 1992): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182869202300306.

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35

Cockcroft, Robert, and Sarah L. Symons. "Ancient Egyptian Diagonal Star Tables: A New Fragment, and Updates for S16C and S1C." Journal for the History of Astronomy 45, no. 2 (April 15, 2014): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182861404500204.

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36

Bashitialshaaer, Raed, Mohammed Alhendawi, and Zohra Lassoued. "Obstacle Comparisons to Achieving Distance Learning and Applying Electronic Exams during COVID-19 Pandemic." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010099.

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This study aims to identify obstacles and barriers to achieving quality distance learning and the use of electronic exams, comparing them to pursue success in the distance education system during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). It also aimed to determine the similarity and differences between the two main components of distance education. This is based on a sample of evaluations from professors and students at universities in the Arab world, i.e., Algerian, Egyptian, Iraqi, and Palestinian universities. We used a descriptive approach using questionnaires (open question) with conveniently selected samples from two different groups: (1) 400 professors and student’s feedback from 600 distributed (i.e., Algerian, Egyptian, Palestinian, and Iraqi) and (2) 152 professors and student’s feedback from 300 distributed (i.e., Palestinian universities in the governorates of Gaza). The results indicated that professors and students faced 27 barriers in both distance learning and electronic exams, which are divided into four groups (categories) according to the sample. Recommendations to understand and overcome these obstacles will also be presented to improve distance learning and e-exams in the future. It is important to coordinate efforts in the development of distance education, especially concerning universities using distance learning and e-exams.

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Bashitialshaaer, Raed, Mohammed Alhendawi, and Zohra Lassoued. "Obstacle Comparisons to Achieving Distance Learning and Applying Electronic Exams during COVID-19 Pandemic." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010099.

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This study aims to identify obstacles and barriers to achieving quality distance learning and the use of electronic exams, comparing them to pursue success in the distance education system during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). It also aimed to determine the similarity and differences between the two main components of distance education. This is based on a sample of evaluations from professors and students at universities in the Arab world, i.e., Algerian, Egyptian, Iraqi, and Palestinian universities. We used a descriptive approach using questionnaires (open question) with conveniently selected samples from two different groups: (1) 400 professors and student’s feedback from 600 distributed (i.e., Algerian, Egyptian, Palestinian, and Iraqi) and (2) 152 professors and student’s feedback from 300 distributed (i.e., Palestinian universities in the governorates of Gaza). The results indicated that professors and students faced 27 barriers in both distance learning and electronic exams, which are divided into four groups (categories) according to the sample. Recommendations to understand and overcome these obstacles will also be presented to improve distance learning and e-exams in the future. It is important to coordinate efforts in the development of distance education, especially concerning universities using distance learning and e-exams.

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Rochette, P., C. Sciuto, S. Raneri, A. Sutter, A. Rovazzani, L. Folco, JP Ambrosi, V. Andrieu, J. Gattacceca, and A. Hartmann-Virnich. "Non-destructive magnetic and chemical characterization of granite column shafts traded in the Mediterranean area: the case of Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa (Italy) and Basilica of Saint-Martin d’Ainay in Lyon (France)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2204, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2204/1/012037.

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Abstract We present a scheme for non-destructive provenancing of granite shafts dating from the Roman to the medieval period using a combination of visual, magnetic, and chemical determinations. Our results on two monumental medieval complexes in Europe, in Pisa and Lyon, shows both oriental provenance, most likely spolia, and shaft from the quarries within the influence zone of the Pisa Republic (Elba, Corsica and Sardinia) that possibly correspond to shafts newly obtained in the quarries, particularly for the large diameter shafts of Ainay in Lyon (from Corsica) and Piazza dei Miracoli (from Elba and Sardinia). pXRF appears to be an efficient way to discriminate Corsican from Egyptian grey coarse grained granite provenance.

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Mousavi, Razieh S., and Jannis Niehoff Panagiotidis. "Armonización de calendarios en el mundo islámico primitivo como se refleja en Elementos de astronomía de al-Farghānī." Antigüedad y Cristianismo, no. 38 (December 23, 2021): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ayc.471611.

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This paper seeks to shed more light on calendrical knowledge in the first centuries of the Islamic era in which different administrative traditions fell under the control of a central government. Astronomy as a court-sponsored discipline in the Abbasid dynasty (132-656 AH/750-1258 CE), undertook the pivotal task of identifying and mastering various calendrical disciplines under the reign of the caliphs to make a centralized management feasible. In the first two centuries, the domination of the Arabic lunar calendar, whose significance lies in governing the Islamic yearly festivals and occasions, led to drastic disagreements with the annual planting cycles that were followed by the farmers. Accordingly, the official taxation system faced serious problems. The solution to which was the development of a well-established solar calendar. The large concern of the ninth-century Muslim astronomers for calendrical computations, acknowledges their integral participation in this executive challenge. The present study follows these practices through the lens of a ninth-century Arabic astronomical text, written by Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Kathīr al-Farghānī (Alfraganus in the west), known mainly as the Elements of Astronomy. The careful exploration of this text helps us achieve a broader image of time-keeping accounts in the early Islamic era and the need for calendrical conversions. Moreover, the author’s detailed report of the five existing calendars of the time (Arabic, Syriac, Byzantine, Persian and Egyptian) and their systems of nomenclature, opens an early window to the linguistic investigation of time-reckoning in the Islamic world. Este artículo pretende arrojar luz sobre los conocimientos calendáricos en los primeros siglos de la era islámica, en los que diferentes tradiciones administrativas quedaban bajo el control de un gobierno central. La astronomía, como disciplina patrocinada por la corte en la dinastía abasí (132-656 /750-1258), emprendió la tarea fundamental de identificar y dominar varias disciplinas calendáricas bajo el reinado de los califas para hacer viable una gestión centralizada. En los dos primeros siglos, el dominio del calendario lunar árabe, cuya importancia radica en la regulación de las fiestas y ocasiones anuales islámicas, provocó drásticos desacuerdos con los ciclos anuales de siembra que seguían los agricultores. En consecuencia, el sistema fiscal oficial se enfrentó a graves problemas, cuya solución fue el desarrollo de un calendario solar bien establecido. La gran preocupación de los astrónomos musulmanes del siglo IX por los cómputos calendáricos reconoce su participación integral en este desafío ejecutivo. El presente estudio sigue estas prácticas a través de la atenta lectura de un texto astronómico árabe del siglo IX escrito por Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Kathīr al-Farghānī (Alfraganus en occidente), conocido principalmente como los Elementos de Astronomía. La cuidadosa exploración de este texto nos ayuda a conseguir una imagen más amplia de los relatos sobre el tiempo en la primera época islámica y la necesidad de las conversiones calendáricas. Además, el informe detallado del autor sobre los cinco calendarios existentes en la época (árabe, siríaco, bizantino, persa y egipcio) y sus sistemas de nomenclatura, abre una posibilidad para la investigación lingüística de la relojería en el mundo islámico.

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Winkler, Andreas, and Michael Zellmann-Rohrer. "Zodiacs and monuments: An early pictorial “horoscope” from Egypt." Journal for the History of Astronomy 54, no. 2 (May 2023): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00218286231159361.

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A pictorial horoscope in a late Ptolemaic papyrus ( P.Kramer 17) may be assigned more precisely to late 56 or early 55 BC based on the preserved astronomical data, making it the earliest such representation from Egypt. Instead of a copy for presentation to a client, the papyrus is rather a draft for the depiction of a zodiac, probably in a funerary monument, where it would have represented the planetary positions at the time of birth of the person commemorated. The central pictorial element can be identified as a dog, and contextualized in a complex tradition of Egyptian and Greek concepts and iconography related to Sirius-Sothis, and the beginning of the new year.

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Belmonte, Juan Antonio, Mosalam Shaltout, and Magdi Fekri. "On the Orientation of Ancient Egyptian Temples: (4) Epilogue in Serabit El Khadim and Overview." Journal for the History of Astronomy 39, no. 2 (May 2008): 181–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860803900203.

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Rabah, Mostafa, Mahmoud Elmewafey, and Magda H. Farahan. "Datum maintenance of the main Egyptian geodetic control networks by utilizing Precise Point Positioning “PPP” technique." NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 5, no. 1 (June 2016): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2016.02.003.

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Gautschy, Rita. "On the Babylonian Sighting-Criterion for the Lunar Crescent and its Implications for Egyptian Lunar Data." Journal for the History of Astronomy 45, no. 1 (February 2014): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182861404500105.

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Meloy, John L. "THOMAS PHILIPP AND ULRICH HAARMANN, ED., The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Pp. 320. $59.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 2 (May 2000): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002324.

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In recent years, the field of Mamluk studies has seen what may well be an amount of published scholarship unparalleled in any field of Middle East studies. Less than a decade ago, the study of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt and Syria could hardly have been called a distinct field, and it was only about four decades ago that the period was given any systematic attention at all through the pioneering efforts of David Ayalon. However, Mamluk specialists now have their own journal, the Mamluk Studies Review, with three annual volumes in print and more on the way, as well as an extensive and ever-growing Web-based bibliography, both of which are published by the University of Chicago's Middle East Documentation Center. Mamluk specialists around the world have been engaged in this work, but it was initiated by Thomas Philipp and the late Ulrich Haarmann. In December 1994, these two scholars organized a conference on Mamluk studies in Bad Homburg, Germany, and eighteen of the papers presented at that symposium have been published as The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society. The papers in this volume cover the period of the Mamluk sultanate in Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517, as well as the subsequent Ottoman period up to the rule of Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century. The richness of the sources for this period is evident in the diverse topics represented; papers dealing with political and social history are supplemented by studies in astronomy, religion, traditional culture, historiography, and urban geography. Indeed, the volume stands as a benchmark from which to view this rapidly growing field.

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Elsorady, Muhammad, Amal Mohamed Awed El-Borhamy, and Ekram Hefnawy Ahmed Barakat. "Evaluation of new Egyptian flaxseed genotypes and pasta fortified with flaxseeds." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (January 12, 2022): e57014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.57014.

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The present investigation was conducted to study yield, yield components and chemical composition of some flax genotypes (Sakha 3, 5 and 6, Giza 11, 12 and Strain 651). New flax strain 651 (S.651) recorded the highest value in technical length, while flax Giza 12 and 11 achieved the highest straw yields per plant and per hectare. Flax Giza 11 variety had the highest value of seed yield per hectare. With respect to chemical composition of flaxseed genotypes, flaxseed Sakha 5 variety had the lowest moisture content followed by Sakha 3, Sakha 6, Giza 12 and Giza 11. On the other hand, flaxseed S.651 genotype had the highest moisture and fiber contents. Flaxseed Sakha 5 had the highest oil content whereas; flaxseed Sakha 3 had the lowest oil content. Flaxseed Sakha 3 had the highest protein content followed by flaxseed S.651 and flaxseed Giza 12. Extracted oils from all genotypes had low values of physicochemical parameters. Main fatty acids of extracted flaxseed oil were linolenic, oleic, linoleic, stearic and palmitic fatty acids. Pasta was fortified with flaxseed at levels 5, 10 and 15% w w-1 to enhance the nutritional quality. Pasta samples were assessed for proximate analyses, minerals, cooking quality and sensory evaluation. Chemical composition of pasta fortified with flaxseed meal was reflective of the innate composition of flaxseed meal. There was no significant variance between control and flaxseed 5% in optimum cooking time. Sensory evaluation of pasta (control and flaxseed 5%) revealed no significant difference in terms of taste, color and overall acceptability

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Ahmed Shata, A., S. Abdelaty, and R. Hanitsch. "Potential of Electricity Generation on the Western Coast of Mediterranean Sea in Egypt." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 45, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-008-0023-5.

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Potential of Electricity Generation on the Western Coast of Mediterranean Sea in EgyptA technical and economic assessment has been made of the electricity generation by wind turbines located at three promising potential wind sites: Sidi Barrani, Mersa Matruh and El Dabaa in the extreme northwest of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea. These contiguous stations along the coast have an annual mean wind speed greater than 5.0 m/s at a height of 10 m. Weibull's parameters and the power law coefficient for all seasons have been estimated and used to describe the distribution and behavior of seasonal winds at these stations. The annual values of wind potential at the heights of 70-100 m above the ground level were obtained by extrapolation of the 10 m data from the results of our previous work using the power law. The three stations have a high wind power density, ranging from 340-425 to 450-555 W/m2at the heights of 70-100 m, respectively. In this paper, an analysis of the cost per kWh of electricity generated by two different systems has been made: one using a relatively large single 2 MW wind turbine and the other - 25 small wind turbines (80 kW, total 2 MW) arranged in a wind farm. The yearly energy output of each system at each site was determined, and the electricity generation costs in each case were also calculated and compared with those at using diesel oil, natural gas and photovoltaic systems furnished by the Egyptian Electricity Authority. The single 2 MW wind turbine was found to be more efficient than the wind farm. For all the three considered stations the electricity production cost was found to be less than 2 ϵ cent/kWh, which is about half the specific cost of the wind farm.

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Currie, L. A. "The remarkable metrological history of 14C dating: From ancient Egyptian artifacts to particles of soot and grains of pollen." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 53, S1 (January 2003): A137—A160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-003-0020-0.

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Mohsen, Mohamed Y. M., Atef El-Taher, Mohamed Shabib, Nader M. A. Mohamed, H. A. Ashry, and Mohamed A. E. Abdel-Rahman. "Utilization of INAA Technique for Studying the Negative Impact of Human Activities on Coral Reefs in the Quseir harbour area." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2304, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2304/1/012012.

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Abstract Coral reef samples collected from the Egyptian Red Sea coast’s Quseir harbour were analysed using the INAA technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The concentration of heavy metals, rare earth elements, and elemental contents were measured in coral reefs. The samples were assembled with their standards and irradiated in Egypt’s Second Research Reactor at the same time (ETRR-2). The gamma-ray spectra of an HPGe detector with a 100 percent relative efficiency were studied. The elements determined are: Al, Ti, Na, K, Mg, V, Cl, Ca, Mn, Cr, As, Co, Zn, Fe, Br, Tb, Zr, Hf, Sb, Ba, Sc, Nd, La, Sm, Ce, Eu, Yb, Ta, U, and Th. The present work is worried about the use of INAA to attain an accurate knowledge about the elemental content in coral reef samples in the Quseir harbour area and revealing potential environmental indicators for heavy metals contamination as well as pollution hot spot throughout this area to assess the public health for workers, tourists, and the surrounding population.

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Krauss, Rolf. "Marshall Clagett, Ancient Egyptian Science, Volume 2: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1995. Pp. xiv+575, illus. ISBN 0-87169-214-7. No price given." British Journal for the History of Science 31, no. 1 (March 1998): 63–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087497273206.

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Dabaieh, Marwa, Monica Michel Zakaria, and Medhat Kazem. "Stay cool without fossil fuel. A passive eco-cooler for low-income population in informal settlements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012155.

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Abstract With climate change severe events, more and more vulnerable populations suffer from extreme heat waves. This paper presents a hands-on experimental idea for testing vernacular passive cooling strategies using traditional Shisha clay funnels for the Egyptian hot dry climate. Several clay funnels were investigated in terms of shape, size and form. The clay funnels were measured and simulated for their efficiency in accelerating air flow inside residential units and ability to enhance the air velocity if used combined with cross ventilation strategies. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in ANSYS Fluent to understand the airflow behaviour inside the simulated test shoe boxes resembling living rooms - using the standard k-∈ turbulence model - for single and multi-units’ configurations. Followed by experimental test cells application for the cooling system and monitoring for testing thermal performance. The simulation results showed significant enhancement in air flow and air speed inside the test room compared to conventional windows, while the test cells monitoring showed an average reduction in indoor temperature and humidity with 2 degrees and 15 % respectively. Further monitoring is needed for other alternations of the eco-cooler funnel design for better performance.

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