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Journal articles on the topic 'EIBT 050'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Folvarčný, Adam. "Otto Eibl, Miloš Gregor et al.: Thirty Years of Political Campaigning in Central and Eastern Europe." Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science 28, no. 1 (2021): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/pc2021-1-109.

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Pellegrini, Sergio P., Flavio C. Trigo, and Raul G. Lima. "Solving the electrical impedance tomography inverse problem for logarithmic conductivity." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2016-0501.

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PurposeIn the context of electrical impedance tomography (EIT), this paper aims to evaluate limitations of estimating conductivity or resistivity, as well as the improvements achieved with the use of an alternate description of the solution space, the logarithmic conductivity. Design/methodology/approachA quantitative analysis is performed, solving the inverse EIT problem by using the Gauss–Newton and non-linear conjugate gradient methods for a numerical phantom of 15 elements. A property of symmetry is studied for the direct EIT problem for a phantom of 385,601 elements. FindingsSolving the inverse EIT problem in logarithmic conductivity is more robust to the initial guess, as solutions are kept within physical bounds (conductivity positiveness). Also, convergence is faster and less dependent on the final values of the estimates. Research limitations/implicationsLogarithmic conductivity provides an advantageous description of the solution space for the EIT inverse problem. Similar estimation problems might be subject to analogous conclusions. Originality/valueThis study provides a novel analysis, quantitatively comparing the effect of different variables to solve the inverse EIT problem.

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3

Ning, Renxia, Zhiqiang Xiao, Zhenhai Chen, and Wei Huang. "Dual-Tunable Polarization Insensitive Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Metamaterials." Journal of Electronic Materials 50, no. 7 (April 20, 2021): 3916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08692-9.

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AbstractA multilayer structure of a square ring of graphene with nesting vanadium dioxide (VO2) was investigated in this study. This structure exhibits electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), which stems from a bright mode coupling with a dark mode. The permittivity values of graphene and VO2 can be modulated via chemical potential and temperature, respectively. The EIT effect can be tuned based on the chemical potential of graphene and temperature of VO2, resulting in a dual-tunable EIT effect. Simulation results confirmed that this dual-tunable EIT phenomenon is insensitive to polarization. These results may have potential applications in terahertz devices, such as slow light devices, switching devices, and sensors.

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4

Candiani, Valentina, and Matteo Santacesaria. "Neural networks for classification of strokes in electrical impedance tomography on a 3D head model." Mathematics in Engineering 4, no. 4 (2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mine.2022029.

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<abstract><p>We consider the problem of the detection of brain hemorrhages from three-dimensional (3D) electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurements. This is a condition requiring urgent treatment for which EIT might provide a portable and quick diagnosis. We employ two neural network architectures - a fully connected and a convolutional one - for the classification of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. The networks are trained on a dataset with $ 40\, 000 $ samples of synthetic electrode measurements generated with the complete electrode model on realistic heads with a 3-layer structure. We consider changes in head anatomy and layers, electrode position, measurement noise and conductivity values. We then test the networks on several datasets of unseen EIT data, with more complex stroke modeling (different shapes and volumes), higher levels of noise and different amounts of electrode misplacement. On most test datasets we achieve $ \geq 90\% $ average accuracy with fully connected neural networks, while the convolutional ones display an average accuracy $ \geq 80\% $. Despite the use of simple neural network architectures, the results obtained are very promising and motivate the applications of EIT-based classification methods on real phantoms and ultimately on human patients.</p></abstract>

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5

Paulson, K., W. Lionheart, and M. Pidcock. "POMPUS: an optimized EIT reconstruction algorithm." Inverse Problems 11, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/11/2/010.

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6

Podladchikova, Olena, and David Berghmans. "Automated Detection Of Eit Waves And Dimmings." Solar Physics 228, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-5373-z.

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7

Delouille, V., J. De Patoul, J. F. Hochedez, L. Jacques, and J. P. Antoine. "Wavelet Spectrum Analysis Of Eit/Soho Images." Solar Physics 228, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-5620-3.

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8

Hossain, M. M., S. Mitra, B. Ray, and P. N. Ghosh. "Double EIT and enhanced EIT signal in a combination of Λ- and V-type system of Rb-D2 transition." Applied Physics B 103, no. 1 (October 17, 2010): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4249-6.

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9

Küster, Volker. "Verwandtschaft verpflichtet." Evangelische Theologie 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 384–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/evth-2002-0506.

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ZusammenfassungIm Hinblick auf das besondere Verwandtschaftsverhältnis von Judentum, Christentum und Islam wird heute auch von »abrahamitischer Ökumene« gesprochen. Aufgrund religionsgeschichtlicher und fundamentaltheologischer Erwägungen sollten sie jedoch besser als »abrahamitische Religionen« bezeichnet werden. Ihre gemeinsamen Wurzeln konstituieren eine andere Ausgangslage für den interreligiösen Dialog als sie etwa für das Gespräch mit Hinduismus, Buddhismus oder den Stammesreligionen gegeben ist. Jede der drei Religionen hat jedoch in ihrem eigenen Traditions- und Identitätsbildungsprozess Abraham für sich reklamiert. In diesem Sinne trennt Abraham mehr als dass er eint. Diese Spannung gilt es im interreligiösen Dialog auszuhalten

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10

Hofmann, B. "Penalty methods for the inverse problem in EIT." Physiological Measurement 17, no. 4A (November 1, 1996): A73—A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/17/4a/010.

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11

Beizsley, Daniel. "Seismic Risks: a Criminological Analysis of European Investment Bank Support for the Castor Project." Critical Criminology 28, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09519-z.

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Abstract The Castor project was a proposed underground gas storage facility off Spain’s Mediterranean coast financed through a public–private partnership (PPP) between the Spanish state and a consortium led by the Spanish conglomerate Grupo ACS. During the project’s development, cost overruns led to it being refinanced through a bond issuance organized by the European Investment Bank (EIB)—the finance arm of the European Union (EU). On reaching the injection stage, gas escaped violently causing hundreds of small-scale earthquakes resulting in the project’s closure and, as per the terms of the concession, the generation of a €1.3 billion debt for Spanish gas consumers. Using criminological concepts and theory, this article will first explore how the seismic risks that the project posed were excluded from the EIB appraisal process before identifying the causes of the disaster as a product of the “financialization” of infrastructure and investor protection frameworks needed to sustain it.

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12

Osypka, M., and E. Gersing. "Tissue impedance spectra and the appropriate frequencies for EIT." Physiological Measurement 16, no. 3A (August 1, 1995): A49—A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/16/3a/005.

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13

Rabbani, K. S., M. Hassan, and A. Kiber. "3D object localization using EIT measurements at two levels." Physiological Measurement 17, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/17/3/005.

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14

Altunel, Haluk, B. Murat Eyüboğlu, and Adnan Köksal. "Distinguishability for magnetic resonance–electrical impedance tomography (MR–EIT)." Physics in Medicine and Biology 52, no. 2 (December 29, 2006): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/52/2/005.

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15

Hahn, G., I. Frerichs, M. Kleyer, and G. Hellige. "Local mechanics of the lung tissue determined by functional EIT." Physiological Measurement 17, no. 4A (November 1, 1996): A159—A166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/17/4a/020.

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16

Yang, H. Q., and P. F. Chen. "The Dependence of the EIT Wave Velocity on the Magnetic Field Strength." Solar Physics 266, no. 1 (July 22, 2010): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-010-9595-3.

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Mitra, S., M. M. Hossain, B. Ray, and Pradip N. Ghosh. "EIT locking of a semiconductor diode laser: significant improvement over Doppler locking." Indian Journal of Physics 84, no. 8 (August 2010): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12648-010-0091-2.

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18

Gallagher, Peter T., and David M. Long. "Large-scale Bright Fronts in the Solar Corona: A Review of “EIT waves”." Space Science Reviews 158, no. 2-4 (November 30, 2010): 365–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9710-7.

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19

Kang, Hyeonbae, and Hyundae Lee. "Identification of simple poles via boundary measurements and an application of EIT." Inverse Problems 20, no. 6 (September 25, 2004): 1853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/20/6/010.

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20

Slemzin, V. A., S. V. Kuzin, I. A. Zhitnik, J. P. Delaboudiniere, F. Auchere, A. N. Zhukov, R. Van der Linden, et al. "Observations of Solar EUV Radiation with the CORONAS-F/SPIRIT and SOHO/EIT Instruments." Solar System Research 39, no. 6 (November 2005): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11208-005-0062-x.

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21

Fan, Wenru, Huaxiang Wang, Chengyi Yang, and Shiwen Ma. "Time series of EIT measurements and images during lung ventilation based on principal component analysis." Transactions of Tianjin University 16, no. 5 (October 2010): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-010-1455-6.

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22

Li, J. H., C. Joppek, and U. Faust. "Fast EIT data acquisition system with active electrodes and its application to cardiac imaging." Physiological Measurement 17, no. 4A (November 1, 1996): A25—A32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/17/4a/005.

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23

Sadleir, R. J., S. U. Zhang, A. S. Tucker, and Sungho Oh. "Imaging and quantification of anomaly volume using an eight-electrode ‘hemiarray’ EIT reconstruction method." Physiological Measurement 29, no. 8 (July 4, 2008): 913–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/8/005.

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24

Durak, Nurcan, Olfa Nasraoui, and Joan Schmelz. "Automated Coronal-Loop Detection based on Contour Extraction and Contour Classification from the SOHO/EIT Images." Solar Physics 264, no. 2 (June 8, 2010): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-010-9566-8.

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25

Fritschy, J., L. Horesh, D. S. Holder, and R. H. Bayford. "Using the GRID to improve the computation speed of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) reconstruction algorithms." Physiological Measurement 26, no. 2 (March 30, 2005): S209—S215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/26/2/020.

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26

Williams, Neil C., Kirsty A. Hunter, Dominick E. Shaw, Kim G. Jackson, Graham R. Sharpe, and Michael A. Johnson. "Comparable reductions in hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and markers of airway inflammation after supplementation with 6·2 and 3·1 g/d of long-chain n-3 PUFA in adults with asthma." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 10 (May 28, 2017): 1379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517001246.

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AbstractAlthough high dose n-3 PUFA supplementation reduces exercise- and hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB/HIB), there are concurrent issues with cost, compliance and gastrointestinal discomfort. It is thus pertinent to establish the efficacy of lower n-3 PUFA doses. Eight male adults with asthma and HIB and eight controls without asthma were randomly supplemented with two n-3 PUFA doses (6·2 g/d (3·7 g EPA and 2·5 g DHA) and 3·1 g/d (1·8 g EPA and 1·3 g DHA)) and a placebo, each for 21 d followed by 14 d washout. A eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) challenge was performed before and after treatments. Outcome measures remained unchanged in the control group. In the HIB group, the peak fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) after EVH at day 0 (−1005 (sd 520) ml, −30 (sd 18) %) was unchanged after placebo. The peak fall in FEV1 was similarly reduced from day 0 to day 21 of 6·2 g/d n-3 PUFA (−1000 (sd 460) ml, −29 (sd 17) % v. −690 (sd 460) ml, −20 (sd 15) %) and 3·1 g/d n-3 PUFA (−970 (sd 480) ml, −28 (sd 18) % v. −700 (sd 420) ml, −21 (sd 15) %) (P<0·001). Baseline fraction of exhaled nitric oxide was reduced by 24 % (P=0·020) and 31 % (P=0·018) after 6·2 and 3·1 g/d n-3 PUFA, respectively. Peak increases in 9α, 11β PGF2 after EVH were reduced by 65 % (P=0·009) and 56 % (P=0·041) after 6·2 and 3·1 g/d n-3 PUFA, respectively. In conclusion, 3·1 g/d n-3 PUFA supplementation attenuated HIB and markers of airway inflammation to a similar extent as a higher dose. Lower doses of n-3 PUFA thus represent a potentially beneficial adjunct treatment for adults with asthma and EIB.

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Moro, Pedro L., Hector H. Garcia, Armando E. Gonzales, Juan J. Bonilla, Manuela Verastegui, and Robert H. GilmanMD. "Screening for cystic echinococcosis in an endemic region of Peru using portable ultrasonography and the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay." Parasitology Research 96, no. 4 (May 4, 2005): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-005-1350-6.

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Meeson, S., A. L. T. Killingback, and B. H. Blott. "The dependence of EIT images on the assumed initial conductivity distribution: a study of pelvic imaging." Physics in Medicine and Biology 40, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/40/4/010.

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Bräuninger, Thomas. "Pappi, Franz Urban, Eibe Riedel, Paul W. Thurner und Roland Vaubel (Hg.): Die Institutionalisierung internationaler Verhandlungen. Mannheimer Jahrbuch für Europäische Sozialforschung, Band 8." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 57, no. 1 (March 2005): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-005-0128-2.

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Recabarren Lozada, Arturo, Ronald Quispe Turpo, and Grimaneza Esquía Moroco. "Hospitalización por crisis asmática en niños: ¿Cuál es la causa? Estudio de casos y controles." Revista Médica Basadrina 15, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33326/26176068.2021.1.1028.

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Objetivo: Determinar los factores clínicos, laboratoriales y epidemiológicos que motivan hospitalización por crisis asmática en el Hospital Yanahuara, Arequipa-Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, de casos y controles donde se estudian factores de riesgo para hospitalización, comparando 84 niños asmáticos hospitalizados con 110 niños control del Programa de Asma. Resultados: La mayor frecuencia de hospitalización ocurre en el rango de 6-12 años (51,2 %) siendo la mayoría varones (56 %). Los factores clínicos asociados fueron el hecho de presentar síntomas respiratorios previos (p<0,01), antecedente de rinitis alérgica (p<0,01; OR=3,80) y antecedente de intolerancia al ejercicio (EIB) (p<0,01; OR=4,89). Entre los factores laboratoriales, se encontró positivo el hallazgo de IgE elevada para la edad (p=0,037; OR=2,70). Los factores epidemiológicos que se asociaron a crisis asmática fueron el antecedente de tener padres con asma (p=0,008; OR=1,59), infección viral respiratoria previa (p<0,01; OR=27,61), exposición reciente a caspa de animales (p=0,006; OR=2,52), exposición al humo de cigarrillo en el hogar (p=0,003; OR=5,94), incremento de atenciones en Emergencia antes de la crisis (p<0,01; OR=29,73), no usar corticoides inhalados para el manejo de la enfermedad (p<0,0; OR=140,25), exceso de uso de medicación de rescate (B2 agonistas) (p<0,01; OR=57,14) y finalmente, empleo inadecuado de la técnica inhalatoria (p<0,01; OR=11,71). Conclusión: Este estudio muestra que existen diversos factores asociados a hospitalización por crisis asmática y que pueden ser fácilmente abordables y potencialmente modificados para disminuir ingresos hospitalarios y costos de atención por asma.

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Masood, Faisal, Saad Hashmi, Adib Chaus, Anna Hertsberg, and Eli D. Ehrenpreis. "Complications and Management of Eptifibatide-Induced Thrombocytopenia." Annals of Pharmacotherapy, April 3, 2021, 106002802110066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10600280211006645.

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Background Eptifibatide is used in acute coronary syndromes to reversibly block platelet aggregation by inhibiting the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. A serious adverse effect of eptifibatide is a profound drop in platelet count, termed eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia (EIT). Objective To provide insight into the types of complications and management of EIT. Methods Cases of EIT submitted to the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system were evaluated. Data analyses included management of EIT, complications of thrombocytopenia, initial platelets, and platelet nadir following eptifibatide. Results 103 cases of EIT were reported from January 2010 to 2019; 57 cases met the Naranjo scale and were included. Only 37 of those cases contained information on how EIT was managed. Eptifibatide administration was withheld in all 37 of those cases. Platelet transfusions were administered in 20 cases (54%). Two cases were managed with steroids (5.4%), and 1 case used intravenous immunoglobulin G to reverse EIT (2%). The median initial platelet count prior to administration of eptifibatide was 207 000 cells/mm3 (SD = 69 000; n = 27), and median platelet nadir was 9000 cells/mm3 (SD = 19 000; n = 35) The majority of complications of EIT included bleeding events (16/28, 57%). Delayed procedures, prolonged stay, allergic reactions, and thrombosis were each reported in 3 patients (10.75%). Conclusion and Relevance Most cases of EIT were managed by withholding eptifibatide with platelet transfusion if necessary. The majority of complications included bleeding. However, significant procedure delays, prolonged hospital stay, thrombosis, and allergic reactions were also reported.

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Tahsina, Tazeen, Aniqa Tasnim Hossain, Harriet Ruysen, Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman, Louise T. Day, Kimberly Peven, Qazi Sadeq-ur Rahman, et al. "Immediate newborn care and breastfeeding: EN-BIRTH multi-country validation study." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21, S1 (March 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03421-w.

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Abstract Background Immediate newborn care (INC) practices, notably early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), are fundamental for newborn health. However, coverage tracking currently relies on household survey data in many settings. “Every Newborn Birth Indicators Research Tracking in Hospitals” (EN-BIRTH) was an observational study validating selected maternal and newborn health indicators. This paper reports results for EIBF. Methods The EN-BIRTH study was conducted in five public hospitals in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Tanzania, from July 2017 to July 2018. Clinical observers collected tablet-based, time-stamped data on EIBF and INC practices (skin-to-skin within 1 h of birth, drying, and delayed cord clamping). To assess validity of EIBF measurement, we compared observation as gold standard to register records and women’s exit-interview survey reports. Percent agreement was used to assess agreement between EIBF and INC practices. Kaplan Meier survival curves showed timing. Qualitative interviews were conducted to explore barriers/enablers to register recording. Results Coverage of EIBF among 7802 newborns observed for ≥1 h was low (10.9, 95% CI 3.8–21.0). Survey-reported (53.2, 95% CI 39.4–66.8) and register-recorded results (85.9, 95% CI 58.1–99.6) overestimated coverage compared to observed levels across all hospitals. Registers did not capture other INC practices apart from breastfeeding. Agreement of EIBF with other INC practices was high for skin-to-skin (69.5–93.9%) at four sites, but fair/poor for delayed cord-clamping (47.3–73.5%) and drying (7.3–29.0%). EIBF and skin-to-skin were the most delayed and EIBF rarely happened after caesarean section (0.5–3.6%). Qualitative findings suggested that focusing on accuracy, as well as completeness, contributes to higher quality with register reporting. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of tracking EIBF despite measurement challenges and found low coverage levels, particularly after caesarean births. Both survey-reported and register-recorded data over-estimated coverage. EIBF had a strong agreement with skin-to-skin but is not a simple tracer for other INC indicators. Other INC practices are challenging to measure in surveys, not included in registers, and are likely to require special studies or audits. Continued focus on EIBF is crucial to inform efforts to improve provider practices and increase coverage. Investment and innovation are required to improve measurement.

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Liu, Siyuan, Zhixia Xu, Xiaoxing Yin, and Hongxin Zhao. "Analog of multiple electromagnetically induced transparency using double-layered metasurfaces." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (May 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65418-x.

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Abstract We reported an analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (A-EIT) featured by double transparent peaks in the spectrum. The A-EIT is realized by double-layered metasurface which consists of spoof localized surface plasmons (S-LSP) and cut-wire (CW)-square rings (SR) hybrid. Electric and magnetic S-LSP are excited as bright and dark modes respectively then couple with resonant modes of CW and SR simultaneously to achieve multiple A-EIT. Two bright modes of the electric S-LSP and SR are excited by external electric field directly that produce a bright-bright mode A-EIT. Moreover, the magnetic S-LSP, which cannot be excited by external field directly, is excited through near field coupling from CW, inducing another bright-dark mode A-EIT. Theoretical analysis with corresponding experiment in microwave band are introduced for better insights into physical essence of the double-peaks A-EIT.

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Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Ebenezer Agbaglo, Louis Kobina Dadzie, Justice Kanor Tetteh, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Tarif Salihu, and Sanni Yaya. "Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Papua New Guinea: a population-based study using the 2016-2018 demographic and health survey data." Archives of Public Health 78, no. 1 (November 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00506-y.

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Abstract Background Initiation of breastfeeding after birth comes with a wide range of benefits to the child. For example, it provides the child with all essential nutrients needed for survival within the first six months of birth. This study sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding (EIB) in Papua New Guinea. Methods We utilized the Demographic and Health Survey data of 3198 childbearing women in Papua New Guinea. We employed descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses. We presented the results as Crude Odds Ratios (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI) signifying level of precision. Level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Women aged 20–29 [AOR = 1.583, CI = 1.147–2.185] and those aged 30+ [AOR = 1.631, CI = 1.140–2.335] had higher odds of EIB, compared to those aged 15–19. Women from the Islands region had lower odds [AOR = 0.690, CI = 0.565–0.842] of EIB, compared to those in Southern region. Women who delivered through caesarean section had lower odds of EIB, compared to those who delivered via vaginal delivery [AOR = 0.286, CI = 0.182–0.451]. Relatedly, women who delivered in hospitals had lower odds of EIB [AOR = 0.752, CI = 0.624–0.905], compared to those who delivered at home. Women who practiced skin-to-skin contact with the baby [AOR = 1.640, CI = 1.385–1.942] had higher odds of EIB, compared to those who did not. Women who read newspaper or magazine at least once a week had lower odds of EIB [AOR = 0.781, CI = 0.619–0.986], compared to those who did not read newspaper at all. Conclusion The prevalence of EIB in Papua New Guinea was relatively high (60%). The factors associated with EIB are age of the women, region of residence, mode of delivery, place of delivery, practice of skin-to-skin contact with the baby, and exposure to mass media (newspaper). To increase EIB in Papua New Guinea, these factors ought to be considered in the implementation of policies and measures to strengthen existing policies. Health providers should educate mothers on the importance of EIB.

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Huska, M., D. Lazzaro, S. Morigi, A. Samorè, and G. Scrivanti. "Spatially-Adaptive Variational Reconstructions for Linear Inverse Electrical Impedance Tomography." Journal of Scientific Computing 84, no. 3 (August 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10915-020-01295-w.

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Abstract The inverse electrical impedance tomography (EIT) problem involves collecting electrical measurements on the smooth boundary of a region to determine the spatially varying electrical conductivity distribution within the bounded region. Effective applications of EIT technology emerged in different areas of engineering, technology, and applied sciences. However, the mathematical formulation of EIT is well known to suffer from a high degree of nonlinearity and severe ill-posedness. Therefore, regularization is required to produce reasonable electrical impedance images. Using difference imaging, we propose a spatially-variant variational method which couples sparsity regularization and smoothness regularization for improved EIT linear reconstructions. The EIT variational model can benefit from structural prior information in the form of an edge detection map coming either from an auxiliary image of the same object being reconstructed or automatically detected. We propose an efficient algorithm for minimizing the (non-convex) function based on the alternating direction method of multipliers. Experiments are presented which strongly indicate that using non-convex versus convex variational EIT models holds the potential for more accurate reconstructions.

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Ravagli, Enrico, Svetlana Mastitskaya, Nicole Thompson, Francesco Iacoviello, Paul R. Shearing, Justin Perkins, Alexander V. Gourine, Kirill Aristovich, and David Holder. "Imaging fascicular organization of rat sciatic nerves with fast neural electrical impedance tomography." Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20127-x.

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AbstractImaging compound action potentials (CAPs) in peripheral nerves could help avoid side effects in neuromodulation by selective stimulation of identified fascicles. Existing methods have low resolution, limited imaging depth, or are invasive. Fast neural electrical impedance tomography (EIT) allows fascicular CAP imaging with a resolution of <200 µm, <1 ms using a non-penetrating flexible nerve cuff electrode array. Here, we validate EIT imaging in rat sciatic nerve by comparison to micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histology with fluorescent dextran tracers. With EIT, there are reproducible localized changes in tissue impedance in response to stimulation of individual fascicles (tibial, peroneal and sural). The reconstructed EIT images correspond to microCT scans and histology, with significant separation between the fascicles (p < 0.01). The mean fascicle position is identified with an accuracy of 6% of nerve diameter. This suggests fast neural EIT can reliably image the functional fascicular anatomy of the nerves and so aid selective neuromodulation.

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Spatenkova, Vera, Eckhard Teschner, and Jaroslav Jedlicka. "Evaluation of regional ventilation by electric impedance tomography during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in neurocritical care: a pilot study." BMC Neurology 20, no. 1 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01948-1.

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Abstract Background Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) has become a widely performed technique in neurocritical care, which is however known to be accompanied by some risks to the patient. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the derecruitment effects of PDT with the electric impedance tomography (EIT) during the PDT procedure in neurocritical care. Methods The prospective observational pilot study investigated 11 adult, intubated, mechanically ventilated patients with acute brain disease. We recorded EIT data to determine regional ventilation delay standard deviation (RVD SD), compliance win (CW) and loss (CL), end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI), with the EIT belt placed at the level of Th 4 before, during and after the PDT, performed in the standard PDT position ensuring hyperextension of the neck. Results From 11 patients, we finally analyzed EIT data in 6 patients - EIT data of 5 patients have been excluded due to the insufficient EIT recordings. The mean RVD SD post-PDT decreased to 7.00 ± 1.29% from 7.33 ± 1.89%. The mean post-PDT CW was 27.33 ± 15.81 and PDT CL 6.33 ± 6.55. Only in one patient, where the trachea was open for 170 s, was a massive dorsal collapse (∆EELI − 25%) detected. In other patients, the trachea was open from 15 to 50 s. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of EIT to detect early lung derecruitment occurring due to the PDT procedure. The ability to detect regional changes in ventilation could be helpful in predicting further progression of ventilation impairment and subsequent hypoxemia, to consider optimal ventilation regimes or time-schedule and type of recruitment maneuvres required after the PDT.

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Huang, Ying, Kenta Nakamura, Yuma Takida, Hiroaki Minamide, Kazuhiro Hane, and Yoshiaki Kanamori. "Actively tunable THz filter based on an electromagnetically induced transparency analog hybridized with a MEMS metamaterial." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (November 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77922-1.

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AbstractElectromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) analogs in classical oscillator systems have been investigated due to their potential in optical applications such as nonlinear devices and the slow-light field. Metamaterials are good candidates that utilize EIT-like effects to regulate optical light. Here, an actively reconfigurable EIT metamaterial for controlling THz waves, which consists of a movable bar and a fixed wire pair, is numerically and experimentally proposed. By changing the distance between the bar and wire pair through microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology, the metamaterial can controllably regulate the EIT behavior to manipulate the waves around 1.832 THz, serving as a dynamic filter. A high transmittance modulation rate of 38.8% is obtained by applying a drive voltage to the MEMS actuator. The dispersion properties and polarization of the metamaterial are also investigated. Since this filter is readily miniaturized and integrated by taking advantage of MEMS, it is expected to significantly promote the development of THz-related practical applications such as THz biological detection and THz communications.

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He, Huaiwu, Yi Chi, Yingying Yang, Siyi Yuan, Yun Long, Pengyu Zhao, Inéz Frerichs, Feng Fu, Knut Möller, and Zhanqi Zhao. "Early individualized positive end-expiratory pressure guided by electrical impedance tomography in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial." Critical Care 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03645-y.

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Abstract Background Individualized positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has potential interest in the optimization of ventilation distribution in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of the study was to determine whether early individualized titration of PEEP with EIT improved outcomes in patients with ARDS. Methods A total of 117 ARDS patients receiving mechanical ventilation were randomly assigned to EIT group (n = 61, PEEP adjusted based on ventilation distribution) or control group (n = 56, low PEEP/FiO2 table). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary and exploratory outcomes were ventilator-free days, length of ICU stay, incidence of pneumothorax and barotrauma, and difference in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at day 1 (ΔD1-SOFA) and day 2 (ΔD2-SOFA) compared with baseline. Measurements and main results There was no statistical difference in the value of PEEP between the EIT group and control group, but the combination of PEEP and FiO2 was different between groups. In the control group, a significantly positive correlation was found between the PEEP value and the corresponding FiO2 (r = 0.47, p < 0.00001) since a given matched table was used for PEEP settings. Diverse combinations of PEEP and FiO2 were found in the EIT group (r = 0.05, p = 0.68). There was no significant difference in mortality rate (21% vs. 27%, EIT vs. control, p = 0.63), ICU length of stay (13.0 (7.0, 25.0) vs 10.0 (7.0, 14.8), median (25th–75th percentile); p = 0.17), and ventilator-free days at day 28 (14.0 (2.0, 23.0) vs 19.0 (0.0, 24.0), p = 0.55) between the two groups. The incidence of new barotrauma was zero. Compared with control group, significantly lower ΔD1-SOFA and ΔD2-SOFA were found in the EIT group (p < 0.001) in a post hoc comparison. Moreover, the EIT group exhibited a significant decrease of SOFA at day 2 compared with baseline (paired t-test, difference by − 1 (− 3.5, 0), p = 0.001). However, the control group did show a similar decrease (difference by 1 (− 2, 2), p = 0.131). Conclusion Our study showed a 6% absolute decrease in mortality in the EIT group: a statistically non-significant, but clinically non-negligible result. This result along with the showed improvement in organ function might justify further reserach to validate the beneficial effect of individualized EIT-guided PEEP setting on clinical outcomes of patients with ARDS. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials, NCT02361398. Registered 11 February 2015—prospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02361398.

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Perier, François, Samuel Tuffet, Tommaso Maraffi, Glasiele Alcala, Marcus Victor, Anne-Fleur Haudebourg, Keyvan Razazi, et al. "Electrical impedance tomography to titrate positive end-expiratory pressure in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome." Critical Care 24, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03414-3.

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Abstract Rationale Patients with coronavirus disease-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (C-ARDS) could have a specific physiological phenotype as compared with those affected by ARDS from other causes (NC-ARDS). Objectives To describe the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on respiratory mechanics in C-ARDS patients in supine and prone position, and as compared to NC-ARDS. The primary endpoint was the best PEEP defined as the smallest sum of hyperdistension and collapse. Methods Seventeen patients with moderate-to-severe C-ARDS were monitored by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and evaluated during PEEP titration in supine (n = 17) and prone (n = 14) position and compared with 13 NC-ARDS patients investigated by EIT in our department before the COVID-19 pandemic. Results As compared with NC-ARDS, C-ARDS exhibited a higher median best PEEP (defined using EIT as the smallest sum of hyperdistension and collapse, 12 [9, 12] vs. 9 [6, 9] cmH2O, p < 0.01), more collapse at low PEEP, and less hyperdistension at high PEEP. The median value of the best PEEP was similar in C-ARDS in supine and prone position: 12 [9, 12] vs. 12 [10, 15] cmH2O, p = 0.59. The response to PEEP was also similar in C-ARDS patients with higher vs. lower respiratory system compliance. Conclusion An intermediate PEEP level seems appropriate in half of our C-ARDS patients. There is no solid evidence that compliance at low PEEP could predict the response to PEEP.

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Proença, Martin, Fabian Braun, Mathieu Lemay, Josep Solà, Andy Adler, Thomas Riedel, Franz H. Messerli, Jean-Philippe Thiran, Stefano F. Rimoldi, and Emrush Rexhaj. "Non-invasive pulmonary artery pressure estimation by electrical impedance tomography in a controlled hypoxemia study in healthy subjects." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78535-4.

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AbstractPulmonary hypertension is a hemodynamic disorder defined by an abnormal elevation of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Current options for measuring PAP are limited in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate if electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a radiation-free and non-invasive monitoring technique, can be used for the continuous, unsupervised and safe monitoring of PAP. In 30 healthy volunteers we induced gradual increases in systolic PAP (SPAP) by exposure to normobaric hypoxemia. At various stages of the protocol, the SPAP of the subjects was estimated by transthoracic echocardiography. In parallel, in the pulmonary vasculature, pulse wave velocity was estimated by EIT and calibrated to pressure units. Within-cohort agreement between both methods on SPAP estimation was assessed through Bland–Altman analysis and at subject level, with Pearson’s correlation coefficient. There was good agreement between the two methods (inter-method difference not significant (P > 0.05), bias ± standard deviation of − 0.1 ± 4.5 mmHg) independently of the degree of PAP, from baseline oxygen saturation levels to profound hypoxemia. At subject level, the median per-subject agreement was 0.7 ± 3.8 mmHg and Pearson’s correlation coefficient 0.87 (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of accurately assessing changes in SPAP by EIT in healthy volunteers. If confirmed in a patient population, the non-invasive and unsupervised day-to-day monitoring of SPAP could facilitate the clinical management of patients with pulmonary hypertension.

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Mallick, Nawaz Sarif, and Kanhaiya Pandey. "Doppler narrowing of EIT linewidth in closed-loop systems." Pramana 94, no. 1 (June 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-020-01959-0.

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He, Huaiwu, Yi Chi, Yun Long, Siyi Yuan, Inéz Frerichs, Knut Möller, Feng Fu, and Zhanqi Zhao. "Influence of overdistension/recruitment induced by high positive end-expiratory pressure on ventilation–perfusion matching assessed by electrical impedance tomography with saline bolus." Critical Care 24, no. 1 (September 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03301-x.

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Abstract Background High positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) may induce overdistension/recruitment and affect ventilation–perfusion matching (VQMatch) in mechanically ventilated patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between PEEP-induced lung overdistension/recruitment and VQMatch by electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Methods The study was conducted prospectively on 30 adult mechanically ventilated patients: 18/30 with ARDS and 12/30 with high risk for ARDS. EIT measurements were performed at zero end-expiratory pressures (ZEEP) and subsequently at high (12–15 cmH2O) PEEP. The number of overdistended pixels over the number of recruited pixels (O/R ratio) was calculated, and the patients were divided into low O/R (O/R ratio < 15%) and high O/R groups (O/R ratio ≥ 15%). The global inhomogeneity (GI) index was calculated to evaluate the ventilation distribution. Lung perfusion image was calculated from the EIT impedance–time curves caused by 10 ml 10% NaCl injection during a respiratory pause (> 8 s). DeadSpace%, Shunt%, and VQMatch% were calculated based on lung EIT perfusion and ventilation images. Results Increasing PEEP resulted in recruitment mainly in dorsal regions and overdistension mainly in ventral regions. ΔVQMatch% (VQMatch% at high PEEP minus that at ZEEP) was significantly correlated with recruited pixels (r = 0.468, P = 0.009), overdistended pixels (r = − 0.666, P < 0.001), O/R ratio (r = − 0.686, P < 0.001), and ΔSpO2 (r = 0.440, P = 0.015). Patients in the low O/R ratio group (14/30) had significantly higher Shunt% and lower VQMatch% than those in the high O/R ratio group (16/30) at ZEEP but not at high PEEP. Comparable DeadSpace% was found in both groups. A high PEEP caused a significant improvement of VQMatch%, DeadSpace%, Shunt%, and GI in the low O/R ratio group, but not in the high O/R ratio group. Using O/R ratio of 15% resulted in a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 100% for an increase of VQMatch% > 20% in response to high PEEP. Conclusions Change of ventilation–perfusion matching was associated with regional overdistention and recruitment induced by PEEP. A low O/R ratio induced by high PEEP might indicate a more homogeneous ventilation and improvement of VQMatch. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04081155. Registered on 9 September 2019—retrospectively registered.

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Beraldi, Patrizia, and Maria Elena Bruni. "Enhanced indexation via chance constraints." Operational Research, September 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12351-020-00594-2.

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Abstract The enhanced index tracking (EIT) represents a popular investment strategy designed to create a portfolio of assets that outperforms a benchmark, while bearing a limited additional risk. This paper analyzes the EIT problem by the chance constraints (CC) paradigm and proposes a formulation where the return of the tracking portfolio is imposed to overcome the benchmark with a high probability value. Besides the CC-based formulation, where the eventual shortage is controlled in probabilistic terms, the paper introduces a model based on the Integrated version of the CC. Here the negative deviation of the portfolio performance from the benchmark is measured and the corresponding expected value is limited to be lower than a given threshold. Extensive computational experiments are carried out on different set of benchmark instances. Both the proposed formulations suggest investment strategies that track very closely the benchmark over the out-of-sample horizon and often achieve better performance. When compared with other existing strategies, the empirical analysis reveals that no optimization model clearly dominates the others, even though the formulation based on the traditional form of the CC seems to be very competitive.

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Scaramuzzo, Gaetano, Elena Spinelli, Savino Spadaro, Alessandro Santini, Donatella Tortolani, Francesca Dalla Corte, Antonio Pesenti, Carlo Alberto Volta, Giacomo Grasselli, and Tommaso Mauri. "Gravitational distribution of regional opening and closing pressures, hysteresis and atelectrauma in ARDS evaluated by electrical impedance tomography." Critical Care 24, no. 1 (October 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03335-1.

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Abstract Background The physiological behavior of lungs affected by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) differs between inspiration and expiration and presents heterogeneous gravity-dependent distribution. This phenomenon, highlighted by the different distribution of opening/closing pressure and by the hysteresis of the pressure–volume curve, can be studied by CT scan, but the technique expose the patient to radiations, cannot track changes during time and is not feasible at the bedside. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) could help in assessing at the bedside regional inspiratory and expiratory mechanical properties. We evaluated regional opening/closing pressures, hysteresis and atelectrauma during inspiratory and expiratory low-flow pressure–volume curves in ARDS using electrical impedance tomography. Methods Pixel-level inspiratory and expiratory PV curves (PVpixel) between 5 and 40 cmH2O were constructed integrating EIT images and airway opening pressure signal from 8 ARDS patients. The lower inflection point in the inspiratory and expiratory PVpixel were used to find opening (OPpixel) and closing (CPpixel) pressures. A novel atelectrauma index (AtI) was calculated as the percentage of pixels opening during the inspiratory and closing during the expiratory PV curves. The maximal hysteresis (HysMax) was calculated as the maximal difference between normalized expiratory and inspiratory PV curves. Analyses were conducted in the global, dependent and non-dependent lung regions. Results Gaussian distribution was confirmed for both global OPpixel (r2 = 0.90) and global CPpixel (r2 = 0.94). The two distributions were significantly different with higher values for OPpixel (p < 0.0001). Regional OPpixel and CPpixel distributions were Gaussian, and in the dependent lung regions, both were significantly higher than in the non-dependent ones (p < 0.001). Both AtI and the HysMax were significantly higher in the dependent regions compared to the non-dependent ones (p < 0.05 for both). Conclusions Gravity impacts the regional distribution of opening and closing pressure, hysteresis and atelectrauma, with higher values in the dorsal lung. Regional differences between inspiratory and expiratory lung physiology are detectable at the bedside using EIT and could allow in-depth characterization of ARDS phenotypes and guide personalized ventilation settings. Graphic abstract

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Billings, Jenny, Simone R. de Bruin, Caroline Baan, and Giel Nijpels. "Advancing integrated care evaluation in shifting contexts: blending implementation research with case study design in project SUSTAIN." BMC Health Services Research 20, no. 1 (October 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05775-5.

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Abstract Background Despite many studies evaluating the effectiveness of integrated care, evidence remains inconsistent. There is increasing commentary pointing out the mismatch between the ability to capture the somewhat ‘illusive’ impact of integrated care initiatives and programmes, and the most appropriate way to do this. Focusing on methodology, this paper describes and critically reviews the experiences of SUSTAIN, a Horizon 2020 funded project (2015–2019) with the purpose of advancing knowledge and understanding of cross-European integrated care evaluation. SUSTAIN sought to improve integrated care initiatives for older people in seven countries, and to maximise the potential for knowledge transfer and application across Europe. The methods approach drew from implementation research, employing the participative Evidence Integration Triangle (EIT) and incorporating a mixed method, multiple embedded case study design. A core set of qualitative and quantitative indicators, alongside context and process data, were created and tested within four key project domains (person-centredness, prevention-orientation, safety and efficiency). The paper critically discusses the overall approach, highlighting the value of the EIT and case study design, and signalling the challenges of data collection with frail older people and stakeholder involvement at the sites, as well as difficulties developing the core set of indicators. Conclusions Lessons learned and recommendations for advancing integrated care evaluation are put forward that focus on the status of integrated care as a complex intervention and a process. The use of implementation research methods and case study design are recommended as an additional evaluation approach for researchers to consider, alongside suggested ways of improving methods of data collection with frail populations and cost analysis.

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Huang, Ningning, Yixin Ma, Mingzhu Zhang, Hao Ge, and Huawei Wu. "Finite Element Modeling of Human Thorax Based on MRI Images for EIT Image Reconstruction." Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), October 27, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12204-020-2232-x.

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Zhu, Lei, Tai Cheng Li, Zhi Dong Zhang, Jing Guo, Liang Dong, and De Qing Zhang. "Dual-band asymmetric transmission based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect in a microstrip transmission line." Applied Physics A 126, no. 4 (March 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03488-4.

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Jang, Geuk Young, You Jeong Jeong, Tingting Zhang, Tong In Oh, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Chi Ryang Chung, Gee Young Suh, and Eung Je Woo. "Noninvasive, simultaneous, and continuous measurements of stroke volume and tidal volume using EIT: feasibility study of animal experiments." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (July 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68139-3.

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Hoang Minh, Dong, Nga Luong Thi Yen, Khoa Dinh Xuan, and Bang Nguyen Huy. "Controllable ultraslow optical solitons in a degenerated two-level atomic medium under EIT assisted by a magnetic field." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (September 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72256-4.

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Abstract We proposed a simple model for generation of controllable ultraslow optical solitons of a weak probe laser light in a degenerated two-level atomic medium under electromagnetically induced transparency assisted by a magnetic field. It is shown that bright and dark optical solitons can be formed from a probe light with controllable ultraslow group velocities at a few m/s by tuning the strength of a coupling light and/or the magnetic field. In addition to the ultraslow velocity, the advantage of this model is to use a sole laser for delivering both pump and probe lights. Furthermore, one can switch between bright and dark solitons by reversing the direction of the magnetic field. Such controllable ultraslow solitons are interested in finding applications in optical communications and optical data processing.

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