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Journal articles on the topic 'Eimeria. Poultry Eimeria tenella'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Berezovskyi, A. V., and A. L. Nechiporenko. "Determination of dezinvasion efficiency of a new disinfectant «Dezsan» for poultry eimeria." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 83 (2018): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8378.

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Parasitosis occupies the third place in the world аmong animal diseases. Prevention of helminthoses in industrial poultry farming is based on a complex of measures aimed at effective neutralization of pathogens at different stages of their development. One of the most effective of them is dezinvasion. Dezinvasion in the industrial zones of poultry farms must be subject to premises and their equipment, inventory and all bird care items, walking grounds, poultry droppings. Determination of the resistance of the causative agent of poultry eimeriosis to the action of disinfectant «Deszan». The diagnosis of eimeriosis was established according to the results of laboratory studies of poultry droppings by the method of Füleborn. As the active substance, the preparation «Deszan» was used in a concentration of 2.0 and 3.0% with exposures of 2, 3 and 4 hours. When studying the influence of the disinfectant on the eimeria of the Eimeria tenella bird, it was found that when the oocyst is treated with the «Dezsan» preparation at a concentration of 2.0% with 2 hours exposure, the sporulation process stops in the oocysts. The observation was carried out for 5 days, however, no external changes were observed in the eimerias. When oocysts of coccidia were treated with a solution of the preparation «Deszan» at a concentration of 2.0 and 3.0%, during 3 hours of exposure, the sporulation process and compression of the cytoplasm were observed. The exposure of 3–4 hours observed in the field of view of the microscope rupture of shells and fragments of destroyed oocysts of coccidia. The disinfection effect of the «Deszan» preparation was established at a concentration of 2.0% with an exposure of 4 hours and 3.0% with an exposure of 3 hours to the ovine’s of the poultry Eimeria tenella. After 2 hours of exposure in oocysts, there was a decrease in sporulation and morphological changes in their cytoplasm.

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2

Jayswal, Rakesh Prasad, Ranjana Gupta, and Swoyam Prakash Shrestha. "Prevalence of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 in Layer Chicken of Some Poultry Farms of Kathmandu and Lalitpur Districts." Journal of Natural History Museum 28 (December 19, 2015): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14169.

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In the present study five Eimeria species viz. Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. brunetti responsible for coccidiosis are reported and its general prevalence was found to be 24 percent. Among the five Eimeria species, prevalence of E. tenella was recorded to be the highest (25%), followed by E. acervulina (15%), E. necatrix (10%). E. maxima (7%) and E. brunetti (3%). Altogether 400 stool samples (dropping) were collected by random sampling methods from four poultry farms. These samples were preserved in preservative solution (2% potassium dichromate solution). Stool samples were examined by thin feacal smear methods. There were altogether 96 cases of coccidiosis of which 25% were caecal, 35% intestinal and 40% mixed. Prevalence of coccidiosis was recorded in all the 12 months and four seasons of the study period. The highest (38%) prevalence rate was found in the month of July and the lowest (5.71%) in the month of October. The difference in monthly prevalence of Eimeria was insignificant (x2 =19.675, P<0.05). Similarly season wise prevalence showed the highest (35%) prevalence rate in the spring season followed by summer (25%), winter (23%) and autumn (12%). Season-wise difference in prevalence of Eimeria was found to be insignificant (x2= 7.815, P> 0.05). The age- wise prevalence was the highest (34.66%) in 61 weeks above chicken, followed by 30% in the 46-60 weeks age group, 22.5% in the 31-45 weeks age group, 17.14% in the 0-15 weeks age group and 15.78% in the 16-30 weeks age group. The difference in age- wise prevalence was found to be insignificant (x2= 9.488,P> 0.05). J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 66-72

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3

Nguyen, Binh Thanh, Rochelle Alipio Flores, Paula Leona Taymen Cammayo, Suk Kim, Woo Hyun Kim, and Wongi Min. "Anticoccidial Activity of Berberine against Eimeria-Infected Chickens." Korean Journal of Parasitology 59, no. 4 (2021): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.403.

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Avian coccidiosis has a major economic impact on the poultry industry, it is caused by 7 species of Eimeria, and has been primarily controlled using chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative control strategies are needed. We assessed anticoccidial effects of berberine-based diets in broiler chickens following oral infection with 5 Eimeria species (E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. mitis, and E. praecox). When 0.2% berberine, a concentration that does not affect weight gain, was added to the diet, the 4 groups infected with E. acervulina, E. tenella, E. mitis, or E. praecox showed significant reductions in fecal oocyst shedding (P<0.05) compared to their respective infected and untreated controls. In chickens treated 0.5% berberine instead of 0.2% and infected with E. maxima, fecal oocyst production was significantly reduced, but body weight deceased, indicating that berberine treatment was not useful for E. maxima infection. Taken together, these results illustrate the applicability of berberine for prophylactic use to control most Eimeria infections except E. maxima. Further studies on the mechanisms underlying the differences in anticoccidial susceptibility to berberine, particularly E. maxima, are remained.

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4

Wang, Xiaohui, Wenbin Zou, Hailiang Yu, et al. "RNA Sequencing Analysis of Chicken Cecum Tissues Following Eimeria tenella Infection in Vivo." Genes 10, no. 6 (2019): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060420.

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Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) is one of the most frequent and pathogenic species of protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria that exclusively occupies the cecum, exerting a high economic impact on the poultry industry. To investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the cecal tissue of Jinghai yellow chickens infected with E. tenella, the molecular response process, and the immune response mechanism during coccidial infection, RNA-seq was used to analyze the cecal tissues of an E. tenella infection group (JS) and an uninfected group (JC) on the seventh day post-infection. The DEGs were screened by functional and pathway enrichment analyses. The results indicated that there were 5477 DEGs (p-value < 0.05) between the JS and the JC groups, of which 2942 were upregulated, and 2535 were downregulated. GO analysis indicated that the top 30 significantly enriched GO terms mainly involved signal transduction, angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and blood vessel development. KEGG analysis revealed that the top significantly enriched signaling pathways included focal adhesion, extracellular matrix–receptor interaction, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The key DEGs in these pathways included ANGPTL4, ACSL5, VEGFC, MAPK10, and CD44. These genes play an important role in the infection of E. tenella. This study further enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of E. tenella infection in chickens.

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5

Toledo, Gustavo Andrade, Jefferson Douglas de Moura Almeida, Katyane de Sousa Almeida, and Fagner Luiz da Costa Freitas. "Coccidiosis in broiler chickens raised in the Araguaína region, State of Tocantins, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, no. 3 (2011): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000300014.

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Eimeriosis is responsible for causing serious problems in poultry, mainly characterized by reduced weight gain and abnormalities of food conversion efficiency, thereby causing great economic losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of eimeriosis in broiler chickens in the Araguaina region, State of Tocantins, Brazil. Samples from five farm properties were collected and sent to the Hygiene and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Federal University of Tocantins. From the parasitological analysis, it was shown that all the properties examined were positive for Eimeria species. 63.1% of the sheds were positive, with findings of oocysts of E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. tenella. It was concluded that all properties evaluated were positive for four species of the genus Eimeria, thus demonstrating that the sanitary strategies followed in poultry rearing had flaws that allowed pathogens to spread in poultry pens.

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6

Adewole, Samson, Dolapo Odeyemi, Serifat Aleem, and Omoyeni T.E. "The study of Eimeria tenella infections in Poultry Birds in Ekiti State." International Journal of Scientific World 6, no. 1 (2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v6i1.8745.

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In developing countries, animal production is being subjected to great pressure to satisfy the demand for animal protein required by the continuous increasing human population and to have surplus for international trade. Coccidiosis is a major health problem of poultries. This aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of caecal coccidiosis infections in poultry birds in Ekiti State. Three poultry sites were randomly selected and studied in Ekiti state. 10,000 birds were examined out of which 1033 birds tested positive to coccidiosis infection. Test tube floatations for faecal content and wet smear preparation for the caecal lining were done to test the presence of Eimeria tenella(Et)based on the dimension of oocyst and respiratory disease respectively. The result showed the highest percentage of Et infection in Yomi poultry farms in Ifaki Ekiti representing 6.8% while Daac poultry farms had the least percentage of 3%. The percentage occurrence of respiratory disease is highest in Daac farms with 6% and a least percentage of 3% in Christ's power poultry. The result implies that there is a still presence of Et infections in the poultries considered for study in Ekiti, thus the need for biosafety measures, information and protection programs against the disease.

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7

Chen, Xi Wen, Miao Yin, and Xiong Qing Wang. "Bioinformatic Analysis and Characteristics of the Antigen SO7 of Eimeria Tenella MY Strain." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 2093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.2093.

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Avian coccidiosis is an intestinal disease of chickens caused by several species of protozoan parasites within the genus Eimeria. The total cost of this disease has been estimated to be at least $ 3 billions per year to the worldwide poultry industry. In order to develop a new generation of vaccine which can provide a safer, more effective and cost-effective approach for avian coccidiosis control, bioinformatic and molecular approaches are used to predict and analyze the structures and functions of Eimeria antigens. In the present study, the information about structures and functions of the antigen SO7 of Eimeria tenella（E.tenella） MY strain was predicted using bioinformatics softwares and tools. The SO7 gene was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 216 amino acids with a putative molecular mass of 22.369 kDa , no transmembrane domain in the polypeptide and a predicted isoelectric point of 6.86. The acid sequence analysis showed that the potential antigenic epitopes are situated in 25-33, 84-91, 101-107,148-152, 157-162,193-200, and 206-212 amino acids. The results obtained from the present study may provide necessary data for further study of E.tenella SO7 and development of recombinant vaccines and epitope vaccines.

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8

Võ, Tuấn-Cường, Haung Naw, Rochelle A. Flores, et al. "Genetic Diversity of Microneme Protein 2 and Surface Antigen 1 of Eimeria tenella." Genes 12, no. 9 (2021): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091418.

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Avian coccidiosis is a disease caused by members of the genus Eimeria. Huge economic losses incurred by the global poultry industry due to coccidiosis have increased the need for cost-effective and easily available recombinant vaccines. Microneme protein 2 (MIC2) and surface antigen 1 (SAG1) of E. tenella have been recognised as potential vaccine candidates. However, the genetic diversity of the antigens in field isolates, which affects vaccine efficacy, has yet to be largely investigated. Here, we analysed genetic diversity and natural selection of etmic2 and etsag1 in Korean E. tenella isolates. Both genes exhibited low levels of genetic diversity in Korean isolates. However, the two genes showed different patterns of nucleotide diversity and amino acid polymorphism involving the E. tenella isolates obtained from different countries including China and India. These results underscore the need to investigate the genetic diversity of the vaccine candidate antigens and warrant monitoring of genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary aspects of the genes in larger numbers of E. tenella field isolates from different geographical areas to design effective coccidial vaccines.

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9

Krücken, Jürgen, Ralf J. Hosse, Aimdip N. Mouafo, et al. "Excystation of Eimeria tenella Sporozoites Impaired by Antibody Recognizing Gametocyte/Oocyst Antigens GAM22 and GAM56." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 2 (2007): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00292-07.

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ABSTRACT Eimeria tenella is the causative agent of coccidiosis in poultry. Infection of the chicken intestine begins with ingestion of sporulated oocysts releasing sporocysts, which in turn release invasive sporozoites. The monoclonal antibody E2E5 recognizes wall-forming body type II (WFBII) in gametocytes and the WFBII-derived inner wall of oocysts. Here we describe that this antibody also binds to the stieda body of sporocysts and significantly impairs in vitro excystation of sporozoites. Using affinity chromatography and protein sequence analysis, E2E5 is shown to recognize EtGAM56, the E. tenella ortholog of the Eimeria maxima gametocyte-specific GAM56 protein. In addition, this antibody was used to screen a genomic phage display library presenting E. tenella antigens as fusion proteins with the gene VIII product on the surfaces of phagemid particles and identified the novel 22-kDa histidine- and proline-rich protein EtGAM22. The Etgam22 mRNA is expressed predominantly at the gametocyte stage, as detected by Northern blotting. Southern blot analysis in combination with data from the E. tenella genome project revealed that Etgam22 is an intronless multicopy gene, with approximately 12 to 22 copies in head-to-tail arrangement. Conspicuously, Etgam56 is also intronless and is localized adjacent to another gam56-like gene, Etgam59. Our data suggest that amplification is common for genes encoding oocyst wall proteins.

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10

Safiullin, Rinat, Chalysheva, and Krasnobayev. "NEW DRUGS AGAINST OOCIST OF COCKIDIA IN BIRDS – VIRUKILL 260." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 21 (May 29, 2020): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902341-5-4.2020.21.361-367.

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The production culture in industrial poultry has risen to a high level and continues to improve in recent years. Profitability of production is the main task of poultry farming, as for any industrial branch. This is due to the intensification of production, a reduction in the period of sanitary preparation of premises, and a high concentration of poultry stock on a limited area. These conditions contribute to the spread of parasitic diseases and eimeriosis is the leading among them. The experiments were carried out on 14-day-old Cobb-500 cross broiler chickens in the laboratory and vivarium of the institute in 2019. First, Virukill 260 working solutions in different concentrations, WSH buffer solution, and bird feces preservative were prepared. Virukill is a multicomposite drug in the form of a liquid, this medicine is used to disinfect and disinfestation objects of veterinary surveillance and the prevention of infectious and invasive animal diseases. Chickens of the first, second and third groups were assigned 1 ml of a suspension of Eimeria oocysts treated with 0.5; 1 and 2% solutions of the drug Virukill 260, inside using a micropipette; the fourth - also 1 ml of a suspension of Eimeria oocysts treated with a 4% phenol solution. Young animals of the fifth group were injected with sporulated Eimeria oocysts at a dose of 2000 / ml of a suspension not treated with a disinfectant (infected control); and the sixth - only 1 ml of WSH buffer solution (uninfected control). The chickens were subjected to daily clinical observations, taking into account the general condition, behavior, appetite, visible physiological changes throughout the experiment. The intensity of Virukill 260 in 0.5-, 1- and 2% concentrations against coccidium oocysts was 94.15; 97.6 and 98.17%, respectively, and phenol at 4% concentration was 88.75%. The following Eimeria species were identified: Eimeria acervulina (21.4%), E. brunetti (15.7%), E. maxima (29.6%) and E. tenella (33.3%) in broiler litter samples from the first to the fifth group.

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11

Kasornpikul, Charunee, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Bussabun Sirithanyalug, Worapol Aeagwanich, and Thanit Pewnim. "Effect of the Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantalum CMU-FP002 on Oocyst Shedding by Broilers Inoculated with Eimeria Tenella." Avian Biology Research 2, no. 3 (2009): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815509x12474780437516.

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Coccidiosis is an infectious disease that causes the most widespread health problems in the broiler industry. This study indicated that chickens fed with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantalum CMU- FP002 exhibited an 85.63% reduction in the number of oocysts of Eimeria tenella shed in the faeces compared with the control group. The average number of oocysts shed by the group fed the probiotic and a group fed an antibiotic were both significantly (P<0.05) less than the average number of oocysts shed by the control group. Coccidiosis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria and is the most consistently reported health problem in poultry (Biggs, 19–82; Rose et al, 1987; Williams, 1999). Generally, the number of oocysts shed in the faeces is dependent on the number of sporozoites and merozoites that penetrate the enterocytes for a given inoculum dose, and so represents the infection-resistant ability of broilers. Susceptibility to Eimeria can also be assessed on the basis of the number of oocysts obtained from droppings collected for four days starting on day 6 post-inoculation (Dalloul et al., 2005).

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Pender, C. M., S. Kim, T. D. Potter, M. M. Ritzi, M. Young, and R. A. Dalloul. "Effects of in ovo supplementation of probiotics on performance and immunocompetence of broiler chicks to an Eimeria challenge." Beneficial Microbes 7, no. 5 (2016): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0080.

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Coccidiosis is regarded as the parasitic disease with the greatest economic impact on the poultry industry due to reduced performance and increased mortality. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo administration of probiotics on hatchability, performance, immune organ weights, and lesion scores in broiler chicks during a mixed Eimeria infection. At embryonic day 18, 210 eggs were injected with either sterile water or 1×106 cfu probiotic bacteria. On day 3 post-hatch, half of the chicks from each treatment group were challenged with a mixed inoculum of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella. Measurements and tissue samples were taken on day of hatch (DOH) and days 3, 9 and 15. On day 9, 24 birds per treatment were scored for intestinal Eimeria lesions. No differences were seen among groups for hatchability as well as for body weight (BW), BW gain (BWG), or immune organ weights prior to the Eimeria challenge. On day 9, the non-challenged birds with probiotic supplementation had higher BW and BWG than the non-supplemented controls while no differences were seen among the challenged groups. On day 15, probiotic supplemented birds had improved BW compared to the non-supplemented birds as well as increased BWG from day 9 to 15. Bursa weight was not affected by treatment at any time point while spleen weight was greater in supplemented birds on day 15. Birds receiving the probiotic had significantly lower mortality than non-treated birds. Additionally, gross lesion severity was reduced due to probiotic supplementation in all intestinal segments evaluated. These results suggest that in ovo supplementation of probiotics may improve early performance and provide protection against a mixed Eimeria infection.

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13

Shetshak, Manji A., Isa D. Jatau, Muhammed M. Suleiman, Matthew P. Ameh, Ada Gabriel, and Isaac O. Akefe. "In Vitro Anticoccidial Activities of the Extract and Fractions of Garcinia kola (Heckel h.) Against Eimeria tenella Oocyst." Recent Patents on Biotechnology 15, no. 1 (2021): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208315666210129095213.

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Background: Commercial poultry farming is expanding every day and contributing to the provision of affordable and high-quality protein. However, this sector is confronted with many diseases of which coccidiosis is among the most important. There are many registered patents affirming the health benefits of Garcinia kola in poultry. Objective: Evaluation of in vitro anticoccidial activities of the extracts and fractions of Garcinia kola against Eimeria tenella oocyst was carried out. Method: Fresh seeds of G. kola were collected, dried under shade at room temperature, and pulverized using a mortar and a pestle. The powder was exhaustively extracted with a soxhlet apparatus using 70% methanol, and the crude methanol extract (CME) was concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator. The CME was further partitioned using butanol, ethylacetate, and n-hexane. The CME, butanol fraction (BTF), ethylacetate fraction (EAF), and hexane fraction (HXF) were concentrated in vacuo and tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. Similarly, the CME, butanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions were evaluated in vitro for oocyst sporulation inhibition. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in the CME and BTF. The EAF contains all the metabolites mentioned except saponins. Similarly, HXF contains only cardiac glycosides, tannins, and steroids/ triterpenes. The CME and BTF caused a concentration-dependent increase in the inhibition of sporulation of unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. In the acute toxicity studies, the CME did not produce any toxic effect or mortality at doses between 10 and 5000 mg/kg. The CME was then considered safe, and the LD50 was assumed to be >5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The data obtained in this study suggested that the crude methanol extract (CME) of G. kola could be an appreciable beneficial effect as an anticoccidial agent against Eimeria tenella oocyst.

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Song, Xu, Yunhe Li, Shufan Chen, et al. "Anticoccidial Effect of Herbal Powder “Shi Ying Zi” in Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella." Animals 10, no. 9 (2020): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091484.

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Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the poultry industry. Currently, anticoccidial drugs used in veterinary clinics show many deficiencies, and new control measures are urgently needed. This study presents an anticoccidial herbal powder “Shi Yin Zi”, which consists of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss, Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz., and sodium chloride. In chickens infected with Eimeria tenella, supplementation with “Shi Yin Zi” powder for 3 d prior to infection or treatment with “Shi Yin Zi” powder after infection could improve the survival rate and relative growth rate and alleviate the pathological changes in the cecum, liver, and kidney. “Shi Yin Zi” powder could recover the levels of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, albumin, and triglycerides in serum. The hemorrhage occurrence and total number of oocysts in feces were reduced. The anti-coccidial indexes reached 165 for the prophylactic effect and 144 for the therapeutic effect. The anti-coccidial effects were equal to positive controls (monensin and sulfamlopyrazine). These results suggest that “Shi Ying Zi” powder possesses a potent anticoccidial effect and exhibits the potential to control E. tenella infection.

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NAKAMURA, Takashi, Harumoto KAWAGUCHI, Jun IMOSE, and Keiji OGIMOTO. "Enzyme Variation of Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella Isolated from Poultry Farms in Japan." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 53, no. 6 (1991): 1101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.53.1101.

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16

Qaid, Mohammed M., Saud I. Al-Mufarrej, Mahmoud M. Azzam, et al. "Anti-Coccidial Effect of Rumex Nervosus Leaf Powder on Broiler Chickens Infected with Eimeria Tenella Oocyst." Animals 11, no. 1 (2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010167.

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Coccidiosis a huge economic burden in poultry farms where the pathogen Eimeria harms animal well-being and survival. Besides synthetic anti-coccidial drugs, natural herbs appear to be an alternative way to prevent avian coccidiosis. Rumex nervosus (RN), a phytogenic shrub, has received considerable attention in recent years due to its significant anti-microbial effects; however, limited knowledge exists about its potential anti-coccidial functions. This study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic activities of RN leaf powder in broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. Infected chickens received a commercial diet containing 1, 3, or 5 g RN powder/kg diet compared to infected broilers that treated with Sacox (PC) or compared to uninfected broilers that received a commercial diet alone (NC). Results showed that RN powder significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the lesion scores and suppressed the output of oocysts per gram (OPG) in chickens’ feces. Although RN was unable to minimize the weight gain loss due to emeriosis, RN at level 1 g improved the feed conversion ratio. Therefore, RN powder, at 5 g, possesses moderate anti-coccidial effects and hence could be used to treat avian coccidiosis in field conditions; however, further studies are required to investigate, in vitro or in vivo, the anti-coccidial potential of active ingredients.

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Bhakta, Jatindra N., Roli Shukla, and Probir K. Bandyopadhyay*. "Effect of four fruit extracts on Rhode Island Red poultry chicks infected with Eimeria tenella." Animal Biology 58, no. 1 (2008): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075608x303627.

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18

Balarabe Rabiu, Mohammed,, Hudu Garba Mikail, Ibrahim Anka Abubakar, Magaji Yusuf, and Garba Hussain. "Anticoccidial potentials of methanol leaf extract of Lannea Schimperi in experimentally induced Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens." Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal 2, no. 1 (2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/vmph2021.2.1.2.

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Coccidiosis is caused in chickens by the genus Eimeria spp, and is considered as one of the dominant poultry diseases worldwide. For decades, anticoccidial products have been used for the successful control of this disease. However, long term use of these products has led to the development of resistance. The current study therefore sought to investigate the anticoccidial activity of the methanol leaf extract of Lannea schimperi on experimentally induced Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection in broiler chickens in an attempt to provide good alternative therapy due to increasing resistance to the conventional anticoccidial agents. Seven groups (A-G) of 4 birds were used for the experiment and five groups (A-E) were orally inoculated with 1.0 x 103 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella. Groups A, B and C were treated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of L. schimperi methanolic leaf extract respectively and Group D was treated with1.5 mg/ml of amprolium, group E served as negative control. Groups F and G were the uninfected neutral control and were treated with 25 and 100 mg/ml of L. schimperi methanol leaf extract respectively without being infected with E. tenella oocysts. Findings revealed dose dependent anticoccidial effect, with highest concentration of 100 mg/ml giving more activity than 50 and 25 mg/ml of the plant extract. Significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the number of both schizonts and merozoites in the groups (A, B, C, F and G) treated with L. schimperi methanol leaf extract were observed. Large number of schizonts and merozoites were observed in the infected untreated group compared to the treated groups. Significant changes were also seen in the number of circulating eosinophils and lymphocytes. Insignificant changes (P > 0.05) in body weight gain were recorded; however, significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the intestinal mucus secretion was recorded in the amprolium treated group. These findings suggest that the methanolic leaf extract of L. schimperi possess anticoccidial activity that may warrant further investigation.

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Dogo, Goni Abraham, Bi-Allah Bukar Markus, Emmanuel Vandi Tizhe, Gloria Pisha Karaye, and David Oshadu. "Therapeutic Evaluation of Neemazal® Against Experimental Eimeria Tenella Infection in Broiler Chickens, Jos - Nigeria." Journal of Parasite Research 1, no. 2 (2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2690-6759.jpar-20-3346.

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Coccidiosis in poultry is caused by protozoan parasites of the Eimeria species, which is responsible for worldwide economic losses. The aim of this study was to evaluated the therapeutic effect of NeemAzal® on Eimeria tenellain broiler Chickens as compared to Amprolium as a standard anticoccidial drug. A total of One Hundred and Sixty (160) broiler chicks were purchased, acclimatized and randomly divided into 4 groups (G1, G2, G3 & G4). G1 non-infected, non-treated (negative control), (G2) infected with 20000 E. tenella oocysts (positive control), (G3) infected and treated with Amprolium (Standard, 7 mg/kg b.w. for 5 days) and (G4) infected and treated with NeemAzal®200 mg/kg b.w. for 5 days). Evaluation was by clinical signs, performance data (weight gain, oocyst shed/gram faeces (OPG) and histopathology of the Caecum, Liver and Kidney. The data showed that birds infected with E. tenellahad an output of 1.3×105±3,333 oocysts per gram faeces on day 5 post inoculation. This output is significantly decreased to 0.37×105±3,111 oocysts in neem-treated birds. Infection with E. tenellainduced marked histopathological alterations in the caecum in the form of inflammation, vacuolation of the epithelium, and destruction of some villi. NeemAzal® decrease body weight loss of infected chickens. Moreover, the number of goblet cells stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) within the infected villi was significantly lowered (P≤0.05). The results revealed that chicks of G1 had the best performance data compared to G2, G3& G4. In G3 & G4 there were a remarkable improvement in the data on performance, clinical signs, gross and microscopically caecal lesions compared to G2. Amprolium (G3) was shown to be superior to NeemAzal® (G4) compared to G2. NeemAzal® could be a good alternative for use as a coccidiostat to supplement the expensive anti-coccidiostats in the market.

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Dagayeva, Asiyat B., Rabiyat M. Bakrieva, and Bahu M. Makhieva. "Eimeriosis in Poultry: Biology, Spread and Control Measures in the Caspian Sea Region of the Russian Federation." Russian Journal of Parasitology 14, no. 1 (2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2020-14-1-29-34.

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The purpose of the research is determining treatment and protective efficacy of modern drugs at eimeriosis in poultry under production conditions. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in a laboratory for invasion diseases of farm animals and poultry of the Caspian Zonal Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, and in the Republic poultry farms. Using Fulleborn’s method, there were 500 excrement samples from chicken aged 1–3 months and laying hens tested, autopsy of 87 birds carried out, and morphological traits of their structure studied, based on which Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix were differentiated. The treatment and protective efficacy of Eimeterm 2.5% was tested in combination with Enrofloxacin in a dose of 3.0 ml per 1 liter of drinking water within 5–6 days. The drugs were given to floor housed broiler chickens with water to drink, namely, Eimeterm was given for two consecutive days in a dose of 7.0 mg/kg of bird weight (28 ml per 100 kg of bird weight), which is equal to 1 ml of the drug per 1 liter of drinking water within 48 hours, or 3 ml of the drug per 1 liter of drinking water which was given to a bird to drink for 8 hours in a day two consecutive days, and Enrofloxacin in a dose of 3.0 ml per 1 liter of drinking water within 5–6 days as compared to basic drug Amprolium. In another poultry house, test broiler chickens were administered 7.5 g of Amprolium 20% in powder form mixed with 1 kg of feed within 7–8 days. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by the results of coproscopic examinations and scrapes from different floor sections. A sample autopsy of chickens was carried out to find any morphological change in the digestive tract and Coccidia; intestinal mucosa swabs were tested using the Darling’s method, which was standardized by N. P. Orlov. The results obtained were processed statistically. Results and discussion. The results of broiler chickens’ cecum examinations revealed a high rate of Eimeria infection. Thus, 20–30 oocysts were found in 55 samples in a single microscope field representing 63.2%. The oocysts referred to four species: Е. tenella, E. maxima and Е. mitis in the cecum and small bowel, and E. accervulina in the duodenum. 100% efficacy of Eimeterm 2.5% and Enrofloxacin when combined with water was confirmed. The mortality rate reduced from 137 to 11 animals per day. The survivability of broiler chickens in the test group in the growing period was 94.3%. The autopsy of broiler chickens showed no Eimeriosis-specific changes in the visceras. The tests of 200 cecum swabs and scatoscopy of 20 excrement samples found no Eimeria oocysts.

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WAQAS, M., R. AKHTAR, H. AKBAR, M. LATEEF, I. RASHID, and M. IJAZ. "Evaluation of Anti-Coccidial Activity of Different Extraction Products of Allium sativum (Garlic) in Broilers." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 69, no. 3 (2018): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.18872.

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The present study was performed with objective to evaluate the anti-coccidial effect of three different forms of Allium sativum (garlic) in broiler birds. A total of 90 broiler chicks (day-old) were divided into nine equal groups. The mixed Eimeria species obtained from gut samples (E. tenella and E. necatrix) collected from different commercial poultry shops in Tolinton Market Lahore, Pakistan. These guts were checked in Parasitology laboratory in Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The positive cases were separated for extraction, sporulation and identification of oocyst(s). The oocysts counts per gram of droppings were determined by McMaster technique on day 0, 3, 7 and 10 of treatment. Each bird was challenged with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria at 17th day of age. Three different forms of Allium sativum (garlic) including aqueous extract, methanol extract and powder form at dose rate 2 and 4 gm/kg body weight were used in challenged birds In all the forms and doses of the Allium sativum the oocyst per gram count was decreased but the best result was obtained with aqueous form at dose rate of 4gm/kg BW from day 7 to 10. The present study concluded that Allium sativum (garlic) can be used as natural anti-coccidial component to ameliorate the side effects and resistance of commercial anticoccidials in practice.

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Michels, M. G., L. C. T. Bertolini, A. F. Esteves, P. Moreira, and S. C. Franca. "Anticoccidial effects of coumestans from Eclipta alba for sustainable control of Eimeria tenella parasitosis in poultry production." Veterinary Parasitology 177, no. 1-2 (2011): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.022.

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Tanveer Salam, Sheikh, and Showkat Ahmad Wani. "Prevalence and Pathology Associated with Coccidian Parasite Eimeria tenella in Organised and Unorganised Poultry of Kashmir Valley, India." Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 4, no. 4 (2021): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2021.04.0815.

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Golubtsova, M. V., V. V. Stybel, and A. G. Sobolta. "Influence of disinfectant «Bi-des» on the sporulation on eimery oocyst of chicken." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (2018): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8714.

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Eymeriosis (coccidiosis) is a protozoal disease of a poultry characterized by inhibition, loss of appetite, thirst, diarrhea, often with blood, anemia, nervous phenomena. Diseases are registered in the world everywhere, including in Ukraine. Regardless of its type eymeriosis is one of the most serious technological diseases of farm birds in developed countries. Sick animals excreted with oocysts, which are the source of invasion, and contaminated by them feed, water, litter, equipment of livestock buildings, objects of care, etc. are the factors of transmission. Infection with coccidia occurs in an elementary way by swallowing an oocyst with water or food. The results of the study of the des-invasive effect of the Bi-des preparation on oocysts of chicken eimery are presented. In the formulation of the proposed disinfectant, as ADR included: PGMG-hydrochloride and triamine and auxiliaries substances – cocamidopropyl-betaine and glutamic acid as well. Due to which this pharmaceutical combination has a cleansing effect. Researches of the effect of the «Bi-des» preparation on the process of sporulation of the oocyst E. tenella was carried out at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3% with exposition of one, two, three and four hours. It was found that the preparation of 1% concentration with exposition of three and four hours caused the death of almost half of the oocyst eimery (44.98 and 47.9%). Sufficiently high oocystocidal effect (62.7–79.9%) were found at 2% disinfectant concentration with different exposition regimes. 3 hours exposition caused 100% lysis oocyst eimeria of chicken. It was established that using the preparation caused visible destructive changes of morphology of the simplest and led to the static effect on the sporulation of the oocyst.

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Toah, Emmanuel Tana, Vincent Khan Payne1,, Yamssi Cedric, Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia, and Atiokeng Tatang Rostand Joël. "In vitro oocysticidal sporulation inhibition of Eimeria tenella and antioxidant efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Conyza aegyptiaca." Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 6, no. 1 (2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2021.249.

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Avian coccidiosis is probably one of the most expensive parasitic diseases with major economic impact on poultry industries worldwide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Conyza aegyptiaca in terms of phytonutrients, in vitro oocysts sporulation inhibition and antioxidant properties. The extraction process of plant leaf powder (100 g) pulverized using a clean manual grinder was carried out in ethanol and hot water and the yields were calculated as a percentage ratio of extract mass on plant powder mass after solvent evaporation. Phytochemical analysis procedures were performed to determine the presence of phytonutrients. The in vitro oocysticidal sporulation inhibition was determined at five different concentrations (0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4 mg/ml) of each extract in petri dishes each containing 3000 unsporulated oocysts and examined after 24 and 48 hours under a microscope. In vitro antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using different assays. Quantitative aqueous extract (11.72%) was higher than ethanolic extract (4.34%). In terms of qualitative yields, ethanolic extract revealed higher phytonutrients investigated (100%) than aqueous extract (42.86%). The sporulation inhibition of ethanolic extract was generally higher than the aqueous extract after 24 and 48 h and varied according to the different tested concentrations. In all the antioxidant assays, ethanolic extract exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity with inhibitory concentration (IC50=26.10±1.09) close to that of ascorbic acid at the probability level of 5% error (p<0.05). The ethanolic extract with higher free radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing effect also showed significant higher content of both phenols (127.01±3.99 mgGAE/g) and flavonoids (108.66±3.49 mgCE/g) than aqueous extracts, suggesting correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Data from this study could be used for developing bioactive elements for natural anticoccidials and antioxidants of health promoting activities

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THEODOROPOULOS (Γ. ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), G. "The sanitation of farm animal manure from parasites." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 54, no. 2 (2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15250.

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The farming of animals results in the production of considerable amounts of manure. According to the decision 96/103/EC of the European Community Commission "manure means any excrement and/or urine of cloven-hoofed animals, equidae and/or poultry, with or without litter". While manure was considered in the past as a valuable medium for fertilising farm lands, today it is considered mosdy as a waste. The reasons for this change of perception is the low cost of chemical fertilisers today and the intensification of livestock farming, where a large number of animals or poultry are raised in a limited space resulting in severe problems of manure management. The accumulation of manure in animal and poultry farms may be a source of transmissible infections and a reason for environmental degradation. For this reason, various methods have been developed that make animal manure hygienically and environmentally safe. In addition, a legal framework, governing the management and disposal of manure at the national and European level has been established. Pathogenic parasites that have been found in slurry of bovines are oocysts of Eimeria sp., eggs of Trichostrongyloidea, Strongyloides sp., Oesophagsotomum sp., Dictyocaulus sp., Trichuris sp., Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Moniezia sp., Fasciola sp., and Toxocara vitulomm. Pathogenic parasites that have been found in slurry of swine are oocysts of Eimeria sp., cysts of Balantidium coli and eggs of Ascaris sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Strongyloides sp., Hyostrongylus sp., Trichuris sp. and Fasciola sp.. Parasites that have been isolated in manure of poultry are Eimeria sp., Histomonas sp., Ascaridia sp., Heterakis sp. and Capillaria sp.. Generally, parasitic eggs are protected from environmental conditions by their shell, but very few of them can survive in slurry for more than 85 days. The parasitic diseases that are transmitted by manure to animals and poultry may be due to protozoa, such as coccidiosis and balantidiosis or helminths, such as ascariosis, ancylostomiosis and trichurosis. The pathogenic parasitic organisms found in manure have different levels of resistance to various environmental factors and their infectivity may persist from some days to weeks or even to many years. Therefore, it is not certain that the mere storage of manure will result in its sanitation. For this reason, various sanitation methods of manure are used. The aerobic digestion results in temperature elevation and sanitation of manure. The parasitic eggs and larvae are not inactivated at these temperatures, but the storage of manure for 2 months secures the inactivation of all parasites. During storage of liquid manure, the temperature that is developed is not high and for this reason the pathogenic organisms survive for a long time period. On the other hand, the presence of urine in liquid manure reduces the survival of pathogenic organisms due to the detrimental effect of pH. The higher the pH, the shorter their survival time is. Studies on the disinfecting activity of anaerobic digesters have shown that oocysts of Eimeria. tenella are inactivated19, while encysted larvae of Trichinella, spiralis are still infective after 16 days. The sanitation physical methods that have been used are high temperatures drying, electro-chemical methods, sound waves and ultraviolet or radioactive waves. Thermal processing (pasteurisation) at 70°C for 30-60 min. is used in some European countries, such as Germany and Switzerland for liquid manures used as fertiliser on grasslands during summer months. With this method the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica 50 °C after 5 min. and the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides are destroyed at 50°C after 5 min. and at 55°C after 7 min. Satisfactory sanitation is achieved also by drying and radioactive radiation with Co60 at a dose of 0,3-0,4 Mrad. The advantages of sanitation with radiation are the constant quality of the result in contrast to the biological sanitation, which is not constant, the fewer breakdowns of the equipment in contrast to the thermal method, the simple operation of the installation and the lower energy demands compared to the thermal method. However, all these methods are still experimental and are not used in practice for the sanitation of manure. The legislation of 26-3-1936 stipulates that, in case of emergence of a disease of mandatory declaration, manures should be burned or disinfected with the use of a disinfectant, unless the nature of the disease mandates the use of a special disinfectant, following the decree of the veterinary administration of the perfecture (Article 17). The decision 96/103/EC of the European Communities governs the trade and import of manure in the country members of the E.U. Generally, the trade and import of unprocessed manure of species other than poultry or equidae is prohibited, apart from certain exceptions. The trade and import of unprocessed manure of equidae is not subject to any animal health condition. The trade and import of processed manure and processed manure products is allowed subject to certain hygienic restrictions. In none of the above cases parasites are a reason for hygienic restriction.

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27

Michalski, Wojtek P., John A. Edgar, and Stephen J. Prowse. "Mannitol metabolism in Eimeria tenella." International Journal for Parasitology 22, no. 8 (1992): 1157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(92)90035-j.

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Michalski, Wojtek P., and Stephen J. Prowse. "Superoxide dismutases in Eimeria tenella." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 47, no. 2 (1991): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(91)90178-9.

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29

Trout, J. M., and H. S. Lillehoj. "T lymphocyte roles during Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 53, no. 1-2 (1996): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05544-4.

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30

Schwarz, Ryan S., Raymond H. Fetterer, George H. Rosenberg, and Katarzyna B. Miska. "Coccidian Merozoite Transcriptome Analysis from Eimeria maxima in Comparison to Eimeria tenella and Eimeria acervulina." Journal of Parasitology 96, no. 1 (2010): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-2253.1.

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31

RUFF, M. D., and L. D. BACON. "Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella in 15.B-congenic White Leghorns." Poultry Science 68, no. 3 (1989): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0680380.

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Dong, Hui, Yange Wang, Hongyu Han, et al. "Identification and characterization of an Eimeria-conserved protein in Eimeria tenella." Parasitology Research 113, no. 2 (2013): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3703-x.

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33

II, Charles K. Smith, and David E. Lee. "Monosaccharide Transport by Eimeria tenella Sporozoites." Journal of Parasitology 72, no. 1 (1986): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3281810.

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34

Cacho, Emilio del, Margarita Gallego, Desire Pereboom, Fernando López-Bernad, Joaquín Quílez, and Caridad Sánchez-Acedo. "EIMERIA TENELLA: HSP70 EXPRESSION DURING SPOROGONY." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 5 (2001): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0946:etheds]2.0.co;2.

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del Cacho, Emilio, Margarita Gallego, Desire Pereboom, et al. "Eimeria tenella: HSP70 Expression during Sporogony." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 5 (2001): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285212.

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36

del Cacho, Emilio, Marc Pages, Margarita Gallego, Luis Monteagudo, and Caridad Sánchez-Acedo. "Synaptonemal complex karyotype of Eimeria tenella." International Journal for Parasitology 35, no. 13 (2005): 1445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.06.009.

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37

Liu, Lianrui, Xinmei Huang, Jianhua Liu, et al. "Identification of common immunodominant antigens of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima by immunoproteomic analysis." Oncotarget 8, no. 21 (2017): 34935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16824.

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38

Belli, Sabina I., David J. P. Ferguson, Marilyn Katrib, et al. "Conservation of proteins involved in oocyst wall formation in Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella and Eimeria acervulina." International Journal for Parasitology 39, no. 10 (2009): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.05.004.

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39

Song, Xiaokai, Zhe Ren, Ruofeng Yan, Lixin Xu, and Xiangrui Li. "Induction of protective immunity against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina infections using multivalent epitope DNA vaccines." Vaccine 33, no. 24 (2015): 2764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.052.

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40

del Cacho, Emilio, Margarita Gallego, Sung Hyen Lee, et al. "Induction of Protective Immunity against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina Infections Using Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 5 (2012): 1909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.06413-11.

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ABSTRACTThis study describes a novel immunization strategy against avian coccidiosis using exosomes derived fromEimeriaparasite antigen (Ag)-loaded dendritic cells (DCs). Chicken intestinal DCs were isolated and pulsedin vitrowith a mixture of sporozoite-extracted Ags fromEimeria tenella,E. maxima, andE. acervulina, and the cell-derived exosomes were isolated. Chickens were nonimmunized or immunized intramuscularly with exosomes and subsequently noninfected or coinfected withE. tenella,E. maxima, andE. acervulinaoocysts. Immune parameters compared among the nonimmunized/noninfected, nonimmunized/infected, and immunized/infected groups were the numbers of cells secreting Th1 cytokines, Th2 cytokines, interleukin-16 (IL-16), and Ag-reactive antibodiesin vitroandin vivoreadouts of protective immunity againstEimeriainfection. Cecal tonsils, Peyer's patches, and spleens of immunized and infected chickens had increased numbers of cells secreting the IL-16 and the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and gamma interferon, greater Ag-stimulated proliferative responses, and higher numbers of Ag-reactive IgG- and IgA-producing cells followingin vitrostimulation with the sporozoite Ags compared with the nonimmunized/noninfected and nonimmunized/infected controls. In contrast, the numbers of cells secreting the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were diminished in immunized and infected chickens compared with the nonimmunized/noninfected and the nonimmunized/infected controls. Chickens immunized with Ag-loaded exosomes and infectedin vivowithEimeriaoocysts had increased body weight gains, reduced feed conversion ratios, diminished fecal oocyst shedding, lessened intestinal lesion scores, and reduced mortality compared with the nonimmunized/infected controls. These results suggest that successful field vaccination against avian coccidiosis using exosomes derived from DCs incubated with Ags isolated fromEimeriaspecies may be possible.

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Ali Shahid, Sayyed Raza. "Identification and Molecular Characterization of Eimeria tenella based on EtMic5 Gene in Pakistan." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 40, no. 04 (2020): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.063.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of microneme gene 5 of Eimeria tenella (EtMic5) from Pakistan to confirm its evolutionary relationship among different Eimeria species. Birds were reared and infected with Eimeria tenella oocysts. Postmortem of birds revealed the presence of lesions within intestinal caeca. Oocysts were collected, sporulated and used for RNA extraction. RNA was converted to cDNA and analyzed for EtMic5 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were confirmed through gel electrophoresis and the samples positive for EtMic5 gene were cleared using PCR cleanup process. EtMic5 gene was partially sequenced from Macrogen® laboratory Korea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequence is similar to all those previously reported in other parts of the world. The nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank and the assigned accession number is MT684461. The outcomes of this investigation indicate the presence of high frequency of Eimeria tenella infection in Pakistan

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Chapman, H. David, and Tim E. Cherry. "Eyespray Vaccination: Infectivity and Development of Immunity to Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6, no. 3 (1997): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/6.3.274.

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Talebi, Alireza, and Grace Mulcahy. "Partial protection against Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella induced by synthetic peptide vaccine." Experimental Parasitology 110, no. 4 (2005): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2005.03.026.

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Chapman, H. David, and M. Elaine Rose. "Cloning of Eimeria tenella in the Chicken." Journal of Parasitology 72, no. 4 (1986): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3281519.

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Nakai, Y., T. Uchida, Y. Nakanishi, T. Nakai, T. Sakamoto, and K. Kamiya. "Eimeria tenella sporozoite antigens recognizing host cells." Parasitology International 47 (August 1998): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80758-7.

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Ouarzane, Meryem, Marie Labbe, and Pierre Pery. "Purification of First-Generation Eimeria tenella Schizonts." Journal of Parasitology 84, no. 5 (1998): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284637.

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del Cacho, E., M. Gallego, F. Lopez-Bernad, J. Quílez, C. Sánchez-Acedo, and A. Zapata. "Local immune response to Eimeria tenella infections." Immunology Letters 56 (May 1997): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2478(97)86749-1.

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Oakes, Richard D., Dominic Kurian, Elizabeth Bromley, et al. "The rhoptry proteome of Eimeria tenella sporozoites." International Journal for Parasitology 43, no. 2 (2013): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.024.

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del Cacho, E. "Local immune response to Eimeria tenella infections." Immunology Letters 56, no. 1-3 (1997): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2478(97)88589-6.

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NUMAJIRI, Masataka, Naotoshi TSUJI, Harue KASUGA-Aoki, and Takashi ISOBE. "Biotin-Labeled Proteins of Eimeria tenella Sporozoite." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62, no. 3 (2000): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.62.357.

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