Academic literature on the topic 'Ekologický koncept'

Dnes je environmentální sociologie etablovaným a dále se rozvíjejícím sociologickým oborem. Vznik a vývoj tohoto nového oboru postupně ovlivnila celá řada konceptů, jež vykazují současně environmentální i sociologickou relevanci. Z těchto konceptů vybírám v následujícím textu několik významných myšlenkových směrů tak, aby vyšla najevo rozmanitost (a někdy i protichůdnost) přístupů, které se v dnešní sociologii životního prostředí objevují. V zásadě je lze rozdělit na dvě skupiny, a to na teoreticko-empirické koncepty, u nichž na formulovanou hypotézu zároveň navazuje kvantitativní instrument sloužící k jejímu ověřování, a na koncepty čistě teoretické. Z první skupiny představím postmaterialistickou tezi Ronalda Ingleharta, kulturní teorii britské kulturní antropoložky Mary Douglas a nové environmentální paradigma autorů Williama R. Cattona a Rileye E. Dunlapa. Z teoretických přístupů uvádím koncept reflexivní modernity obsažený v knize Ulricha Becka Riziková společnost a funkcionálně-strukturální teorii Niklase Luhmanna v podobě její environmentální aplikace shrnuté v knize Ekologická komunikace. Na závěr se zmíním o tzv. teorii racionální volby. U výše zmíněných přístupů uvádím ještě nejdůležitější argumenty některých jejich kritiků, přičemž se snažím rozlišovat mezi kritikou z perspektivy environmentální a sociologické.

Přes dvacet let trvající dominance pojmu udržitelného rozvoje v environmentální argumentaci vedla podle mnoha autorů k devalvaci jeho významového obsahu a ztrátě jeho schopnosti motivovat potřebnou změnu chování na úrovni jednotlivců i celé společnosti. O oživení radikálního étosu se pokouší koncept udržitelného nerůstu (sustainable degrowth), který získává váhu v rámci eko-sociálního hnutí i akademické debaty v posledním desetiletí. Udržitelný nerůst můžeme definovat jako demokratický, sociálně spravedlivý a environmentálně přínosný proces postupného snižování objemu produkce a spotřeby, které přispívá k lidské spokojenosti. Nerůstová argumentace vychází z širokého spektra myšlenkových zdrojů včetně environmentální etiky, ekologické ekonomie či kritiky rozvoje. Hnutí nerůstu se vyvíjelo po roce 2000 ve své aktivistické i akademické formě zejména ve Francii, Itálii a Španělsku, v menším rozsahu pak v mnoha dalších zemích. Svým apelem na celospolečenskou změnu se nerůst liší od konceptů dobrovolné skromnosti či tzv. downshiftingu, a může být interpretován jako přechodná fáze k tzv. ekonomice ustáleného stavu. Jedním z klíčových argumentů nerůstového hnutí je kritika ekonomismu a depolitizace veřejného prostoru. Otevřenou otázkou zůstává, co by mělo současný, na ekonomicko-růstové logice založený, systém nahradit.

A review of literature referring to floristic, vegetation and habitat diversity in Bohemian Massif has resulted to a revision and detailed classification of ecological phenomena. Each phenomenon represents an open non-hierarchical system of lithological, hydrological, topoclimatic and biotic aberrations, that differ from common features of surrounded “zonal“ environment. Two main groups of ecological phenomena have been distinguished: (i) large-scale ecological geo-phenomena originated by prominent lithological factors, and (ii) meso-scale ecological topo-phenomena produced by local action of hydrology, topoclimate, and air currents. With regard to the first group, the following geo-phenomena play a particular role in the Central European vegetation: (a) sandstone, (b) limestone and dolomite (karst phenomenon), (c) marl (flysch and loess), (d) neo-volcanic, and (e) serpentinite phenomena. With regard to the latter group, the following meso-scale phenomena contribute to the diversity of habitats in landscape scenery: (f) river (or valley), (g) summit, (h) frost hollow, and (i) scree (and glacial cirque) phenomena. The “insular“ feature of the ecological phenomena in vegetation cover is expressed mainly by the occurrence of treeless ecosystems, such as swamps, bogs, marshes, steppes, rock faces and scree ecosystems, etc. Relatively higher species richness can indicate most of ecological phenomena (they should be detected by the distance from the regional species-area curve), and by the presence of rare plant species, especially by the relic and/or endemic species, which survive on extreme habitats due to the lower competition of prevailing dominant woody or graminoid species.

A review of literature referring to floristic, vegetation and habitat diversity in Bohemian Massif has resulted to a revision and detailed classification of ecological phenomena. Each phenomenon represents an open non-hierarchical system of lithological, hydrological, topoclimatic and biotic aberrations, that differ from common features of surrounded “zonal“ environment. Two main groups of ecological phenomena have been distinguished: (i) large-scale ecological geo-phenomena originated by prominent lithological factors, and (ii) meso-scale ecological topo-phenomena produced by local action of hydrology, topoclimate, and air currents. With regard to the first group, the following geo-phenomena play a particular role in the Central European vegetation: (a) sandstone, (b) limestone and dolomite (karst phenomenon), (c) marl (flysch and loess), (d) neo-volcanic, and (e) serpentinite phenomena. With regard to the latter group, the following meso-scale phenomena contribute to the diversity of habitats in landscape scenery: (f) river (or valley), (g) summit, (h) frost hollow, and (i) scree (and glacial cirque) phenomena. The “insular“ feature of the ecological phenomena in vegetation cover is expressed mainly by the occurrence of treeless ecosystems, such as swamps, bogs, marshes, steppes, rock faces and scree ecosystems, etc. Relatively higher species richness can indicate most of ecological phenomena (they should be detected by the distance from the regional species-area curve), and by the presence of rare plant species, especially by the relic and/or endemic species, which survive on extreme habitats due to the lower competition of prevailing dominant woody or graminoid species.

Pomalu si začínáme uvědomovat, že globální krize, která se projevuje na mnoha úrovních, odráží emoční, morální a spirituální stav soudobého lidstva a souvisí s pokřiveným vnímáním postojů a hodnot, jež zastává moderní civilizace. Nové paradigma, které se ve vědě i ve společnosti otevírá, přináší základní změnu směrem k holistickému a ekologickému úhlu pohledu. Široký základ nového vnímání reality položily objevy v kvantové fyzice, systémové myšlení a výzkumy ve speciálních oborech. Svět je nahlížen jako síť relací a zdá se, že výzkum vede k pochopení, že celý vesmír, je jedním vzájemně propojeným celkem, na kterém všichni účastně participujeme. Spiritualita, která byla z karteziánsko-newtonovského pohledu na svět vyřazena, zažívá renesanci. Spiritualita jako důležitá, vrozená dimenze života, jejíž nepominutelnou částí je osobní prožitek, je posuzována jako součást procesu kulturní evoluce. Spirituální proces, ve smyslu evoluce vyšších etap vědomí, představuje naše vlastní nejvnitřnější potenciály. Žijeme v monofázové společnosti, ve které je bdělý stav vědomí pokládán za jediný přijatelný a normální a je i jedinou fází vědomí vhodnou pro rozmnožování informací o světě. Z antropologických výzkumů ale víme, že většina lidských společenství považovala za klíčové hluboké poznání přicházející skrze polyfázové vědomí. V novém paradigmatu zaujímá spiritualita významné místo, ale jednotná koncepce pojetí studia spirituality chybí. Předmět studia „Spiritualita a kultura“ se pokouší nastínit koherentní teorii komplexního studia spirituality v rámci kulturologické koncepce v kontextu západokřesťanské vzdělanosti a v návaznosti na současné vědecké objevy. Řešení globální krizové situace se nachází v propojení ekologické, horizontální roviny s rovinou vertikální, transcendentní. Rovina horizontální klade důraz na propřírodní kulturní strategii a zdůrazňuje těsné propojení filosofie, vědy a politiky, vertikální rovina upozorňuje na existenci vývojových stupňů vědomí a v kontextu celého lidstva oceňuje vnitřní transformace každého z nás. Tato osobní vnitřní transformace nepřímo ovlivňuje kulturní evoluci.

New agricultural constructions in Czech Republic happen, in better case, privilege of civil engineer, in the worse case only privilege of the investor, in the past. While architects or enlightenment project architects with inventive and feeling for architecture, rarely interfered to their projection. In the practice, the preferred and implemented misconception, that it is a purely purpose-built buildings with economical advantageous solution type, when external design of the building and his effect in landscape plays just a minor role, meant a huge mistake, which disfeature face of a lot of villages. With the gradual development of organic and sustainable agriculture is obvious, that to the design of these buildings gets back the idea of invention and emotion of construction into the landscape. Essence of a dissertation is how to proceed with the draft of a new or completion of original organic farm in conditions of the Czech Republic and on which specific points to focus in the design. Objective of thesis is generalization of rules design new modern organic farm or new buildings on the existing organic farm, using the principles of organic architecture and architecture undemanding of energy, renewable source of energy and non-waste management and verification on the specific examples in the Czech Republic and neighboring Europa countries. Where else should apply the principles of organic architecture more than in the construction of organic farms. Moreover, organic farm offers a great number of functions and with related different operations with requirements for specific areas. This is an added bonus, diversity of construction and the possibility of building creativity in architectural solutions. It is then mainly limited functionality of the building, legislative, public health, fire and traffic regulations, with which any proposal must cope. Organic farms are a phenomenon, but also the future of sustainable agriculture in the Czech Republic, as well. Not only production side of organic farms, but also neglected building stock deserves the attention of experts. Only organic farm with the right comprehensive created building and energy concept on an ecological principle is becoming a well-functioning self-contained unit connected with the cycle of nature, the surrounding landscape and regional tradition.

The environmental protection is often in conflict with catching up the highest economic level of the country. In some developed countries the higher economic level means also the higher pollution of the environment. Indeed, this is applied only till one point -- the turning point -- from which the trend is applied vice-versa, the higher the economic prosperity of the country, the lower the pollution of the environment. This phenomenon is in environmental economics called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the EKC, from detailed description of the theoretic and econometric framework, factors influencing the EKC, to crucial studies which were published in this area of economics. In connection with the factors influencing EKC the thesis underline the important role of the environmental regulation and state or international ecologic policy, which the work is dealing in initiate part with. The aim of the work is to analyze if the EKC hypothesis is valid in reality or not. Furthermore the diploma thesis targets also the situation of the developing countries -- if they have to go through the same path as nowadays developed countries or if they on the contrary use their experiences.

Marknaden och efterfrågan för begagnade varor ökar för varje år.  Däremot har detta inte lett till ett minskat uttag av planetens resurser. Många produkter har potential att tas omhand på ett mer resurseffektivt sätt än i dagsläget. Textilier och elektronikprodukter är produkter som har hög klimatbelastning. Dessa produkter saknar idag ett lättillgängligt system för återanvändning som skulle bidra till minskad nyproduktion. I takt med befolkningsökning och förtätning av Stockholm krävs nya koncept för återvinning. För en positiv utveckling är det avgörande med lättillgängliga och allmänt kända insamlingssystem.     Detta examensarbete har utgångspunkt från FN:s tre hållbarhetsmål: ekologisk, social och ekonomisk hållbarhet och ska resultera i en konceptidé och en byggnad där konceptet tillämpas. Konceptet ska ge förslag utifrån Naturvårdsverkets och Stockholm stads rapporter och visa på hur återvinning kan integreras i bebyggda miljöer och svara mot dagens behov och samtidigt skapa en social och ekonomisk vinst.   Arbetet resulterade i förslagshandlingar genom litteraturstudier och projektering för en byggnad belägen i Rinkeby, en stadsdel i nordvästra Stockholm. Byggnaden projekteras bland annat utifrån verksamhetens ytbehov, Rinkebys behov och förutsättningar. Byggnadens estetik har formats utifrån idéen om en tydlig uppdelning mellan verksamheter som förstärks med fasadens utformning. Utöver detta ska byggnaden tillföra någonting positivt till sin omgivning, med till exempel växtväggar och cykelstation med lånecyklar.    Projektet visar på goda kvalitéer att en konceptbyggnad kan berika ett område med ekologisk, social och ekonomisk hållbarhet.
The market and demand for used products is increasing year on year. However, this has not decreased our usage of the planet’s resources. Many products have the potential to be recycled more effectively. The production of textiles and electronics has a significant negative effect on the climate. Such products lack an easy and intuitive system for reuse, which would reduce such negative effects. There is a demand for new concepts regarding reuse brought about by the increasing population and density of Stockholm. Demands for easy access and public knowledge about recycling are crucial for progress.   This report will focus on the sustainable goals established by the UN: ecological, social and economic sustainability and will propose a conceptual idea and a building where the concept will be applied. The concept will propose suggestions based on reports by Naturvårdsverket (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) and the City of Stockholm, to show how recycling can be integrated into urban areas. This will provide a solution to today’s needs and also facilitate social and economic growth in the area.   The project has resulted in draft documents through literature studies and planning for a building situated in Rinkeby, a suburb northwest outside of Stockholm. The building will be planned in line with the building’s operational area requirements and pre-requisites. The building’s aesthetics are drawn from the idea of a pronounced separation between the operations, which will be amplified by the design of the facades. Additionally, it will contribute to the quality of its environment with the use of green walls and a bicycle station.   The project shows of positive qualities that a conceptual building can enrich a neighborhood through ecological, social and economical sustainability.

The role of economic theory in the preservation of nature in Kazakhstan is very current, because mining industry in this country is quite large and it is a considerable burden for the environment. This burden is obvious mostly in extraction and processing of crude oil. The main aim of this thesis is the analysis of state environmental policy with the focus on prevention of oil spills in the Caspian Sea in accordance with "State concept of ecological safety in Kazakhstan in 2004-2015" and also methods of oil spills removal as tools for environment protection including factual techniques and firm based costs linked to the removal of oil spills. Thesis will also include the comparison of effectiveness of existing models for oil spills removal used by companies in Kazakhstan. The first part of work is methodologically based on analysis of secondary sources: scientific articles and literature, ecology bulletins, official data of Ministry of environment in Kazakhstan, firm based data and "State concept of ecological safety".

Förekomsten av vattenrelaterade problem som extrem nederbörd, översvämningar, torka och vattenbrist kommer att öka i urbana områden till följd av de globala klimatförändringarna. Sponge city-konceptet är ett urbant dagvattenhanteringssystem som lanserades i Kina och syftar till att förbättra vattenhanteringen i städer genom att återställa stadens kapacitet att absorbera, infiltrera, lagra och rena vatten. Den här studien syftade till att undersöka om sponge city-konceptet hade kunnat implementeras i Malmö genom att besvara frågeställningen ” Vilka möjligheter respektive hinder finns det för Malmö att implementera sponge city-konceptet?”. Genom en systematisk litteraturstudie och innehållsanalys i kombination med det teoretiska ramverket som baserades på konceptet sårbarhet för klimatförändringar visade resultatet på att det både finns en del möjligheter men också hinder. Det huvudsakliga hindret som identifierades är att en stor del av marken i Malmö består av täta moränleror vilket utgör ett hinder för de infiltrationsåtgärder som ingår i sponge city-konceptet. Några möjligheter som identifierades är att sponge city-konceptet kan minska känsligheten för skada som uppstår i förhållande till exponeringsnivån, samt att Malmös anpassningskapacitet är relativt hög. På grund av att den här studien enbart undersökte specifika fysiska/miljömässiga aspekter inom sponge city-konceptet krävs däremot fler studier som tar hänsyn till fler aspekter om en implementering av konceptet skulle bli aktuell.
The occurrence of water related problems such as extreme precipitation, floods, drought and water scarcity will increase in urban areas as a result of global climate change. The sponge city-concept is an urban stormwater system launched in China and aims to improve the water management in cities by restoring the city’s capacity to absorb, infiltrate, store and purify water. This study aimed to investigate if the sponge city-concept could be implemented in Malmö by answering the question “What possibilities and obstacles exist for Malmö to implement the sponge city-concept?”. Through a systematic literature review and content analysis in combination with the theoretical framework, which was based on the concept climate change vulnerability, the results showed that there are some possibilities but also obstacles. The main obstacle that was identified is that the ground in Malmö largely consists of dense moraines which forms an obstacle for the infiltration measures that are included in the sponge city-concept. Some possibilities that were identified is that the sponge city-concept can decrease the sensitivity to harm that occurs in relation to the exposure level but also that Malmö’s adaptation capacity is relatively high. However, because this study only investigated specific physical/environmental aspects within the sponge city-concept, more studies that consider more aspects are required if an implementation of the concept would become prevailing.

The increase of trading has created many environmental, ecological, social and ethical problems. The main concern across all industries is to create more sustainable, eco-friendly and ethical manufacturing processes. Only by influence consumer's purchasing behavior there might be the demand for eco-green products. The fashion and textile industry as one of the main contributor to the world's economy is one of the main environmental polluter (e.g.: soil, lakes, river and air). Recently, many young fashion designers started to offer eco-green fashion to the market. This new phenomenon might change the course of the world fashion industry. The goal of this research is to find out the real demand for eco-green products and its impacts on the traditional methods of fashion manufacturing. Three geographical areas where chosen to represent consumption side (US and EU (UK)) and manufacturing side (China). The specific fashion garment was chosen to demonstrate detailed analysis of the manufacturing processes and its new eco-green formula -- the denim jeans. The primary and secondary research approaches were chosen to cover the whole industrial view on this phenomenon. The outcome of the research showed that the major impact was on the general consumer's purchasing behavior and their life style. It is a new trend and concept that is reshaping the traditional fashion business models. Denim jeans industry leaders such as Levi's Strauss are in process of implementing eco-green, ethical and fair-trade factors into their long-term strategy.

Ecological modernization theory - facts and context. Historical perspective, conditions and limits of the neoliberal sustainability koncept Annotation: This diploma thesis deals with the synthesis of ideas of ecological modernization theory, which has been developing since the 80's of the 20th century particularly in Western Europe. The ecological modernization theory wants to explain, interpret and propose environmental reforms in conjunction with continued economical growth, industrial development and globalization. The ecological modernization theory argues that a continuous industrial development does not lead inevitably to environmental degradation, but rather provides the best possible way out of the environmental crisis. Although the ecological modernization theory is a relatively young concept, during the first thirty years of its existence has greatly expanded and diversified, gained countless supporters and opponents, provoked a number of debates and inspired many empirical studies. This development, however, has led not only to new findings but also resulted in a dilution of the ecological modernization theory, which thereby has become confusing, vague and inconsistent. This thesis attempts to give a framework to the ecological modernization theory to specify not only its main ideas and goals,...

(in English): The diploma thesis deals with the issue of local foods and analyses factors influencing the purchasing behavior of Czech consumers. The theoretical part focuses on the problems related to the definition of local food, relying on the three domains of proximity taxonomy as proposed by Eriksen (2013). It further examines the reasons of increased interest in local production, which include anti-globalization trends, environmental issues and other value changes in society. Significant foreign and Czech research of local production and Czech consumer behavior is presented. At the end of the theoretical part, selected theories suitable for explaining the purchasing behavior of local foods as well giving insight into the theoretical foundation and research of this thesis are described. This is primarily the Alphabet Theory (Zepeda & Deal, 2009), which is based on earlier theories of Value-Belief-Norm Theory (Stern et al., 1999) and Attitude-Behavior-Context Theory (Guagnano et al., 1995). The empirical part builds on the theoretical basis and provides an analysis of the Czech consumer based on qualitative semi-structured interviews as well as a quantitative survey representative of Czech population aged 18 to 65 years in terms of selected sociodemographic characteristics. They give insight...