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1

Heinrich, Tobias. "Essays on growth econometrics and endogenous information /." Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29392.

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2

Quoreshi, Shahiduzzaman. "Modelling high frequency financial count data /." Umeå : Umeå University, 2005. http://swopec.hhs.se/umnees/abs/umnees0656.htm.

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3

Eklund, Bruno. "Four contributions to statistical inference in econometrics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2003. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/624.htm.

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4

Gunnarsson, Viktor. "Bensinefterfrågan, skatt och koldioxidutsläpp : En ekonometrisk studie av privat efterfrågan på bensin i Sverigen för åren 1960-2010." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet (USBE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-53450.

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5

Warne, Anders. "Vector autoregressions and common trends in macro and financial economics /." Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1990. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/310.htm.

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6

Forsman, Johan. "Bidrar förbättrad folkhälsa till ekonomisk tillväxt? : En studie av paneldata på länsnivå i Sverige." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-89182.

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Människan är skapt för att vara fysiskt aktiv, men det är svårt att vara det i dagens samhälle där allting blir mer mekaniserat och datorstyrt. Målet med denna uppsats var att genom en undersökning av huruvida en förbättrad hälsa leder till ekonomisk tillväxt, belysa vikten av en god hälsa hos befolkningen. Jag började med att presentera nationalekonomisk teori om tillväxt och de olika mekanismer som hälsa antas påverka den ekonomiska aktiviteten med. Sedan utvecklade jag en ekonometrisk modell och undersökte sambandet mellan Antal läkarbesök och Bruttoregionalprodukt (BRP) samt Ohälsotal och BRP. Resultaten gav inget stöd för att ökad ohälsa leder till en minskad ekonomisk tillväxt. I slutsatsen poängterar jag med stöd av teorin, vikten av folkhälsobefrämjande insatser och ytterligare forskning inom området.

 

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7

Blomqvist, Simon. "Priselasticitet inom primärvården : En empirisk studie av husläkarbesök 2003-2012." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för nationalekonomi och statistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32491.

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För att Sveriges hälso- och sjukvård skall fungera på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt måste kostnadsfördelningen mellan den offentliga sektorn och patient vara i balans, både vad gäller pris och antal läkarbesök. I denna studie analyseras relationen mellan prisförändringar och antalet läkarbesök på vårdcentraler över tid. Resultatet från de utvalda modellerna visar att det inte finns någon effekt på utnyttjande av primärvård då priset förändras.
In order for Sweden’s health care system to function as efficiently as possible the allotment of payment between government and patient must be balanced, both in terms of price and the number of general practitioner visits. In this study we will go into the analysis of the relationship between the cost efficiencies and changes against the count of patients seen by a general practitioner. The results of the collected data show that there is no difference or any sign of exploitation of primary care, considering the price change.
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8

Olsson, Helena. "Svenskt multilateralt bistånd : Uppfyller FN de svenska biståndsmålen?" Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-779.

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År 2000 presenterades en ekonometrisk analys av världens bistånd i artikeln ”Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?”, av Alebrto Alesina och David Dollar. Undersökningens syfte var att försöka hitta de variabler som ligger till grund för länders beslut om att skänka bistånd. Resultatet visade att det oftare ligger strategiska och politiska motiv bakom biståndsgivningen, snarare än en önskan om reducerad fattigdom och ökad tillväxt. Efter denna undersökning konstaterade man från svenskt håll att någon liknande undersökning rörande det svenska biståndet aldrig genomförts. Detta trots att Sverige är en av världens största biståndgivare i relativa mått mätt. Sverige skänker varje år så mycket som 0,7 % av BNI i bistånd, och detta bara till FN. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka om FN uppfyller de biståndsmål som Sverige har satt upp.

Genom att försöka hitta variabler som på ett konkret sätt ska mäta de olika biståndsmålen har en ekonometrisk tvärsnittsanalys genomförts. Undersökningen sträcker sig över fem 5-årsperioder, med start 1980. Som beroende variabel har FN:s bistånd per capita använts och som oberoende variabler används BNP per capita, demokrati, rättssäkerhet, jämställdhet, öppenhet, livslängd, barnmortalitet och totalt bistånd. En undersökning av skillnaden i bistånd mellan länder från olika regioner, olika inkomstklasser och med olika skuldsättning har också genomförts.

Resultatet verkar peka på att FN inte uppfyller de svenska biståndsmålen i sin allokering av bistånd till utvecklingsländer. Men det är svårt att dra några säkra slutsatser på grund av att så få av variablernas koefficienter visar signifikanta värden. Fler undersökningar bör göras innan en säker slutsats kan dras.


In year 2000 an econometric analysis of the world’s ODA was presented in the article “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” by Alberto Alesina and David Dollar. The purpose of the study was to find the variables that lie as ground for countries’ decision to give foreign aid. The result showed that there are more often strategic and political motives behind the donations, rather than a wish of reduced poverty and economic growth. After this study Sweden concluded that a similar study of the Swedish ODA never had been done. This despite the fact that Sweden is one of the world’s most generous donors, relatively spoken. Sweden donates as much as 0.7 % of its GNP each year, and that’s just to the UN. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate whether the UN fulfil the Swedish goals of foreign aid.

By trying to find variables that correctly measure the different goals, an econometric cross section analysis has been done. The study is divided into five 5-year periods, starting 1980. As dependent variable the UN’s aid per capita is used and as independent variables GDP per capita, democracy, rule of law, equality, openness, expected lifetime, childrens’ mortality and total aid. A study of the difference in aid between countries from different regions, different income classes and with different levels of debt has also been carried out.

The result implies that the UN does not act in accordance with the Swedish goals of foreign aid, when allocating ODA to developing countries. But it is hard to draw any real conclusions since so few of the coefficients show significant values. More studies should be done before any real conclusion can be made.

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9

Rundberg, Lisa. "Leder en ökad inkomstojämlikhet till en ökad svaveldioxidmängd i luften? : En panelstudie av 25 demokratier för perioden 1971-1992." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för nationalekonomi och statistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-14147.

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Enligt teorin för den så kallade miljökuznetskurvan är samband mellan inkomst per person och mängden föroreningar till en början positiv. Efter att inkomsten per person nått en viss nivå minskar istället föroreningsnivån med ökad inkomst per person. En tänkbar orsak är att individerna efterfrågar en bättre miljö när inkomsten ökar. Enligt politiska modeller, till exempel medianväljarmodellen, är det inte medelinkomsten som är relevant för politiska beslut utan snarare medianinkomsten. Denna studie testar en medianväljarmodell på svaveldioxidmängden i luften genom att ta hänsyn till inkomstfördelningen som mäts med ginikoefficienten. Paneldata från 25 länder för perioden 1971-1992 har använts. Studien finner inte något empiriskt stöd för hypotesen att inkomstfördelningen påverkar svaveldioxidmängden i luften.
According to the theory of the Environmental Kuznets Curve there is a correlation between income per person and how much pollution there is. First, the pollution increases as the income increases and after a certain level of income, the pollution decreases when income increases. One possible reason is increased demand for a better environment when income increases. According to political economy models, such as the median voter model, it is not the average income that is relevant for policy decisions but the median income per person. This study tests a median voter model on the amount of sulfur dioxide in the air by taking the income distribution, which is measured by the gini coefficient, into account. Panel data from 25 countries for the period 1971-1992 were used. The study finds no empirical support for the hypothesis that income distribution affects the amount of sulfur dioxide in the air.
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10

Aronsson, Karl, and Can Aktulga. "Prisbildning på bostadsrättsmarknaden i Stockholm : En ekonomisk tvärsnittsstudie av underliggande faktorer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-81484.

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Bostadsrättspriser är under ständig diskussion inte minst i Stockholm där priserna kan vara dubbelt så höga jämfört med övriga Sverige. Olika faktorer ses kunna påverka prisbilden på bostadsrätter, vissa mer intuitivt än andra, samtidigt som till synes liknande bostadsrätter i ett område prismässigt sett kan variera. Detta väcker frågor kring vad det är som påverkar bostadsrättspriser och vilka faktorer som har störst inflytande på prisbilden. Frågeställningarna har lett till studiens syfte: att genom en tvärsnittsstudie, analysera vilka bakomliggande faktorer som ligger till grund för prisbildningen på bostadsrättsmarknaden i centrala Stockholm. Tvärsnittsstudien baseras på insamlade empiriska observationer av sålda bostadsrätter i centrala Stockholm (Kungsholmen, Södermalm, Östermalm samt Vasastan/Norrmalm) under perioden mars till och med maj år 2012. Utifrån hedonisk pristeori, där priset implicit avslöjar konsumentens preferenser, har anpassade regressioner genomförts. Dessa har lett till att konsumenternas prioriteringar gällande olika bostadsrättsaspekter kunnat kartläggas och analyserats. Studiens slutsatser är att bostadsytan är den överlägset mest inflytelserika variabeln vad gäller prispåverkan. Vidare ses även variabler gällande antalet rum, månatlig kostnad, geografiskt läge, balkong, byggnadsperiod, våningsplan, kakelugn och hiss vara signifikanta för att påverka prisbilden. Gällande bostadsrätternas geografiska läge, kopplat till prispåverkan, dras slutsatsen att det är dyrast att bo på Östermalm och i Vasastan/Norrmalm. Detta kan förklaras av ett stort antal bostadsrätter från äldre byggnadsperioder, vilka har visat sig betinga ett högre pris. Ytterligare slutsatser kring faktorer som påverkar prisbilden är att konsumenter värderar att bo relativt högt i bostadshusen samt att de är beredda att betala ett markant högre pris för att få tillgång till balkong eller kakelugn.
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11

Österholm, Pär. "Time series and macroeconomics : studies in demography and monetary policy /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4137.

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12

Parmler, Johan. "Essays in empirical asset pricing." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute (EFI), Stockholm School of Economics, 2005. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/691.htm.

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13

Sandberg, Rickard. "Testing the unit root hypothesis in nonlinear time series and panel models." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-536.

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The thesis contains the four chapters: Testing parameter constancy in unit root autoregressive models against continuous change; Dickey-Fuller type of tests against nonlinear dynamic models; Inference for unit roots in a panel smooth transition autoregressive model where the time dimension is fixed; Testing unit roots in nonlinear dynamic heterogeneous panels. In Chapter  1 we derive tests for parameter constancy when the data generating process is non-stationary against the hypothesis that the parameters of the model change smoothly over time. To obtain the asymptotic distributions of the tests we generalize many theoretical results, as well as new are introduced, in the area of unit roots . The results are derived under the assumption that the error term is a strong mixing. Small sample properties of the tests are investigated, and in particular, the power performances are satisfactory. In Chapter 2 we introduce several test statistics of testing the null hypotheses of a random walk (with or without drift) against models that accommodate a smooth nonlinear shift in the level, the dynamic structure, and the trend. We derive analytical limiting distributions for all tests. Finite sample properties are examined. The performance of the tests is compared to that of the classical unit root tests by Dickey-Fuller and Phillips and Perron, and is found to be superior in terms of power. In Chapter 3 we derive a unit root test against a Panel Logistic Smooth Transition Autoregressive (PLSTAR). The analysis is concentrated on the case where the time dimension is fixed and the cross section dimension tends to infinity. Under the null hypothesis of a unit root, we show that the LSDV estimator of the autoregressive parameter in the linear component of the model is inconsistent due to the inclusion of fixed effects. The test statistic, adjusted for the inconsistency, has an asymptotic normal distribution whose first two moments are calculated analytically. To complete the analysis, finite sample properties of the test are examined. We highlight scenarios under which the traditional panel unit root tests by Harris and Tzavalis have inferior or reasonable power compared to our test. In Chapter 4 we present a unit root test against a non-linear dynamic heterogeneous panel with each country modelled as an LSTAR model. All parameters are viewed as country specific. We allow for serially correlated residuals over time and heterogeneous variance among countries. The test is derived under three special cases: (i) the number of countries and observations over time are fixed, (ii) observations over time are fixed and the number of countries tend to infinity, and (iii) first letting the number of observations over time tend to infinity and thereafter the number of countries. Small sample properties of the test  show modest size distortions and satisfactory power being superior to the Im, Pesaran and Shin t-type of test. We also show clear improvements in power compared to a univariate unit root test allowing for non-linearities under the alternative hypothesis.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004
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Bruér, Mattias. "Empirical studies in demography and macroeconomics /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4200.

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15

Karlsson, Andreas. "Skillnader i arbetslöshetstider mellan män och kvinnor i barnfamiljer : En ekonometrisk analys." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-186920.

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Uppsatsen behandlar skillnader i arbetslöshetstider mellan sammanboende/gifta män och kvinnor, med särskild betoning på om det faktum att paret har barn medför några konsekvenser för arbetslöshetstidens längd. Problemet behandlas med metoder för varaktighetsanalys (överlevnadsanalys). Slusatsen är att kvinnor i barnfamiljer har en mer än 10 procents längre arbetslöshetstid än män i motsvarande situation, kontrollerat för bl.a. utbildningsbakgrund och kön. Antalet barn har dock ej något signifikant inflytande på arbetslöshetstiden.
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Gredenhoff, Mikael. "Bootstrap inference in time series econometrics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1998. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/476.htm.

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González, Gómez Andrés. "Nonlinear dynamics and smooth transition models." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-541.

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During the last few years nonlinear models have been a very active area of econometric research: new models have been introduced and existing ones generalized. To a large extent, these developments have concerned models in which the conditional moments are regime-dependent. In such models, the different regimes are usually linear and the change between them is governed by an observable or unobservable variable. These specifications can be useful in situations in which it is suspected that the behaviour of the dependent variable may vary between regimes. A classical example can be found the business cycle literature where it is argued that contractions in the economy are not only more violent but also short-lived than expansions. Unemployment, which tends to rise faster during recessions than decline during booms, constitutes another example. Two of the most popular regime-dependent models are the smooth transition and the threshold model. In both models cases the transition variable is observable but the specification of the way in which the model changes from one regime to the other is different. Particularly, in the smooth transition model the change is a continuous whereas in the threshold model it is abrupt. One of the factors that has influenced the development of nonlinear models are improvements in computer technology. They have not only permitted an introduction of more complex models but have also allowed the use of computer-intensive methods in hypothesis testing. This is particularly important in nonlinear models because there these methods have proved to be practical in testing statistical hypothesis such as linearity and parameter constancy. In general, these testing situation are not trivial and their solution often requires computer-intensive methods. In particular, bootstrapping and Monte Carlo testing are now commonly used. In this thesis the smooth transition model is used in different ways. In the first chapter, a vector smooth transition model is used as a device for deriving a test for parameter constancy in stationary vector autoregressive models. In the second chapter we introduce a panel model whose parameters can change in a smooth fashion between regimes as a function of an exogenous variable. The method is used to investigate whether financial constraints affect firms' \ investment decisions. The third chapter is concern with linearity testing in smooth transition models. New tests are introduced and Monte Carlo testing techniques are shown to be useful in achieving control over the size of the test. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the Smooth Permanent Surge model. This is a nonlinear moving average model in which a shock can have transitory or permanent effects depending on its sign and magnitude. Test for linearity and random walk hypothesis are introduced.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2004
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18

Malmsten, Hans. "Properties and evaluation of volatility models." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2004. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/641.htm.

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Allerup, Jonas, and Anton Strömbäck. "Vad styr den etiska fondefterfrågan? : Om vilka faktorer som som påvekar den etiska fondförmögenheten." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108731.

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This paper examines what affects the demand for five Swedish ethical funds between the years 1997-2007. The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a relation between fund value and other values than just financial. This study examines if the number of conflicts in the world and the media’s coverage of the climate change debate could have an impact on the demand for ethical fund. A multiple linear regression shows that we don’t have a significant result from the examined variables except for household wealth. The regression results indicate that only household wealth is significant to explain the demand for ethical funds. It’s interesting to see that risk premium isn’t significant for the decision to invest in the ethical funds we studied. The study shows that statics inferens cannot be used to show these correlations for conflict and climate.

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Malmström, Martin, and Jonas Poulsen. "Namibia’s Resource Curse? : How Namibia’s diamond dependency has affected their economic growth." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-113695.

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He, Changli. "Statistical properties of GARCH processes." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Insitute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1997. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/460.htm.

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22

Johnsson, Joel, Max Ehrnström, and Filip Halldén. "Bestämningsfaktorer för bostadsrättspriser : En ekonometrisk paneldatastudie över bostadsrättsprisers utveckling i Sverige 1996–2018." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174563.

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The Swedish housing market is a frequently debated topic where the focus is often concentrated on the rise in prices in recent years and the risks that transpire from it. On the other hand, studies on the price development of tentan-owned real estate are not as well represented nor debated. At the same time, changes have taken place in Sweden since the financial crisis in the 1990s. The credit market is now deregulated, unemployment is apparently higher in the later years than it was around the millennium and incomes have increased over time. A major change on the housing market was implemented in 2010 when the mortgage ceiling was introduced, which limited the loan share to a maximum of 85 percent of the estate’s value. All these factors have, according to this study, undeniably affected the market for tenant-owned real estate.  The purpose of this essay is to investigate an unexplored area based on panel data at county level with a fixed effects econometric model. The results show that several of the observed explanatory variables have a significant impact on square meter prices for tenant-owned real estate. The implementation of the mortgage ceiling has, according to the study, had a major impact on square meter prices, where prices would have been almost ten percent higher if the reform had not been implemented. The variable disposable income per capita also proved to have a large effect on the price, as the percentage change in the price per square meter will be double the size compared to the percentage change in disposable income per capita.
Den svenska bostadsmarknaden är ett flitigt omskrivet ämne där fokus ofta ligger på desenaste årens prisuppgång och dess risker. Däremot är studier kring prisutvecklingenpå bostadsrätter inte lika omskrivet. Samtidigt har förändringar skett i Sverige sedanfinanskrisen på 1990-talet. Kreditmarknaden är numera avreglerad, arbetslösheten ärtill synes högre omkring år 2018 än vad den var omkring millennieskiftet, inkomsternahar ökat sedan mitten av 1990-talet. En stor förändring genomfördes 2010 dåbolånetaket infördes, som begränsade låneandel till maximalt 85 procent av bostadensvärde. Alla dessa faktorer har, enligt denna studie, onekligen påverkat marknaden förbostadsrätter. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka ett outforskat område baserad på paneldatapå länsnivå med en ekonometrisk fixed effect model. Resultaten påvisar att flera av deobserverade förklaringsvariablerna har en signifikant påverkan på kvadratmeterpriserför bostadsrätter. Införandet av bolånetaket har, enligt studien, en stor skattadpåverkan på kvadratmeterpriserna, där priserna skulle ha varit närmare tio procenthögre om reformen inte hade genomförts. Även variabeln disponibel inkomst per capitavisade sig ha en påverkan på priset, genom att den procentuella förändringen i prisetper kvadratmeter blir dubbla storleken jämfört den procentuella förändringen idisponibel inkomst per capita.
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Rech, Gianluigi. "Modelling and forecasting economic time series with single hidden-layer feedforward autoregressive artificial neural networks." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-591.

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This dissertation consists of 3 essays In the first essay, A Simple Variable Selection Technique for Nonlinear Models, written in cooperation with Timo Teräsvirta and Rolf Tschernig, I propose a variable selection method based on a polynomial expansion of the unknown regression function and an appropriate model selection criterion. The hypothesis of linearity is tested by a Lagrange multiplier test based on this polynomial expansion. If rejected, a kth order general polynomial is used as a base for estimating all submodels by ordinary least squares. The combination of regressors leading to the lowest value of the model selection criterion is selected.  The second essay, Modelling and Forecasting Economic Time Series with Single Hidden-layer Feedforward Autoregressive Artificial Neural Networks, proposes an unified framework for artificial neural network modelling. Linearity is tested and the selection of regressors performed by the methodology developed in essay I. The number of hidden units is detected by a procedure based on a sequence of Lagrange multiplier (LM) tests. Serial correlation of errors and parameter constancy are checked by LM tests as well. A Monte-Carlo study, the two classical series of the lynx and the sunspots, and an application on the monthly S&P 500 index return series are used to demonstrate the performance of the overall procedure. In the third essay, Forecasting with Artificial Neural Network Models (in cooperation with Marcelo Medeiros), the methodology developed in essay II, the most popular methods for artificial neural network estimation, and the linear autoregressive model are compared by forecasting performance on 30 time series from different subject areas. Early stopping, pruning, information criterion pruning, cross-validation pruning, weight decay, and Bayesian regularization are considered. The findings are that 1) the linear models very often outperform the neural network ones and 2) the modelling approach to neural networks developed in this thesis stands up well with in comparison when compared to the other neural network modelling methods considered here.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002. Spikblad saknas

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Strikholm, Birgit. "Essays on nonlinear time series modelling och hypothesis testing." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-535.

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There seems to be a common understanding nowadays that the economy is nonlinear. Economic theory suggests features that can not be incorporated into linear frameworks, and over the decades a solid body of empirical evidence of nonlinearities in economic time series has been gathered. This thesis consists of four essays that have to do with various forms of nonlinear statistical inference. In the first chapter the problem of determining the number regimes in a threshold autoregressive (TAR) model is considered. Typically, the number of regimes (or thresholds) is assumed unknown and has to be determined from the data. The solution provided in the chapter first uses the smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) model with a fixed and rapid transition to approximate the TAR model. The number of thresholds is then determined using sequential misspecification tests developed for the STAR model.  The main characteristic of the proposed method is that only standard statistical inference is used, as opposed to non-standard inference or computation intensive bootstrap-based methods. In the second chapter a similar idea is employed and the structural break model is approximated with a smoothly time-varying autoregressive model. By making the smooth changes in parameters rapid, the model is able to closely approximate the corresponding model with breaks in the parameter structure. This approximation makes the misspecification tests developed for the STR modelling framework available and they can be used for sequentially determining the number of breaks. Again, the method is computationally simple as all tests rely on standard statistical inference. There exists literature suggesting that business cycle fluctuations affect the pattern of seasonality in macroeconomic series. A question asked in the third chapter is whether other factors such as changes in institutions or technological change may have this effect as well. The time-varying smooth transition autoregressive (TV- STAR) models that can incorporate both types of change are used to model the (possible) changes in seasonal patterns and shed light on the hypothesis that institutional and technological changes (proxied by time) may have a stronger effect on seasonal patterns than business cycle. The TV-STAR testing framework is applied to nine quarterly industrial production series from the G7 countries, Finland and Sweden. These series display strong seasonal patterns and also contain the business cycle fluctuations. The empirical results of the chapter suggest that seasonal patterns in these series have been changing over time and, furthermore, that the business cycle fluctuations do not seem to be the main cause for this change. The last chapter of the thesis considers the possibility of testing for Granger causality in bivariate nonlinear systems when the exact form of the nonlinear relationship between variables is not known. The idea is to linearize the testing problem by approximating the nonlinear system by its Taylor expansion. The expansion is linear in parameters and one gets round the difficulty caused by the unknown functional form of the relationship under investigation.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004

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Farajov, Murad. "Contingent Budget Preference Experiment." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-15965.

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An economic literature concerns instruments to improve the preference elicitation methods for the reform-based governmental programs. We construct an instrument for the budget allocation method using a Cobb-Douglas functional form. We apply the instrument to the survey data which is collected for Swedish Recreational Fishing Industry to elicit the preferences for governmental management actions. We analyze the elasticity or weights in the instrument by the binary logit and censored regression models and by comparing the significant estimates by the gross and net effects we get results which increase credence to the instrument we apply.
I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Thomas Laitila, whose guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop the thesis.More, I offer my regards to Anders Lunander who supported me in any respect during the completion of the thesis.
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Andersson, Michael K. "On testing and forecasting in fractionally integrated time series models." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1998. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/467.htm.

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Dahlberg, Matz, Eva Mörk, and Per Tovmo. "Power Properties of the Sargan Test in the Presence of Measurement Errors in Dynamic Panels." Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88792.

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This paper investigates the power properties of the Sargan test in the presence of measurement errors in dynamic panel data models. The conclusion from Monte Carlo simulations, and an application on the data used by Arellano and Bond (1991), is that in the very likely case of measurement errors in either the dependent or any of the independent variables, we will, if we rely on the Sargan test, quite likely accept a mis-specified model and end up with biased results.
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28

Dahlberg, Joe. "Hur ser sambandet ut mellan andelen singelhushåll och olika samhällsvariabler? : En analys kring singelhushållsbildningen och dess utveckling i Sverige." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80658.

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Målet med uppsatsen har varit att identifiera sambandet mellan flera kvantitativa samhällsvariabler och andelen singelhushåll i Sverige för att utöka förståelse kring inhemska hushållsbildningen. Tidigare forskning har nämligen visat att andelen singelhushåll inom en region är starkt påverkad av flera faktorer, såväl ekonomiska som sociala, demografiska och geografiska. Variabler som således har studerats innefattar inkomst, studiedeltagande, förvärvsarbete, boendekostnad, urbaniseringsgrad och folkmängd. Analysen utfördes med en tillämpning av paneldata och två linjära regressionsmodeller. Estimeringen av ursprungsmodellen indikerar att sambandet mellan samhällsvariablerna och andelen singelhushåll inte är tillräckligt applicerbar att utgöras som underlag för bostadsbygge, medan alternativa modellen visar på ett högt tolkningsvärde och potentiell applicerbarhet. Slutsatsen av studien tyder på att det inte är tillräckligt att enbart studera kvantitativa variabler för att förstå hela bilden kring inhemsk singelhushållsbildning. Samtidigt är det fortfarande väsentligt för beslutsfattare att ta hänsyn till just kvantitativa variabler för att kunna prognostisera den framtida utvecklingen av hushållsbildningen.
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Petersson, Lars, and Robert Emanuelsson. "Efterfrågan på svensk högskoleutbildning : en ekonometrisk paneldataanalys av arbetslöshetens effekt." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69690.

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I denna uppsats analyseras vilka huvudsakliga ekonomiska och strukturella faktorer som bestämmer den aggregerade efterfrågan på högskoleutbildning i Sverige. Den ekonomisk-teoretiska ansatsen fungerar sedan som underbyggnad till en ekonometrisk paneldataanalys där effekten av förändringar i ungdomsarbetslösheten på efterfrågan undersöks närmare. I den ekonometriska modelleringen inkluderas även avståndet till närmaste högskolecampus i en interaktionsterm med syftet att undersöka om effekten från förändringar i ungdomsarbetslösheten påverkas av det geografiska avståndet. Utifrån ett ekonomiskt angreppssätt beskrivs och analyseras den aggregerade efterfrågan utifrån utgångspunkten att den bestäms utifrån individers val att påbörja studier. Ur ett rationalitetsperspektiv kan olika faktorers påverkan på individers respektive nyttofunktion fungera som en förklaring till den aggregerade efterfrågans sammansättnig. Ett centralt begrepp är individens alternativkostnad som bl.a. påverkas av storleken på utbildningspremien och den givna situationen på arbetsmarknaden. Då arbetslösheten är den aspekt som undersöks närmare i denna uppsats kan alternativkostnaden betraktas ur ett perspektiv där incitamentet att påbörja studier är högre om alternativet för individen hade varit arbetslöshet. I den ekonometriska paneldataanalysen väljs antalet högskolenybörjare som mått på den aggregerade efterfrågan. Det föreligger en problematik i valet av ett efterfrågemått som innefattar faktiskt studerande då det finns ett simultant samband mellan efterfrågan och utbudet i formen av antalet utbildningsplatser. Valet av responsvariabel medför att efterfrågeöverskottet i formen av sökandetrycket inte fångas upp i undersökningen. Som förklaringsvariabel väljs ungdomsarbetslösheten i ålderskategorin 18-24 år då merparten av högskolenybörjarna finns representerade i denna åldersgrupp. Den ekonometriska studien är baserat på ett kommunspecifikt paneldatamaterial som hanteras genom en LSDV-modell där kommun- och tidsspecifika dummyvariabler introduceras för att hantera heterogeniteten mellan kommuner samt strukturella förändringar över den undersökta tidsperioden. Samtliga ekonometriska modeller påvisar ett statistiskt säkerställt kontracykliskt samband. Det blir fler högskolenybörjare när ungdomsarbetslösheten stiger vilket överensstämmer med tidigare studier. Sambandet kan förklaras med ett ogynnsamt arbetsmarknadsläge medför att fler individer har en låg alternativkostnad samtidigt som det med svenska utbildningssystemet kännetecknas av lättillgänglighet. I de modeller där det geografiska avståndet till närmaste campusort inkluderas som en interaktionsterm indikeras att ett ökat avstånd medför att en förändring i ungdomsarbetslösheten ger en större effekt på antalet högskolenybörjare.
In this thesis the primary economical and structural aspects which determine the aggregated demand for Swedish higher education are analysed. The economical approach also underlies the econometrical panel data analysis on how changes in the youth unemployment rate affect the demand. The econometrical study is based on a municipality specific panel data set. In the econometrical modeling the geographical distance to the nearest campus is included as a part of an interaction term. The purpose is to examine if the effect from changes in the youth unemployment is affected by the geographical distance. From an economical approach the determination of the aggregated demand is described and analysed from a perspective of individuals’ choice to study. The aggregated demand is, from a rationality point of view, considered to be composed of individual utility functions. A key term is the individual opportunity cost which i.e. is determined by the education premium and the current situation on the labour market. The opportunity cost can be derived as the varying incentives for commencing university studies depending on if the alternative would be unemployment. In the econometrical panel data analysis the aggregated demand is measured through the number of enrolled first-time freshmen. A demand measurement based on enrollment is problematic because of the existence of a simultaneous relationship between supply and demand, which impossible the estimation of the excess demand. The unemployment rate for the year group 18-24 olds represents the majority of enrolled first-time freshmen. The municipally specific panel data set are handled by a ”two-way fixed effects”-LSDV-model where municipality specific and time specific dummy variables is introduced to manage both heterogeneity among municipalities as well as structural changes during the investigated time period. All econometrical models indicate a statistical significant counter-cyclical relationship. An increased youth unemployment rate, leads to more enrolled beginners. These results are consistent with earlier studies. The connection can be explained by the existence of a larger number of individuals with a low opportunity cost in combination with the easy accessible Swedish education system. In those models where the geographical distance to the nearest campus is included as an interaction term, a longer distance indicates a higher sensitivity. A change in the youth unemployment rate affects the number of first-time freshmen more at a further distance.
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Lönnbark, Carl. "On Risk Prediction." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22200.

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This thesis comprises four papers concerning risk prediction. Paper [I] suggests a nonlinear and multivariate time series model framework that enables the study of simultaneity in returns and in volatilities, as well as asymmetric effects arising from shocks. Using daily data 2000-2006 for the Baltic state stock exchanges and that of Moscow we find recursive structures with Riga directly depending in returns on Tallinn and Vilnius, and Tallinn on Vilnius. For volatilities both Riga and Vilnius depend on Tallinn. In addition, we find evidence of asymmetric effects of shocks arising in Moscow and in the Baltic states on both returns and volatilities. Paper [II] argues that the estimation error in Value at Risk predictors gives rise to underestimation of portfolio risk. A simple correction is proposed and in an empirical illustration it is found to be economically relevant. Paper [III] studies some approximation approaches to computing the Value at Risk and the Expected Shortfall for multiple period asset re- turns. Based on the result of a simulation experiment we conclude that among the approaches studied the one based on assuming a skewed t dis- tribution for the multiple period returns and that based on simulations were the best. We also found that the uncertainty due to the estimation error can be quite accurately estimated employing the delta method. In an empirical illustration we computed five day Value at Risk's for the S&P 500 index. The approaches performed about equally well. Paper [IV] argues that the practise used in the valuation of the port- folio is important for the calculation of the Value at Risk. In particular, when liquidating a large portfolio the seller may not face horizontal de- mandcurves. We propose a partially new approach for incorporating this fact in the Value at Risk and in an empirical illustration we compare it to a competing approach. We find substantial differences.
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31

Brännström, Tomas. "Bias approximation and reduction in vector autoregressive models." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-878.

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In the last few decades, vector autoregressive (VAR) models have gained tremendous popularity as an all-purpose tool in econometrics and other disciplines. Some of their most prominent uses are for forecasting, causality tests, tests of economic theories, hypothesis-seeking, data characterisation, innovation accounting, policy analysis, and cointegration analysis. Their popularity appears to be attributable to their flexibility relative to other models rather than to their virtues per se. In addition, analysts often use VAR models as benchmark models. VAR modeling has not gone uncriticised, though. A list of relevant arguments against VAR modelling can be found in Section 2.3 of this thesis. There is one additional problem which is rarely mentioned though, namely the often heavily biased estimates in VAR models. Although methods to reduce this bias have been available for quite some time, it has probably not been done before, at least not in any systematic way. The present thesis attempts to systematically examine the performance of bias-reduced VAR estimates, using two existing and one newly derived approximation to the bias. The thesis is orginanised as follows. After a short introductory chapter, a brief history of VAR modelling can be found in Chapter 2 together with a review of different representations and a compilation of criticisms against VAR models. Chapter 3 reports the results of very extensive Monte Carlo experiments serving dual purposes: Firstly, the simulations will reveal whether or not bias really poses a serious problem, because if it turns out that biases appear only by exception or are mainly insignificant, there would be little need to reduce the bias. Secondly, the same data as in Chapter 3 will be used in Chapter 4 to evaluate the bias approximations, allowing for direct comparison between bias-reduced and original estimates. Though Monte Carlo methods have been (rightfully) criticised for being too specific to allow for any generalisation, there seems to be no good alternative to analyse small-sample properties of complicated estimators such as these. Chapter 4 is in a sense the core of the thesis, containing evaluations of three bias approximations. The performance of the bias approximations is evaluated chiefly using single regression equations and 3D surfaces. The only truly new research result in this thesis can also be found in Chapter 4; a second-order approximation to the bias of the parameter matrix in a VAR(p) model. Its performance is compared with the performance of two existing first-order approximations, and all three are used to construct bias-reduced estimators, which are then evaluated. Chapter 5 holds an application of US money supply and inflation in order to find out whether the results in Chapter 4 can have any real impacts. Unfortunately though, bias reduction appears not to make any difference in this particular case. Chapter 6 concludes.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.
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Cullberg, Adrian, and Martin Olsson. "Borta låg men hemma lägst : Importprisernas roll för inflationen i Sverige." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159759.

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Trots minusränta, kvantitativa lättnader och positiv BNP-tillväxt är inflationen i Sverige 2012 till 2016 närmast obefintlig. Liknande mönster visar sig i stora delar av världen där inflationen under återhämtningen efter den globala finanskrisen 2008 inte beter sig som förväntat. En anledning till den låga inflationen anses bland annat vara att ökad import från låglöneländer, med betydligt lägre prisnivåer än Sveriges, håller tillbaka den svenska inflationen. På global nivå visar forskning att inflationsdynamiken ändras efter den globala finanskrisen och att inflationens känslighet för olika förklaringsvariabler, inklusive importpriserna, ändrar sig. I vissa studier uppvisar importpriserna till och med ett negativt samband med inflationen efter finanskrisen. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att undersöka hur importpriserna påverkar inflationen och om importprisernas effekt på inflationen ändras efter finanskrisen. För att utreda huruvida importpriser faktiskt påverkar inflationen och i vilken grad detta sker ställer vi med hjälp av månadsdata över förväntad inflation och arbetslöshetsgap upp en modell baserad på Phillipssambandet som vi utökar med importpriser. Vi kommer fram till att importpriserna har en effekt på inflationen och att sambandet är positivt under hela mätperioden. Våra resultat visar att importpriserna är en viktig del av inflationen; under perioden 2017 till 2018 består inflationen till en tredjedel av ökningen i importpriserna. För att undersöka om sambandet förändras i återhämtningsfasen efter finanskrisen introduceras en indikatorvariabel för finanskrisen och en för år 2012 och framåt. Trots tidigare studier som visar på en förändrad effekt av importpriserna efter den globala finanskrisen så finner vi ingen förändring av effekten i och med, eller efter, finanskrisen.
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33

Edlund, Lena. "The marriage market : how do you compare?" Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Internationell Ekonomi och Geografi (IEG), 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-871.

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Åsbrink, Stefan E. "Nonlinearities and regime shifts in financial time series." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-866.

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This volume contains four essays on various topics in the field of financial econometrics. All four discuss the properties of high frequency financial data and its implications on the model choice when an estimate of the capital asset return volatility is in focus. The interest lies both in characterizing "stylized facts" in such series with time series models and in predicting volatility. The first essay, entitled A Survey of Recent Papers Considering the Standard & Poor 500 Composite Stock Index, presents recent empirical findings and stylized facts in the financial market from 1987 to 1996 and gives a brief introduction to the research field of capital asset return volatitlity models and properties of high frequency financial data. As the title indicates, the survey is restricted to research on the well known Standard & Poor 500 index. The second essay, with the title, Stylized Facts of Daily Return Series and the Hidden Markov Model, investigates the properties of the hidden Markov Model, HMM, and its capability of reproducing stylized facts of financial high frequency data. The third essay, Modelling the Conditional Mean and Conditional Variance: A combined Smooth Transition and Hidden Markov Approach with an Application to High Frequency Series, investigates the consequences of combining a nonlinear parameterized conditional mean with an HMM for the conditional variance when characterization of stylized facts is considered. Finally, the fourth essay entitled, Volatility Forecasting for Option Pricing on Exchange Rates and Stock Prices, investigates the volatility forecasting performance of some of the most frequently used capital asset return volatility models such as the GARCH with normal and t-distributed errors, the EGARCH and the HMM. The prediction error minimization approach is also investigated. Each essay is self-contained and could, in principle, be read in any order chosen by the reader. This, however, requires a working knowledge of the properties of the HMM. For readers less familiar with the research field the first essay may serve as an helpful introduction to the following three essays.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

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Edlund, Per-Olov. "Preliminary estimation of transfer function weights : a two-step regression approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1989. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/291.htm.

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Hagerud, Gustaf E. "A new non-linear GARCH model." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 1997. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/444.htm.

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37

Hansson, Daniel. "Börsen och konsumtionen : En studie över hur aktiemarknaden påverkarden svenska konsumtionen." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1961.

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Bakgrund: Den svenska börsen steg i slutet av 90-talet kraftigt för att därefter falla i en omfattning som kan mäta sig med den stora börskraschen 1929. Detta har påverkat många människors privatekonomi men samtidigt har rapporterats om fortsatt stark konsumtion.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och förklara hur konsumtion och sparande påverkas av aktiebörsen.

Metod: Kvantitativ statistisk metodik tillämpas i stor utsträckning i denna undersökning.

Resultat: Det är främst"övriga tjänster"och eventuellt "bilar", "livsmedel" och "övriga varaktiga varor" som påverkas av kursnivån. Volatiliteten tycks påverka de flesta grupper förutom "övriga tjänster" och eventuellt "övriga varaktiga varor". Den marginella konsumtionsbenägenheten visar sig vara 0,74 från disponibel inkomst och omkring 0,02 från aktieförmögenhet och övrig finansiell förmögenhet. Förklaringar till att börsen inte påverkat konsumtionen mer kan vara att hushållen vill utjämna konsumtionen över en längre tidsperiod och att aktievinster till stor del jämställs med oväntad inkomst vilken går till sparande snarare än konsumtion.

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Castro, José Luis. "Determinants of the Economic Growth in Mexico : An Exogenous Growth Model." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7369.

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This bachelor thesis aims to uncover the determinants of the economic growth in Mexico with an exogenous growth model. The study is based in an Augmented Solow Model em-ployed by Mankiw, Romer and Weil in

"A contribution to the Empirics of the Economic Growth" (1992). The model uses annual data of Mexico from 1960-2007 and the regressions and tests are developed in the econometric package Stata 10 for eight different periods. The thesis not only uses the Effective Labour and Physical Capital as Inputs in the production Function, but also employs the variable of Human Capital as an economic determinant of growth in the production function. The results of the model correspond with the actual scenario in Mexico; more weight to the Effective Labour (76.34%) rather than to Human Capital (2.12%) or Physical Capital (21.54%) as determinants of growth.

 

 

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Alexandersson, Ulf, and Natasha Obradovic. "Multifaktormodell för förväntad aktieavkastning." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2738.

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Det råder vitt skilda meningar om tekniken för beräkning av den förväntade aktieavkastningen. Å ena sidan finns de som påstår att marknaden är effektiv, d v s att ny information återspeglas i aktiepriser på ett snabbt och effek- tivt sätt. Det lönar sig helt enkelt inte att försöka ”slå” marknaden genom att tillämpa några analysmetoder som helst. Andra avfärdar den effektiva marknadshypotesen och hävdar att det finns beprövade metoder med vars hjälp felprissättningar kan upptäckas och därmed ovanligt stora vinster tjänas. Syftet med denna studie är att, med en multifaktormodell, testa huruvida aktieavkastningen kan förutses med hjälp av företagsspecifika nyckeltal. Studien grundar sig på tvärsnittsdata, d v s månadsdata för företagsspecifika nyckeltal för de 68 företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Tidsperioden, för vilken modellen testas, sträcker sig från februari 1996 – oktober 2004. Modellen söker förklara variationen i avkastningen samt förutse den förväntade avkastningen med hjälp av multipelregressionsanalys där förklaringsvariabler består av företagsspecifika nyckeltal. Det som konstateras är att modellens förmåga att förutse den förväntade avkastningen ökar avsevärt mot slutet av den undersökta perioden. En tänkbar implikation för modellen som undersöks i denna studie är ett förenklat urval av aktier som skulle bilda en optimal portfölj, förutsatt dess precision. Modellen ger eventuellt indikation på olika prissättningsanomalier, vars förekomster är svåra att upptäcka då de varierar över tiden och uppvisar olika mönster och samband med den faktiska och förväntade avkastningen. Att olika variabler över tiden uppvisar starkare och svagare samband med den faktiska avkastningen kan tyda på att anomalier är ostabila, vilket talar för en effektiv marknad.

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Lundbergh, Stefan. "Modelling economic high-frequency time series." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-637.

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Zhang, Qiongyan. "The Consumption Function of Luxury Goods." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3405.

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The goal of this thesis will be to formulate an economic model that exposes the relationship between consumption of luxury goods and selected factors which includes advertising, disposable income, interest rate, price index and stock premium. By building the Multiple Linear Regressions model to formulate the consumption function and using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) as the method, it becomes apparent that advertising, disposable income and the previous quarter´s disposable income are the major variables to affect luxury good consumption, of all the factors. Furthermore, the previous quarter´s disposable income has a slightly higher effect than the current one on luxury consumption. Similar studies, which focus on luxury items, have proposed models that test a single or a few variables at a time, and others that concentrate on durable goods have a wide range of variables to examine. I attempt to combine both in my model to test luxury consumption with a wide range of variables.
1.Abstrsact: short (1/2 page)The very specific purpose of your studyThe finding ( results) The method: statistical method, the data , the theoretical data,Compare your results with the results from similar studies.2.Introduction (1 and half page)A general idea ( 4-6 lines)Make references to theoretical and empirical research paper.Names, dates, and contribution.The purpose of your studyMethodLimitationOutline of the paper3.Conclusion (1 page)The purpose of the studyThe resultsThe methodComparison with the results from similar studiesCritical discussion of your own studiesFurther studies4. consider opponents points too
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Eklöf, Jan A. "Varying data quality and effects in economic analysis and planning." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 1992. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-903.

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Economic statistics are often taken as given facts, assumed to describe exactly, actual phenomena in society. Many economic series are published in various forms from preliminary, via revisions to definitive estimates. Preliminary series are issued for a number of central economic processes in order to allow for rapid, up-to-date signals. This dissertation focuses on qualitative aspects of available data, and effects of possible inaccuracy when data are used for economic modelling, analysis and planning. Four main questions are addressed: How to characterize quality of data for central economic time series? What effects may possible inaccuracies in data have when used in econometric modelling? What effects do inaccuracies and errors in data have when models are used for economic analysis and planning? Is it possible to specify a criterion for deciding the cost-effective quality of data to be produced as input for economic policy analysis? The various realizations of economic variables often show considerable systematic as well as stochastic discrepancies for the same quantity. Preliminary series are generally found to be of questionable quality, but still considerably better than simple trend forecasts. Compared with the situation in a few other industrialized countries, the variability of Swedish economic statistics is, though, not extraordinary. Illustrations of effects of using inaccurate data, especially of combining preliminary, revised and definitive observations in the same model, are presented. Such inconsistent combinations of various realizations are in actual fact found in many open sources. Inclusion of preliminary series tends to indicate stronger changes in the economy than when definite observations are used throughout. The study is concluded with a section on cost-benefit aspects of economic statistics, and a sketch model for appraising data of variable quality is proposed.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.
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43

Skalin, Joakim. "Modelling macroeconomic time series with smooth transition autoregressions." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-650.

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Among the parametric nonlinear time series model families, the smooth transition regression (STR) model has recently received attention in the literature. The considerations in this dissertation focus on the univariate special case of this model, the smooth transition autoregression (STAR) model, although large parts of the discussion can be easily generalised to the more general STR case. Many nonlinear univariate time series models can be described as consisting of a number of regimes, each one corresponding to a linear autoregressive parametrisation, between which the process switches. In the STAR models, as opposed to certain other popular models involving multiple regimes, the transition between the extreme regimes is smooth and assumed to be characterised by a bounded continuous function of a transition variable. The transition variable, in turn, may be a lagged value of the variable in the model, or another stochastic or deterministic observable variable. A number of other commonly discussed nonlinear autoregressive models can be viewed as special or limiting cases of the STAR model. The applications presented in the first two chapters of this dissertation, Chapter I: Another look at Swedish Business Cycles, 1861-1988 Chapter II: Modelling asymmetries and moving equilibria in unemployment rates, make use of STAR models. In these two studies, STAR models are used to provide insight into dynamic properties of the time series which cannot be be properly characterised by linear time series models, and which thereby may be obscured by estimating only a linear model in cases where linearity would be rejected if tested. The applications being of interest in their own right, an important common objective of these two chapters is also to develop, suggest, and give examples of various methods that may be of use in discussing the dynamic properties of estimated STAR models in general.Chapter III, Testing linearity against smooth transition autoregression using a parametric bootstrap, reports the result of a small simulation study considering a new test of linearity against STAR based on bootstrap methodology.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1999

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44

Uebel, Felicia, and Fredrik Berglin. "Det svarta guldet - oljans påverkan på den svenska aktiemarknaden : En ekonometrisk analys av oljans avkastning och volatilitet." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177205.

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Research on the relationship between the oil market and the stock market has been a frequently discussed topic. Regarding the connection between oil and the stock market, there are different opinions about whether there is a relationship or not, therefore there is still room left for further research on the subject matter. In addition, none of the studies we could identify researched the Swedish stock market with the effect on different sectors separately at the stock market. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between the return- and volatility of the oil and how it affects the Swedish stock market. We will partly analyze the relationship between oil return and the specific sectors on the Swedish stock market while also studying the relationship with the stock market as a whole. Furthermore, we will also look at the connection between the oil volatility index (OVX) with regards to how it affects both the sectors and the Swedish stock market.  The method used in the study is quantitative consisting of two linear regression models which will be redesigned into two multiple regression models containing our control variables. The data which were used in the study was compiled into time-series data and the estimates were performed with OLS-estimations.  The result of the study was that no statistically significant relationship could be found between the Swedish stock market and oil return- and volatility. Furthermore, in the sectoral analysis, five sectors became statistically significant given their relationship to oil return. When examining the relationship between the oil volatility and the sectors on the Swedish stock market the result gained was three statistically significant sectors. Thus, there is no evidence for a statistically significant relationship between the Swedish stock market and the oil return- and volatility. However, we conclude that the oil return- and volatility have a sectoral effect on the Swedish stock market.
Forskning om relationen mellan oljans pris och aktiemarknaden har varit ett väl diskuterat ämne. Beträffande sambandet mellan oljan och aktiemarknaden råder det skilda meningar om huruvida det finns ett samband eller inte, därav finns det fortfarande utrymme för vidare forskning. Dessutom undersöker ingen av studierna vi identifierat den svenska aktiemarknaden och hur olika sektorer på marknaden påverkas enskilt.  Syftet med denna studie är att studera sambandet mellan avkastningen- och volatiliteten i oljan och hur det påverkar avkastningen på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Dels kommer vi att undersöka förhållandet mellan oljans avkastning och enskilda sektorer på Stockholmsbörsen, såväl som vi undersöker börsen i helhet. Vi kommer också att studera hur oljevolatilitetsindex (OVX) påverkar avkastningen för dessa sektorer och Stockholmsbörsen som helhet.  Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ metod bestående av två initiala linjära regressionsmodeller som sedan omkonstrueras till två multipla regressionsmodeller innehållande kontrollvariabler. Studiens data har sammanställts till tidsseriedata och skattningarna utfördes med OLS-estimeringar.  Resultatet av studien blev att inget statistiskt säkerställt samband kunde hittas mellan Stockholmsbörsen och oljans avkastning respektive volatilitet. Vidare i den sektoriella analysen blev fem sektorer signifikanta vid undersökning av oljans avkastning. Fortsättningsvis undersöktes oljans volatilitet mot sektorerna vilket resulterade i tre signifikanta sektorer. Slutsatsen blir således att det inte finns ett signifikant samband mellan Stockholmsbörsen som helhet och oljans avkastning- samt volatilitet. Däremot kan vi konstatera att oljans avkastning såväl som volatilitet har en sektoriell påverkan.
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45

Lindberg, Per. "Långsiktiga samband mellan aktiemarknader : En kointegrationsanalys av den svenska aktiemarknaden och fyra etablerade aktiemarknader." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11807.

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I denna magisteruppsats undersöks eventuella långsiktiga samband mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och aktiemarknaderna i Tyskland, Storbritannien, USA och Japan. Detta sker genom en kointegrationsanalys med Engle-Grangers metod. Undersökningen omfattar åren 1992-2010 och resultaten visar inga tecken på att det skulle existera några långsiktiga samband mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och någon av de utländska aktiemarknaderna. Resultaten ger därmed indikationer om att den svenska aktiemarknaden tillsammans med de utländska aktiemarknaderna i undersökningen är kollektivt effektiva i åtminstone den svaga formen enligt Fama (1970). Då inga långsiktiga samband existerar bör även portföljdiversifiering mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och de utländska aktiemarknaderna i undersökningen fungera effektivt på lång sikt.


In this master thesis the Engle-Granger method for cointegration analysis is used to examine long-term relationships between stock markets. The analysis is applied on Swedish stock market together with the stock markets in Germany, United Kingdom, United States and Japan. The result shows no significant signs of any form of long-term relationships between the Swedish and the foreign stock markets for the time period 1992 to 2010. The result therefore indicates that the Swedish stock market together with the foreign stock markets in the study is collectively efficient in at least the weak form according to Fama (1970). The result also indicates that portfolio diversification through investing in the Swedish stock market together with any of the foreign stock markets should be effective in the long run.

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46

Lång, Elisabeth, and Beate Lange. "Hur påverkar eftergymnasial utbildning brottslighet? : En studie av svenska län för perioden 2000-2008." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-11794.

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Hur påverkar högre utbildningsnivå brottslighet? Den här uppsatsen undersöker effekt av eftergymnasial utbildning på våldsbrott respektive stöld-, rån- och häleribrott. Vår första hypotes är att eftergymnasial utbildning har en minskande effekt på våldsbrott genom högre alternativkostnad av brott samt att psykologiska faktorer påverkas positivt. Vår andra hypotes är att eftergymnasial utbildning har en ökande effekt på stöld-, rån- och häleribrott via högre avkastning till följd av mer kunskap för planering och utförande av denna typen av brott. Vidare förmodas en högre utbildningsnivå  generera mer tillgänglig egendom vilket leder till tilltagande incitament för stöld-, rån- och häleribrott. Förhållandena analyseras ekonometriskt med paneldata över Sveriges 21 län under tidsperioden 2000 till 2008. Prais-Winsten estimering används för skattning av linjär regression, där kontrollvariabler för bland annat demografi och arbetsmarknadseffekter inkluderas. Resultatet visar att eftergymnasial utbildning har en signifikant negativ effekt  på våldsbrott. Vi finner vidare att verkan av eftergymnasial utbildning på stöld-, rån och häleribrott är signifikant positiv.
How does higher education affect crime? This thesis examines the effect of post-secondary education on crime of violence and property related crime. Our first hypothesis is that a higher education level reduces crime of violence through higher opportunity costs and that psychological factors are affected in a positive way. Our second hypothesis is that a higher education level raises the return of property related crimes and therefore increases the same. This is due to more knowledge to be used for planning and execution of this type of crime and that the available property is assumed to be of a greater magnitude, which in turn leads to higher incentives for property related crime. The relationships are being econometrically analyzed with panel data consisting of observations of the 21 Swedish regions over the time period 2000 to 2008. The method of Prais-Winsten estimation is used to estimate a linear relationship, controlling for variables such as demographic and labor market effects. The results show that a higher education level has a significant negative effect on crime of violence. Furthermore we find that the effect of a higher education level on property related crime is significantly positive.
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47

Heidari, Wahid, and Umba Nsabimana. "Minimilöners effekter på ungdomssysselsättning inom EU." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177341.

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka minimilöners effekter på ungdomssysselsättning inom Europeiska unionen (EU). De åldrar som undersöks är ungdomar (15–24), vilket vidare delas in i tonåringar (15–19) och unga vuxna (20–24). I analysen används panelregressioner med fasta effekter för 17 EU-medlemsländer (inklusive Storbritannien) med lagstadgade minimilöner under perioden 2000 till 2018. Vi finner att minimilöner har signifikanta negativa sysselsättningseffekter för ungdomar inom EU och att dessa effekter är mer kraftfulla för tonåringar än för unga vuxna. Med hänsyn till resultatet drar vi slutsatsen att minimilöner inom EU bör handskas med försiktighet eftersom de kan leda till mindre sysselsättning bland ungdomar.
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of minimum wages on youth employment in the European Union (EU). The main study group is youths between 15-24 which is then further divided into teenagers (15–19) and young adults (20-24). We employ panel regression methods with fixed effects for 17 EU countries (including the UK) that have statutory minimum wages using data from 2000 to 2018. We find that minimum wages have significant negative employment effects for youths in the EU and that the effects are stronger for teenagers compared to young adults. We reach a conclusion that minimum wage policies in EU countries should be handled with caution as they can lead to lower youth employment.
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48

Hubálek, Ondřej. "Grafické modely ve statistice a ekonometrii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165317.

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Graphical models in statistics and econometrics provide capability to describe causal relations using causal graph in classical regression analysis and others econometric tools. Goal of this thesis is description of causal modelling of time series with help of structural models of vector autoregression. There is description of procedure of building structural VAR model, principle of graphical models and building model for causal dependence analysis. For purpose of comparison there are used data from both USA and Czech Republic and comparison of similar models for both countries is presented. Best models are then selected, to show causal relations between macroeconomic variables. For purpose of analysis, impulse-response functions are used to show impact of demand shock on GDP and other macro indicators.
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49

Zemoi, Jonas, and Cervantes Gabriel Cardona. "Economic Diversification in The United Arab Emirates : Is the economy leaving its oil dependency?" Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping University, Jönköping University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7795.

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As the public becomes more concerned with the natural environment, one of the major topics discussed is the oil. Since there is no true source of knowledge how long the oil can continue to be extracted, it is interesting to know how long the world can benefit from such as scarce resource. Instead of idly watching as oil production decreases with time, which pre-measures could be taken in order to minimize a negative impact on an economy? The UAE is a thriving oil rich countries which for the past 30 years have experienced a vast oil wealth. Even though the oil gave wealth to the UAE, they should avoid any future oil dependency since it could negatively affect its now flourishing economy. Therefore, for the UAE to continue growing in the future it is in the best interest for the government to focus on a diversifying strategy that promotes the non-oil economy. By referring to concepts and theories of previous research in this field such as the Solow growth model, Resource curse and Dutch disease the authors find that the UAE had managed to diversify or not. Three sectors in different periods between 1970 and 2007 were measured: The oil sector, the non-oil sector and the government sector. Diversification changes means a decreasing dependency of the oil sector to the non-oil sector while the latter instead depends more on the government sector. Using British Petroleum (2008) and United Nations (2008) as sources, data was collected in order to draw a time-series regression analysis and test empirically for these diversification trends. The results for all periods confirmed that the UAE have indeed diversified and it could thus be observed that it started its successful strategy already in the 1970s. With the right government policy investments and the stability in the union, the UAE prevented from becoming dependent on oil and thereby not crowding out its important non-oil economy.


Med en ökad allmän medvetenhet angående naturmiljön så är oljan bland det mest omtalande temat. Eftersom inget vet exakt hur länge oljan kan utvinnas, är det intressant att veta hur länge världen kan förlita sig på en sådan begränsad resurs. Finns det förebyggande medel för att minska en negativ verkan på ekonomin istället för att passivt bevittna en sjunkande oljeproduktion? Förenta Arabemiraten (FAE) är en framgångsrik union som under de senaste 30 åren har åtnjutit en omfattande oljerikedom. Trots att oljan lade grunden för tillväxten i FAE, så börs unionen undvika sitt oljeberoende eftersom den negativt kan påverka den nuvarande blomstrande ekonomin. Således, för att bibehålla tillväxten i FAE för framtiden, borde det vara i statens största intresse att fokusera på en differentierings-strategi som främjar icke-oljans ekonomi. För att veta om FAE faktiskt har differentierat sig eller inte, används koncept och teorier för tidigare forskning kring områdets som t.ex. Solows tillväxtmodel, Resursförbannelsen och holländska sjukan. Tre sektorer mättes i olika perioder mellan 1970-2007: oljesektorn, icke-sektorn och statssektorn. Icke-olje sektorn förväntas minska oljeberoendet samt öka beroendet av statssektorn vilket resulterar i en differentieringstrend i ekonomin. Genom källor från British Petroleum (2008) och Förenta Nationerna (2008)  har data insamlats för att empiriskt testa en tidsserie regression och se förändringar mellan sektorerna. Under alla perioder i FAE blev en differentieringstrend bekräftad och man kunde därför se att denna framgångsrika strategi redan åtogs i 1970-talet. Med effektiva investeringar i den offentliga sektorn samt en hållbar stabilitet i unionen, undvek FAE ett oljeberoende och därmed främjade icke-olje ekonomin.

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50

Amado, Cristina. "Four essays on the econometric modelling of volatility and durations." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Ekonomisk Statistik (ES), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1325.

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The thesis "Four Essays on the Econometric Modelling of Volatility and Durations" consists of four research papers in the area of financial econometrics on topics of the modelling of financial market volatility and the econometrics of ultra-high-frequency data. The aim of the thesis is to develop new econometric methods for modelling and hypothesis testing in these areas. The second chapter introduces a new model, the time-varying GARCH (TV-GARCH) model, in which volatility has a smooth time-varying structure of either additive or multiplicative type. To characterize smooth changes in the (un)conditional variance we assume that the parameters vary smoothly over time according to the logistic transition function. A data-based modelling technique is used for specifying the parametric structure of the TV-GARCH models. This is done by testing a sequence of hypotheses by Lagrange multiplier tests presented in the chapter. Misspecification tests are also provided for evaluating the adequacy of the estimated model. The third chapter addresses the issue of modelling deterministic changes in the unconditional variance over a long return series. The modelling strategy is illustrated with an application to the daily returns of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index from 1920 until 2003. The empirical results sustain the hypothesis that the assumption of constancy of the unconditional variance is not adequate over long return series and indicate that deterministic changes in the unconditional variance may be associated with macroeconomic factors. In the fourth chapter we propose an extension of the univariate multiplicative TV-GARCH model to the multivariate Conditional Correlation GARCH (CC-GARCH) framework. The variance equations are parameterized such that they combine the long-run and the short-run dynamic behaviour of the volatilities. In this framework, the long-run behaviour is described by the individual unconditional variances, and it is allowed to vary smoothly over time according to the logistic transition function. The effects of modelling the nonstationary variance component are examined empirically in several CC-GARCH models using pairs of seven daily stock return series from the S&P 500 index. The results show that the magnitude of such effect varies across different stock series and depends on the structure of the conditional correlation matrix. An important feature of financial durations is the evidence of a strong diurnal variation over the trading day. In the fifth chapter we propose a new parameterization for describing the diurnal pattern of trading activity. The parametric structure of the diurnal component allows the duration process to change smoothly over the time-of-day according to the logistic transition function. The empirical results suggest that the diurnal variation may not always have the inverted U-shaped pattern for the trade durations as documented in earlier studies.
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