Academic literature on the topic 'Ekotoxikologické testy'

Polymers or their modifiers may become parts of a wide range of products. After the end of life cycle useful parts of the products are recycled but significant parts still become household waste. It´s therefore desirable not only by law on chemicals and chemical products, but also according to the requirements of European directive REACH, to assess the impact not only chemical but also the additives of all products or products themselves in terms of their impact on the environment. For these purposes it serves ecotoxicity tests, which allow prediction of the influence test compounds in the environment. In this diploma thesis were evaluated polypropylene modifiers, which are commercially produced. Use of ecotoxicity tests were evaluated maleic anhydride and itaconic anhydride effects on the environment. Alternative tests have been used for toxicity and namely Thamnotoxkit FTM the organism Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnotokit FTM the organism Daphnia magna. The phytotoxicity test groups were selected toxicity tests: Sinapis alba root growth inhibition toxicity test, Allium cepa L root growth inhibition toxicity test and Semi-chronic toxicity test on Lemna minor L. From marine toxicity tests was performed Acute inhibition test of brine shrimps Artemia salina.

Environmental effects of selected monomers, eventually aditives of polymers, will be evaluated by ecotoxicity tests. For this purpose two alternative tests of toxicity: Thamnotoxkit F TM on testing organism Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnotoxkit F TM on testing organism Daphnia magna will be used. Two phytotoxicity tests will be also used: Sinapis alba root growth inhibition toxicity test and Allium cepa L root growth inhibition toxicity test. Obtained results enable calculation of value LC50, EC50 and IC50 for tested substances.

Sediments of lotic and lentic water can be a reservoir of a number of contaminants, which can enter the aquatic ecosystem either due to the controlled discharge of waste water or leakage of various accidents or technological devices. Sediments can hereby affect not only the aquatic ecosystem, but also the terrestrial system in the case that they will be used as fertilizer or as a material for the recultivation. For this reason it is important to consider their potential ecotoxicity. Sediments were subjected to ecotoxicological bioassays and their potential ecotoxicity was assessed. The phytotoxicity assays on terrestrial plants Sinapis alba, Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa were used and the effects of aqueous extracts of sediments on the inhibition of growth their root were evaluated and the value of IC50 was determined. For the ecotoxicological assessment of sediments and determination of IC50 value also Lemna minor as a representative of aquatic plants was selected. For more objective assessment of the sediment ecotoxicity aquatic invertebrates as Artemia salina and Daphnia magna were selected and the value of LC50 or EC50 was determined.

In the case of fires frequently wide range of inhomogeneous material is burnt. A lot of combustion products arise during this event, which may adversely affect the environment. Most often detected compounds are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, sulphane, hydrogen cyanide, nitrous gases and also organic compounds, which show adverse effects for organism. It is possible to identify and quantify most of them by chemical analysis, but their impact on the ecosystem is not predictable on the basis of these results. An effective tool to predict the impact of combustion products on the ecosystem are ecotoxicity tests. In this thesis, the water leachates of samples from fire places were prepared and subjected to ecotoxicological tests. Two alternative test of ecotoxicity on aquatic organisms were used: the first on the organism Thamnocephalus platyurus (ThamnotoxkitFTM) and the second on the organism Daphnia magna (DaphtoxkitFTM). Another testing aquatic organism was Artemia salina. Ecotoxicity was also tested using a standard phytotoxicity tests; white mustard (Sinapis alba) and white onion (Allium cepa) root growth inhibition tests and lesser duckweed (Lemna minor) growth inhibition test. On the basis of obtained ecotoxicological values LC (EC, IC)50 the impact of matrices from fire places on the ecosystem was evaulated.

The energetic byproducts are a part of energetic wastes which are residues of fuels combustion or also the residues of flue-gas cleaning. Their following application can impact the terrestrial and subsequently also aquatic ecosystems. With respect to these reasons it is necessary to deal with their possible ecotoxicity. Within the framework of this diploma thesis water leaches from the byproducts’ samples were prepared and subsequently ecotoxicaly tested. Three alternative toxicity tests on aquatic organisms were used: Thamnotoxkit FTM and a Rapidtoxkit FTM on sense organisms Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphtoxkit FTM on sense organisms Daphnia magna. Standard tests of fytotoxicity were also used; Sinapis alba root growth inhibition test and Lemna minor growth inhibition test. The values of EC50, LC50 and IC50 were determined and ecotoxicity of energetic byproducts was evaluated.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the dehydrogenase activity of matrix samples that can enter the environment and the use of ecotoxicological tests to assess the quality of the affected soil. The effects of sludge, biochar samples, two landfill samples and a sediment sample were monitored. Ecotoxicology included tests on decomposers - tests of avoidance behavior (Eisenia fetida and Folsomia candida), acute, chronic and reproductive toxicity tests (Eisenia fetida) and Lactuca sativa root growth inhibition tests. The results indicate that dehydrogenase activity assays serve as a suitable complement to ecotoxicological tests. They provide valuable additional information on soil quality and sample effect after application to soil. The sediment sample had the least favorable effect on the activity of the enzyme and the vitality of the organisms, both in the determination of dehydrogenase activity and in ecotoxicological tests. Furthermore, it was found that biochar as a product of sewage sludge treatment is less toxic to organisms than the original sludge.

This work sums up results of tests of ecotoxicity that were made on different kind of industrial waste materials like classical ash, fluid and fly ash, slags as well as anorganic composites containing waste materials. Composites might be used for building materials in the future. Ecotoxicological tests were used for evaluation of ecotoxicity, represented by 4 trophic levels, with several bioindicators evaluated at different exposure time periods. The battery of classical tests includes a growth inhibition test of the freshwater alga Raphidocellis subcapitata, an immobilization test of the cladoceran Daphnia magna and freshwater fish Poecilia reticulata and a test of inhibitive effects on the root growth of white mustards Sinapis alba. Tests with enchytraeidae, collembolan and lettuce were chosen from group of contact tests. It was realized confrontation between classical test with seeds of mustard and contact tests with seeds of lettuce. Results of ecotoxicity tests were determination of percentage of mortality, immobilization, stimulation or inhibition of growth for testing organisms. It was made comparison of results individual ecotixicity tests. Results of classical aquatic tests were compared with contact tests realized in artificial ground.

To determine the ecotoxicity of analgetics, first the individual ecotoxicity values of individual analgetics are determined and then a mixture of two analgetics is tested. To determine the toxicity, both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used (daphnia magna, sinapsis alba, scenedesmus subspicatum, vibrio fischeri, thamnotoxkit FTM a daphnotoxkit FTM magna). The analgetics being whish tested are the commonly used medicines ibuprofen, ASA, diclofenac and paracetamol, which are the most frequently used medicines in the Czech Republic and whole Europe. To determine the ecotoxicity of the polymers, I‘m using an indirect method of examination, in which I determine the antagonistic or synergistic effects of the mixture of monomers from which the polymer is prepared and into which it slowly decomposes in nature. For the determination both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used. The polymers the toxicity of which is being determined are the habitually used polymer PET and the formaldehyde resine known as bakelite in Eastern Europe.

Vid en rent praktisk tillämpning av cirkulär ekonomi krävs det att man har kunskaper kring hur man får ett uttjänt material att bli till en ny produkt. Detta kan innefatta lagstiftning, men det finns även ett behov att se till att det inte kan orsaka negativa konsekvenser för hälsa eller miljö. Swerock önskar kunna producera ett cirkulärt ballastmaterial av överskottsmaterial från olika projekt vilket leder till frågan hur man kan miljöbedöma detta. Genom en litteraturstudie har en kunskapssammanställning genomförts för att besvara frågeställningen om vilken eller vilka testmetoder Swerock kan använda sig av för att testa material med syfte att kunna användas i vägbyggen så att materialet inte kommer att utgöra en fara för människa och miljö. Litteraturstudien i detta examensarbete behandlar bland annat lagstiftning, rapporter, studier och myndighetsdokument för att bygga en grund till förslag på miljöbedömningsförfarande som slutligen sammanställts. En jämförelse har även gjorts mellan tillhandahållna testresultat av laktestade prover från Swerock mot sammanställda haltgränser från litteraturen. Detta för att illustrera dagsläget och få en uppfattning om halter och ämnen som olika aktörer gränssatt och på vilka vis. Studien har visat att laktester är vanligt förekommande som ett sätt att bedöma miljöpåverkan hos olika typer av material och också ett tillvägagångssätt bland End of Waste-kriterier. Ekotoxikologiska test har inte befunnits vara så vanligt tillämpade men har framhållits av studier som ett lämpligt komplement till laktester. Ur litteraturstudien framkom det svenska systemet BASTA som ett sätt att farobedöma byggmaterial, där det är grundat på CLP:s faroangivelser för hälso- och miljöfarlighet. Dessa tre delar har sammanställts i det förslag på miljöbedömning som presenteras i resultatdelen. En slutsats som kan göras är att arbetet med frågeställningen om produktifiering av cirkulära material är i sin linda och att det finns möjligheter till fortsatta studier på ämnet.
In a purely practical application of circular economics it is necessary to have knowledge of how to convert a used material into a new product. This may include legislation, but there is also a need to ensure that it cannot cause negative health or environmental consequences. Swerock strives to be able to produce circular aggregate material of surplus material from various projects, which leads to the question of how this can be environmentally assessed. Through a literature study, a compilation of knowledge was made to answer the question about which test methods Swerock can use to test materials for use in road constructions to ensure that danger to humans and the environment is avoided. The literature study in this thesis covers, inter alia, legislation, reports, studies and government documents to build a basis for a proposal for an environmental assessment procedure. A comparison was also made between the provided test results of leaching test samples from Swerock and compiled content limits from the literature. This was to illustrate the current situation and get an idea of the levels and substances that different actors have set limits for and in what ways. The study has shown that leaching tests are common for assessing the environmental impact of different types of materials and also as an approach among the End of Waste criteria. Ecotoxicological tests have not been found to be as commonly applied but have been highlighted by studies as a suitable complement to leaching tests. From the literature study, the Swedish system BASTA emerged as a way of assessing hazard in building materials, where it is based on CLP's hazard statements for health and environmental hazards. These three parts have been compiled in the environmental assessment proposal presented in the results section. One conclusion that can be made is that the work on the question of the production of circular aggregate materials is in its infancy and that there are opportunities for further studies on the subject.

Pharmaceuticals that are found in marine ecosystems are a threatening environmental concern, which is known to harm both animal and plant life. One of the reasons for this problem is that the waste water treatment techniques are not optimized to clear waste water from its pharmaceuticals contain. In this master thesis four Swedish treatment wetlands were studied, and their ability to reduce numerous pharmaceuticals in waste water. The four treatment wetlands that were studied were those in Oxelösund, Trosa, Nynäshamn and Eskilstuna. Two ecotoxicological tests and chemical analysis were used. The ecotoxicological tests were performed on the copepod Nitocra spinipes and macro algae Ceramium tenuicorne, but the results were ambiguous and could not be related to the chemical analysis. The result from the chemical analysis showed that 50-70 % of the substances were reduced to some degree, and of which 15 % were almost completely reduced. In Nynäshamn’s wetland and Oxelösund’s wetland the pharmaceutical treatment were more efficient than in Trosa’s wetland and Eskilstuna’s wetland. This was probably due to the, at the time, more efficient biological activity. The pharmaceuticals that dominated the incoming waters to all the wetlands were more or less the same. On the contrary, substances were reduced to different degrees in the four wetlands. However, the reduction patterns for both Nynäshamn and Oxelösund were similar, which suggest that the same processes dominated in both wetlands. As the study was performed in cold winter conditions with bad oxygen supply it is likely that greater reduction would be obtained in warmer conditions.