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Academic literature on the topic 'El-Niño-Phänomen'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "El-Niño-Phänomen"
Gámez, López Antonio Juan. "Application of nonlinear dimensionality reduction to climate data for prediction." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1095/.
Full textDas Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es das Verhalten der Temperatur des Meers im tropischen Pazifischen Ozean vorherzusagen. In diesem Gebiet der Welt finden zwei wichtige Phänomene gleichzeitig statt: der jährliche Zyklus und El Niño. Der jährliche Zyklus kann als Oszillation physikalischer Variablen (z.B. Temperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit, Höhe des Meeresspiegels), welche eine Periode von einem Jahr zeigen, definiert werden. Das bedeutet, dass das Verhalten des Meers und der Atmosphäre alle zwölf Monate ähnlich sind (alle Sommer sind ähnlicher jedes Jahr als Sommer und Winter des selben Jahres). El Niño ist eine irreguläre Oszillation weil sie abwechselnd hohe und tiefe Werte erreicht, aber nicht zu einer festen Zeit, wie der jährliche Zyklus. Stattdessen, kann el Niño in einem Jahr hohe Werte erreichen und dann vier, fünf oder gar sieben Jahre benötigen, um wieder aufzutreten. Es ist dabei zu beachten, dass zwei Phänomene, die im selben Raum stattfinden, sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Dennoch weiß man sehr wenig darüber, wie genau el Niño den jährlichen Zyklus beeinflusst, und umgekehrt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, erstens, sich auf die Temperatur des Meers zu fokussieren, um das gesamte System zu analysieren; zweitens, alle Temperaturzeitreihen im tropischen Pazifischen Ozean auf die geringst mögliche Anzahl zu reduzieren, um das System einerseits zu vereinfachen, ohne aber andererseits wesentliche Information zu verlieren. Dieses Vorgehen ähnelt der Analyse einer langen schwingenden Feder, die sich leicht um die Ruhelage bewegt. Obwohl die Feder lang ist, können wir näherungsweise die ganze Feder zeichnen wenn wir die höchsten Punkte zur einen bestimmten Zeitpunkt kennen. Daher, brauchen wir nur einige Punkte der Feder um ihren Zustand zu charakterisieren. Das Hauptproblem in unserem Fall ist die Mindestanzahl von Punkten zu finden, die ausreicht, um beide Phänomene zu beschreiben. Man hat gefunden, dass diese Anzahl drei ist. Nach diesem Teil, war das Ziel vorherzusagen, wie die Temperaturen sich in der Zeit entwickeln werden, wenn man die aktuellen und vergangenen Temperaturen kennt. Man hat beobachtet, dass eine genaue Vorhersage bis zu sechs oder weniger Monate gemacht werden kann, und dass die Temperatur für ein Jahr nicht vorhersagbar ist. Ein wichtiges Resultat ist, dass die Vorhersagen auf kurzen Zeitskalen genauso gut sind, wie die Vorhersagen, welche andere Autoren mit deutlich komplizierteren Methoden erhalten haben. Deswegen ist meine Aussage, dass das gesamte System von jährlichem Zyklus und El Niño mittels einfacherer Methoden als der heute angewandten vorhergesagt werden kann.
Selz, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Der Dynamische Zustandsindex : Berechnung aus Reanalysedaten und Anwendung auf das El Niño-Phänomen / Tobias Selz." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025355156/34.
Full textMaraun, Douglas. "What can we learn from climate data? : Methods for fluctuation, time/scale and phase analysis." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981698980.
Full textPollinger, Felix. "Bewertung und Auswirkungen der Simulationsgüte führender Klimamoden in einem Multi-Modell Ensemble." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97982.
Full textThe recent and future increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases will cause fundamental change in the terrestrial climate system, which will lead to enormous tasks and challenges for the global society. Effective and early adaptation to this climate change will benefit hugley from optimal possible estimates of future climate change. Coupled atmosphere-ocean models (AOGCMs) are the appropriate tool for this. However, to tackle these questions, it is necessary to make far reaching assumptions about the future climate-relevant boundary conditions. Furthermore there are individual errors in each climate model. These originate from flaws in reproducing the real climate system and result in a further increase of uncertainty with regards to long-range climate projections. Hence, concering future climate change, there are pronounced differences between the results of different AOGCMs, especially under a regional point of view. It is the usual approach to use a number of AOGCMs and combine their results as a safety measure against the influence of such model errors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to develop a valuation scheme and based on that a weighting scheme, for AOGCMs in order to narrow the range of climate change projections. The 24 models that were included in the third phase of the coupled model intercomparsion project (CMIP3) are used for this purpose. First some fundamental climatologies simulated by the AOGCMs are quantitatively compared to a number of observational data. An important methodological aspect of this approach is to explicitly address the uncertainty associated with the observational data. It is revealed that statements concerning the quality of climate models based on such hindcastig approaches might be flawed due to uncertainties about observational data. However, the application of the Köppen-Geiger classification reveales that all considered AOGCMs are capable of reproducing the fundamental distribution of observed types of climate. Thus, to evaluate the models, their ability to reproduce large-scale climate variability is chosen as the criterion. The focus is on one highly complex feature, the coupled El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Addressing several aspects of this climate mode, it is demonstrated that there are AOGCMs that are less successful in doing so than others. In contrast, all models reproduce the most dominant extratropical climate modes in a satisfying manner. The decision which modes are the most important is made using a distinct approach considering several global sets of observational data. This way, it is possible to add new definitions for the time series of some well-known climate patterns, which proof to be equivalent to the standard definitions. Along with this, other popular modes are identified as less important regional patterns. The presented approach to assess the simulation of ENSO is in good agreement with other approaches, as well as the resulting rating of the overall model performance. The spectrum of the timeseries of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) can thus be regarded as a sound parameter of the quality of AOGCMs. Differences in the ability to simulate a realistic ENSO-system prove to be a significant source of uncertainty with respect to the future development of some fundamental and important climate parameters, namely the global near-surface air mean temperature, the SOI itself and the Indian monsoon. In addition, there are significant differences in the patterns of regional climate change as simulated by two ensembles, which are constituted according to the evaluation function previously developed. However, these effects are overall not comparable to the multi-model ensembles’ anthropogenic induced climate change signals which can be detected and quantified using a robust multi-variate approach. If all individual simulations following a specific emission scenario are combined, the resulting climate change signals can be thought of as the fundamental message of CMIP3. It appears to be quite a stable one, more or less unaffected by the use of the derived weighting scheme instead of the common approach to use equal weights for all simulations. It is reasoned that this originates mainly from the range of trends in the SOI. Apparently, the group of models that seems to have a realistic ENSO-system also shows greater variations in terms of effective climate change. This underlines the importance of natural climate variability as a major source of uncertainty concerning climate change. For the SOI there are negative Trends in the multi-model ensemble as well as positive ones. Overall, these trends tend to stabilize the development of other climate parameters when various AOGCMs are combined, whether the two distinguished parts of CMIP3 are analyzed or the weighting scheme is applied. Especially in case of the latter method, this prevents significant effects on the mean change compared to the arithmetic multi-model mean
Books on the topic "El-Niño-Phänomen"
El Niño: Unlocking the secrets of the master weather-maker. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
Find full textAllan, Rob. El Niño Southern Oscillation and climatic variability. Collingwood, Vict: CSIRO PUblishing, 1996.
Find full textNash, J. Madeleine. El Niño: Unlocking the Secrets of the Master Weather-Maker. Warner Books, 2002.
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