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Journal articles on the topic 'El Salvador Earthquakes, El Salvador, 2001'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Hohmann, René Peter, and Thomas Schaef. "Reconstruction and Risk Reduction: A Project Example from El Salvador." Open House International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0020.

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In January 2001, large parts of El Salvador were devastated by two earthquakes that occurred in quick succession. More than 1,200 people lost their lives. Some 150,000 houses were destroyed, and 47,000 jobs were lost as factories and workshops were annihilated.
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2

Vázquez, Carmelo, Priscilla Cervellón, Pau Pérez-Sales, Diana Vidales, and Mauricio Gaborit. "Positive emotions in earthquake survivors in El Salvador (2001)." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19, no. 3 (January 2005): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.03.002.

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3

Wamsler, Christine. "Integrating Risk Reduction, Urban Planning and Housing: Lessons From El Salvador." Open House International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0009.

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Increasingly, attention has been given to the need to mainstream risk reduction in development work in order to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor. Using El Salvador as a case study, the paper analyses the mainstreaming process in the developmental disciplines of urban planning and housing. The overall aim is to identify how the existing separation between risk reduction, urban planning and housing can be overcome and integration achieved. Since Hurricane Mitch in 1998, and especially after the 2001 earthquakes, not only relief and development organisations, but also social housing organisations have initiated a shift to include risk reduction in their fields of action in order to address the underlying causes of urban vulnerability. The factors that triggered the process were: 1) the negative experiences of organisations with non-integral projects, 2) the organisations' increased emphasis on working with municipal development, 3) political changes at national level, and more importantly, 4) the introduction and promotion of the concept of risk reduction by international and regional aid organisations. However, required additional knowledge and institutional capacities were mainly built up independently and internally by each organisation, and not through the creation of co-operative partnerships, thus duplicating efforts and increasing ineffective competition. Whilst positive experience has been gained through the implementation of more integral projects, the creation of adequate operational, organisational, institutional and legal frameworks is still in its initial stage. Unfortunately, four years after the 2001 earthquakes, emergency relief funding for post-disaster risk reduction is coming to an end without the allocation of resources for following up and consolidating the initial process. Based on the findings, an integral model is proposed which shows how mainstreaming risk reduction in urban planning and housing could be dealt with in such a way that it becomes more integrated, inclusive and sustainable within a developmental context.
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4

Orense, Rolando, William Vargas-Monge, and Jose Cepeda. "Geotechnical Aspects of the January 13, 2001 El Salvador Earthquake." Soils and Foundations 42, no. 4 (August 2002): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.4_57.

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5

Salazar, W., and K. Seo. "Earthquake Disasters of 13 January and 13 February 2001, El Salvador." Seismological Research Letters 74, no. 4 (July 1, 2003): 420–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.74.4.420.

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6

Bommer, J. J., M. B. Benito, M. Ciudad-Real, A. Lemoine, M. A. López-Menjı́var, R. Madariaga, J. Mankelow, et al. "The El Salvador earthquakes of January and February 2001: context, characteristics and implications for seismic risk." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 22, no. 5 (July 2002): 389–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-7261(02)00024-6.

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7

Plotkin, V. V. "GPS detection of ionospheric perturbation before the 13 February 2001, El Salvador earthquake." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3/4 (August 31, 2003): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-249-2003.

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Abstract. A large earthquake of M6.6 occurred on 13 February 2001 at 14:22:05 UT in El Salvador. We detected ionospheric perturbation before this earthquake using GPS data received from CORS network. Systematic decreases of ionospheric total electron content during two days before the earthquake onset were observed at set of stations near the earthquake location and probably in region of about 1000 km from epicenter. This result is consistent with that of investigators, which studied these phenomena with several observational techniques. However it is possible, that such TEC changes are simultaneously accompanied by changes due to solar wind parameters and Kp -index.
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8

García-Rodríguez, M. J., and J. A. Malpica. "Assessment of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in El Salvador based on an Artificial Neural Network model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2010): 1307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1307-2010.

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Abstract. This paper presents an approach for assessing earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The computational method used for the training process is a back-propagation learning algorithm. It is applied to El Salvador, one of the most seismically active regions in Central America, where the last severe destructive earthquakes occurred on 13 January 2001 (Mw 7.7) and 13 February 2001 (Mw 6.6). The first one triggered more than 600 landslides (including the most tragic, Las Colinas landslide) and killed at least 844 people. The ANN is designed and programmed to develop landslide susceptibility analysis techniques at a regional scale. This approach uses an inventory of landslides and different parameters of slope instability: slope gradient, elevation, aspect, mean annual precipitation, lithology, land use, and terrain roughness. The information obtained from ANN is then used by a Geographic Information System (GIS) to map the landslide susceptibility. In a previous work, a Logistic Regression (LR) was analysed with the same parameters considered in the ANN as independent variables and the occurrence or non-occurrence of landslides as dependent variables. As a result, the logistic approach determined the importance of terrain roughness and soil type as key factors within the model. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis with ANN are checked using landslide location data. These results show a high concordance between the landslide inventory and the high susceptibility estimated zone. Finally, a comparative analysis of the ANN and LR models are made. The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.
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9

Lomnitz, C., and S. R. Elizarraras. "El Salvador 2001: Earthquake Disaster and Disaster Preparedness in a Tropical Volcanic Environment." Seismological Research Letters 72, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.72.3.346.

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10

Asai, Yasufumi, Jyouji Tomioka, Tomoko Nakamura, Yasuhiro Yamamoto, Muneo Ohta, and Masaki Satoh. "Japan Disaster Relief Medical Team Activity for the El Salvador Earthquake in 2001." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, S1 (June 2001): S12—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00035056.

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11

Pérez-Sales, Pau, Priscilla Cervellón, Carmelo Vázquez, Diana Vidales, and Mauricio Gaborit. "Post-traumatic factors and resilience: the role of shelter management and survivours' attitudes after the earthquakes in El Salvador (2001)." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 15, no. 5 (2005): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.827.

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12

KONAGAI, Kazuo, Jörgen JOHANSSON, Paola MAYORCA, Tetsuro YAMAMOTO, Masakatsu MIYAJIMA, Ryosuke UZUOKA, Nelson E. PULIDO, Freddy C. DURAN, Kyoji SASSA, and Hiroshi FUKUOKA. "LAS COLINAS LANDSLIDE CAUSED BY THE JANUARY 13, 2001 OFF THE COAST OF EL SALVADOR EARTHQUAKE." Journal of JAEE 2, no. 1 (2002): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5610/jaee.2.1.

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13

Havenith, H. B., A. Strom, D. Jongmans, A. Abdrakhmatov, D. Delvaux, and P. Tréfois. "Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 1/2 (April 30, 2003): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-135-2003.

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Abstract. Landslides triggered by strong earthquakes often caused most of the global damage and most of all casualties related to the events, such as shown by the M = 7.7 Peru earthquake in 1970, by the M = 7.6 El Salvador earthquake in 2001 or by the M = 7.4 Khait (Tajikistan) earthquake in 1949. The obvious impact of a landslide on the population is directly related to its movement. Yet, prediction of future failure potential and hence future risk to population is necessary in order to avoid further catastrophes and involves the analyses of the origin of seismic instability. The seismic landslide potential is mainly determined by the interaction between the regional seismic hazard and local geological conditions. At a local scale, seismic factors interfering with geological conditions can produce site-specific ground motions. The influence of such Site Effects on instability is the principal topic of this paper, which is divided into two parts, A and B. The present Part A is concerned with the correlation of field data with observed instability phenomena. Field data were obtained on mainly three landslide sites in the Northern Tien Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. Geophysical prospecting, earthquake recordings, geological observation, trenching and geotechnical tests were the main investigation tools. The collected information gives an insight in the geological background of the slope failure and allows us to roughly infer failure mechanisms from field evidence. A detailed analysis of the susceptibility of a mechanism to specific geological conditions will be shown in Part B.
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14

Jung, Ting-Kuo, Jann-Yenq Liu, Ho-Fang Tsai, Bor-Shouh Huang, Cheng-Horng Lin, Shui-Beih Yu, and Yih-Shiung Yeh. "Ionospheric Disturbances Triggered by the Mw7.6 Earthquake off the Coast of El Salvador on 13 January 2001." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 17, no. 2 (2006): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.2006.17.2.345(t).

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15

Zhang, Zezhong, Jean-Alain Fleurisson, and Frederic L. Pellet. "Numerical evidence of site effects contributing to triggering the Las Colinas landslide during the 2001 Mw = 7.7 El Salvador earthquake." Landslides 15, no. 12 (July 20, 2018): 2373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1040-y.

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16

Canora, C., J. J. Martinez-Diaz, P. Villamor, K. Berryman, J. A. Alvarez-Gomez, C. Pullinger, and R. Capote. "Geological and Seismological Analysis of the 13 February 2001 Mw 6.6 El Salvador Earthquake: Evidence for Surface Rupture and Implications for Seismic Hazard." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 2873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120090377.

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17

Dominique, De Lagrevol, Lecarpentier Eric, Paillet Pierre, Bonnefoy, Marx Jean Sébastien, Céolin Gérard, Garrigue Bruno, et al. "Salvador 2001." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, S1 (June 2001): S22—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00035299.

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18

Martinez, Edin. "El Salvador: Post Earthquake Housing Reconstruction Programme." Open House International 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2005-b0007.

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FUNDASAL's housing reconstruction programme demonstrates how successful community development can result from rebuilding after a devastating earthquake. Appropriate earthquake resistant housing designs have been developed and training is provided in construction and maintenance techniques, as well as business and community leadership skills. To date, 6,472 houses have been completed with households providing the labour. Secure title has been provided where necessary and 1,400 small businesses have been established, many led by women. The local municipalities have been actively involved throughout and welcome the increasing citizen participation that has resulted from the programme.
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19

Martínez-Díaz, José J., José A. Álvarez-Gómez, Belén Benito, and Douglas Hernández. "Triggering of destructive earthquakes in El Salvador." Geology 32, no. 1 (2004): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g20089.1.

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20

Artiga-González, Álvaro. "Un diagnóstico político para El Salvador, 2001." Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, no. 82 (August 30, 2001): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/realidad.v0i82.4686.

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21

Editor, El. "Necesidad de cambios en El Salvador." Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, no. 80 (April 30, 2001): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/realidad.v0i80.4695.

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22

Baires, Sonia. "El ordenamiento territorial en El Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 633-634 (August 31, 2001): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i633-634.5786.

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En el contexto pos terremotos 2001, este artículo tiene como propósito analizar dónde y cómo está El Salvador en cuanto a la discusión del ordenamiento territorial, por un lado, y plantear algunos desafíos y oportunidades derivados de esta situación, por el otro. Tanto documentos oficiales como las síntesis de las discusiones recientes sostenidas entre diversos actores, en el marco del proyecto "Foro-debate sobre ordenamiento territorial en El Salvador", promovido por varias instituciones, entre ellas la Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas", sirven de base para este análisis preliminar. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 633-634, 2001: 611-619.
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23

Lara, Mauricio A. "The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—History of Construction Practices in San Salvador." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585443.

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Construction practice in San Salvador, as in the rest of El Salvador, had remained practically unchanged since the time of Spanish colonization up to around 1942. From then on, building practices from many other countries have been introduced, and they have exerted a major influence. The last four decades can be divided into five stages or periods induced by events such as earthquakes in El Salvador and neighboring countries, as well as the incorporation of foreign codes in lieu of a local one and the introduction of new techniques, such as soil mechanics and microseismic investigation. The incorporation of practices based on foreign codes contributed significantly to the improvement of construction practice but occasionally led to misinterpretations, e.g. in the evaluation of seismic actions. At present, a number of studies and records are available that can be used as a basis for the elaboration of an earthquake resistant design code.
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24

González, Luis Armando. "Un necesario cambio de marcha en El Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 629 (March 31, 2001): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i629.5922.

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25

Snyder, Audrey, and Joanna Woersching. "8. Earthquakes in El Salvador: Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects." Journal of Emergency Nursing 30, no. 5 (October 2004): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.014.

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26

Editor, El. "El desafío de El Salvador después de los terremotos." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 629 (March 31, 2001): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i629.5918.

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27

Morgan, James R., and Sam W. Swan. "The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Performance of Lifelines." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 585–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585447.

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Although the October 10, 1986 San Salvador earthquake was only a moderate event of magnitude 5.4 and the recorded ground motions had a relatively short duration, the high recorded peak accelerations caused substantial damage to lifelines. There was significant and widespread damage to buried lifelines. Long-distance telecommunications facilities were reportedly undamaged, but there was substantial loss of local phone service caused by damage to buildings, failures of equipment racks, and loss of emergency power (tilting of batteries). Power generating facilities (hydroelectric and geothermal) that supply electricity to San Salvador are located too far from the city to have been affected by the earthquake. Both 115-kV substations that serve San Salvador experienced a moderate level of damage, consisting mostly of ceramic column circuit breaker failures. As has been observed in past earthquakes, control and instrumentation systems and low-voltage power-supply equipment displayed an ability to withstand high ground accelerations.
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28

Popova, Milena, Vassya Bankova, Stefan Spassov, Iva Tsvetkova, Mario Vides Silva, Maria Tsartsarova, and Christo Naydenski. "New Bioactive Chalcones in Propolis from El Salvador." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2001): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-7-819.

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2′,3′-Dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxychalcone (1) and 2′,3′,4-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy-chalcone, two new chalcones, were isolated from propolis from El Salvador. The compounds showed significant antibacterial ana antifunfag activity and moderate toxicity to Artemia salina nauplii
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29

Moreira, Shirlei Cristina, Claudilson Jose de Carvalho Batos, and Lara Tawil. "Epidemiological situation of leprosy in Salvador from 2001 to 2009." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 89, no. 1 (January 2014): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142175.

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30

Rymer, Michael J. "The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Geologic Aspects." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 435–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585440.

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The San Salvador earthquake struck an area of upper Cenozoic volcanic rocks, consisting of basaltic to silicic flows and tuffs. Tuff deposits constitute the upper 30 m of section below San Salvador; thinner sections are in the hills surrounding the city. Tuffs were important in landslide development during the earthquake and may have amplified ground motion. Faults mapped in the area strike east-west, northwest-southeast, and less distinctly, northeast-southwest and north-south. Ringlike structures formed by volcanic subsidence are also present in the area. No evidence was seen of surface faulting associated with the October 10 main shock or an earthquake on October 13 on a separate fault 7 km west-northwest of the main shock. Numerous cracks were seen in the epicentral areas of both earthquakes, but these are easily explained as secondary ground failures. Both of the earthquakes occurred on unmapped faults. The main shock caused several hundred landslides in an area of at least 200 km2. The most numerous landslides were soil slides and soil falls, which were especially common in stream banks and roadcuts. The earthquake also produced rock falls and slides, slumps, rapid soil flows, shattered ridge effects, and compaction. Landslides and related ground failures were triggered as much as 12 km from the epicenter and accounted for about 200 fatalities and at least 100 damaged homes.
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31

Melara Minero, Lidice Michelle. "Los servicios de seguridad privada en El Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 636 (October 31, 2001): 907–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i636.5781.

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Los servicios de seguridad privada han tenido un incremento cuantitativo durante la úlcima década, lo cual está relacionado con la inseguridad de la población dado el auge delincuencia! y violencia en nuestra sociedad. Asimismo, otra serie de factores que se asocian al incremento de dichos servicios son: la falca de mecanismos y controles sobre estos servicios; la poca credibilidad de la población en el sistema de justicia, y una labor policial que, aunque importante, no ha logrado controlar la criminalidad. El presente artículo describe y analiza el desarrollo que han tenido los servicios privados de seguridad, así como los diversos factores que se relacionan con su incremento. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 636, 2001: 907-932.
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32

Artiga-González, Álvaro. "Una agenda de reforma electoral para El Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 629 (March 31, 2001): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i629.5921.

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En este trabajo, el autor propone una serie de temas para una posible agenda de reforma electoral. Con tal fin, primero establece la óptica desde la que hace la propuesta y sugiere que antes que cualquier debate sobre medidas concretas de reforma se definan los objetivos políticos de ésta. Posteriormente hace un análisis de los sistemas empleados para las elecciones presidenciales, legislativas y de concejos municipales, suponiendo como objetivos políticos el mejoramiento del carácter representativo de los puestos sometidos a elección pública, tanto en términos de proporcionalidad como de relación entre representantes y representados. Finalmente, con el diagnóstico elaborado, concluye proponiendo los puntos de la agenda. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 629, 2001: 179-204.
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33

Lungo, Mario. "Economía política de la vivienda en El Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 633-634 (August 31, 2001): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i633-634.5782.

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Durante las dos últimas décadas, el campo salvadoreño se ha ido poblando de lotificaciones ilegales, entre las cuales es difícil distinguir los asentamientos construidos al calor de los acuerdos de paz y el Programa de Transferencia de Tierras. Al iniciarse el siglo XXI con dos impactantes terremotos, el panorama de la vivienda es radicalmente diferente, pues estos pusieron al desnudo las limitaciones de la acción guhernamental que se caracteriza por los vacíos de la política de vivienda actual para este sector y el desfase de la institucionalidad responsable del mismo. Por esca razón, el autor de este artículo considera que el análisis integral de esta problemática exige la observación de sus múltiples dimensiones y las contradictorias relaciones entre las mismas. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 633-634, 2001: 601-610.
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34

Shakal, Anthony F., Moh-jiann Huang, and Roberto Linares. "The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Processed Strong Motion Data." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585441.

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Strong-motion records were recovered from nine accelerographs at seven stations of the El Salvador Geotechnical Investigation Center Strong Motion Network following the damaging 5.4 Ms San Salvador earthquake of October 10, 1986. The sites were all within 6 km of the epicenter; peak horizontal accelerations at ground level ranged from 0.32 to 0.72 g. The duration of strong shaking was about 3 seconds at most sites. One 10-story concrete building was instrumented with recorders at the basement, second floor, and roof level. The maximum accelerations recorded at this building were 0.47 g at the basement, 0.69 g at the second floor, and 0.91 g at the roof. Eight of the accelerograms were digitized and processed. A maximum horizontal velocity of 80 cm/s was obtained for a station 4 km from the epicenter. Peak velocity for the other stations ranged from 26 to 75 cm/s. The maximum horizontal displacements ranged from 5 to 18 cm. The San Salvador records and spectra are compared to other close-in observations such as the Station 2 record from the ML 5.6 Parkfield earthquake of 1966. The San Salvador records share many features with the Parkfield record. In general, the peak accelerations recorded at many of the stations are larger than previously recorded values at close-in distances from earthquakes of similar magnitude.
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35

Ribera, Ricardo. "Como vueltos a nacer: diario personal del terremoto en El Salvador." Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, no. 79 (February 28, 2001): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/realidad.v0i79.4383.

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36

Artha, Rafika Septia, Dadan Suryana, and Farida Mayar. "E-Comic: Media for Understanding Flood Disaster Mitigation in Early Childhood Education." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.142.12.

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The existence of several early childhood education institutions in Indonesia, such as in the Riau Province region, often faces the risk of catastrophic floods overflowing the Kampar River resulting in casualties. The results of preliminary research found that children lacked insight into flood disaster mitigation, and schools did not have appropriate mitigation programs or media. This study aims to develop a product in the form of an E-Comic to introduce flood disaster mitigation in a practical and effective early childhood education. Research and development procedures in this study using the ADDIE model. The data collection techniques for this study were the results of expert validation, practicality tests, and media effectiveness tests on children aged 5-6 years using the mitigation understanding instrument and descriptive statistical analysis of Aiken's V validation. Flood disaster is very suitable for use in early childhood learning, with the average Aiken's V result by material experts is 89% and media expert is 96%. E-Comic practicality with an average percentage of 85.5% and effectiveness test results with an average value of 90%. It can be concluded that the E-Comic introduction of flood disaster mitigation in Kindergarten children is suitable for use as a learning medium and has a practical and effective quality. Keywords: E-Comic, Flood Disaster Mitigation References: Apriyani, R., Sumarni, S., & Rukiyah, R. (2018). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Komik Tema Alam Semesta untuk Anak. Cakrawala Dini: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 9(2), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.17509/cd.v9i2.11004 Azizah, N., & Khanafiyah, S. (2014). Pengaruh Komik Sains dalam Pembelajaran IPA terhadap Pengembangan Karakter Siswa di Kecamatan Semarang Tengah. 3(3), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.15294/upej.v3i3.4329 Bolton-Gary, C. (2012). Connecting Through Comics: Expanding Opportunities for Teaching and Learning. 7. Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09506-6 Courtis, A. (2012). Tech Module: Using Comic Life in the Classroom. 61. S. Syarah, E. Yetti, L. Fridani, Yufiarti, Hapidin, B. Pupala. (2019). Electronic Comics in Elementary School Science Learning for Marine Conservation. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v8i4.19377 Ersoy, Ş., & Koçak, A. (2016). Disasters and earthquake preparedness of children and schools in Istanbul, Turkey. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 7(4), 1307–1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1060637 Haynes, K., & Tanner, T. M. (2015). Empowering young people and strengthening resilience: Youth-centred participatory video as a tool for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Children’s Geographies, 13(3), 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.848599 Permendikbud no 137, Pub. L. No. no 137 (2014). Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of Natural Disasters on Children. The Future of Children, 26(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2016.0004 Lopez, Y., Hayden, J., Cologon, K., & Hadley, F. (2012). Child participation and disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.716712 Martin, M.-L. (2010). Child Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction: The case of flood-affected children in Bangladesh. Third World Quarterly, 31(8), 1357–1375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2010.541086 Melliou, K., Moutafidou, A., & Bratitsis, T. (2014). Digital Comics Use to Develop Thinking Dispositions in Early Childhood Education. 2014 IEEE 14th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2014.148 Mitchell, T., Tanner, T., & Haynes, K. (2009). Children as agents of change for Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons from El Salvador and the Philippines. 48. Peek, L. (2008). Children and Disasters: Understanding Vulnerability, Developing Capacities, and Promoting Resilience—An Introduction. Understanding Vulnerability, 30. Pfefferbaum, B., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Van Horn, R. L. (2018). Involving children in disaster risk reduction: The importance of participation. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(sup2), 1425577. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1425577 Save the Children UK. (2006). Child Protection During Floods in Bangladesh. The Save the Children Fund. Schipper, L., & Pelling, M. (2006). Disaster risk, climate change and international development: Scope for, and challenges to, integration: Disaster Risk, Climate Change and International Development. Disasters, 30(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00304.x Syarah, E. S., Yetti, E., & Fridani, Lara. (2018). Pengembangan Media Komik Elektronik untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konservasi Kelautan Anak Usia Dini. 12, 10. Tanner, T. (2010). Shifting the Narrative: Child-led Responses to Climate Change and Disasters in El Salvador and the Philippines: Child-led Responses to Climate Change and Disasters. Children & Society, 24(4), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2010.00316.x Tuladhar, G., Yatabe, R., Dahal, R. K., & Bhandary, N. P. (2014). Knowledge of disaster risk reduction among school students in Nepal. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 5(3), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.809556 Versaci, R. (2001). How Comic Books Can Change the Way Our Students See Literature: One Teacher’s Perspective. The English Journal, 91(2), 61. https://doi.org/10.2307/822347 Wasliyah, S. (2018). Komik Bencana Meningkatkan Sikap Kesiapsiagaan Bencana pada Anak Sekolah Dasar Negeri Bulakan Kecamatan Gunung Kencana Banten Selatan Tahun 2017. Jurnal Medikes (Media Informasi Kesehatan), 5(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.36743/medikes.v5i1.39
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Oliveira Junior, Saulo Regis de, Maria Cristina Teixeira Cangussu, Laíra Sá Lopes, Ana Prates Soares, Adriana de Andrade Ribeiro, and Lis de Amorim Fonseca. "Fluorose dentária em escolares de 12 e 15 anos de idade. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, nos anos 2001 e 2004." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 22, no. 6 (June 2006): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2006000600009.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os resultados de dois estudos populacionais, conduzidos em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, sobre a prevalência e severidade da fluorose dentária nas idades de 12 e 15 anos. Discutiram-se as metodologias dos estudos em relação ao processo amostral, calibração dos examinadores, sistemática de coleta, comparando-se as diferenças obtidas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e intervalo de confiança (95%), obtidas pelo índice de Dean. Foram examinados 3.313 adolescentes de 12 e 15 anos, em 2001, e 1.032, em 2004. Nos dois períodos, procedeu-se à calibração dos examinadores, e as amostras foram de base populacional. No segundo estudo, houve maior proporção de alunos de escolas públicas nas duas idades em relação ao ano de 2001 (p < 0,001). Não existiu diferença na ocorrência da fluorose aos 12 anos, com uma prevalência de 32,64%, em 2004, e 31,4%, em 2001. Já aos 15 anos, em 2004 observou-se uma prevalência inferior a do ano de 2001 16,83% e 27,6%, respectivamente. Não pode se observar, neste período, tendência de incremento da prevalência ou severidade da fluorose em Salvador.
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38

Cepeda, José, and Walter Salazar. "Los terremotos de enero y febrero. Resultados y análisis en base a la red de acelerógrafos de la UCA." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 627-628 (February 28, 2001): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i627-628.5703.

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La Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" busca aportar con este artículo información técnica en las áreas sismológicas y de ingeniería sísmica para entender mejor los sismos principales ocurridos en El Salvador, en el período de enero y febrero del 2001. Específicamente se presentan y estudian los mismos del 13 de enero y del 13 y 17 febrero del 2001, pues son los que mayor impacto han tenido en toda la serie de eventos de estos dos meses. Así, se explican brevemente conceptos basicos de sismología, necesarios para elaborar aspectos en apartados posteriores; se realiza una reseña de la sismicidad y tectónica de El Salvador y se presentan los parámetros de origen de los sismos estidiados. Posteriormente se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la red de acelerógrafos de la UCA y un análisis breve de los resgistros obtenidos durante estos tres eventos. Finalmente, se hace una lista, a manera de conclusión, de algunos puntos que pueden ser beneficiosos para desarrollar la mitigación del riesgo sísmico. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 627-628, 2001: 11-27.
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Price, H. John, Adriano De Sortis, and Marko Schotanus. "Performance of the San Salvatore Regional Hospital in the 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1 (February 2012): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3673595.

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The San Salvatore Hospital in Coppito was closed shortly after the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, even though the buildings on its campus experienced only limited and localized structural damage. The decision to close part or all of an essential facility such as a hospital can be easily made in the heat of the moment after a disaster, but reopening even portions of such a facility is far more complex and raises a large number of operational issues. A documented pre-established program for post-event safety inspections, as well as training in its implementation for both on-site and backup personnel, is vital to the continued operation of any essential facility. While continued operation after an event may be the targeted goal, it may not actually be fully achieved, in particular for older facilities, and some disruption is to be expected. Management of realistic expectations is a vital part of the program for post-event safety inspections.
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40

Morales Peña, Juan Carlos. "Gobernabilidad en El Salvador: ejercicio de medición de la administración de Francisco Flores." Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, no. 81 (June 29, 2001): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/realidad.v0i81.4088.

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41

Argueta, Nancy, Joya Jeimy Campos, and Francisco Araujo Alemán. "El trabajo infantil en el área metropolitana de San Salvador." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 60, no. 678 (April 30, 2005): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v60i678.5287.

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Aquí se intenta una aproximación inicial a la problemática del trabajo infantil en El Salvador, en concreto al trabajo de niñas, niños y adolescentes entre los cinco y los diecisiete años en el área metropolitana de San Salvador. La aproximación se hace a través de técnicas estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales, aplicadas a los datos oficiales de la Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples. En tal sentido, se toma en consideración el componamiento de cienos indicadores de trabajo infantil, entre 1994 y 2003; se señalan algunas de las características principales de este tipo de trabajo en el año 2001, se establecen relaciones entre cienas variables para, al final, generar un modelo de determinantes del trabajo infantil. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 60, No. 678, 2005: 319-346.
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42

Salazar, Walter, Rodolfo Torres, Luis Mixco, Vanessa Rivera, Erick Burgos, José Rivas, and Lyndon Brown. "Strong‐Motion Networks, Digital Signal Processing, and Database for El Salvador Earthquakes: 1966–2017." Seismological Research Letters 89, no. 2A (February 21, 2018): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220170262.

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43

Rocha, Eva Maria Nery, and Norma Da Silva Lopes. "Variação entre duas formas do Particípio no Português de Salvador-Ba." Tabuleiro de Letras 11, no. 2 (April 8, 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35499/tl.v11i2.4324.

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Este artigo trata da variação em formas de particípios de verbos considerados de particípio único ou duplo pela tradição gramatical, em dois corpora: redações de vestibulandos e entrevistas orais em Salvador. São duas variantes: o particípio <+do> versus <-do>. Utilizam-se pressupostos da sociolinguística (LABOV, 1972; 1994) e o programa GoldVarb 2001. Resultados: a variante <+do> é mais usada nos dois corpora; na escrita, com verbos de duplo particípio, o <–do> é categórico em passivas; mesmo predominando o <+do> na fala, o <-do> é mais produtivo entre homens jovens. O estudo sugere uma tendência a mais particípios <–do>.
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Méndez Cruces, Plácido. "Heráldica del condado: San Salvador de Leirado y Santa María de Oleiros." Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos 48, no. 114 (December 30, 2001): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ceg.2001.v48.i114.151.

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45

Sánchez, Ismael. "Vulnerabilidad de los países en vías de desarrollo a los efectos del cambio climático." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 56, no. 636 (October 31, 2001): 955–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v56i636.5789.

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Con la firma, en diciembre de 1995, de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMCC) y ratificar el Protocolo de Kyoto, en noviembre de 1998, El Salvador no sólo adquirió los compromisos legales vinculados a esos instrumentos legales, sino que también demostró su voluntad de unirse a los esfuerzos globales que se hacen para reducir los impactos adversos del cambio climático. No hay duda de que lo único que traerá el efecto del calentamiento de la tierra a países como El Salvador es un impacto negativo sobre su crecimiento económico y su sustentabilidad ambiental. Condiciones de lluvia inusuales durante el invierno y largos períodos de sequía en el verano, son pronosticadas con mayor frecuencia por el servicio meteorológico. En muy pocas ocasiones El Salvador ha sido embestido directamente por la fuerza de un huracán, pero sí ha recibido la lluvia incensa, asociada con este fenómeno natural. Así, la carencia de diques e infraestructura adecuada augura más inundaciones y daños en la agricultura, en los años venideros. Este trabajo intenta resumir las condiciones socioeconómicas actuales del país y las iniciativas y el trabajo institucional desarrollado hasta el momento y su vulnerabilidad a los efectos del calentamiento del planeta. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 636, 2001: 955-985.
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Popova, Milena, Vassya Bankova, Iva Tsvetkova, Christo Naydenski, and Mario Vides Silva. "The First Glycosides Isolated from Propolis: Diterpene Rhamnosides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-11-1230.

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Abstract Two diterpene glycosides, ent8(17)-labden-15-O-α-ʟ-rhamnoside and ent-8(17)-labden-15-O-(3′-O-acetyl)-α-ʟ-rhamnoside (new natural compounds) were isolated from propolis from El Salvador. The compounds showed significant antibacterial activity and moderate toxicity to Artemia salina nauplii. These are the first glycosides reported in bee glue.
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Dias, Marcelo Alves, Kátia Regina Benati, and Marcelo Cesar Lima Peres. "Ampliação da distribuição geográfica de Phoneutria bahiensis Simó & Brescovit, 2001 (Ctenidae: Cteninae) no estado da Bahia, Brasil." Biota Neotropica 5, no. 1a (2005): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032005000200020.

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Foram identificados quatro espécimes de P. bahiensis, decorrentes de um resgate de fauna realizado no município de Itapebi, extremo sul da Bahia. Este registro amplia a distribuição geográfica da espécie, visto que a literatura, até o momento, restringia a ocorrência da P. bahiensis apenas às cidades de Ilhéus, no sul da Bahia e Salvador.
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48

Utec, Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. "El informe UTEC 2001." Entorno, no. 24 (May 31, 2002): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/entorno.v0i24.7579.

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A nadie escapa que El Salvador se encuentra padeciendo una crisis circunstancial o coyuntural, que se suma a la problemática de orden fundamental e integral, que padece el país y que trasciende lo económico.En el área específicamente económica, después de la aplicación de los ajustes estructurales, la liberalización, la privatización, la modernización del Estado y otras fórmulas de aplicación universal, sugeridas por autoridades exógenas al país, la opinión particular con respecto a las expectativas que se tenían sobre los esperados resultados de tales reformas, han pasado del fervor a la frustración.Las características económicas ya no encajan exclusivamente con las de un fenómeno momentáneo, cíclico o pasajero, de rasgos desfavorables, como podrían ser: un incremento de la deuda externa, un mayor déficit fiscal; o favorables, como una menor inflación, una menor tasa de interés o un tipo de cambio fijo; más bien son de orden estructural.
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49

Santana, Rosane Soares. "Participação política online e offline nas eleições presidenciais de 2014 em Salvador." Intercom: Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação 40, no. 3 (December 2017): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-58442017311.

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Resumo Este estudo investiga a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade e escolaridade), renda familiar, atitudes políticas (engajamento cívico e preferência partidária) e o uso de plataformas digitais de mídias sociais na participação política online e offline dos eleitores de Salvador durante as eleições presidenciais de 2014. Os resultados da análise estatística multinomial comprovaram que o engajamento através de mídias sociais foi determinante para a participação política online e offline. Por outro lado, o nível de escolaridade superior foi decisivo para a web-participação. As análises multivariadas também confirmaram a Hipótese de Reforço (DI GENNARO; DUTTON, 2006; NORRIS, 2001), demonstrando que os eleitores mais engajados na participação convencional usaram as tecnologias digitais para reforçar sua atividade participativa. Os dados usados neste estudo foram obtidos através de uma pesquisa domiciliar realizada em janeiro de 2015, em Salvador, para investigar o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs) no processo decisório eleitoral.
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Sattler, David N., Ana Maria Glower de Alvarado, Norma Blandon de Castro, Robert Van Male, A. M. Zetino, and Raphael Vega. "El Salvador earthquakes: Relationships among acute stress disorder symptoms, depression, traumatic event exposure, and resource loss." Journal of Traumatic Stress 19, no. 6 (2006): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20174.

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