Academic literature on the topic 'El salvador, history'

This thesis grounds its examination of the maras of El Salvador in the historical past (1971-1992) rather than the present, which constitutes a departure from current scholarship on the subject. This thesis revises our current understanding of the emergence and development of maras in El Salvador through the recovery, insertion and examination of key local events, conditions, and historical actors of the 1970s and 1980s. From signifying friendship and camaraderie prior to the late 1980s, the maras increasingly became the target of public concern and Salvadoran security forces over the course of the 1980. By the late 1980s the maras increasingly became associated with criminal activity in Salvadoran society and popular culture. To document these changed conditions, this thesis relies extensively on previously untapped and ignored primary sources: newspapers and oral history interviews.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neivalda Freitas de Oliveira.pdf: 27121689 bytes, checksum: 0f876357d3f516b0b9120af291fb5506 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-28<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The street located laterally to the Palace of Governors was named Rua Chile on July 18, 1902. Since then it never receive another name neither a more important profile. Sketched on the plant brought from Portugal by Luiz Dias, in 1549, this street always held residential and commercial real estates, besides having a strategic location for the transit of both people and merchandize. A Street like so many others ones in Salvador from 1900 to 1940, holding however great importance in the interpretation of sociability by the local inhabitants or soteropolitanos . This work aims to apprehend the social-spatial formation, the senses of location, meanings, visible aspects and space representations, through the common lives of men and women who lived or visited the city of Salvador during the first half of the 20th century. The focus is on Rua Chile, however the search is in the modernization of the capital s urban face, its characteristics, conditions, practices and conflicts of its inhabitants also called soteropolitanos<br>O logradouro lateral ao Palácio dos Governadores passou a chamar-se Rua Chile no dia 18 de julho de 1902. A partir daquele momento, ele não adquire outro nome ou um perfil mais importante. Traçada na planta trazida de Portugal por Luiz Dias, em 1549, esse logradouro sempre abrigou imóveis residenciais e comerciais, além de ser estratégico no transito de pessoas e mercadorias. Uma Rua como outras em Salvador de 1900 a 1940, mas que ostentava importância na interpretação da sociabilidade dos soteropolitanos. A pretensão deste trabalho é apreender a formação sócio-espacial, os sentidos de lugar, os significados, os aspectos visíveis e as representações do espaço, através da vida comezinha de homens e mulheres, residentes ou visitantes da cidade de Salvador na primeira metade do século XX. O enfoque é a Rua Chile, mas a busca está na modernização da face urbana da capital, nas características, nas condições, nas práticas e nos conflitos dos soteropolitanos

My dissertation explores the development of policing and slavery in two early nineteenth-century Atlantic cities. This project engages regionally distinct histories through an examination of legislative and police records in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Salvador, Bahia. Through these sources, my dissertation holds that the development of the theories and practices that guided “public order” emerged in similar ways in these Atlantic slaveholding cities. Enslaved people and their actions played an integral role in the evolution of “good order” and its policing. Legislators created laws and institutions to police enslaved people and promote order. In these instances, local government policed slavery through the surveilling and arresting of enslaved people. By mid-century, the prerogative of policing slavery created a comprehensive bureaucratic structure that policed many individuals within the community, not just slaves. In New Orleans and Salvador, slavery was an important part of policing, but not just in the sense we sometimes assume: as a panicked reaction to real or imagined slave rebellions. As the commercial and demographic development of cities created opportunities for enslaved people, local legislation and institutions formed an important part of policing slavery in New Orleans and Salvador. Local government officials—regional and municipal legislators—responded by passing laws that restricted not only where and how enslaved people worked and lived, but also the police that enforced these laws. Police forces, once created, interpreted and applied the laws passed by legislators. They surveilled and arrested individuals, and their actions sometimes triggered further legislative reforms. Thusly, police forces became representations of public well-being, particularly in relation to slavery. By mid-century, new conceptions of public order made the police an accepted part of urban slavery and urban life more generally in New Orleans and Salvador. At the same time, the police surveilled and arrested free people, not just enslaved people, in the name of promoting orderly slavery.

<p>This thesis seeks to recover historical memory during El Salvador&rsquo;s devastating anticommunist campaigns from 1932 to 1963. With El Salvador&rsquo;s long history of repression against social movements, fear and even shame have silenced stories about the movement and its participants. In line with the current projects dedicated to social memory, this projects reconstructs the untold story of Felix Paname&ntilde;o, a local shoemaker and member of the Communist Party in the 1930s through his family&rsquo;s memories. Shoemakers were key to the growing political consciousness of the time, as documented by Roque Dalton through the testimonial of shoemaker and survivor of the 1932 revolt, <i>Miguel M&aacute;rmol</i>. Much of Paname&ntilde;o&rsquo;s life and struggle transpired within key political moments from the persecutions of political activists that followed the 1932 revolt, known as &ldquo;<i> La Matanza</i>&rdquo;, through the wave of repressive military dictatorships that conspired against political activist and democracy. These dictators imposed a tyranny that ultimately drove large numbers of Salvadorans to migrate to the U.S. beginning in the 1960s. Many of these immigrants, in turn, silenced their memories and depoliticized in exchange for a new beginning. Today, some of these memories are being rebuilt, giving insight to better understanding El Salvador&rsquo;s past, as well as the present peoples&rsquo; struggle for democracy at home and those participating from abroad. </p>

My dissertation explores the history of America and the world, focusing on Chile and southern South America during the Cold War. It reworks and reinterprets the United States and Chile's Cold War experience through multiarchival, international Cold War history in an Atlantic, rather than inter-American, global-historical context. Eight, overlapping, chronologically-organized chapters reconstruct the two countries' relationship from the conflict's origins to Salvador Allende's inauguration in November 1970. I locate United States and Chilean history within the international community of nations and the Atlantic world rather than the narrower, United States-centered inter-American one, and I recognize Chile as a free and sovereign power and a nation among nations, rather than a subject of United States imperialism, formal or informal. The Cold War began in Chile when the Chilean labor movement arose responsive to globalization trends in the late-nineteenth century, and when communists and anticommunists appeared on the ground there in the 1920s, rather than with the American interventions that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. I thus offer an alternative, reimagined interpretation of the United States and Chile's Cold War experience. I argue that the United States and Chile's Cold War history was not primarily an expression of American influence in Chile, but rather Chileans' complex, contested, and often highly unstable transition from colony to nation in the fluid and evolving world-historical frameworks of the Atlantic revolutions and independence, the industrial revolution, the world wars, the Russian Revolution, the Great Depression, the Cold War, and the Cuban Revolution. This enables historians to gain new insight into the already well-studied rise and fall of the Allende administration and the coup and dictatorship that followed it in the 1970s. It also reinterprets Chilean-American relations and, through this, supports those who challenge the characterization of the United States as an empire or otherwise the prime mover in recent global history. I conducted research in the National Archives in College Park, and Harry Truman, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon's presidential libraries, and I reviewed documents in the British National Archives in Kew Gardens, the Chilean National Library in Santiago, and the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission's reading room in La Reina as well. I also relied on published primary sources, including the Department of State's Foreign Relations of the United States series, the Chile Declassification Project, and historian Olga Ulianova's Russian-to-Spanish translations of Soviet papers pertaining to the Chilean Communist Party.

El Salvador, the smallest and the most densely populated state in the region of Central America, was gripped by a civil war in the 1980s that resulted in the exodus of more than a million people. This thesis explores the causes that led to the exodus. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part contains a historical and theoretical analysis of El Salvador from the time of conquest until the 1980s. An examination of the historical background of the socio-economic and political conflict in El Salvador during this period sets the scene for an account of the mass exodus of Salvadorans in the 1980s. The second part of the thesis involves a qualitative study of Salvadoran refugees, which concentrates on their experiences before and after arriving in Australia. The study explores both the reasons for the Salvadorans’ becoming refugees and their resettlement in Melbourne. In an effort to explain some of the reasons for the socio-economic and political conflict in El Salvador in the 1980s, some concepts and ideas from different theoretical perspectives are utilized: modernisation theory, world-systems theory, dependency theory, elite theory, Foco theory of revolution and economic rationalism. The historical account covers the period from the expansion of the European world economy in the 16th century up to the political conflict of the 1980s. When the Salvadorans began to arrive in Melbourne, the micro-economic agenda in Australia was based on economic rationalism. This shifted the focus away from the state and onto a market-based approach that emphasised vigorous competition and fore grounded a non-collective social framework. The changes to policies in the welfare and immigration areas resulting from this shift are examined for their impact on the resettlement experiences of Salvadoran refugees. The United States foreign policy is also delineated because of the impact it had on the political, economic and social situation in El Salvador. The thesis focused on the time-period from the 1823 Monroe Doctrine to the era of the Cold War of ‘containment of communism’. The Catholic Church has also played a major influence in the political, social and religious life of Salvadorans. The changes that occurred in the post-1965 renewal of the Catholic Church were influential in the political struggles in El Salvador. The second part of the thesis involves a qualitative research study of a small group of 14 Salvadoran refugees. Participants were selected from different professional, educational and socioeconomic backgrounds. The study examines their flight from El Salvador, their arrival in Australia and their long-term experiences of resettlement. Tracking the experiences of refugees over a considerable period of time has seldom been the focus of a research study in Australia. The Salvadorans have been under-researched and no longitudinal studies have been conducted. The Salvadorans who took part in the study became refugees for diverse reasons ranging from political/religious reasons to random repression but certainly not for economic reasons. Their past experiences have influenced their resettlement in Australia and their attempts to build their lives anew have been fraught with difficulties. The difficulties in acquiring a working knowledge of the English language have often led to a downgrading in their professional and employment qualifications, isolation from the mainstream community and the experience of loneliness for the older generation. In addition, many of the participants still experience fear both in Australia and in their home country when they return for a visit. The findings indicate that the provision of extra services, such as counselling, could facilitate their resettlement and integration into Australian society.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-26T13:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-16Bitstream added on 2015-01-26T13:30:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000803694.pdf: 2120318 bytes, checksum: 1ceac6ec952ecd3d00bd4b641593aa8f (MD5)<br>Nos últimos anos, a historiografia relacionada à história dos trabalhadores e do seu movimento retomou fôlego. Nesse contexto, as associações mutualistas têm merecido atenção especial. O objetivo deste trabalho é tentar compreender e analisar a trajetória da Associação Tipográfica Baiana, sociedade mutualista fundada no ano de 1870, na cidade do Salvador. Essa mutual, cuja existência atravessa os séculos XIX e XX, deixou-nos um importante legado que representa parcela importante da história dos trabalhadores baianos, especificamente do campo e do ofício de tipógrafo. Trazer à discussão acadêmica uma pesquisa que retira do silêncio parte da história dos trabalhadores em Salvador é contribuir para o aprofundamento de questões relacionadas aos mundos do trabalho na sua relação com a formação da sociedade brasileira. A investigação dessa forma de associativismo demonstra que as particularidades do mutualismo ainda têm muito a revelar aos estudiosos da temática, além de proporcionar uma melhor compreensão das formas de organização dos trabalhadores<br>In recent years, the historiography related to the history of workers and their movement regained momentum. In this context, mutual associations have merited special attention. The objective of this work is to try to understand and analyze the trajectory of Typographic Association Bahia, mutual benefit society founded in 1870 in the city of Salvador. This mutual, whose existence through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, has left us an important legacy which represents an important portion of the history of Bahian workers, specifically field craft and typographer. Bring to a research academic discussion that removes the silence of the history of workers in Salvador, is to contribute to the understanding of issues related to the worlds of work in its relation to the formation of Brazilian society. The investigation of this form of association shows that the particularities of mutualism still have much to reveal to scholars of the subject, in addition to providing a better understanding of the forms of worker organization