Journal articles: 'Elaboration of substrates'

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Falcade, Tiago, Diego Pereira Tarragó, Cibele Melo Halmenschlager, Vânia Caldas de Sousa, Claudia Trindade de Oliveira, and Célia Fraga Malfatti. "Elaboration of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Films on Porous Substrates." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.707.

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The development of solid oxide fuel cell has shown that the thin film concept for the electrode supported designs, based on the yttria-stabilized zirconia, is more promising than the research of new electrolyte materials. In this work, the spray pyrolysis process was investigated in order to obtain dense thin films of YSZ on porous ceramic substrates. High porosity LSM, a typical material of SOFC cathodes, was used as substrate. The precursor solution was obtained by zirconium and yttrium salts dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and propylene glycol, with volume ratio 1:1. The substrate was heated and maintained at a constant temperature (280°C, 340°C or 560°C). The as-obtained films were heat treated in a temperature of 700°C, aiming to obtain yttria-stabilized-zirconia films from the amorphous film. The morphology and microstructure of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

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de Ita, Ma Angeles, Dulce Aranda, Conrado Lezama, J. Reyes, Armando Martinez, and Omar Arenas. "Evaluation of Substrates in the Elaboration of Secondary Inoculum for the Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.12.2.26.

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Pugliara, A., C. Bonafos, R. Carles, B. Despax, and K. Makasheva. "Controlled elaboration of large-area plasmonic substrates by plasma process." Materials Research Express 2, no. 6 (June 5, 2015): 065005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/2/6/065005.

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Kunst, Sandra Raquel, Rogério Freitas dos Santos, Deisi Vieira, Cláudia Trindade Oliveira, Victor Hugo Vitorino Sarmento, and Célia de Fraga Malfatti. "Elaboration and Characterization of Siloxane-PMMA Hybrid Films on Tinplate Substrates." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1610.

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The characteristics of siloxane-PMMA hybrid films permit the obtaining of coatings with thickness of few microns without cracking. Besides, the methacrylate groups (MMA) can be easily polymerizated by UV irradiation or thermal treatments. These hybrids can also be applied in anti-corrosive coatings for metals and alloys, replacing chromates which exhibit high toxicity. In this context, the aim of this work is to study the behavior of tinplate coated with a siloxane-PMMA hybrid film by dip-coating process and cured by thermal cure process. The systems were characterized by electrochemical, morphological and physicochemical analysis. Preliminary results showed that the systems studied presented a regular and adherent siloxane-PMMA hybrid film, which increased the corrosion resistance of tinplate substrates.

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Giani, A., J. Podlecki, F. Pascal-Delannoy, G. Bougnot, L. Gouskov, and C. Catinaud. "Elaboration and characterization of InAsSb grown on GaSb and GaAs substrates." Journal of Crystal Growth 148, no. 1-2 (February 1995): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(94)00828-0.

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Moriceau, Hubert, F. Rieutord, C. Morales, A. M. Charvet, O. Rayssac, B. Bataillou, F. Fournel, et al. "Direct Wafer Bonding for Nanostructure Preparations." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.29.

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Direct Wafer Bonding has been widely developed and is very attractive for a lot of applications. Using original techniques based on direct bonding enable to carry out specific engineered substrates. Various illustrations are given among which twisted Si-Si bonded substrates, where buried dislocation networks play a key role in the subsequent elaboration of nanostructures.

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Sloma, Marcin, Daniel Janczak, Grzegorz Wroblewski, Anna Mlozniak, and Malgorzata Jakubowska. "Electroluminescent structures printed on paper and textile elastic substrates." Circuit World 40, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-10-2013-0037.

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Purpose – New types of substrates were used for fabrication of printed electroluminescent structures. Polymer foils mainly used as substrates for such optoelectronic elements were replaced with paper and textiles. Printing on non-transparent substrate requires elaboration of printed transparent electrode, while usually polyester foils with sputtered ITO transparent electrodes are used. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Electroluminescent structures were fabricated with elaborated polymer compositions filled with nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene platelets, dielectric and luminophore nanopowders. Structures were printed as “reverse stack”, where transparent electrode is printed on top of the last luminophore layer. For that carbon nanotubes and graphene platelets filled composition was used, deposited with spray-coating technique. Findings – Main issue with new substrates is proper wetting with the use of screen-printing pastes, and much higher roughness especially for textiles. Originality/value – Fully functional structures were obtained, but several disadvantages were observed that needs to be eliminated in further studies.

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Liu, Wen De, Zhen Feng Kang, Qiang Li, Ping Ping Zheng, and Tie Zhu Ding. "Electrical Characterization of YSZ/YSZ-NiO Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.807.

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This study is focused on the elaboration of 8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films onto porous supporting NiOYSZ anode substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD),and their microstructural and electrical characterizations. Better crystallinity and grain connectivity is observed increasing the deposition temperature until best values are obtained at 500°C. The greater relative conductivity enhancement is found at 300-500°C. The observed an increased conductivity at lower temperatures may be caused by a combination of nanoscaled effect of the YSZ thin film and interfacial effects between YSZ thin film and substrate.

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Normant, Jean F. "1,1-Dimetallic Reagents for the Elaboration of Stereoselectively Di- or Trisubstituted Linear Substrates." Accounts of Chemical Research 34, no. 8 (August 2001): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar000043k.

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Leclerc, G., B. Domengès, G. Poullain, and R. Bouregba. "Elaboration of (111)-oriented La-doped PZT thin films on platinized silicon substrates." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 3 (November 2006): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.01.048.

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Rasheed, Omer, and Peter Quayle. "Azo Dyes: New Palladium- and Copper-Catalysed Coupling Reactions on an Old Template." Synthesis 50, no. 13 (May 16, 2018): 2608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591571.

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The elaboration of azo dyes using a variety of transition-metal-catalysed reactions (Stille, Heck, Ullmann, and Suzuki couplings) is reported. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of functionalised coumarin azo dye conjugates, substrates which may find potential application in the development of new sensors.

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Seveno, R., A. Braud, and H. W. Gundel. "Elaboration of strontium ruthenium oxide thin films on metal substrates by chemical solution deposition." Thin Solid Films 493, no. 1-2 (December 2005): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.301.

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Huang, Hua, Chetanya Pandya, Chunliang Liu, Nawar F. Al-Obaidi, Min Wang, Li Zheng, Sarah Toews Keating, et al. "Panoramic view of a superfamily of phosphatases through substrate profiling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (April 6, 2015): E1974—E1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423570112.

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Large-scale activity profiling of enzyme superfamilies provides information about cellular functions as well as the intrinsic binding capabilities of conserved folds. Herein, the functional space of the ubiquitous haloalkanoate dehalogenase superfamily (HADSF) was revealed by screening a customized substrate library against >200 enzymes from representative prokaryotic species, enabling inferred annotation of ∼35% of the HADSF. An extremely high level of substrate ambiguity was revealed, with the majority of HADSF enzymes using more than five substrates. Substrate profiling allowed assignment of function to previously unannotated enzymes with known structure, uncovered potential new pathways, and identified iso-functional orthologs from evolutionarily distant taxonomic groups. Intriguingly, the HADSF subfamily having the least structural elaboration of the Rossmann fold catalytic domain was the most specific, consistent with the concept that domain insertions drive the evolution of new functions and that the broad specificity observed in HADSF may be a relic of this process.

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Poncin-Epaillard, Fabienne, Olga Shavdina, and Dominique Debarnot. "Elaboration and surface modification of structured poly(l-lactic acid) thin film on various substrates." Materials Science and Engineering: C 33, no. 5 (July 2013): 2526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.02.010.

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Normant, Jean F. "ChemInform Abstract: 1,1-Dimetallic Reagents for the Elaboration of Stereoselectively Di- or Trisubstituted Linear Substrates." ChemInform 32, no. 45 (May 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200145287.

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Perraudeau, Amélie, Christelle Dublanche-Tixier, Pascal Tristant, Christophe Chazelas, Sylvain Vedraine, and Bernard Ratier. "Low-temperature deposition of TiO2 by atmospheric pressure PECVD towards photoanode elaboration for perovskite and solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells." EPJ Photovoltaics 10 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2019006.

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An original low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process was used to deposit titanium dioxide thin films. The parametric study in dynamic mode deposition aimed at growing an ideal columnar film composed of aligned anatase monocrystals as solar cell photoanode, previously obtained on silicon wafers in static mode deposition. A process parameters optimization was necessary to deposit onto thermally sensitive glass/FTO substrates. In this paper, the morphology, crystallinity and optical transmission of the coatings have been studied. The coatings display a columnar cauliflower-like structure, composed of TiO2 amorphous particles assembly. After deposition, the light transmission properties of the substrate were reduced. As a solution, an ultrasound bath cleaning was set up to enhance the transmitted light through the photoanode.

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Jiao, Sai, Marc Portail, Jean François Michaud, Marcin Zielinski, Thierry Chassagne, and Daniel Alquier. "Elaboration of Monocrystalline Si Thin Film on 3C-SiC(100)/Si Epilayers by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition." Materials Science Forum 711 (January 2012): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.711.61.

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The growth of continuous silicon monocrystalline thin films on 3C-SiC epilayers deposited on silicon substrates is presented in this study. Such heterostructures can be beneficial for the fabrication of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems or electronic applications. The elaboration of these heterostructures was carried out using Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition. X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transformed Infra-Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy have been used to investigate the structural properties of Si epilayers and their dependence on growth conditions. Monocrystalline Si (110) films are obtained on 3CSiC(100)/Si (100) substrates, only when using growth temperatures close to 850°C. The strong influence of the underlying 3C-SiC film on the final structural properties of Si epilayer is evidenced.

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Ferreira, Franck, Christelle Herse, Eric Riguet, and Jean F. Normant. "Use of metallated allylic ethers for the elaboration of vicinally trisubstituted linear substrates or cyclopropyl carbinols." Tetrahedron Letters 41, no. 11 (March 2000): 1733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00025-3.

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Mulloni, V., C. Mazzoleni, and L. Pavesi. "Elaboration, characterization and aging effects of porous silicon microcavities formed on lightly p-type doped substrates." Semiconductor Science and Technology 14, no. 12 (November 8, 1999): 1052–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/14/12/307.

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20

Mekhalif, Z., F. Laffineur, N. Couturier, and J. Delhalle. "Elaboration of Self-Assembled Monolayers ofn-Alkanethiols on Nickel Polycrystalline Substrates: Time, Concentration, and Solvent Effects." Langmuir 19, no. 3 (February 2003): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la020332c.

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Heirwegh, Karel PM, and Zahur Zaman. "Elaboration of the concept of partition of amphipathic substrates in bilayer membranes in courses on enzymology." Biochemical Education 21, no. 2 (April 1993): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(93)90044-z.

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Pilarski, Krzysztof, Agnieszka A. Pilarska, Piotr Boniecki, Gniewko Niedbała, Karol Durczak, Kamil Witaszek, Natalia Mioduszewska, and Ireneusz Kowalik. "The Efficiency of Industrial and Laboratory Anaerobic Digesters of Organic Substrates: The Use of the Biochemical Methane Potential Correction Coefficient." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051280.

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This study is an elaboration on the conference article written by the same authors, which presented the results of laboratory tests on the biogas efficiency of the following substrates: maize silage (MS), pig manure (PM), potato waste (PW), and sugar beet pulp (SB). This article presents methane yields from the same substrates, but also on a technical scale. Apart from that, it presents an original methodology of defining the Biochemical Methane Potential Correction Coefficient (BMPCC) based on the calculation of biomass conversion on an industrial scale and on a laboratory scale. The BMPCC was introduced as a tool to enable uncomplicated verification of the operation of a biogas plant to increase its efficiency and prevent undesirable losses. The estimated BMPCC values showed that the volume of methane produced in the laboratory was overestimated in comparison to the amount of methane obtained under technical conditions. There were differences observed for each substrate. They ranged from 4.7% to 17.19% for MS, from 1.14% to 23.58% for PM, from 9.5% to 13.69% for PW, and from 9.06% to 14.31% for SB. The BMPCC enables estimation of biomass under fermentation on an industrial scale, as compared with laboratory conditions.

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Hanini, Faouzi, Abderrahmane Bouabellou, Yassine Bouachiba, Adel Taabouche, Fouad Kermiche, Mohamed Mahtali, and Zahia Daas. "Elaboration and Characterization of in Doped TiO₂ Thin Films." Defect and Diffusion Forum 397 (September 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.397.59.

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Undoped and indium (In) doped TiO2 thin films were deposited by sol-gel method onto glass substrates. Structural, optical and electrical properties of films were studied. X-rays diffraction patterns showed that the TiO2 films consist of anatase phase. AFM images revealed that the surface roughness of In:TiO2 films is smoother than that of undoped TiO2 films. UV–Vis transmittance results showed TiO2 films have signiﬁcant optical absorption in the region of 300–350 nm and are fully transparent in the visible. Both film thickness and refraction index in dependence on the fraction of In doping are derived from TE and TM optical guided modes excited in a prism coupler. The optical gap Eg decreases from 3.50 eV for undoped TiO2 film to 3.43 eV at 2 at.% In doping and then increases for doping with indium at 10 at.%. The electrical characterization shows a maximum electrical conductivity of 2.7 (S/cm) obtained for the film doped with 10 at.% In.

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Addis, Donna Rose, Alana T. Wong, and Daniel L. Schacter. "Remembering the past and imagining the future: Common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration." Neuropsychologia 45, no. 7 (January 2007): 1363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016.

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Michaud, Jean François, Marc Portail, Rami Khazaka, Marcin Zielinski, Thierry Chassagne, and Daniel Alquier. "Novel 3C-SiC Microstructure for MEMS Applications." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.723.

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The aim of this paper is to review the recent developments conducted for the achievement of 3C-SiC‑based heterostructures compatible with MEMS applications. Indeed, the research activities engaged since years permitted to demonstrate that the defect density has an impact towards the Young’s modulus of sub-micron 3C‑SiC epilayers. We also gained knowledge about the stress relaxation mechanisms, targeting to master the stress gradient, as stress is a key parameter to consider MEMS applications.Based on these results, we investigated the elaboration of microstructures using 3C‑SiC/Si/3C‑SiC stacks on silicon substrates. Our first noticeable result was the elaboration of a (110)-oriented 3C‑SiC membrane on a 3C‑SiC pseudo-substrate, using the silicon epilayer as a sacrificial one. But the surface of the 3C‑SiC membrane was facetted and rough, which could hamper its use for the development of new MEMS devices. Then, with further improvements, we succeeded to master the growth of a (111)‑oriented 3C‑SiC epilayer. This feature led to a drastic reduction of the roughness in comparison with the (110) orientation. Actually, using the same experimental protocol than previously, we succeeded to complete a (111)‑oriented 3C‑SiC membrane with a RMS roughness limited to 9nm. Such an optimized structure could be the starting point for the achievement of new MEMS devices operating in harsh environment or for medical applications benefiting of the 3C‑SiC biocompatibility

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Michaud, J. F., R. Khazaka, M. Portail, G. Andrä, J. Bergmann, and D. Alquier. "Laser irradiation influence on Si/3C-SiC/Si heterostructures for subsequent 3C-SiC membrane elaboration." MRS Advances 1, no. 54 (2016): 3649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.327.

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ABSTRACT The cubic polytype of silicon carbide is a stimulating candidate for Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) applications due to its interesting physical and chemical properties. Recently, we demonstrated the possibility to elaborate 3C-SiC membranes on 3C-SiC pseudo-substrates, using a silicon epilayer grown by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition as a sacrificial layer. Such structures could be the starting point for the elaboration of new MEMS devices. However, the roughness still represents a major concern. Therefore, in this contribution, we investigate the influence of an excimer laser irradiation on the Si epilayer surface prior to the 3C-SiC epilayer growth. We compare these results with the 3C-SiC epilayer grown directly on the as-grown Si epilayer.

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Crossay, Alexandre, Davide Cammilleri, Angelica Thomere, Bienlo Zerbo, Amelle Rebai, Nicolas Barreau, and Daniel Lincot. "Elaboration of wide bandgap CIGS on silicon by electrodeposition of stacked metal precursors and sulfur annealing for tandem solar cell applications." EPJ Photovoltaics 11 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2020008.

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A method was developed for the electrodeposition of Cu-In-Ga precursor layers to elaborate Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) thin films on silicon substrates for future application as silicon/wide-gap CIGS tandem solar cells. An underlayer of Ag was first deposited on silicon substrates to ensure a good adhesion of the electrodeposited stack and to serve as cathode during the deposition process. Cu, In and Ga layers were then sequentially electrodeposited. Ag-Cu-In-Ga precursor layers were finally subjected to elemental sulfur annealing at 600 °C. Formation of compact and adherent AgCIGS is observed. X ray diffraction and photoluminescence analyses confirm the formation of wide-gap CIGS of about 1.6 eV, with a spontaneous gallium grading over the depth of the sample leading to the formation of a bi-layer structure with a gallium rich layer at the interface with silicon.

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Mechri, H., Ahmed Haddad, M. Zergoug, and Mohammed Azzaz. "Microstructural Study of Thin Films CuFe Obtained by Thermal Evaporation of Nanostructured Milled Powder." Journal of Nano Research 47 (May 2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.47.71.

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Commercial copper and iron powders were used as starting materials. These powders were mechanically alloyed to obtain Cu(100-x) Fex supersaturated mixture. The milling duration was chosen in such a way as to obtain a nanostructured mixture and to form a supersaturated solid solution of CuFe; the powder mixture was used to deposit CuFe on a glass substrate. The elaboration of our films has been carried out using thermal evaporation process (physical vapor deposition) under 1 × 10-6 mbar vacuum from an electrically heated tungsten boat, using the supersaturated solid solution Cu(100-x) Fex powder obtained by mechanical alloying. The films deposition has been done on glass substrates. In this study, we present the composition effect on the structural and magnetic proprieties of Cu(100-x) Fex powder and thin films. The chemical composition, structural and magnetic proprieties of milled powders and thin films were examined by SEM, TEM, XRD, XRF and VSM.

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Fiołek, Zimowski, Kopia, and Moskalewicz. "The Influence of Electrophoretic Deposition Parameters and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Nanocomposite Si3N4/PEEK 708 Coatings on Titanium Alloy." Coatings 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090530.

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Nanocomposite Si3N4/PEEK 708 coatings were successfully fabricated on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and post-EPD heat treatment. The addition of chitosan polyelectrolyte into ethanolic-based suspensions enabled the cathodic co-deposition of ceramic and polymeric particles. Zeta potential measurements allowed the elaboration of stable suspensions. The selection of the optimal EPD voltage and time enabled uniform coatings to be obtained. Heating above the PEEK melting point and cooling with a furnace or in water resulted in the formation of dense coatings with semi-crystalline or amorphous polymer structures, respectively. Both coatings with a thickness in the range of 90–105 µm had good adhesion and scratch resistance to the substrates, despite the presence of relatively high degrees of open porosity. The coatings improved the tribological properties of the titanium alloy. However, a strong relationship between the polymeric matrix structure and wear resistance was observed. Semi-crystalline coatings proved to be significantly more wear resistant than amorphous ones.

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Ferreira, Franck, Christelle Herse, Eric Riguet, and Jean F. Normant. "ChemInform Abstract: Use of Metalated Allylic Ethers for the Elaboration of Vicinally Trisubstituted Linear Substrates or Cyclopropyl Carbinols." ChemInform 31, no. 23 (June 8, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200023067.

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Tzanakakis, Emmanouil-George C., Evangelos Skoulas, Eudoxie Pepelassi, Petros Koidis, and Ioannis G. Tzoutzas. "The Use of Lasers in Dental Materials: A Review." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123370.

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Lasers have been well integrated in clinical dentistry for the last two decades, providing clinical alternatives in the management of both soft and hard tissues with an expanding use in the field of dental materials. One of their main advantages is that they can deliver very low to very high concentrated power at an exact point on any substrate by all possible means. The aim of this review is to thoroughly analyze the use of lasers in the processing of dental materials and to enlighten the new trends in laser technology focused on dental material management. New approaches for the elaboration of dental materials that require high energy levels and delicate processing, such as metals, ceramics, and resins are provided, while time consuming laboratory procedures, such as cutting restorative materials, welding, and sintering are facilitated. In addition, surface characteristics of titanium alloys and high strength ceramics can be altered. Finally, the potential of lasers to increase the adhesion of zirconia ceramics to different substrates has been tested for all laser devices, including a new ultrafast generation of lasers.

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Pilan, Luisa, Matei Raicopol, Celina Damian, and Mariana Ioniţă. "Electrochemical Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Films Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 507 (March 2012): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.507.107.

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In this paper, we report an electrode coated with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) thin-film prepared by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. SWCNTs electrodes are fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates using a mixture of CNTs and a cationic detergent tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by applying a negative voltage to the ITO glass plate. The functionalization of these nanotubes is then achieved via electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts, in a manner similar to that employed for functionalization of other carbon surfaces. A variety of diazonium salts have been used, including those that provide moieties conducive to further elaboration after attachment to the nanotubes.

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Sidali, Tarik, Adrien Bou, Damien Coutancier, Elisabeth Chassaing, Bertrand Theys, Damien Barakel, Richard Garuz, Pierre-Yves Thoulon, and Daniel Lincot. "Semi-transparent photovoltaic glazing based on electrodeposited CIGS solar cells on patterned molybdenum/glass substrates." EPJ Photovoltaics 9 (2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2017009.

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In this paper, a new way of preparing semi-transparent solar cells using Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) chalcopyrite semiconductors as absorbers for BIPV applications is presented. The key to the elaboration process consists in the co-electrodeposition of Cu-In-Ga mixed oxides on submillimetric hole-patterned molybdenum substrate, followed by thermal reduction to metallic alloys and selenisation. This method has the advantage of being a selective deposition technique where the thin film growth is carried out only on Mo covered areas. Thus, after annealing, the transparency of the sample is always preserved, allowing light to pass through the device. A complete device (5 × 5 cm2) with 535 μm diameter holes and total glass aperture of around 35% shows an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 400 mV. Locally, the I-V curves reveal a maximum efficiency of 7.7%, VOC of 460 mV, JSC of 24 mA.cm−2 in an area of 0.1 cm2 with 35% aperture. This efficiency on the semi-transparent area is equivalent to a record efficiency of 11.9% by taking into account only the effective area.

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Fenech, Justine, Céline Viazzi, Florence Ansart, and Jean Pierre Bonino. "Elaboration of Sol-Gel Coatings from Aerogels and Xerogels of Doped Zirconia for TBC Applications." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.184.

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Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) are used as insulators on hot section components to reduce operating temperatures in aircraft engines and industrial gas turbine. The TBC system consists of two layers: the ceramic top coat traditionally Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) with a low conductivity, and the bond coat generally MCrAlY, M=Ni and/or Cr or Co or Pd or Pt modified aluminides. In the industry, two dry-route processes used to deposit TBCs give quite different microstructures of coatings. In one hand, coatings resulted by plasma spraying (PS) present a lamellar microstruture with a low thermal conductivity in the range from 0.7 to 0.9 Wm−1K−1. In the other hand, Electron Beam Physical Vapour Deposition (EBPVD) coatings with columnar microstruture coatings present the best mechanical performances but perpendicular orientation of the columns makes their thermal conductivity twice higher compared to PS coatings. The present study proposes the elaboration of zirconia coatings via the sol-gel route combined with dip-coating process. It is a versatile process able to produce either thin ceramic coatings or thick deposits. The main advantage of this method is to decrease the crystallization temperature, much lower than conventional processes. Moreover, the sol-gel process is a nondirectional deposition technique, which is very different to the physical methods described above. Doped zirconia have been chosen to constitute isolating multilayers coatings. Sol formulation, slurries stability but also dip-coating conditions have been optimized in order to obtain homogeneous layers on nickel based superalloys substrates.

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Liniger, Marc, Christian M. Neuhaus, and Karl-Heinz Altmann. "Ring-Closing Metathesis Approaches towards the Total Synthesis of Rhizoxins." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194527.

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Efforts are described towards the total synthesis of the bacterial macrolide rhizoxin F, which is a potent tubulin assembly and cancer cell growth inhibitor. A significant amount of work was expanded on the construction of the rhizoxin core macrocycle by ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) between C(9) and C(10), either directly or by using relay substrates, but in no case was ring-closure achieved. Macrocycle formation was possible by ring-closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM) at the C(9)/C(10) site. The requisite diyne was obtained from advanced intermediates that had been prepared as part of the synthesis of the RCM substrates. While the direct conversion of the triple bond formed in the ring-closing step into the C(9)-C(10) E double bond of the rhizoxin macrocycle proved to be elusive, the corresponding Z isomer was accessible with high selectivity by reductive decomplexation of the biscobalt hexacarbonyl complex of the triple bond with ethylpiperidinium hypophosphite. Radical-induced double bond isomerization, full elaboration of the C(15) side chain, and directed epoxidation of the C(11)-C(12) double bond completed the total synthesis of rhizoxin F.

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Lakhdari, Meriem, Farid Habelhames, Belkacem Nessark, Mihaela Girtan, Hassina Derbal-Habak, Yvan Bonnassieux, Denis Tondelier, and Jean Michel Nunzi. "Effects of pulsed electrodeposition parameters on the properties of zinc oxide thin films to improve the photoelectrochemical and photoelectrodegradation efficiency." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 84, no. 3 (December 2018): 30102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018180227.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were synthesized on ITO glass substrates by electrochemical deposition from a nitrate solution. The deposition potential, bath temperature and annealing temperature were fixed at −1.1 V versus SCE, 80 and 400 °C, respectively. Firstly, we prepared the ZnO thin films by two different electrochemical methods: direct (DE) and pulsed electrodeposition (PE). The results indicate that pulse electrodeposition improves the properties of ZnO thin films compared to direct electrodeposition technique. Secondly, we chose the PE method for the elaboration of ZnO thin films and we varied the time-On (ton) from 7 to 1 s. Deposited ZnO thin films were characterized using XRD, SEM, optical and photocurrent measurement. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the synthesized ZnO has a pure hexagonal wurtzite structure with a marked preferential orientation along the (002) plane perpendicular to the substrate. SEM analysis reveals that the electrodeposited nanosheets at time-On of 7 s are only hexagonal. A remarkable change in ZnO morphology from nanosheets to nanosheets/nanorods and decrease in gap energy is observed with the decrease in electrodeposition time-On. After optimization in electrodeposition time (ton), a significant improvement in photocurrent and Methylene Blue (MB) photoelectrocatalytical degradation were observed.

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Roy, Laura M., and Alice Barkan. "A SecY Homologue Is Required for the Elaboration of the Chloroplast Thylakoid Membrane and for Normal Chloroplast Gene Expression." Journal of Cell Biology 141, no. 2 (April 20, 1998): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.141.2.385.

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Results of in vitro and genetic studies have provided evidence for four pathways by which proteins are targeted to the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Although these pathways are initially engaged by distinct substrates and involve some distinct components, an unresolved issue has been whether multiple pathways converge on a common translocation pore in the membrane. A homologue of eubacterial SecY called cpSecY is localized to the thylakoid membrane. Since SecY is a component of a protein-translocating pore in bacteria, cpSecY likely plays an analogous role. To explore the role of cpSecY, we obtained maize mutants with transposon insertions in the corresponding gene. Null cpSecY mutants exhibit a severe loss of thylakoid membrane, differing in this regard from mutants lacking cpSecA. Therefore, cpSecY function is not limited to a translocation step downstream of cpSecA. The phenotype of cpSecY mutants is also much more pleiotropic than that of double mutants in which both the cpSecA- and ΔpH-dependent thylakoid-targeting pathways are disrupted. Therefore, cpSecY function is likely to extend beyond any role it might play in these targeting pathways. CpSecY mutants also exhibit a defect in chloroplast translation, revealing a link between chloroplast membrane biogenesis and chloroplast gene expression.

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Samokhvalova, V. L., Y. A. Pogromskaya, A. I. Fateev, S. G. Zuza, and V. A. Zuza. "Environmental remediation of soils polluted mainly cadmium, zinc, and copper." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 1-2 (February 25, 2014): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041404.

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The method of remediation of soil technogenic polyelemental contaminated mainly Cd, Zn and Cu, where due to the use as a sorbent - ameliorants compounds of iron (II) and phosphate fertilizers in a certain ratio in accordance with the level of contamination of soils, increase in the efficiency of their environmental rehabilitation and recovery 's natural buffer properties, through influence on the processes of different hazard classes heavy metals migration and trophic regime in the soil, and of the plants productivity with higher rates of ecological safety. The technical result of the elaboration method is to accelerate the processes of heavy metals physical and chemical fixation by making joint structuring improver of inorganic type together with mineral substrates that are effectively reduce toxicity of pollutants, optimization and restoration of the environmental state of the soil-plant system, its resistance to pollution by heavy metals. The elaboration of the method involved the improvement of the known method, accelerated of the of physical-chemical fixation processes of heavy metals different hazard classes by application of soil improver of inorganic type compatible with the type of inorganic mineral substrates, which enables for effective impact on expanding the range of heavy metals different hazard classes unable to migration into adjacent soil environment and on their mobility, to provide optimization and restoration of the soil-plant system ecological state, its resistance to heavy metals pollution. Distinctive features and benefits of the proposed technical solution, compared with known techniques and approaches are the following: ensuring the effective reduction of the heavy metals toxicity of danger various classes with optimal conditions of physical and chemical adsorption mainly Cd, Zn and Cu by simultaneous restoration of natural soil properties (elemental composition, physical and chemical properties for the improvement of organic matter and soil trophic mode) and an allowance of the soil nutrients; resource costs reduce complexity and implementation procedures for environmental rehabilitation of contaminated soils at different levels of heavy metals pollution in areas of impact sustainable sources influence of technogenic emissions due to the accuracy of the determining the ratio of soil improvers inorganic type doses and fertilizers, effective impact of the proposed composition of the first year of application and prolongation of validity up to 5 years.

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Tabatabaei Dakhili, S. Yasin, Stephanie A. Caslin, Abayomi S. Faponle, Peter Quayle, Sam P. de Visser, and Lu Shin Wong. "Recombinant silicateins as model biocatalysts in organosiloxane chemistry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 27 (June 19, 2017): E5285—E5291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613320114.

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The family of silicatein enzymes from marine sponges (phylum Porifera) is unique in nature for catalyzing the formation of inorganic silica structures, which the organisms incorporate into their skeleton. However, the synthesis of organosiloxanes catalyzed by these enzymes has thus far remained largely unexplored. To investigate the reactivity of these enzymes in relation to this important class of compounds, their catalysis of Si–O bond hydrolysis and condensation was investigated with a range of model organosilanols and silyl ethers. The enzymes’ kinetic parameters were obtained by a high-throughput colorimetric assay based on the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl silyl ethers. These assays showed unambiguous catalysis with kcat/Km values on the order of 2–50 min−1 μM−1. Condensation reactions were also demonstrated by the generation of silyl ethers from their corresponding silanols and alcohols. Notably, when presented with a substrate bearing both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxy groups the enzyme preferentially silylates the latter group, in clear contrast to nonenzymatic silylations. Furthermore, the silicateins are able to catalyze transetherifications, where the silyl group from one silyl ether may be transferred to a recipient alcohol. Despite close sequence homology to the protease cathepsin L, the silicateins seem to exhibit no significant protease or esterase activity when tested against analogous substrates. Overall, these results suggest the silicateins are promising candidates for future elaboration into efficient and selective biocatalysts for organosiloxane chemistry.

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Nishizawa, Tomoyasu, Courtney C. Aldrich, and David H. Sherman. "Molecular Analysis of the Rebeccamycin l-Amino Acid Oxidase from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes ATCC 39243." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 2084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.6.2084-2092.2005.

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ABSTRACT Rebeccamycin, a member of the tryptophan-derived indolocarbazole family, is produced by Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes ATCC 39243. The biosynthetic pathway that specifies biosynthesis of this important metabolite is comprised of 11 genes spanning 18 kb of DNA. A presumed early enzyme involved in elaboration of the rebeccamycin aglycone is encoded by rebO, located at the left-hand region of the reb gene cluster. The deduced protein product, RebO (51.9 kDa), is an l-amino acid oxidase (l-AAO) that has 27% identity to an l-AAO from Scomber japonicus (animal, mackerel) and is a member of the family of FAD-dependent oxidase enzymes. In order to study the biochemical properties of this key enzyme, the rebO gene was overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli. Biochemical characterization showed that RebO is dimeric, with a molecular mass of approximately 101 kDa. Further analysis revealed that the enzyme contains a noncovalently bound FAD cofactor and is reoxidized at the expense of molecular oxygen by producing one molecule of hydrogen peroxide. Based on kinetic studies, RebO shows significant preference for 7-chloro-l-tryptophan, suggesting its likely role as the natural early pathway substrate. Furthermore, the native RebO enzyme has evident, albeit limited, flexibility as shown by bioconversion studies with unnatural substrates. This work provides the first analysis of a structural enzyme involved in construction of this important class of indolocarbazole natural products.

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Tran, Son Hoang Cao, Quoc Kien Quoc, Nhan Thuc Chi Ha, Top Khac Le, Thang Bach Phan, Vinh Quang Lam, Tuan Tran, and Hieu Van Le. "Elaboration of Conductive Polymer thin films (P3HT/PCBM) by spin coating method – Application for hybrid organic solar cell." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1368.

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The nanostructured polymer-fullerene thin film is one of the most prominent materials to make the hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cell (BHJ) with high conversion efficiency. Especially when the blend of P3HT and PCBM was used as the donor and acceptor materials. The properties of P3HT and PCBM layer in solar cell has been much studied and considered as high performance systems. One of the important factors for the high performance device is the fabrication of photo active layer with the appropriate thickness and morphology. In the ideal case, the intermolecular distance between the polymer and fullerene should be approximately 10-20 nm (the exciton diffusion distance) giving an area of extensive contact between the two phases. After the dissociation of carriers, the two polymer phases should create the path way for carriers to reach electrodes. But so far, this ideal configuration has not been published. In this work, we’ve elaborated the P3HT and PCBM photo active layers by spin coating methodon glass substrates covered ITO electrode. The rotational velocity was determined to get the necessary effective thickness of the polymer film. The annealing effect on structure, optical and electrical properties of the polymer thin film with different content of PCBM were also investigated. The experiments show the best device on electrode ITO has I-V characteristic as a photodiode and short circuit current (Isc) aboutmili-Ampere. These results demonstrate convincingly that polymer layers elaborated by spin coating method can result a good performance of the device.

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Avarguès-Weber, Aurore, and Martin Giurfa. "Conceptual learning by miniature brains." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1772 (December 7, 2013): 20131907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1907.

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Concepts act as a cornerstone of human cognition. Humans and non-human primates learn conceptual relationships such as ‘same’, ‘different’, ‘larger than’, ‘better than’, among others. In all cases, the relationships have to be encoded by the brain independently of the physical nature of objects linked by the relation. Consequently, concepts are associated with high levels of cognitive sophistication and are not expected in an insect brain. Yet, various works have shown that the miniature brain of honeybees rapidly learns conceptual relationships involving visual stimuli. Concepts such as ‘same’, ‘different’, ‘above/below of’ or ‘left/right are well mastered by bees. We review here evidence about concept learning in honeybees and discuss both its potential adaptive advantage and its possible neural substrates. The results reviewed here challenge the traditional view attributing supremacy to larger brains when it comes to the elaboration of concepts and have wide implications for understanding how brains can form conceptual relations.

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Karmakar, Ananta, Sridharan Ramalingam, Mushkin Basha, Gopi Kumar Indasi, Makonen Belema, Nicholas A. Meanwell, T. G. Murali Dhar, et al. "Facile Access to 1,4-Disubstituted Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines from α-Aminoacetonitriles." Synthesis 52, no. 03 (October 1, 2019): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690699.

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An efficient and practical synthetic protocol for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives is described that originates from α-substituted pyrroloacetonitriles which, in turn, are readily available from aryl and alkyl aldehydes. The α-pyrroloacetonitriles were subjected to a Friedel–Crafts acylation with methyl chlorooxoacetate followed by reduction of the nitrile group under Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions and finally aromatization with DDQ leading to the desired pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives. This method was generalized and successfully applied to various aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl substrates. The developed protocol provides direct and convenient access to 1,4-disubstituted ring systems in moderate to good overall yields (51–68%) without the need for purification of the intermediates. Further functionalization via the stepwise halogenation (bromination, iodination) and nitration was also demonstrated. In addition, the potential of the ester functionality for elaboration was demonstrated by manipulating into heterocyclic ring systems, exemplified by conversion into benzoxazole derivatives.

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Madidi, F., G. Momen, and M. Farzaneh. "Development of a Stable TiO2Nanocomposite Self-Cleaning Coating for Outdoor Applications." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7958152.

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A convenient and low-cost approach for the elaboration of a stable superhydrophobic coating is reported, involving the use of TiO2nanoparticles via the spray coating method. This method can be used for preparing self-cleaning superhydrophobic coatings on large areas for different kinds of substrates. The synergistic effect of the micro/nanobinary scale roughness was produced by a multilayer RTV SR/TiO2composite. The influence of the nanofiller concentration in a specific frequency range (40 Hz to 2 MHz) on the dielectric behavior was analyzed as well. It was found that the real relative permittivity (εr′) increases as the nanofiller concentration increases. Superhydrophobic behavior is analyzed by contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and profilometer. The stability of the developed coating also has been evaluated in terms of immersion in various aqueous solutions, heating, adhesion, and exposure to UV irradiation, and the results showed good stability against these factors. The coating retained its superhydrophobicity after several days of immersion in solutions of different pH levels (2, 4, 6, and 12) and different conductivities. In addition, they also exhibited exceptional stability against UV radiation and heating, as well as good mechanical stability.

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Reyes, Ronald, and Masaya Sawamura. "An Introductory Overview of C–H Bond Activation/ Functionalization Chemistry with Focus on Catalytic C(sp3)–H Bond Borylation." KIMIKA 32, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 70–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v32i1.70-109.

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The direct and selective functionalization of C–H bonds provides novel disconnections and innovative strategies to streamline the synthesis of molecules with diverse complexities. However, despite the significant advances in the elaboration of techniques for C–H activation, the utilization of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds remains challenging. In particular, asymmetric transformation of C(sp3)–H bonds is underdeveloped owing to the lack of catalytic systems that can competently discriminate among ubiquitous C–H bonds in organic molecules. This short review aims to outline the challenges and strategies for the catalytic functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds giving a general and non-exhaustive explanatory approach. Current strategies on the basis of the substrates and reaction mechanisms are summarized in Section 1. Examples of enantioselective C–H bond transformations are then given in Section 2. Finally, in Section 3, an outline of current methodologies towards the direct borylation of C(sp3)–H bonds is described to showcase the importance of developing techniques for catalytic C–H bond chemistry. While we try to cover all excellent reports available in the literature on this topic, any omissions are unintentional, taking note of the most representative examples available.

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Richter-Landsberg, Christiane. "Protein aggregate formation in oligodendrocytes: tau and the cytoskeleton at the intersection of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration." Biological Chemistry 397, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2015-0157.

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Abstract Oligodendrocytes are dependent on an intact, dynamic microtubule (MT) network, which participates in the elaboration and stabilization of myelin forming extensions, and is essential for cellular sorting processes. The microtubule-associated protein tau is constituent of oligodendrocytes. During culture maturation it is developmentally regulated and important for MT stability, MT formation and intracellular trafficking. Downregulation of tau impairs process outgrowth and the transport of myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA to the cell periphery. Cells fail to differentiate into MBP-expressing, sheet-forming oligodendrocytes. Tau-positive inclusions originating in oligodendrocytes and white matter pathology are prominent in frontotemporal dementias, such as Pick’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. An impairment or overload of the proteolytic degradation systems, i.e. the ubiquitin proteasomal system and the lysosomal degradation pathway, has been connected to the formation of protein aggregates. Large protein aggregates are excluded from the proteasome and degraded by autophagy, which is a highly selective process and requires receptor proteins for ubiquitinated proteins, including histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). HDAC6 is present in oligodendrocytes, and α-tubulin and tau are substrates of HDAC6. In this review our current knowledge of the role of tau and protein aggregate formation in oligodendrocyte cell culture systems is summarized.

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Langacker, Ronald W. "Baseline and elaboration." Cognitive Linguistics 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 405–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0126.

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AbstractMany aspects of language and cognition involve an asymmetry describable in terms of a baseline (B) and various dimensions and levels of elaboration (E). The baseline has some kind of priority – being already established, in place, or under control – and is generally more substantive than elaborating elements. B/E organization is reflected in the control cycle, a very general cognitive model with many manifestations in everyday experience. Since elaboration produces a higher-level baseline, B/E organization involves successive strata, each a substrate for the next, which draws on additional conceptual resources creating a wider range of potential. Seriality and hierarchy represent special cases of this layered organization: in a serial structure each element provides the substrate for interpreting the next; and in composition, component structures function as a dual baseline for apprehending the more elaborate composite structure. B/E organization is characteristic of both individual structures and systems of opposing elements. Recognizing it eliminates the need to posit “zero” elements, as the zero member of a system is simply the baseline structure.

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Vodyakova, M. A., A. R. Sayfutdinova, E. V. Melnikova, and Yu V. Olefir. "Comparison of the World Pharmacopoeias’ Requirements for the Quality of Cell Lines." BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment 20, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/2221-996x-2020-20-3-159-173.

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The cell line is one of the necessary components of a biomedical cell product (BMCP) which can include only viable human cells. In addition, human, animal, insect, or bacterial cell lines can be used as a substrate for the production of some biological drugs. The list of quality parameters and test methods for medicinal products quality control are specified in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, but it contains only a few general monographs on blood products and a few requirements for cell lines as substrates for the production of biological drugs (which cover all types of cells). Currently, there is no regulatory document comparable to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation that would contain requirements and test methods for BMCP quality control in the Russian Federation. Thus, one of the issues that arises both during quality control and approval of BMCPs is the lack of a regulatory document defining requirements for BMCP quality parameters and test methods. However, some general monographs of the Russian Pharmacopoeia and other pharmacopoeias can be used for quality control of both cell lines and non-cellular components. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare different pharmacopoeial requirements for the quality of cell lines used as components in human cell- and tissue-based products (comparable to BMCPs), which could be used in BMCP quality control. The paper analyses general monographs of the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Belarus, including general monographs on biological/biotechnological products, because their requirements apply to human cell lines included as components in products similar to BMCPs. The analysed approaches and methods of quality control of cell- and tissue-based products described in the USP and Ph. Eur. could form the basis for elaboration of general monographs for the Russian Pharmacopoeia, including identification, potency, viral safety, and mycoplasma tests that are based on the nucleic acid amplification technology and other tests for cell lines as components of BMCPs.

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Cottin, S. C., T. A. Sanders, and W. L. Hall. "The differential effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, no. 2 (February 24, 2011): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665111000061.

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Compelling evidence exists for the cardioprotective benefits resulting from consumption of fatty acids from fish oils, EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). EPA and DHA alter membrane fluidity, interact with transcription factors such as PPAR and sterol regulatory element binding protein, and are substrates for enzymes including cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450. As a result, fish oils may improve cardiovascular health by altering lipid metabolism, inducing haemodynamic changes, decreasing arrhythmias, modulating platelet function, improving endothelial function and inhibiting inflammatory pathways. The independent effects of EPA and DHA are poorly understood. While both EPA and DHA decrease TAG levels, only DHA appears to increase HDL and LDL particle size. Evidence to date suggests that DHA is more efficient in decreasing blood pressure, heart rate and platelet aggregation compared to EPA. Fish oil consumption appears to improve arterial compliance and endothelial function; it is not yet clear as to whether differences exist between EPA and DHA in their vascular effects. In contrast, the beneficial effect of fish oils on inflammation and insulin sensitivity observedin vitroand in animal studies has not been confirmed in human subjects. Further investigation to clarify the relative effects of consuming EPA and DHA at a range of doses would enable elaboration of current understanding regarding cardioprotective effects of consuming oily fish and algal sources of long chainn-3 PUFA, and provide clearer evidence for the clinical therapeutic potential of consuming either EPA or DHA-rich oils.

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Ochsner, Kevin N., Kyle Knierim, David H. Ludlow, Josh Hanelin, Tara Ramachandran, Gary Glover, and Sean C. Mackey. "Reflecting upon Feelings: An fMRI Study of Neural Systems Supporting the Attribution of Emotion to Self and Other." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 10 (December 2004): 1746–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042947829.

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Understanding one's own and other individual's emotional states is essential for maintaining emotional equilibrium and strong social bonds. Although the neural substrates supporting reflection upon one's own feelings have been investigated, no studies have directly examined attributions about the internal emotional states of others to determine whether common or distinct neural systems support these abilities. The present study sought to directly compare brain regions involved in judging one's own, as compared to another individual's, emotional state. Thirteen participants viewed mixed valence blocks of photos drawn from the International Affective Picture System while whole-brain fMRI data were collected. Preblock cues instructed participants to evaluate either their emotional response to each photo, the emotional state of the central figure in each photo, or (in a baseline condition) whether the photo was taken indoors or outdoors. Contrasts indicated (1) that both self and other judgments activated the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), the superior temporal gyrus, and the posterior cingulate/precuneus, (2) that self judgments selectively activated subregions of the MPFC and the left temporal cortex, whereas (3) other judgments selectively activated the left lateral prefrontal cortex (including Broca's area) and the medial occipital cortex. These results suggest (1) that self and other evaluation of emotion rely on a network of common mechanisms centered on the MPFC, which has been hypothesized to support mental state attributions in general, and (2) that medial and lateral PFC regions selectively recruited by self or other judgments may be involved in attention to, and elaboration of, internally as opposed to externally generated information.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Elaboration of substrates'

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