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Journal articles on the topic 'Elapid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Lee, Michael S. Y., Kate L. Sanders, Benedict King, and Alessandro Palci. "Diversification rates and phenotypic evolution in venomous snakes (Elapidae)." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 1 (2016): 150277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150277.

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The relationship between rates of diversification and of body size change (a common proxy for phenotypic evolution) was investigated across Elapidae, the largest radiation of highly venomous snakes. Time-calibrated phylogenetic trees for 175 species of elapids (more than 50% of known taxa) were constructed using seven mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Analyses using these trees revealed no evidence for a link between speciation rates and changes in body size. Two clades ( Hydrophis , Micrurus ) show anomalously high rates of diversification within Elapidae, yet exhibit rates of body size evolut

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2

Allen, L., K. L. Sanders, and V. A. Thomson. "Molecular evidence for the first records of facultative parthenogenesis in elapid snakes." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (2018): 171901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171901.

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Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction by which embryos develop from unfertilized eggs. Parthenogenesis occurs in reptiles; however, it is not yet known to occur in the widespread elapid snakes (Elapidae), which include well-known taxa such as cobras, mambas, taipans and sea snakes. Here, we describe the production of viable parthenogens in two species of Australo-Papuan elapids with divergent reproductive modes: the oviparous coastal/Papuan taipan ( Oxyuranus scutellatus ) and the viviparous southern death adder ( Acanthophis antarcticus ). Analyses of nuclear SNP data excluded pat

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3

PAWAR, D. K., and H. SINGH. "ELAPID SNAKE BITE." British Journal of Anaesthesia 59, no. 3 (1987): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/59.3.385.

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4

McCARTHY, C. J. "Monophyly of elapid snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae). An assessment of the evidence." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 83, no. 1 (1985): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb00873.x.

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5

Mengden, G. A., and M. Fitzgerald. "Captive Breeding and Oviparity in Pseudechis butleri (Serpentes: Elapidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 8, no. 2 (1987): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853887x00423.

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AbstractThe recently described Australian elapid snake Pseudechis butleri is the least well known representative of the genus in terms of basic biology and reproductive mode. This report describes the reproductive behavior, oviparity and female defence of the egg clutch. Ontogenetic colour change and sexual size dimorphism from birth are demonstrated in the offspring. A review of the literature suggests that these conditions are relatively rare amongst elapids.

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6

Deer, Peter J. "Elapid envenomation: A medical emergency." Journal of Emergency Nursing 23, no. 6 (1997): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1767(97)90271-3.

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7

Meenakshisundaram, Ramachandran, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Martin Grootveld, and Ponniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian. "Severe hypertension in elapid envenomation." Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research 4, no. 1 (2013): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcdr.2013.02.008.

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8

Mcalees, Trudi J., and Linda A. Abraham. "Australian elapid snake envenomation in cats: Clinical priorities and approach." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 11 (2017): 1131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17735761.

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Practical relevance: No fewer than 140 species of terrestrial snakes reside in Australia, 92 of which possess venom glands. With the exception of the brown tree snake, the venom-producing snakes belong to the family Elapidae. The venom of a number of elapid species is more toxic than that of the Indian cobra and eastern diamondback rattle snake, which has earned Australia its reputation for being home to the world’s most venomous snakes. Clinical challenges: The diagnosis of elapid snake envenomation is not always easy. Identification of Australian snakes is not straightforward and there are n

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9

Youngman, Nicholas J., Joshua Llinas, and Bryan G. Fry. "Evidence for Resistance to Coagulotoxic Effects of Australian Elapid Snake Venoms by Sympatric Prey (Blue Tongue Skinks) but Not by Predators (Monitor Lizards)." Toxins 13, no. 9 (2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090590.

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Some Australian elapids possess potently procoagulant coagulotoxic venoms which activate the zymogen prothrombin into the functional enzyme thrombin. Although the activity of Australian elapid prothrombin-activators has been heavily investigated with respect to the mammalian, and in particular, human clotting cascades, very few studies have investigated the activity of their venom upon reptile plasmas. This is despite lizards representing both the primary diet of most Australian elapids and also representing natural predators. This study investigated the procoagulant actions of a diverse range

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10

McDowell, S. B., and R. Longmore. "Atlas of Elapid Snakes of Australia." Copeia 1987, no. 3 (1987): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445691.

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11

Nirthanan, S., P. Gopalakrishnakone, M. C. E. Gwee, H. E. Khoo, and R. M. Kini. "Non-conventional toxins from Elapid venoms." Toxicon 41, no. 4 (2003): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00388-4.

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12

GROGNET, Jean-Marc, Andre MENEZ, Alex DRAKE, Kyozo HAYASHI, Ian E. G. MORRISON, and Robert C. HIDER. "Circular dichroic spectra of elapid cardiotoxins." European Journal of Biochemistry 172, no. 2 (1988): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13898.x.

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13

Dufton, M. J., and R. C. Hider. "Structure and pharmacology of elapid cytotoxins." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 36, no. 1 (1988): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(88)90111-8.

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14

Minton, Sherman A. "Atlas of elapid snakes of Australia." Toxicon 25, no. 10 (1987): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90280-7.

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15

Dashevsky, Daniel, Darin Rokyta, Nathaniel Frank, Amanda Nouwens, and Bryan G. Fry. "Electric Blue: Molecular Evolution of Three-Finger Toxins in the Long-Glanded Coral Snake Species Calliophis bivirgatus." Toxins 13, no. 2 (2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020124.

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The genus Calliophis is the most basal branch of the family Elapidae and several species in it have developed highly elongated venom glands. Recent research has shown that C. bivirgatus has evolved a seemingly unique toxin (calliotoxin) that produces spastic paralysis in their prey by acting on the voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels. We assembled a transcriptome from C. bivirgatus to investigate the molecular characteristics of these toxins and the venom as a whole. We find strong confirmation that this genus produces the classic elapid eight-cysteine three-finger toxins, that δδ-elapitoxins

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16

Logan, Jessica M., and Anthony Woods. "Asynchronous venom production mechanisms in elapid snakes." Toxicon 158 (February 2019): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.050.

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17

Tambourgi, Denise V., Maria Cristina Santos, Maria de Fátima D. Furtado, Maria Cristina W. Freitas, Wilmar Silva, and Thereza L. Kipnis. "Pro-inflammatory activities in elapid snake venoms." British Journal of Pharmacology 112, no. 3 (1994): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13137.x.

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18

Tambourgi, D. V., M. C. dos Santos, M. de Fatima D. Furtado, M. C. W. de Freitas, W. Dias da Silva, and T. L. Kipnis. "Pro-inflammatory activities in elapid snake venoms." Toxicon 33, no. 3 (1995): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(95)99313-r.

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19

Deufel, Alexandra, and David Cundall. "Prey transport in ?palatine-erecting? elapid snakes." Journal of Morphology 258, no. 3 (2003): 358–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10164.

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20

Williams, Harry, Paul Hayter, Divyashree Ravishankar, et al. "Impact of Naja nigricollis Venom on the Production of Methaemoglobin." Toxins 10, no. 12 (2018): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120539.

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Snakebite envenomation is an affliction currently estimated to be killing upwards of 100,000 people annually. Snakebite is associated with a diverse pathophysiology due to the magnitude of variation in venom composition that is observed worldwide. The haemolytic (i.e., lysis of red blood cells) actions of snake venoms are well documented, although the direct impact of venoms on haemoglobin is not fully understood. Here we report on the varied ability of a multitude of snake venoms to oxidise haemoglobin into methaemoglobin. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the venom of an elapid, the bla

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21

Webb, Jonathan K., Weiguo Du, David Pike, and Richard Shine. "Generalization of predator recognition: Velvet geckos display anti-predator behaviours in response to chemicals from non-dangerous elapid snakes." Current Zoology 56, no. 3 (2010): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.3.337.

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Abstract Many prey species detect chemical cues from predators and modify their behaviours in ways that reduce their risk of predation. Theory predicts that prey should modify their anti-predator responses according to the degree of threat posed by the predator. That is, prey should show the strongest responses to chemicals of highly dangerous prey, but should ignore or respond weakly to chemicals from non-dangerous predators. However, if anti-predator behaviours are not costly, and predators are rarely encountered, prey may exhibit generalised antipredator behaviours to dangerous and non-dang

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22

Takasaki, C., and N. Tamiya. "Isolation and amino acid sequence of a short-chain neurotoxin from an Australian elapid snake, Pseudechis australis." Biochemical Journal 232, no. 2 (1985): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2320367.

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A short-chain neurotoxin Pseudechis australis a (toxin Pa a) was isolated from the venom of an Australian elapid snake Pseudechis australis (king brown snake) by sequential chromatography on CM-cellulose, Sephadex G-50 and CM-cellulose columns. Toxin Pa a has an LD50 (intravenous) value of 76 micrograms/kg body wt. in mice and consists of 62 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of Pa a shows considerable homology with those of short-chain neurotoxins of elapid snakes, especially of true sea snakes.

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23

Sutherland, S. K., A. R. Coulter, and R. D. Harris. "Rationalisation of First-Aid Measures for Elapid Snakebite." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 16, no. 3 (2005): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[164:rofmfe]2.0.co;2.

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24

Alape-Girón, Alberto, Bengt Persson, Ella Cederlund, et al. "Elapid venom toxins: multiple recruitments of ancient scaffolds." European Journal of Biochemistry 259, no. 1-2 (1999): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00021.x.

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25

Carlsson, Fritz H. H., and Abraham I. Louw. "Properties of some 3-nitrotyrosyl elapid venom cardiotoxins." International Journal of Biochemistry 19, no. 1 (1987): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-711x(87)90117-0.

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26

Agarwal, Ritesh, Ashutosh N. Aggarwal, and Dheeraj Gupta. "Elapid snakebite as a cause of severe hypertension." Journal of Emergency Medicine 30, no. 3 (2006): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.05.028.

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27

Brazil, Oswald Vital. "Coral snake venoms: mode of action and pathophysiology of experimental envenomation." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 3 (1987): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000300001.

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Coral snakes, the New World Elapidae, are included in the genera Micniroides and Micrurus. The genus Mlcrurus comprises nearly all coral snake species and those which are responsible for human snake-bite accidents. The following generalizations concerning the effects induced by their venoms, and their venom-properties can be made. Coral snake venoms are neurotoxic, producing loss of muscle strenght and death by respiratory paralysis. Local edema and necrosis are not induced nor blood coagulation or hemorrhages. Proteolysis activity is absent or of very low grade. They display phospholipase A2

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28

Alexander, Graham J., Duncan Mitchell, and Shirley A. Hanrahan. "Wide Thermal Tolerance in the African Elapid, Hemachatus haemachatus." Journal of Herpetology 33, no. 1 (1999): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565562.

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29

Mashiko, Hiroshi, and Hidenobu Takahashi. "Cysteine proteinase inhibitors in elapid and hydrophiid snake venoms." Toxicon 40, no. 9 (2002): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00133-2.

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30

Jin, Yang, Wen-Hui Lee, and Yun Zhang. "Molecular cloning of serine proteases from elapid snake venoms." Toxicon 49, no. 8 (2007): 1200–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.013.

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31

Bamford, N. J., S. B. Sprinkle, L. A. Cudmore, et al. "Elapid snake envenomation in horses: 52 cases (2006–2016)." Equine Veterinary Journal 50, no. 2 (2017): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evj.12735.

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32

White, Julian. "The generic classification of the Australian terrestrial elapid snakes." Toxicon 30, no. 8 (1992): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90416-3.

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33

Taggart, Patrick L., Lucy Woolford, Nathan Dunstan, Luke Allen, Melanie Buote, and Scott A. Lindsay. "Cutaneous Chromatophoromas in Four Species of Australian Elapid Snake." Journal of Comparative Pathology 183 (February 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.005.

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34

Pus, Urska, Andreas H. Laustsen, Aneesh Karatt-Vellatt, et al. "Monoclonal human IgGs capable of neutralizing elapid neurotoxins in vivo." Toxicon 158 (February 2019): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.154.

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35

Tasoulis, Theo, Nathan Dunstan, and Geoffrey K. Isbister. "Three-finger toxins and Australian elapid venoms: Are they important?" Toxicon 177 (April 2020): S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.145.

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36

Pycroft, Kyle, Bryan G. Fry, Geoffrey K. Isbister, et al. "Toxinology of Venoms from Five Australian Lesser Known Elapid Snakes." Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 111, no. 4 (2012): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00907.x.

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37

Zhao, Hui, Tong-Xiang Gan, Xiao-Dong Liu, et al. "Identification and characterization of novel reptile cathelicidins from elapid snakes." Peptides 29, no. 10 (2008): 1685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.06.008.

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38

Reichling, Steven B., and William H. N. Gutzke. "Phenotypic consequences of incubation environment in the African elapid genusAspidelaps." Zoo Biology 15, no. 3 (1996): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1996)15:3<301::aid-zoo8>3.0.co;2-f.

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39

Jackson, Timothy, Kartik Sunagar, Eivind Undheim, et al. "Venom Down Under: Dynamic Evolution of Australian Elapid Snake Toxins." Toxins 5, no. 12 (2013): 2621–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5122621.

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40

Young, Bruce, and Donald Schultz. "Vertical posturing, defensive strikes, and leaping in African elapid snakes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (2009): S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.213.

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41

Kazandjian, Taline D., Arif Arrahman, Kristina B. M. Still, et al. "Anticoagulant Activity of Naja nigricollis Venom Is Mediated by Phospholipase A2 Toxins and Inhibited by Varespladib." Toxins 13, no. 5 (2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050302.

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Bites from elapid snakes typically result in neurotoxic symptoms in snakebite victims. Neurotoxins are, therefore, often the focus of research relating to understanding the pathogenesis of elapid bites. However, recent evidence suggests that some elapid snake venoms contain anticoagulant toxins which may help neurotoxic components spread more rapidly. This study examines the effects of venom from the West African black-necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) on blood coagulation and identifies potential coagulopathic toxins. An integrated RPLC-MS methodology, coupled with nanofractionation, w

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42

Whitaker, Patrick B., and Richard Shine. "Sources of Mortality of Large Elapid Snakes in an Agricultural Landscape." Journal of Herpetology 34, no. 1 (2000): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565247.

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43

KEOGH, J. SCOTT. "Evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology in the terrestrial Australian elapid snakes." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 125, no. 2 (1999): 239–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00592.x.

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44

Webb, Jonathan K., and Richard Shine. "Thermoregulation by a Nocturnal Elapid Snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) in Southeastern Australia." Physiological Zoology 71, no. 6 (1998): 680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/515979.

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45

McDowell, S. B. "On the status and relationships of the Solomon Island elapid snakes." Journal of Zoology 161, no. 2 (2009): 145–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb02032.x.

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46

Slowinski, Joseph B., and J. Scott Keogh. "Phylogenetic Relationships of Elapid Snakes Based on Cytochrome b mtDNA Sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15, no. 1 (2000): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0725.

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47

Heller, J., DJ Mellor, JL Hodgson, SWJ Reid, DR Hodgson, and KL Bosward. "Elapid snake envenomation in dogs in New South Wales: a review." Australian Veterinary Journal 85, no. 11 (2007): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00194.x.

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48

Fry, B. G., W. W�ster, R. M. Kini, et al. "Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny of Elapid Snake Venom Three-Finger Toxins." Journal of Molecular Evolution 57, no. 1 (2003): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-2461-2.

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49

Richards, Renée, Liam St Pierre, Manuela Trabi, et al. "Cloning and characterisation of novel cystatins from elapid snake venom glands." Biochimie 93, no. 4 (2011): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2010.12.008.

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50

Tan, Nget-Hong, and Gnanajothy Ponnudurai. "A comparative study of the biological properties of Australian elapid venoms." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 97, no. 1 (1990): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(90)90178-c.

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