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Rahemi, Hossein. "Thermal fracture service life analysis of a case bonded visco-elastic cylinder." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-172155/.
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Khomenko, Maria. "Viscous fluid instabilities under an elastic sheet." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23813.
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This thesis considers the flow of thin fluid film between an elastic sheet and a rigid plane. We derive a mathematical model for the flow from the Navier-Stokes equations using the lubrication approximation and develop numerical and similarity solutions to this problem. An experimental apparatus was developed to investigate this phenomenon, and the results of the mathematical model were compared with experimental data.
Chapter 3 examines the evolution of a fixed fluid volume under gravitational forces on a horizontal plane. The evolution of the fluid mass profile and the progression of the fluid front are determined from the numerical solutions, as well as experimentally. The favourable comparison between the numerical solutions and the experimental results establishes the validity of the model.
Chapters 4-5 considers the evolution of a thin fluid flow under an elastic on an inclined plane. We establish a traveling wave solution for this flow. A linear stability analysis yields the criterion for the existence of unstable modes and establishes the growth rate and wavelength of the most unstable mode. Instability is promoted by increasing the inclination of the plane. For low angles, the numerical and experimental growth rates were in good agreement, while the wavelengths were experimentally of the same order and numerically computed wavelengths had little variation.
The long term behaviour of the fluid front is studied analytically via a similarity solution in Chapter 6.
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Peer, Andreas [Verfasser], and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Teschner. "Implicit SPH formulations for viscous fluids and elastic solids." Freiburg : Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188195956/34.
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Djabella, Hocine. "Finite element analysis of elastic stresses in coated surfaces." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334019.
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Lev, Einat. "Elastic and viscous anisotropy in Earth's mantle : observations and implications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52764.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-137).
In this thesis I address the topic of anisotropy - the directional dependence of physical properties of rocks - from two complementary angles: I use seismic anisotropy to detect deformation in the mantle, and I demonstrate the importance of accounting for rheological anisotropy in mantle flow models. The observations of seismic anisotropy in the Earth's interior allow geophysicists to probe the direction and mechanism of deformation, through the detection of lattice- and shapepreferred orientation and the derived elastic anisotropy. I capitalized upon this property when I investigated the deformation of the mantle underneath Eastern Tibet and compared it to the surface and crustal deformation. This work revealed an intriguing regional variation, hinting a change from north to south in the processes controlling the deformation of this complex region. Preferred orientations in rocks can change the rheology and lead to anisotropy of viscosity, a property often ignored in geodynamical modeling. I included anisotropic viscosity in a number of test flow models, including a model of shear in the upper mantle due to plate motion, a model of buoyancy-driven instabilities, and a model of flow in the mantle wedge of subduction zones. My models revealed that anisotropic viscosity leads to substantial changes in all the flows I examined. In the upper mantle beneath a moving plate, anisotropic viscosity can lead to localization of the strain and the extend of power-law creep in the upper mantle.
(cont.) In the presence of anisotropic viscosity, the wavelength of density instabilities varies by the orientation of the anisotropy. The thermal structure and melt production of the subduction zone mantle wedge changes when anisotropic viscosity is accounted for. It is thus crucial that geodynamical flow models are self consistent and account for anisotropic viscosity.
by Einat Lev.
Ph.D.
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Dansereau, Véronique. "Un modèle Maxwell-élasto-fragile pour la déformation et dérive de la banquise." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU003/document.
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De récentes analyses statistiques de données satellitales et de bouées dérivantes ont révélé le caractère hautement hétérogène et intermittent de la déformation de la banquise Arctique, démontrant de ce fait que le schéma rhéologique visco-plastique utilisé traditionnellement en modélisation climatique et opérationnelle ne simule pas adéquatement le comportement dynamique des glaces ainsi que les efforts mécaniques en leur sein.Un cadre rhéologique alternatif, baptisé "Maxwell-Élasto-Fragile" (Maxwell-EB) est donc développé dans le but de reproduire correctement la dérive et la déformation des glaces dans les modèles continus de la banquise à l'échelle régionale et globale. Le modèle se base en partie sur un cade de modélisation élasto-fragile utilisé pour les roches et la glace. Un terme de relaxation visqueuse est ajouté à la relation constitutive d'élasticité linéaire ainsi qu'une viscosité effective, ou "apparente", laquelle évolue en fonction du niveau d'endommagement local du matériel simulé, comme son module d'élasticité. Ce cadre rhéologique permet la dissipation partielle des contraintes internes par le biais de déformations permanentes, possiblement grandes, le long de failles (ou "leads") lorsque le matériel est fortement endommagé ainsi que la conservation de la mémoire des contraintes associées aux déformations élastiques dans les zones où le matériel reste relativement peu endommagé.The schéma numérique du modèle Maxwell-EB est basé sur des méthodes de calcul variationnel et par éléments finis. Une représentation Eulérienne des équations du mouvement est utilisée et des méthodes dites Galerkin discontinues sont implémentées pour le traitement des processus d'advection.Une première série de simulations idéalisées et sans advection est présentée, lesquelles démontrent que la rhéologie Maxwell-Élasto-Fragile reproduit les caractéristiques principales du comportement mécanique de la banquise, c'est-à-dire la localisation spatiale, l'anisotropie et l'intermittence de la déformation ainsi que les lois d'échelle qui en découlent. La représentation adéquate de ces propriétés de la déformation se traduit par la présence de très forts gradients au sein des champs de contrainte, de déformation et du niveau d'endommagement simulés par le modèle. Des tests visant à évaluer la diffusion numérique découlant de l'advection de ces gradients extrêmes ainsi qu'à identifier certaines contraintes numériques du modèle sont ensuite présentés. De premières simulations en grandes déformations, incluant les processus d'advection, sont réalisées, lesquelles permettent une comparaison aux résultats d'une expérience de Couette annulaire sur de la glace fabriquée en laboratoire. Le modèle reproduit en partie le comportement mécanique observé. Par ailleurs, les différences entre les résultats des simulations et ceux obtenus en laboratoire permettent d'identifier certaines limitations, numériques et physiques, du modèle en grandes déformations. Finalement, le modèle rhéologique est utilisé pour modéliser la dérive et la déformation des glaces à l'échelle de la banquise Arctique. Des simulations idéalisées de l'écoulement de glace dans un chenal étroit sont présentées. Le modèle simule une propagation localisée de l'endommagement, définissant des failles en forme d'arche, et la formation de ponts de glace stablesIn recent years, analyses of available ice buoy and satellite data have revealed the strong heterogeneity and intermittency of the deformation of sea ice and have demonstrated that the viscous-plastic rheology widely used in current climate models and operational modelling platforms does not simulate adequately the drift, deformation and mechanical stresses within the ice pack.A new alternative rheological framework named ''Maxwell-Elasto-Brittle” (Maxwell-EB) is therefore developed in the view of reproducing more accurately the drift and deformation of the ice cover in continuum sea ice models at regional to global scales. The model builds on an elasto-brittle framework used for ice and rocks. A viscous-like relaxation term is added to a linear-elastic constitutive relationship together with an effective viscosity that evolves with the local level of damage of the material, like its elastic modulus. This framework allows for part of the internal stress to dissipate in large, permanent deformations along the faults/leads once the material is highly damaged while retaining the memory of small, elastic deformations over undamaged areas. A healing mechanism is also introduced, counterbalancing the effects of damaging over large time scales.The numerical scheme for the Maxwell-EB model is based on finite elements and variational methods. The equations of motion are cast in the Eulerian frame and discontinuous Galerkin methods are implemented to handle advective processes.Idealized simulations without advection are first presented. These demonstrate that the Maxwell-EB rheological framework reproduces the main characteristics of sea ice mechanics and deformation : the strain localization, the anisotropy and intermittency of deformation and the associated scaling laws. The successful representation of these properties translates into very large gradients within all simulated fields. Idealized numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate the amount of numerical diffusion associated with the advection of these extreme gradients in the model and investigate other limitations of the numerical scheme. First large-deformation simulations are carried in the context of a Couette flow experiment, which allow a comparison with the result of a similar laboratory experiment performed on fresh-water ice. The model reproduces part of the mechanical behaviour observed in the laboratory. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results allow identifying some numerical and physical limitations of the model in the context of large-deformation and laboratory-scale simulations. Finally, the Maxwell-EB framework is implemented in the context of modelling the drift and deformation of sea ice on geophysical scales. Idealized simulations of the flow of sea ice through a narrow channel are presented. The model simulates the propagation of damage along arch-like features and successfully reproduces the formation of stable ice bridges
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Keene, Frank W. "Thermal stresses in closed spherical shells /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11039.
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Rashid, Asim. "MINIMIZING CONTACT STRESSES IN AN ELASTIC RING BY RESPONSE SURFACE OPTIMIZATION." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13023.
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Horne, Graeme Christopher Milligan. "Elastic follow-up and the interaction between applied and residual stresses." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650098.
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This dissertation considers the characterisation of the relaxation of residual stress in a component resulting from plasticity induced by externally applied loads with the elastic follow-up factor. Residual stresses are the result of an incompatibility of displacements or strains within a component, i.e. a misfit. However, elastic material surrounding the non-linearly deforming region results in the region experiencing loading conditions between the extremes of fixed-load and fixed-displacement conditions. This is known as elastic follow-up. Greater elastic follow-up, i.e. more compliance in the surrounding material, decreases the relaxation of residual stress with plasticity. An idealised residual stress model was developed to determine the residual component of load acting on a fracture specimen, as a function of the applied component of load, through the plasticity resulting from the total load on the specimen. The effect of elastic follow-up is shown on the rate of residual stress relaxation, additional plastic strain accumulation and the J-integral. The results from the model are compared with the existing and proposed R6 methodology. In general, the existing approach was found to be overly conservative with negligible elastic follow-up, reduced with the g-function approach, otherwise they were reasonably intolerant of elastic follow-up. The recently proposed relaxation equation showed a good agreement with the model for all levels of elastic follow-up. An experiment is presented to characterise the elastic follow-up associated with an idealised one-dimensional residual stress field. It is shown that the elastic follow-up factor is a function of the reduction in eigenstrain or misfit, rather than the increase in plasticity alone, for the associated reduction in residual stress. The rate of relaxation of residual stresses in a component is dependent on the eigenstrain, geometry and post-yield behaviour of the material. It cannot be uniquely described by the elastic follow-up factor as the rate of relaxation is also dependent on the position of all non-linear deformation in the body. Therefore the elastic follow-up factor is position-, loading- and defect-specific.
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Verma, Navin Prakash. "Viscous Dampers for Optimal Reduction in Seismic Response." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43716.
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To model dissipation of energy in vibrating civil structures, existence of viscous damping is commonly assumed primarily for mathematical convenience. In such a classical damper, the damping force is assumed to depend only on the velocity of deformation. Fluid viscous dampers that provide this type of damping have been manufactured to provide supplementary damping in civil and mechanical systems to enhance their performance. Some fluid dampers, however, exhibit stiffening characteristics at higher frequencies of deformation. The force deformation relationship of such dampers can be better represented by the Maxwell model of visco-elasticity. This model consists of a viscous dashpot in series with a spring, the latter element providing the stiffening characteristics. This study is concerned with the optimal utilization of such Maxwell dampers for seismic performance improvement of civil structures. The force deformation relationship of Maxwell dampers is described by a first order differential equation. Earlier studies dealing with these dampers, used an unsymmetric set of equations for combined structure and damper system. The solution of such equations for response analysis or for optimization calculation by a modal analysis approach would require the pair of the left and right eigenvectors. In this study, an auxiliary variable is introduced in the representation of a Maxwell damper to obtain symmetric equations of motion for combined structure and damper system. This eliminates the need for working with two sets of eigenvectors and their derivatives, required for optimal analysis.
Since the main objective of installing these dampers is to reduce the structural response in an optimal manner, the optimization problem is defined in terms of the minimization of some response-based performance indices. To calculate the optimal parameters of dampers placed at different location in the structure, Rosen's gradient projection method is employed. For numerical illustration, a 24-story shear building is considered. Numerical results are obtained for seismic input defined by a spectral density function; however, the formulation permits direct utilization of response spectrum-based description of design earthquake. Three different performance indices -- inter story drift-based, floor acceleration-based, and base shear-based performance indices-- have been considered to calculate the numerical results. A computational scheme is presented to calculate the amount of total damping required to achieve a desired level of response reduction. The effect of ignoring the stiffening effect at higher frequencies in the Maxwell model on the optimal performance is evaluated by parametric variation of relaxation time coefficient. It is observed that the models with higher relaxation time parameter show a decreased response reducing damping effect. Thus ignoring the stiffening effect when it is, indeed, present would provide an unconservative estimation of the damping effect. The effect of brace flexibilities on different performance indices is also investigated. It is observed that flexibility in a brace reduces the effectiveness of the damper.Master of Science
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Soediono, Andy H. "Near tip stress and strain fields for short elastic cracks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19557.
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Hu, Jindong, and 胡勁東. "Elastic fracture of annulated structures analyzed by distributed dislocation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31241785.
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Kim, Jae Hyung Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Simulation of thin elastic solids in the incompressible viscous flow using implicit interface representation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57883.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-94).
This thesis provides a numerical algorithm to solve fluid-structure interaction problems in the Cartesian grid. Unlike the typical Immersed Interfaced Method (IIM), we define thin non-stretchable solid interface with the Level Set function. In addition, we developed a partial differential equation which represents the bending rigidity of the interface. The interface is assumed very thin and has zero elastic stress when it is flat. The interface gives singular forces to the incompressible viscous fluid and the fluid solver handles discontinuities across the interface. Instead of solving two dynamic systems (i.e., fluid and solid), we solve the fluid field only and solve a convection equation of interface with the local fluid velocity. This idea is valid because of viscous fluid (i.e., velocity is continuous across the interface) as we can see frequently in the IIM. The result shows that elastic interface vibrates and converges to an equilibrium state. The oscillatory motion of the interface depends on the viscosity of fluid, Young's modulus and thickness of interface. The results looks correct physically, and they match with the existing IIM results.
by Jae Hyung Kim.
S.M.
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Hedlund, Hans. "Hardening concrete : measurements and evaluation of non-elastic deformation and associated restraint stresses /." Luleå, 2000. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2000/25/index.html.
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Aichele, Johannes. "Elastic waves in complex conditions : from the onset of rupture to viscous dispersion in foams." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1217.
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Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans la continuité des recherches académiques du Labtau (Laboratory of therapeutic applications of ultrasound) et de l’ ISTerre (Institut des sciences de la terre) à l'interface entre imagerie médicale et sismologie, deux disciplines reposant sur la propagation des ondes élastiques. La nature de la propagation des ondes élastiques dans des milieux complexes est étudiée à travers l'imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide - également connue sous le nom d'imagerie d’ondes de cisaillement. Cette technique d'imagerie médicale permet de récupérer un champ d'onde de cisaillement se propageant dans un milieu élastique mou. Elle est habituellement utilisée comme modalité d’imagerie cartographiant les élasticités d’organes tels que le foie ou le sein. La première partie se penche sur le comportement des ondes dans des milieux poreux. La dispersion de l'onde de cisaillement et de l'onde de compression secondaire dans des matériaux imitant le poumon est analysées expérimentalement, puis comparées à la théorie de poro-élasticité de Biot. Les résultats quant à l'onde de cisaillement sont conformes à la théorie, et ceux de l’onde de compression y correspondent qualitativement. Pour conclure, dans le cas des milieux mous, poreux et élastiques, la dispersion des ondes élastiques est gouvernée par les propriétés du fluide visqueux. Ainsi, les résultats présentés au cours de cette thèse pourraient consolider la théorie nécessaire à une imagerie de l’élasticité pulmonaire. Potentiellement d’autres organes pourraient en bénéficier : en effet, le foie et la rate sont constitués d'un pourcentage élevé de sang. Ce fluide non-Newtonien présente une forte variabilité de la viscosité. Celle-ci implique la nécessité d’étudier le rôle du sang vis-à-vis de l'élastographie du foie, pas encore expliquée par les modèles visco-élastique. En outre, la preuve expérimentale de l'onde de compression secondaire est utile dan l’étude de la propagation d'ondes poro-élastiques. Il est important de noter que l’onde de compression secondaire a été objet principal d’études approfondies en géophysique et n’a été observée que dans quelques rares cas. La partie suivante s’intéresse à une problématique de la géophysique explorée au moyen de l’imagerie de l’onde de cisaillement : Que pourrait révéler sur la nature de la rupture dynamique d’une instabilité de friction l’étude du champs d’onde élastique ? Comment la rupture, le processus responsable des tremblements de terre, est générée? En observant la carte du champ d’onde de cisaillement pendant la rupture d’une aspérité granulaire au point source et dans le milieu, il est possible d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension de la propagation de la rupture. L’expérience qui se base sur l’utilisation de fantômes mous et élastiques montre une multitude de phénomènes qui sont aussi présents dans la friction des roches en laboratoire, ainsi que dans la Terre. Par exemple, les ruptures supershear, sub-Rayleigh, une phase de nucléation et la friction du type stick-slip ont été observés. Toutefois, ni un mécanisme de source d’une force unique, ni un double-couple n’arrivent à expliquer l’ensemble des ruptures observées. De plus, pour analyser la complexité spatio-temporelle des ruptures de cette expérience, un workflow semi-automatique intègrant la segmentation d’image et la vision numérique est suggéréThis thesis is part of the research at Labtau (Laboratory of therapeutic applications of ultrasound) and ISTerre (Institut des sciences de la terre - earth science institute) at the interface of medical imaging and seismology, two research disciplines that are based on the propagation of elastic waves. It investigates the nature of elastic wave propagation in complex conditions by ultrafast ultrasound imaging, also known as transient elastography or shear wave imaging. This medical imaging technique allows for retrieval of the dynamic shear wave field inside a soft elastic material and is commonly applied in hospitals for elasticity mapping in, e.g., the liver and breast. In the present manuscript, two research questions of interest for bio- and geophysics are tackled. The first part treats elastic wave propagation in porous materials. The dispersion of the shear and secondary compression wave in lung-mimicking materials is analyzed experimentally and compared to Biot's theory of poro-elasticity. The results show a good agreement for the shear wave and qualitative agreement for the secondary compression wave. This has direct implications for elasticity imaging: the properties of the viscous fluid govern the shear wave dispersion in highly porous soft elastic materials. The thesis thus contributes to the emerging branch of lung elasticity imaging. The results could have clinical implications for other organs as well. The liver and spleen contain a high percentage of blood, a non-Newtonian fluid which exposes a highly varying viscosity. The conclusions drawn from the comparison of the experimental results and poro-elastic theory imply, that the role of the pore-filling fluid should be investigated in liver elastography: The clinically observed dispersion of shear waves in the liver remains partly unexplained by purely visco-elastic models. Furthermore, the experimental proof of the secondary compression wave is of general interest for poroelasticity. Originally, this wave has been the object of geophysical studies and has scarcely been shown experimentally. In the second part, the ultrafast ultrasound shear wave imaging technique is applied to a geophysical research question. What does the elastic wavefield, which is emitted by a frictional instability, reveal about the nature of dynamic rupture propagation? How does rupture, the process behind earthquakes, nucleate? By mapping the shear wave-field during rupture of a granular asperity at the source point and in the medium, unique insights into rupture nucleation are gained. The experimental setup, which relies on soft elastic phantoms, is shown to reproduce many characteristics of sliding friction that have been show for real rocks in the earth and the laboratory. These include supershear and sub-Rayleigh rupture propagation, a nucleation phase and stick-slip friction. Neither a singular-force nor a double-couple source mechanism explain the entirety of observed rupture modes. Finally, in order to statistically analyze the complex spatio-temporal evolution of the presented experiment, a semi-automated data analysis workflow, taking advantage of image segmentation and computer vision, is suggested
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Karimi, Kamran. "Quenched Stresses And Linear Elastic Response Of Random Packings Of Frictionless Particles Near Jamming." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/356.
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We study stress correlations and elastic response in large-scale computer simulations of particle packings near jamming. We show that there are characteristic lengths in both the stresses and elastic response that diverge in similar ways as the confining pressure approaches zero from above. For the case of the stress field, we show that the power spectrum of the hydrostatic pressure and shear stress agrees with a field-theoretic framework proposed by Henkes and Chakraborty [15] at short to intermediate wavelengths (where the power is flat in Fourier space), but contains significant excess power at wavelengths larger than about 50 to 100 particle diameters, with the specific crossover point going to larger wavelength at decreasing pressure, consistent with a divergence at p=0.These stress correlations were missed in previous studies by other groups due to limited system size. For the case of the elastic response, we probe the system in three ways: i) point forcing, ii) constrained homogeneous deformation where the system is driven with no-slip boundary conditions, and iii) free periodic homogeneous deformation. For the point force, we see distinct characteristic lengths for longitudinal and transverse modes each of which diverges in a different way with decreasing pressure with ET⇠p-1/4 and EL⇠p -0.4 respectively. For the constrained homogeneous deformation we see a scaling of the local shear modulus with the size of the probing region consistent with E⇠p-1/2 similar to the EL⇠p-0.4 observed in the longitudinal component of the point response and in perfect agreement with the rigidity length discussed in recently proposed scenarios for jamming. Finally, we show that the transverse and longitudinal contributions to the strain field in response to unconstrained deformation (either volumetric or shear) have markedly different behavior. The transverse contribution is surprisingly invariant with respect to p with localized shear transformations dominating the response down to surprisingly small pressures. The longitudinal contribution develops a feature at small wavelength that intensifies with decreasing p but does not show any appreciable change in length. We interpret this pressure-invariant length as the characteristic shear zone size.
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Lin, Yi Han. "A mathematical theory of elastic orthotropic plates in plane strain and axi-symmetric deformations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27436.
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We present an elastic orthotropic plate theory in plane strain and axisym-metric deformations by first developing their uniform asymptotic expansions of the exact solutions for the basic governing boundary value problems. Then, the establishment of the necessary conditions for decaying states, both explicitly and asymptotically, enables us to determine the outer solution without reference to the inner solution and clarify the precise
meaning of the well known St.Venant's principle under the circumstances considered here. The possible existence of corner stress singularities was examined by establishing and solving three transcendental governing equations. By developing a generalized Cauchy type singular integral equation for the plane strain deformation and an integral equation of the second kind for the axi-symmetric deformation and taking the corner stress singularities
into consideration, we obtained accurate numerical solutions for all canonical boundary value problems which are needed in the asymptotic necessary conditions for decaying
states. Finally, the accuracy of the numerical solutions of canonical boundary value problems and the efficiency of the plate theory were confirmed through the applications of solving two physical problems and comparing with the existing results.Science, Faculty of
Mathematics, Department of
Graduate
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Заскока, Антон Миколайович, Антон Николаевич Заскока, and Anton Mykolaiovych Zaskoka. "Фазові переходи в ультратонких твердоподібних плівках мастила при межовому терті." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/43321.
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Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню процесів межового тертя в рамках термодинамічної моделі плавлення ультратонкого мастила, затиснутого між двома атомарно-гладкими твердими поверхнями. Описано поведінку двох простих механічних аналогів трибологічних систем – при зсуві верхньої поверхні тертя в одному напрямку та при зовнішньому знакозмінному впливі. Установлено, що залежно від керуючих параметрів мастила можуть реалізуватись режими сухого, переривчастого та рідинного тертя.
Проведена модифікація термодинамічного потенціалу, яка дала змогу описати фазові переходи першого роду в системі. Показано, що наявність пружньої взаємодії між блоком та зовнішнім приводом суттєво змінює гістерезис на залежності сили тертя від температури та швидкості зсуву.
Проведено врахування універсальної залежності в’язкості неньютонівського мастила від температури та градієнта швидкості. При цьому досліджено властивості мастила при низьких температурах і швидкостях зсуву. За допомогою врахування залежності в’язкості від температури та градієнта швидкості вдалося описати квазістатичну компоненту сили тертя. Змодельовано ефекти пам’яті межового мастила.
Проведено подальшу модифікацію термодинамічного потенціалу, а саме враховано лінійний доданок в розвиненні вільної енергії. Розраховано критичні значення плавлення і тверднення мастила в цьому випадку для фазових переходів першого та другого родів. Знайдено співвідношення між параметрами розкладення при яких в системі реалізується фазовий перехід першого роду, і при яких – другого. Отримані результати розрахунку якісно співпадають з експериментальними даними інших авторів.Диссертация посвящена исследованию процессов граничного трения в рамках термодинамической модели плавления ультратонкой пленки смазки, зажатой между двумя атомарно-гладкими твердыми поверхностями. Плавление и затвердевание смазки описываются как фазовые переходы первого и второго рода. Описано поведение двух механических аналогов трибологических систем – при сдвиге верхней поверхности в одну сторону и при внешнем знакопеременном воздействии. Показано, что в зависимости от параметров системы возможна реализация режимов сухого, прерывистого и жидкостного трения. Выяснено, что увеличение температуры смазки и/или скорости сдвига приводит к уменьшению максимальных значений силы трения. Изучено влияние коэффициента пропорциональности между вязкостью и скоростью сдвига, коэффициента жесткости пружины, циклической частоты, различных типов смазок (псевдопластических, дилатантных и ньютоновских) на поведение трибологических систем. Анализ термодинамического потенциала позволил выделить критические значения температур плавления и затвердевания смазки, которые совпадают при реализации в системе фазового перехода второго рода, и различны при протекании фазового перехода первого рода. Установлено, что ширина гистерезиса по температуре значительно увеличивается при наличии пружины между блоком и внешним приводом. Гистерезис по скорости сдвига в таком случае отсутствует. Проведен учет универсальной зависимости вязкости полимерных смазок от температуры и градиента скорости. Эта зависимость показывает, что логарифм эффективной вязкости пропорционален логарифму скорости сдвига. Коэффициент пропорциональности изменяет свое значение от 1 в твердоподобном состоянии до 0 в жидкоподобном (ньютоновская жидкость). При этом исследованы свойства смазки при низких температурах и скоростях сдвига. Построена трехмерная зависимость силы трения от температуры и скорости сдвига. С помощью учета зависимости вязкости от температуры и градиента скорости удалось описать квазистатическую компоненту силы трения. Построена зависимость силы трения от времени при продолжительной остановке внешнего привода. Смоделированы эффекты памяти граничной смазки, которые проявляются в том, что поведение системы в последующий момент времени зависит от предыдущего состояния. Изучено поведение при различных значениях внешней нагрузки. Построены зависимости для параметров смазок, состоящих из алканов различной длины, продемонстрированы и объяснены отличия для различных типов смазок. Проведена дальнейшая модификация термодинамического потенциала путем учета линейного слагаемого в разложении свободной энергии по степеням параметра порядка. Рассчитаны критические значения температуры и скоростей плавления и затвердевания смазки в этом случае для фазовых переходов первого и второго рода. Найдено соотношение между параметрами разложения при которых в системе реализуется фазовый переход первого либо второго рода. Показано, что расплавленному состоянию смазки может отвечать ненулевое значение параметра порядка. Такой вид потенциала дал возможность описать квазистатическую силу трения базируясь на новом подходе. На его основе изучено поведение трибологической системы при различных временах остановки внешнего привода для различных времен релаксации параметра порядка. Полученные результаты расчета качественно совпадают с экспериментальными данными других авторов.
The thesis is devoted to the boundary friction processes investigation using thermodynamic model of ultrathin lubricant melting, which is grabbed between two atomically-smooth solid surfaces. The behavior of two simple mechanical analogues of tribological systems have been described: during the shearing of upper block in one direction and during the external periodical influence. It has been found out that depending on lubricant control parameters, regimes of dry, interrupted and sliding friction can be realized. Further thermodynamical potential modification allows us to describe first-order phase transition in the system. The presence of the elastic connection between block and external drive significantly changes temperature and shear velocity hysteresis’s. The universal dependence of viscosity of lubricant on temperature and velocity gradient has been took into consideration. Herewith, the lubricant characteristics have been investigated at the low temperatures and low shear velocities. The guasi-static friction force was described using the viscosity dependence. The further thermodynamic potential modification has been performed. For this purpose, the linear term was added in the free energy expansion into series. The critical values of lubricant melting and solidification were calculated for the phase transitions of the first- and second-order. The relation was found between expansion parameters for which first- or second-order phase transition are realized in the system. Obtained results qualitatively coincide with experimental data.
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楊貴永 and Kwai-wing Yeung. "Elastic-plastic analysis of rolling elliptical contacts and the effects of axial superimposed stresses on rolling contact fatiguefailure." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31231032.
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Yeung, Kwai-wing. "Elastic-plastic analysis of rolling elliptical contacts and the effects of axial superimposed stresses on rolling contact fatigue failure /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12333669.
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Hill, Desmond L. "Thermally induced vibrations of viscoelastic plates and shallow shells of arbitrary shape /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/thesis/09PH/09phh645.pdf.
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Weir, Simon. "The rheology of caramel." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25868.
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Caramel is a mixture of sugars, milk proteins, fat and water cooked at high temperatures to initiate Maillard reactions. We study caramels as ‘active emulsion-filled protein gels’, in which fat droplets are chemically-bonded to a background gel matrix of cross-linked proteins in a concentrated aqueous sugar solution. A ‘caramel region’ in composition space is delimited by the varying the four ingredients; sugar, milk protein, fat and water. The boundaries of the composition space define various modes of ‘failure’. Boundaries are determined for transitions to toffee and emulsification failure leaking out of the caramel, and protocol dependent failures, scum formation during the cooking step and subsequent boil over or the formation of a ‘creme Chantilly. Oscillatory rheology within the caramel region reveals that we can superpose the mechanical spectra of all caramels into a single pair of G'(ω),G''(ω) master curves using time-composition superposition (tCS) over 12 decades of frequency, so that all caramels are instances of an underlying ‘universal material’. The master curve is an example of a very lightly cross-linked amorphous polymer, a weak rubber. Utilising the cross-over point of G'(ω) and G''(ω) as a common point to compare caramel master curves the viscous and elastic dependency of caramel is determined and linked to the caramels ingredients. Viscosity is dependent on the aqueous sugar content and the elastic dependency on protein content. This insight constrains the molecular mechanisms for structure formation, and implies that measuring a couple of parameters suffices to predict the rheology of caramels over 12 orders of magnitude in frequency.
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Bruns, Russell Luis. "Finite element analysis of stresses in a uniaxially loaded elastic sheet containing an interference-fit fastener." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020140/.
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Caudill, Nelson Elbert. "The study of thermal stresses in a single long elastic fiber embedded in an infinite matrix." FIU Digital Commons, 2003. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2088.
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This work considered the micro-mechanical behavior of a long fiber embedded in an infinite matrix. Using the theory of elasticity, the idea of boundary layer and some simplifying assumptions, an approximate analytical solution was obtained for the normal and shear stresses along the fiber. The analytical solution to the problem was found for the case when the length of the embedded fiber is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix was much less than that of the fiber. The analytical solution was then compared with a numerical solution based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS. The numerical results showed the same qualitative behavior of the analytical solution, serving as a validation tool against lack of experimental results.
In general this work provides a simple method to determine the thermal stresses along the fiber embedded in a matrix, which is the foundation for a better understanding of the interaction between the fiber and matrix in the case of the classical problem of thermal-stresses.
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De, Bruin P. D. (Peter Douglas). "Experimental determination of the effective elastic constants of thin perforated plates." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/66862.
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Schwarzer, Norbert. "Modelling of the contact mechanics of thin films using analytical linear elastic approaches." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11244005.
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Vekilova, Olga. "Influence of stresses and impurities on thermodynamic and elastic properties of metals and alloys from ab initio theory." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teoretisk Fysik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97383.
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Stresses and impurities may influence elastic properties, phase stability and magnetic behavior of metals and their alloys. A physical understanding of this influence is of great importance to both fundamental science and technological applications. The diverse methods used in this work allowed us to shed light on the various aspects of the problem. In particular, in this work the thermodynamic, magnetic and elastic properties of Fe and Fe-Ni alloys at Earth’s inner core conditions were investigated by means of the ab initio theory. The main features of these calculations are on one side the extreme pressure-temperature conditions; on the other side the strong-correlation effects, which at these conditions may play an unexpected role. That is why I used different approaches, ranging from molecular dynamics to the dynamical mean field theory. Interesting possibility for the effect of non-hydrostatic stresses on the stability of the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase of iron was observed. If detected, it could allow for an explanation of striking contradictions in high-pressure experiments. The influence of the alloying with Ni on the stability of Fe was studied. It was shown that the observed reverse of the stability trend under pressure is associated with the suppression of ferromagnetism at conditions of Earth’s inner core. The strong correlation effects were observed in Fe3Ni by means of the dynamical mean field theory, revealing that the local environment of iron atoms is crucial for the strength of the on-site electronic correlations. There is also an exciting experimental finding of our colleagues indicating that magnetism in pure nickel survives at very high pressures up to 260 GPa, i.e. up to the highest pressure at which magnetism in any material has ever been observed. Our calculations of the pressure dependence of the effective exchange interaction parameter and the hyperfine field support the picture of the ordered ferromagnetic state in Ni at multimegabar pressures. Further, hydrogen is believed to be an important light impurity in Earth’s core. Thereupon the hydrogen containing FeOOH was also investigated. The prediction of the effect of symmetrization of the hydrogen bond under pressure was made. The universality of applied methods allowed us to study the elastic constants of TiN, which is of high relevance to the industry of cutting tools. The importance of taking into account the finite temperature effects in the calculations of the elastic properties was demonstrated. Another case of practical interest is the Fe-Cr system, a prototype of many industrial steels. For instance, it is used in cooling pipes of pressure vessel reactors. We studied the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the phase stability of Fe-Cr alloys and revealed intriguing differences in the ordering tendencies depending on the Cr concentration and magnetic state of the alloy. We showed how variation of the ordering tendency between the Fe and Cr atoms emerges due to suppression of the local magnetic moment on the Cr atoms. Noteworthy, hydrogen is not only the basic material playing fundamental role on and in the Earth, it is also a very promising source of fuel, which does not pollute the environment. In this sense the problem of hydrogen storage in Pd is of separate but related interest and it was theoretically investigated in the present work. The effect of vacancies on the energetically preferable position of hydrogen in the Pd cell was addressed. My theoretical results supported the experimental suggestion of multiple occupation of Pd vacancies by hydrogen.
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Philobos, Mahera S. "Benchmark elasticity solution for the buckling of thick composite cylindrical shells under axial compression and combined external pressure and axial compression." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19549.
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Schwarzer, Norbert. "Modelling of the contact mechanics of thin films using analytical linear elastic approaches." Doctoral thesis, N. Schwarzer: Arbitrary load distribution on a layered half space, ASME Journal of Tribology, Vol. 122, No. 4, October 2000, 672-681, ISSN 0742-4787; N. Schwarzer, F. Richter, G. Hecht: ”Elastic Field in a Coated Half Space under Hertzian pressure distribution”, J. of Surface & Coatings Technology 114 (1999) 292-304, ISSN 0257-8972; N. Schwarzer, Th. Chudoba, D. Billep, F. Richter: ”Investigation of coating substrate compounds using inclined spherical indentation”, J. of Surface & Coatings Technology 116 – 119 (1999) 244-252, ISSN 0257-8972, 2003. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A18161.
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In this work the author presents simulation procedures (mathematical models) with the aim to help determining and analysing the mechanical properties of coating-substrate-systems and finding an optimal coating structure which should protect the compound from inelastic deformation under a given range of load conditions. Such procedures may be used as a tool to minimise the search field for experimental work. For this purpose one would need a mathematical model which allows one to calculate the complete elastic field with all its displacement and stress components within a multilayer film on a substrate under given mechanical loading and intrinsic stress conditions.
Due to copyright restrictions the author is not allowed to publish the Part II of his habilitation thesis at this place. It concerns the references in meta data.In der Arbeit werden mathematische Modelle zur Berechnung der mechanischen Eigenschaften geschichtet aufgebauter Materialien unter unterschiedlichsten Lastbedingungen (Kontakt- und intrinsische Beanspruchung) vorgestellt und diskutiert. Auf Grund von Schutzrechtsbestimmungen ist eine Veröffentlichung der in der Habilitation angegebenen Literatur im Teil II an dieser Stelle nicht möglich. Der interessierte Leser wird gebeten die Arbeiten in den entsprechenden Journalen einzusehen. Dies betrifft die in den Metadaten angegebenen Veröffentlichungen des Autors.
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Nguyen, Dang Dan. "Revêtements polymères sous contraintes environnementales couplées." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065519.
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L'objectif de notre étude est de mettre en évidence les synergies existantes entre les différents facteurs de vieillissement lors de la dégradation d'un revêtement polymère modèle, représentatif d'une peinture anticorrosion.Notre travail a consisté à suivre le vieillissement hygrothermique du système DGEBA/TETA sous forme de film libre et de revêtement déposé sur substrat acier dans différentes solutions (eau pure et NaCl 3%) pour différentes températures et contraintes mécaniques visco-élastique appliquées. Nos résultats ont montré que le programme de cuisson affectait les propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques du système initial et que l'absorption d'eau, non homogène, suivait une loi non-Fickienne, suite à un phénomène de gonflement.La prise en eau et la diffusion ont été caractérisées par gravimétrie et spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique. Nos résultats montrent que les propriétés barrière du revêtement diminuent avec la quantité d'eau absorbée et avec la température de vieillissement. Cependant, la contrainte plane appliquée sur le système tend à contrarier cet effet. La formalisation de nos observations expérimentales dans le cadre d'une approche thermodynamique a montré l'effet prépondérant de la partie entropique par rapport à la partie enthalpique de l'énergie d'activation des processus de transport de l'eau, en raison de l'orientation des chaînes sous l'action de la contrainte. De plus, une diminution de la permittivité relative du revêtement sec a été observée en fonction de la température et de la contrainte appliquée, indépendamment de son signe (tension ou compression). Dans ce cas, la contribution enthalpique semble être prépondérante.
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Chen, Xiaolei. "Experimental and theoretical studies of incompatibility and dislocation pile-up stresses at grain boundaries accounting for elastic and plastic anisotropies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0089.
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Les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux métalliques dépendent fortement du comportement des dislocations, telles que la densité, la distribution, la nucléation et la mobilité des dislocations ainsi que les interactions entre les dislocations et les joints de grain (JDGs). L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les effets des anisotropies élastiques et plastiques sur l'interaction de dislocations-JDG en considérant les propriétés complexes des JDGs, les effets de désorientation et les effets de surfaces libres. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une approche analytique basée sur le formalisme L-E-S a été étudiée, qui fournit les champs élastiques des dislocations droites simples et des différents empilements de dislocations aux JDGs dans des milieux homogènes anisotropes, des demi-espaces, des bi- et tri-matériaux tout en considérant éventuellement les effets de surface libre. La configuration tri-matériaux permet d'envisager une épaisseur non nulle de l'ordre du nanomètre et un tenseur de rigidité spécifique pour la région du JDG. La configuration à deux surfaces libres a été utilisée pour étudier les effets de taille. Les effets de l'élasticité anisotrope, de l'orientation cristallographique, de la rigidité du JDG et des surfaces libres ont été étudiés dans le cas d'une seule dislocation et des empilements de dislocations dans un bi-cristal de Ni avec l'analyse des forces images et de la longueur d'empilements, respectivement. En parallèle, des essais in-situ de compression sur des bi-cristaux de Ni et de α-laiton de taille micronique réalisés par usinage au FIB et des observations couplant MEB, AFM et EBSD ont été effectués. L'essai de compression a été réalisé avec une faible déformation. Ensuite, les variations spatiales de la hauteur des marches dûs aux bandes de glissement localisées se terminant au JDG ont été mesurées par AFM pour déterminer la distribution du vecteur de Burgers dans l'empilement de dislocations. Cette distribution a ensuite été simulée par la configuration de l'empilement de dislocations dans des bi-cristaux avec les paramètres mesurés expérimentalement en considérant l'effet de la désorientation, de la rigidité du JDG, des surfaces libres, des contraintes d'incompatibilités et de la force critique. En particulier, les contraintes d'incompatibilités ont été analysées à l'aide de simulations CP-MEF et l'épaisseur du JDG a été simulée à l'aide de simulations atomistique avec LAMMPSThe mechanical properties of metallic materials strongly depend on the dislocation behavior, such as the density, the distribution, the nucleation and the mobility of dislocations as well as the interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries (GB). The main objective of this thesis is to study the effects of elastic and plastic anisotropies on the dislocation-GB interaction considering complex properties of GBs, misorientation effects and free surfaces effects. To reach this objective, an analytical approach based on the L-E-S formalism was investigated, which provides the elastic fields of single straight dislocations and different dislocation pile-ups at GBs in anisotropic homogeneous media, half-spaces, bi- and tri-materials while possibly considering free surface effects. The tri-material configuration allows considering a non-zero thickness in the nanometer range and a specific stiffness tensor for the GB region. The configuration with two free surfaces was used to study size effects. The effects of anisotropic elasticity, crystallographic orientation, GB stiffness and free surfaces were studied in the case of a single dislocation and dislocation pile-ups in a Ni bi-crystals with image forces and pile-ups length analyses, respectively. In parallel, in-situ compression tests on micron-sized Ni and α-Brass bi-crystals produced from FIB machining and observations coupling SEM, AFM and EBSD were performed. The compression test was performed with a low strain. Then, step height spatial variations due to localized slip bands terminating at GB were measured by AFM to determine the Burgers vector distribution in the dislocation pile-up. This distribution was then simulated by dislocation pile-up configuration in bi-crystals with the experimentally measured parameters by considering the effect of misorientation, GB stiffness, free surfaces, incompatibility stresses and critical force. In particular, the incompatibility stresses were analyzed using CPFEM simulations and the thickness of GB was simulated using atomistic simulations with LAMMPS
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Akileh, Aiman R. "Elastic-plastic analysis of axisymmetrically loaded isotropic circular and annular plates undergoing large deflections." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3559.
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The concept of load analogy is used in the elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of isotropic circular and annular plates undergoing moderately large deflection. The effects of the nonlinear terms of lateral displacement and the plastic strains are considered as additional fictitious lateral loads, edge moments, and in-plane forces acting on the plate. The solution of an elastic or elastic-plastic Von Karman type plate is hence reduced to a set of two equivalent elastic plate problems with small displacements, namely, a plane problem in elasticity and a linear elastic plate bending problem. The method of finite element is employed to solve the plane stress problem. The large deflection solutions are then obtained by utilizing the solutions of the linear bending problems through an iterative numerical scheme. The flow theory of plasticity incorporating a Von Mises layer yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss associated flow rule for strain hardening materials is employed in this approach.
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Wang, Lehua. "Elastoplastic analyses of multiple cracks in thin sheets, and of elliptical cracks in 3D bodies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11781.
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SUBRAMANIAN, BALAKRISHNAN. "GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF THIN ARBITRARY SHELLS USING DISCRETE-KIRCHHOFF CURVED TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS (FINITE)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188101.
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The research work presented here deals with the problems of geometrically nonlinear analysis of thin shell structures. The specific objective was to develop geometrically nonlinear formulations, using Discrete-Kirchhoff Curved Triangular (DKCT) thin shell elements. The DKCT elements, formulated in the natural curvilinear coordinates, based on arbitrary deep shell theory and representing explicit rigid body modes, were successfully applied to linear elastic analysis of composite shells in an earlier research work. A detailed discussion on the developments of classical linear and nonlinear shell theories and the Finite Element applications to linear and nonlinear analysis of shells has been presented. The difficulties of developing converging shell elements due to Kirchhoff's hypothesis have been discussed. The importance of formulating shell elements based on deep shell theory has also been pointed out. The development of shell elements based on Discrete-Kirchhoff's theory has been discussed. The development of a simple 3-noded curved triangular thin shell element with 27 degrees-of-freedom in the tangent and normal displacements and their first-order derivatives, formulated in the natural curvilinear coordinates and based on arbitrary deep shell theory, has been described. This DKCT element has been used to develop geometrically nonlinear formulation for the nonlinear analysis of thin shells. A detailed derivation of the geometrically nonlinear (GNL) formulation, using the DKCT element based on the Total Lagrangian approach and the principles of virtual work has been presented. The techniques of solving the nonlinear equilibrium equations, using the incremental methods has been described. This includes the derivation of the Tangent Stiffness matrix. Various Newton-Raphson solution algorithms and the associated convergence criteria have been discussed in detail. Difficulties of tracing the post buckling behavior using these algorithms and hence the necessity of using alternative techniques have been mentioned. A detailed numerical evaluation of the GNL formulation has been carried out by solving a number of standard problems in the linear buckling and GNL analysis. The results compare well with the standard solutions in linear buckling cases and are in general satisfactory for the GNL analysis in the region of large displacements and small rotations. It is concluded that this simple and economical element will be an ideal choice for the expensive nonlinear analysis of shells. However, it is suggested that the element formulation should include large rotations for the element to perform accurately in the region of large rotations.
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Prawoto, Yunan. "LEFM based analysis of the effect of tensile residual macrostress on fatigue crack propagation /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974672.
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Forysewicz, Monika. "Analysis of the deformation and stress condition in the visco-elastic-plastic materials processing area during a high-speed single-blade cutting : PhD thesis summary : [synopsis]." Rozprawa doktorska, [s.n.], 2015. http://dlibra.tu.koszalin.pl/Content/1058.
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Bouvet, Geoffrey. "Relations entre microstructure et propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques de revêtements époxy modèles." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS039/document.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude et la mise en évidence de relations microstructure-propriétés dans des revêtements modèles à base époxy représentatifs de peinture anticorrosion. Ces relations sont établies aussi bien à l’état initial que lors de vieillissements hygrothermiques. Cette étude a tout d’abord consisté à caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques du système stœchiométrique DGEBA/DAMP totalement réticulé. Ces propriétés ont été comparées à celles du système DGEBA/TETA et ont permis de montrer la forte influence de la microstructure sur ces propriétés initiales. Des vieillissements hygrothermiques cycliques à différentes températures sur films libres ont été effectués pour mesurer l’impact de la microstructure sur la durabilité des systèmes époxy. Ces travaux ont pu montrer l’influence des interactions eau-polymère dans les phénomènes de diffusion. De plus, les évolutions de certaines propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques ont pu être caractérisées à l’aide de la DMA (mors submersibles), lors des différentes étapes de sorption-désorption. Un comportement pseudo-fickien a pu être mis en évidence lors de la première sorption, suivi d’un comportement fickien lors des autres étapes. Les causes inhérentes à cette évolution ont pu être avancées, en mettant en jeu des réorganisations microstructurales des systèmes époxy étudiés. D’autres vieillissements hygrothermiques ont été réalisés à l’aide de la SIE sur des revêtements pour étudier l’effet de l’interface revêtement/substrat acier sur les phénomènes de diffusion, notamment le rôle des contraintes résiduelles. L’influence de la contrainte visco-élastique sur les phénomènes de prise en eau des revêtements a finalement été étudiéeThis work highlights the microstructure-properties relations inside representative epoxy based model coatings for anticorrosion paints. These relations have been established for the initial state as well as the hygrothermal ageing. First, we characterised physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the totally crosslinked DGEBA/DAMP stoichiometric system. These properties have been compared to the DGEBA/TETA system and they showed the strong influence of the microstructure on these initial properties. Cyclic hygrothermal ageing have been completed at different temperatures on free films, in order to measure the impact of the microstructure on the durability of epoxy systems. This work has shown the influence of the water-polymer interactions on diffusion phenomena. Moreover, the evolutions of several physico-chemical and mechanical properties have been characterised using DMA (submersible clamps), during different sorption-desorption steps. A pseudo-fickian behaviour has been evidenced during the first sorption, and it was followed by a fickian behaviour for all other steps. The inherent causes of this evolution have been proposed, by considering microstructural reorganisations of the studied epoxy systems. Other hygrothermal ageing have been carried out using EIS on coatings, in order to study the effects of the coating/steel substrate interface on diffusion phenomena, especially the role of residual stresses. We finally studied the influence of the visco-elastic stress on the coating water intake phenomena
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Littlefair, Bryn. "A tribo-dynamic solution for the flexible piston skirt and liner conjunction." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14900.
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The internal combustion engine is still at the heart of the vast majority of vehicles manufactured worldwide today. For these applications reciprocating pistons are typically employed to convert the pressures generated by internal combustion into mechanical work required by the vehicle. Of the energy supplied to the engine as a whole approximately 17% is lost by means of mechanical friction. The piston ring - liner and piston skirt - liner conjunctions contribute approximately 30% of the overall friction losses in almost equal proportions. It is, therefore, important to note that reduction in piston assembly friction would have a significant effect on the fuel consumption and, therefore, performance of engines manufactured today. In order to reduce the effect of friction it is of critical importance that the model and predictions made alongside the design of engine components accurately represent the real incycle conditions encountered in practice. Much of the published research to date has excluded the effects of global thermo-elastic distortions on the lubrication of the piston skirt. In cases where this effect has been studied, it has been for relatively low engine speeds or loads on relatively stiff conjunctions. In motorsport applications the expected component lifespans are much shorter than in the usual OEM production vehicles. Reduction in component mass, particularly in reciprocating components has been at the centre of these recent gains. The effect of mass reduction coupled with the increased BMEP observed in high performance engines emphasises the importance of underlying mechanisms of lubrication. This thesis develops the modelling methodology for piston skirt-cylinder liner conjunction for the motorsport and high performance engine applications. It presents a multi-body, multiscale approach to the prediction of the lubrication conditions of the skirt-liner conjunction, incorporating realistic measured boundary conditions. It highlights the effect of inertial loading observed at high speeds in such applications. Using the methodology developed in this work, future improvements in friction may be accurately predicted though the use of the modular boundary and component contributions used throughout. Crucially though, the models created have been scrutinised and verified using instantaneous ultrasonic film thickness measurements non-invasively from the conjunction. One of the key findings of the thesis is that the component stiffness profiles have a significant effect on the dynamics of the piston assembly. The shape of the conjunction at a given instant, and thus the contact condition, is largely governed by the interaction between the themo-mechanical distortion of the contiguous solids, as well as changes in lubricant characteristic responses. The iso-viscous elastic mechanism of lubrication has been identified as being the dominant mechanism of lubrication.
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Resch, Julia Antonia. "Elastic and viscous properties of polyolefin melts with different molecular structures investigated in shear and elongation = Elastische und viskose Eigenschaften von Polyolefinschmelzen mit verschiedenem molekularen Aufbau untersucht in Scherung und Dehnung." kostenfrei, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1001254694/34.
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Anderson, Fredrik. "Rheological changes at the air-liquid interface and examining different kind of magnetic needles." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36540.
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The main objective in this work was to learn how the instrument, the Interfacial Shear Rheometer (ISR400), worked and to investigate how the rheological properties, storage modulus (elasticity), G' and loss modulus (viscous), G'', changes when the surface pressure at the air-liquid interphase changes. The second objective were to examine the different kind of magnetic needles used in the experiments and to conclude which type of needle is best for its specific field of analysis. It was concluded that the relative heavy needle with mass 70.6 mg and length 50 mm was best for systems where the viscous and elastic components are significantly large, where the inertia of the needle is not dominant. It also worked of using the heavier needle for a system of phospholipids. For the hydroxystearic acid (HSA) experiment that were tested on NaCl sub-phase there was a clear improvement after switching from the heavy needle (mass 41.5 mg; length 51 mm) to the relative lighter needle (mass 6.94 mg; length 34.7 mm). The values for the dynamic modulus therefore had a better agreement with reference literature. A spread layer of class II hydrophobins (HFBII) could be compressed to a surface pressure of 46 mNm-1. The G' and G'' values from the frequency sweep were discarded because the monolayer turned into a very viscous-like liquid, and the oscillating needle, after compression, was kind of stuck in the sub-phase and moved very staggering during a frequency sweep. The needle comparison experiment with silica particles 10 wt% Bindzil CC30 (BCC30), at pH 3.5 was done to see if there was any difference in the sensitivity for the needles at the interface which consisted of a pure 10 mM NaCl solution or a 10 mM NaCl solution with BCC30 added to it. The differences were negligible in terms of surface tension but there was a clear difference between the heavy needle and the light needle, when oscillating at higher frequencies (>≈6 rad/s). With this study, the understanding of ISR400 has increased largely. Several issues have been addressed and the results provide a good basis for further studies within the many areas the instrument can be used for. Despite the project's time limit, and the fact that the instrument was new and untested where the project was carried out, focus areas were prioritized so good results could be achieved within reasonable goals.Huvudmålet med detta arbete var att lära sig hur instrumentet ytskiktsreometern (ISR400) fungerade och undersöka hur de reologiska egenskaperna, elasticitetsmodulen G' och viskositetsmodulen G'', kommer att förändras när det sker en förändring för yttrycket vid gränsskiktet mellan luft och vätska. Det sekundära målet var att undersöka vilken typ av magnetiska nålar som är bäst att använda för respektive gränsskiktssystem. Av att använda den tyngre nålen med massan 70.6 mg och längden 50 mm kunde man dra slutsatsen att den är bäst att använda för system där de viskösa och elastiska komponenterna är signifikant stora, där nålens tröghet inte är dominant. Den fungerade även att mäta med i ett fosfolipidsystem. I experimentet med 12-hydroxy-stearinsyra (HSA) som utfördes på en subfas av NaCl, syntes en klar förbättring efter att byta från en tyngre nål (massa 41.5 mg; längd 51 mm) till en lättare (massa 6.94 mg; längd 34.7 mm). Värdena för dynamiska modulen stämde därför bättre överens med referenslitteraturen. Det utspridda lagret av klass II hydrophobins (HFBII) kunde komprimeras upp till yttrycket 46 mNm-1. Värdena för G' och G'' förkastades därför att monolagret förvandlades till en väldigt viskösliknande vätska, och den oscillerande nålen, efter kompressionen, satt fast i denna tröga vätska och rörde sig väldigt hackigt och oregelbundet under tiden ett frekvenssvep utfördes. Då en jämförelse av olika typer av nålar genomfördes med kiseldioxidpartiklar (10 % (viktsprocent) Bindzil CC30 med pH 3.5), för att se om det är någon skillnad i känslighet för nålarna vid gränssnittet, som bestod av en ren 10 mM NaCl-lösning eller en 10 mM NaCl-lösning med tillsatt BCC30. Skillnaderna var försumbara gällande ytspänningen, men det var en klar skillnad mellan den tunga nålen och den lätta nålen vid oscillering vid höga frekvenser (>≈6 rad/s). I och med detta arbete så har förståelsen för hur ISR400 fungerar förbättrats mycket sedan starten. Flera frågeställningar har behandlats och resultaten ger en bra grund för fortsatta studier inom de många områden som utrustningen kan användas till. Trots projektets tidsbegränsning, och det faktum att instrumentet var nytt och oprövat på platsen där detta arbete utfördes, så prioriterades fokusområden så att goda resultat kunde uppnås inom rimliga mål.
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Masini, Alessia. "The Role of Bi/Material Interface in Integrity of Layered Metal/Ceramic." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399207.
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The present doctoral thesis summarises results of investigation focused on the characterisation of materials involved in Solid Oxide Cell technology. The main topic of investigation was the ceramic cell, also known as MEA. Particular attention was given to the role that bi-material interfaces, co-sintering effects and residual stresses play in the resulting mechanical response. The first main goal was to investigate the effects of the manufacturing process (i.e. layer by layer deposition) on the mechanical response; to enable this investigation, electrode layers were screen-printed one by one on the electrolyte support and experimental tests were performed after every layer deposition. The experimental activity started with the measurement of the elastic characteristics. Both elastic and shear moduli were measured via three different techniques at room and high temperature. Then, uniaxial and biaxial flexural strengths were determined via two loading configurations. The analysis of the elastic and fracture behaviours of the MEA revealed that the addition of layers to the electrolyte has a detrimental effect on the final mechanical response. Elastic characteristics and flexural strength of the electrolyte on the MEA level are sensibly reduced. The reasons behind the weakening effect can be ascribed to the presence and redistribution of residual stresses, changes in the crack initiation site, porosity of layers and pre-cracks formation in the electrode layers. Finally, the coefficients of thermal expansion were evaluated via dilatometry on bulk materials serving as inputs for finite elements analyses supporting experiments and results interpretation. The second most important goal was to assess the influence of operating conditions on the integrity of the MEA. Here interactions of ceramic–metal interfaces within the repetition unit operating at high temperatures and as well at both oxidative and reductive atmospheres were investigated. The elastic and fracture responses of MEA extracted from SOC stacks after several hours of service were analysed. Layer delamination and loss of mechanical strength were observed with increasing operational time. Moreover, SEM observations helped to detect significant microstructural changes of the electrodes (e.g. demixing, coarsening, elemental migration and depletion), which might be responsible for decreased electrochemical performances. All the materials presented in this work are part of SOC stacks produced and commercialised by Sunfire GmbH, which is one of the world leading companies in the field.
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Sjödin, Johan. "Strength and Moisture Aspects of Steel Timber Dowel Joints in Glulam Structures : An Experimental and Numerical Study." Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för teknik och design, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2002.
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Joints are critical parts of timber structures, transmitting static and dynamic forces between structural members. The ultimate behavior of e.g. a building depends strongly on the structural configuration and the capacity of its joints. The complete collapse of a building or other less extensive accidents that may occur usually start as a local failure inside or in the vicinity of a joint. Such serious failures have recently occurred in the Nordic countries. Especially the collapses of two large glued-laminated timber (glulam) structures clearly indicate the need of an improved joint design. The trend toward larger and more complex structures even further increases the importance of a safer design of the joints. One aim of this partly experimentally and partly numerically based work has been to investigate if the short term capacity of steel-timber dowel joints loaded parallel to the grain is affected by an initial drying exposure. The experimental results showed that the load-bearing capacity of the joints is indeed reduced by such moisture changes. Moisture induced stresses was mentioned to be the explanation. The key point is that the climates chosen in the present work (20°C / 65% RH and 20°C / 20% RH) are equivalent to service class 1 according to EC5 (Eurocode 5 2004). Thus, EC5 predicts no decrease in load-bearing capacity, in relation to the standard climate used during testing. A decrease in load-bearing capacity in the range of 5-20%, which was found in the present work, is of course not negligible and, therefore, there could be a need to introduce the effect of drying in design codes. Because similar results were also observed for a double-tapered glulam beam, further work should consider timber structures in general. Two numerical methods in order to predict the capacity of multiple steel-timber dowel joints loaded parallel to the grain were tested in the thesis. For the first method, where fracture mechanics (LEFM) concepts were implemented, a good correlation with the experimental results was seen. Also for the second method, where the capacity for a single dowel-type joint as given in EC5 was used as a failure criterion, a good correlation to traditional EC5 calculations of multiple dowel-type joints was seen. One advantage of using numerical methods in design is that the capacity of the joint can be calculated also for cases when the dowels are placed in more complex patterns. From both a structural and an architectural point of view this can be very important. In addition, such numerical methods are effective tools for the structural engineer when considering complicated loading situations in joints, i.e. eccentric loading giving moments in the joint.
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Cai, Shaobiao. "3D numerical modeling of dry/wet contact mechanics for rough, multilayered elastic-plastic solid surfaces and effects of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity during separation with applications." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1205118488.
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Jarý, Milan. "Výpočtové modelování procesu svařování a tepelného zpracování ocelí s využitím elasto-viskoplastického modelu materiálu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234181.
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This dissertation thesis deals with the improvement of computational approaches for prediction of residual stresses in welded joints of welded structures in order to ensure greater compliance of the calculated results with the real conditions of welding and heat treatment. The improvement of computational approaches is based on application of elastic-viscoplastic material models which are able (compared with elastic-plastic material models) to take into account the viscoplastic processes ongoing during welding and heat treatment. This leads to more accurate calculated results which enter into further assessment of limit states and directly decide on the safety and lifetime of welded structures. Performed computational and experimental works, confronted with results published in the world, confirm the influence and benefit of application of elastic-viscoplastic material models in the frame of welding and heat treatment numerical analyses. Therefore elastic-viscoplastic material model is further applied in solution of practical project solved by IAM Brno. Solution of this project, whose aim is the development of repair of dissimilar metal welds (without post-weld heat treatment) in Dukovany and Temelin nuclear power plants using "Weld overlay method", has confirmed that application of elastic-viscoplastic material model leads to more accurate calculated results. For this reason the elastic-viscoplastic computational approach will be included into all future tasks of IAM Brno.
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Kostet, Daniel. "Railway bridges with floating slab track systems : Numerical modelling of rail stresses - Dependence on properties of floating slab mats." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67297.
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The increased use of continuously welded rails in the railway systems makes it necessary to increase the control of the rail stresses to avoid instability and damages of the rails. Large stresses are especially prone to appear at discontinuities in the railway systems, such as bridges, due to the interaction between the track and the bridge. The interaction leads to increased horizontal forces in the rails due to the changed stiffness between the embankment and the bridge, temperature variations, bending of the bridge structure because of vertical traffic loads and braking and traction forces. If the compressive rail stresses become too high it is necessary to use costly and maintenance-requiring devices such as rail expansion joints and other rail expansion devices. These devices increase the railway systems life cycle cost and should if possible be avoided. The use of non-ballasted track on high-speed railways, tramways and subways, has increased since this kind of track requires less maintenance and according to some investigations have a lower life cycle cost compared to ballasted track. The non-ballasted track is usually made of a track slab to which the rails are connected through fastenings. The track slab is connected to the bridge structure and held in place by shear keys. When non-ballasted tracks are used in populated areas it is sometimes necessary to introduce some vibration and noise damping solution. One of the possible solutions is to introduce a floating slab mat (elastic mat) under the track slab on the bridge. The influence of the floating slab mats properties on the rail stresses is investigated in this degree project. The investigation was performed through a numerical modelling of two railway bridges using the finite element software SOFiSTiK. The results from the investigation showed that there was a small reduction of the compressive rail stresses by approximately 3 – 7% (depending on the stiffness of the elastic support, load positions and the properties of the mat) when a mat was installed under the track slab. The results from the investigation also showed that there was a small reduction (up to approximately 1 %) of the compressive stresses in the rail when the thickness of the mat was increased, and the stiffness of the mat was reduced. This reduction of the compressive stresses is assumed to be caused by the mat being mounted on the sides of the shear keys. The lower stiffness of the mat allows the track slab and the bridge deck to move more freely parallel to each other in the horizontal direction. This leads to a decrease of the stresses in the rail due to a lower interaction between the track and the bridge. It was also shown that the rail stresses increased if the friction between the slab mat and the bridge deck was considered. This is because of an increase of the interaction between the track and the bridge due to the mats horizontal stiffness.Den ökade användningen av kontinuerligt svetsade räler i järnvägsnäten i världen leder till en ökad kontroll av rälsspänningarna för att undvika instabilitet och skador på rälsen. Särskilt vid en diskontinuit i järnvägssystemet, som vid broar, kan stora tillskottspänningar i rälsen uppstå till följd av interaktionen mellan spår och bro. Interaktion leder till ökade horisontella krafter som verkar på rälsen och beror på den förändrade styvheten mellan järnvägsbank och bro, temperaturvariationer, nedböjning av bron på grund av vertikala trafiklaster samt broms- och accelerationskrafter. Om spänningarna i rälsen blir för stora behöver kostsamma och underhållskrävande dilatationsfogar införas. Dessa dilatationsfogar ökar järnvägssystemets livscykelkostnad och är något som ska undvikas att införas i den mån det är möjligt. Användningen av ballastfritt spår för höghastighetsjärnvägar, spårvägar och tunnelbanor ökar på grund av att dessa spår kräver mindre underhåll och har enligt vissa undersökningar en lägre livscykelkostnad i jämförelse med ballasterat spår. Ballastfritt spår består oftast av en betongplatta till vilken rälsen är kopplad genom befästningar. Plattan är i sin tur kopplad till underbyggnaden genom skjuvförbindare som håller plattan på plats. När ballastfritt spår används i bebodda områden är det ibland nödvändigt att ta till vibrations- och ljuddämpande åtgärder. En åtgärd som används på brokonstruktioner för att minska vibrationer och ljudföroreningar är att montera en vibrationsdämpande matta, som är tillverkad av ett elastiskt material, mellan betongplattan och broöverbyggnaden. I detta examensarbetet undersöks hur den vibrationsdämpande mattans egenskaper påverkar rälsspänningarna. Resultaten från undersökningen visar att spänningarna i rälsen minskar med cirka 3–7 % (beroende på det elastiska stödets styvhet, lastpositioner och mattans egenskaper) när en elastisk matta installeras under spårplattan i jämförelse med när ingen matta används. När mattans tjocklek ökar och när styvheten sänks minskar spänningarna med cirka 1 % i jämförelse mellan den tjockaste och tunnaste mattan. Denna minskning av spänningarna antas bero på att den vibrationsdämpande mattan som är monterad på sidan av skjuvförbindarna ger en möjlighet för spåret och bron att förskjutas fritt parallellt varandra innan en interaktion mellan spår och bro uppstår. Det visade sig även att om friktionen mellan mattan och broöverbyggnaden medräknas ökar spänningarna i rälsen. Detta beror på att mattan då skapar en större interaktion mellan spåret och bron gentemot fallet då mattans horisontella styvhet inte beaktas.
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Martins, Renato da Rosa. "Modelagem e aproximação estabilizada de elementos finitos para escoamentos viscoplásticos sujeitos a efeitos elásticos no interior de cavidades." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87338.
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Escoamentos sem inércia de fluido elasto-viscoplástico, dentro de uma cavidade, são numericamente analisados. As soluções visam compreender a influência dos efeitos viscosos e elásticos na topologia de superfícies de escoamento. Assumindo-se que o colapso da microestrutura do material é instantâneo, o modelo mecânico é constituído pelas equações governantes de massa e momentum para fluidos incompressíveis, associado a uma equação hiperbólica para o tensor tensão extra, baseado na equação do modelo Oldroyd-B (Nassar et al, 2011). A principal característica do modelo é considerar a viscosidade e o tempo de relaxação como função da taxa de deformação, permitindo a pseudoplasticidade de viscosidade e restringindo os efeitos elásticos para as regiões não deformadas do material. As simulações numéricas são realizadas através do método de Galerkin mínimos quadrados a três campos: tensor tensão extra, pressão e velocidade. Os resultados mostram que as superfícies de escoamento do material são fortemente influenciadas pela ação combinada entre os efeitos elásticos e viscosos, estando em conformidade com a recente visualização experimental dos fluxos elasto-viscoplásticos.Elasto viscoplastic uid ows without inertia, within a cavity, are numerically analyzed. The solutions aim to understand the in uence of viscous and elastic e ects on the topology of yield surfaces. Assuming that the collapse of the material microstructure is instantaneous, the mechanical model consists of the governing equations of mass and momentum for incompressible uids, associated with a hyperbolic equation for the extra stress tensor, based on the equation of the Oldroyd-B model (Nassar et al, 2011). The main feature of model is to consider the viscosity and the relaxation time as a function of shear rate, allowing the shear-thinning of viscosity and restricting elastic e ects for regions not deformed material. Numerical simulations are performed by the method of Galerkin Least Squares to three elds: extra stress tensor, pressure and velocity. The results show that the yield surfaces of material are strongly in uenced by the combined action between the elastic and viscous e ects, complying with the recent experimental visualization of elasto-viscoplastic ows.
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Schifani, Guido. "Forme et dynamique de boîtes quantiques sous contraintes élastiques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4069/document.
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Le but de cette thèse est l'étude théorique de la dynamique du murissement des boites quantiques auto-organisées. Pour cela, nous déduisons en utilisant les outils de la mécanique des milieux continus, une équation pour l'évolution spatio-temporelle d'un film cristallin en hétéroépitaxie en prenant en compte les effets de diffusion de surface, les effets élastiques, les effets capillaires et les effets d'anisotropie d'énergie de surface. Nous étudions tout d'abord la morphologie 2D et la dynamique de boites quantiques isotrope et anisotrope. Dans chaque cas, nous trouvons de manière quasi analytique une famille continue de solution qui décrit la forme et la taille des ilots. Ces solutions sont en accord avec nos simulations numériques. Dans les deux cas, nous trouvons que le temps de murissement dépend linéairement de la distance entre ilots et en particulier dans le cas anisotrope nous mettons en évidence le fait que le temps de murissement est soit réduit ou soit accéléré en fonction de la hauteur des pair d'ilots. Dans un second temps, motivé par des résultats expérimentaux sur les boites quantiques de GaN, nous étudions la dynamique tridimensionnelle d'ilots avec une énergie d'énergie de surface avec symétrie hexagonale. Nos simulations numériques montrent que le temps de murissement est fortement réduit dû à la présence de l'anisotropie d'énergie de surface et qu'une transition entre des ilots hexagonaux et allongés apparait en fonction de l'épaisseur du film. Finalement, nous prenons en compte dans notre modèle numérique la présence de l'évaporation préférentielle et nous mettons en évidence la présence d'ilots sans couche de mouillage. Ces ilots sont observés expérimentalement et ont une haute efficacité d'émission par photoluminescence dans le spectre UVThe aim of this thesis is to theoretically study the coarsening dynamics of self-organized quantum dots. To this end, we derive the spatio-temporal evolution equation for a hetero-epitaxial system which takes into account surface diffusion, elastic effect, capillary effect and anisotropic effect, using the continuous mechanics framework. We first investigate theoretically the 2D morphology and the dynamics of an isotropic and an anisotropic system of self-organized islands (quantum dots). In both cases, we find a quasi-analytical continuous family of solution which describes the shape and the size of the islands and is favorably compared to our numerical simulations. We find in both cases that the coarsening time depends linearly on the distance between the islands and remarkably that in the anisotropic case the coarsening time can be reduced or accelerated depending on the islands heights. Secondly, motivated by experimental results on GaN quantum dots we study a three-dimensional system with a hexagonal surface energy anisotropy symmetry. Our numerical simulations reveal that the coarsening time is strongly slowed down due to the presence of the surface energy anisotropy and that a transition from hexagonal to elongated islands appears as the initial height of the film increases. Finally, we include the effect of preferential evaporation and we recover islands without a wetting layer that are observed experimentally and have a high photo-luminescence emission efficiency in the UV spectrum
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Kuchyňová, Jitka. "Studium stability emulzí pomocí fyzikálně-chemických a optických metod." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216809.
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The diploma thesis deals with the stability determination of model O/W (30/70) emulsions at 25°C. In fact, the time and emulsifier concentration (Tego Care PS) dependences of physical properties (aging) were monitored. In the second part of the work, the influence of conservant on emulsion stabilities were studied. In order to study physical properties of emusions rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy were employed. The rheological measurement provided information on viscosity and viscoelastic modulus. DSC experiments used the repeated freezing/thawing cycles which allowed monitoring of changes in crystallization temperature of water present in emulsions and melting enthalpy of ice formed during the cooling. The optical microscopy was used to examine the change in oil droplet size in the course of emulsion destabilization and phase separation. In this case the image analysis was carried out using program HarFA. The results showed that due to the emulsion creaming, the oil droplets diffuse and aggregate which causes phase separation. Those processes were quickest for the emulsion with lowest emulsifier concentration 0.1 % (destabilization during 51 days) The emulsions with emulsifier concentration about 1.5 and 1.3 % were stable at least for 4 months. The presence of the coemulsifiers increased the elastic modulus and descreased the phase difference due to the network formation. It was shown that for the stability determination is necessary to use conservant due to risk of microbial contamination. DSC experiments allowed to distingush samples prepared under different conditions. Lower rotational speed during emulsion preparation caused the appearance of two melting and crystalization peaks while for higher speed only one peak was observed.
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Hu, Tianmeng. "Modélisation géomécanique des réservoirs : méthodologies de mise en œuvre et d'analyse des incertitudes." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL059N/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’objectif de ce travail est double : d’une part, il s’agit de développer une méthodologie intégrée pour la construction d’un modèle géomécanique ainsi que la représentation des incertitudes associées aux propriétés poro-élastiques des roches constitutives, en exploitant l’ensemble des données disponibles et en s’appuyant de façon cohérente sur les modèles de réservoir statique et dynamique classiquement utilisés par les géologues et les ingénieurs réservoir ; d’autre part, il s’agit d’analyser quel est l’impact des hétérogénéités géologiques, souvent négligées, dans la réponse mécanique du réservoir sollicité par son exploitation, et d’aboutir à des incertitudes sur les champs de contraintes et de déplacements, issues des incertitudes sur ces hétérogénéités et leurs paramètres mécaniques. Pour ce faire, une méthodologie intégrée s’appuyant sur des simulations géostatistiques a été développée. Après la construction du cadre géométrique 3D, le remplissage des propriétés au sein du réservoir suit une démarche de simulations géostatistiques 3D emboîtées, dans laquelle la représentation des hétérogénéités lithologiques conditionne la génération des propriétés poro-élastiques. La démarche consiste ensuite à représenter les incertitudes sur le modèle géomécanique par des ensembles de réalisations géostatistiques dont la réponse mécanique est alors calculée avec un simulateur mécanique aux éléments finis. Les incertitudes sur les champs de contraintes et de déformations sont déduites ensuite des différentes réponses mécaniques obtenues. La démarche a été mise en œuvre sur un réservoir réel, dans un environnement fluvio-deltaïque, produisant en Mer du Nord. Dans ce cadre, il a été démontré que les hétérogénéités du réservoir et leurs incertitudes influencent significativement les calculs des champs de contraintes et de déformations, ainsi que les risques mécaniques de rupture. Des incertitudes sur les quantités mécaniques analysées (premier invariant du tenseur des contraintes et subsidence) ont été aussi estiméesThis work has two main objectives. The first one is to develop an integrated methodology allowing to build a 3D geomechanical model and also to image the uncertainties attached to the poro-mechanical properties of the constitutive rocks. This geomechanical model should be based on all related available data and should be consistent with the static and dynamic models, currently built by reservoir geologists and engineers. The second objective is to analyse the impact of geological heterogeneities, which are often neglected, in the mechanical response of the reservoir induced by its exploitation, and furthermore to derive uncertainties on the stress and deformation fields related to the uncertainties on the input properties of the geomechanical model. An integrated methodology based on geostatistical simulations is developed. First, the geometric frame is built; then an approach of embedded stochastic simulations is carried out to infill the different reservoir properties, the lithological description constraining the petrophysical and poro-elastic descriptions. The next step is to generate the mechanical responses of the stochastic realisations, using a finite-element mechanical simulator. The uncertainties on the resulting stress and displacement fields are then deduced from the multiple mechanical responses which are computed. This approach is demonstrated on a real field case, a fluvio-deltaic reservoir in North Sea. It is shown on this example that the reservoir heterogeneities and their uncertainties significantly influence the calculations of stress and strain fields, and also the risks of mechanical failure. Uncertainties on the mechanical quantities under analysis (first invariant of the stress tensor and subsidence) are also derived
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Battaini, Michael. "Deformation behaviour and twinning mechanisms of commercially pure titanium alloys." Monash University. Faculty of Engineering. Department of Materials Engineering, 2008. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/61321.
Full textAbstract:
The deformation behaviour and twinning mechanisms of commercially pure titanium alloys were investigated using complementary diffraction techniques and crystal plasticity modelling. The main motivation for conducting this investigation was to improve understanding of the deformation of titanium to help achieve the long term aim of reducing manufacturing and design costs. The deformation behaviour was characterised with tension, compression and channel die compression tests for three important variables: orientation; temperature from 25 C to 600 C; and composition for two contrasting alloys, CP-G1 and CP-G4. The experimental data used to characterise the behaviour and determine the mechanisms causing it were: textures determined by X-ray diffraction; twin area fractions for individual modes determined using electron back-scatter diffraction; and lattice strains measured by neutron diffraction. A strong effect of the orientation–stress state conditions on the flow curves (flow stress anisotropy) was found. The propensity for prism hai slip was the dominant cause of the behaviour – samples that were more favourably oriented for prism hai slip had lower flow stresses. Twinning was the most significant secondary deformation mode in the CP-G1 alloy but only had a minor effect on flow stress anisotropy in most cases. In the CP-G4 alloy twinning generally did not play a significant role indicating that hc + ai slip modes were significant in this alloy. Differences in the flow stress anisotropy between the two alloys were found to occur largely in the elasto-plastic transition and initial period of hardening. Modelling results indicated that larger relative resolved shear stress values for secondary deformation modes in the higher purity alloy increased the initial anisotropy. Decreasing flow stresses with increasing temperature were largely caused by a decrease in the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values for slip, but also by a decrease in the Hall-Petch parameter for slip. The propagation of twinning was found to be orientation dependent through a Schmid law in a similar way to slip – it was activated at a CRSS and hardened so that an increasing resolved shear stress was required for it to continue operating. The CRSS values determined for the individual twin modes were – 65MPa, 180MPa, 83MPa for {1012}, {1122} and {1011} twinning, respectively. Further, twinning was found to be temperature insensitive except when the ability to nucleate twins posed a significant barrier (for {1011} twinning). Also, the CRSS for {1012} twinning was clearly shown to increase with decreasing alloy purity. A thorough method for determining crystal plasticity modelling parameters based on experimental data was formulated. Additionally, twinning was modelled in a physically realistic manner influenced by the present findings using the visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model. In particular: the activity of twinning decreased in a natural way due to greater difficulty in its operation rather than through an enforced saturation; and hardening or softening due to changes in orientation and dynamic Hall-Petch hardening were important. The rigorous modelling procedure gave great confidence in the key experimental findings.