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1
PRIPP, ALEXANDRE. "Simulations of how developmentsin construction cost could affect Swedish housing supply." Thesis, KTH, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198690.
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The Swedish housing market have long been debated for its flaws, inefficiencies and regulations which makes construction expensive and complicated. This have created long queue times for rentals and an ever increasing price level for condominiums, especially in the cities Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. Boverket suggest 558,000 new housing units eeds to be constructed by 2025 to meet the increasing demand. In this thesis I have applied the standard theory of demand and supply on the Swedish housing market using a standard simultaneous equation model with panel data covering the years 1994 to 2012 over Swedish municipalities. The result shows construction costs have a negative effect on supply while population growth and housing prices have a positive effect. Demand is driven by disposable income and population growth whereas a price of housing has a negative effect. With lower future construction costs housing supply would increase more than if it were to be hold constant. Rising construction cost the coming years would have a negative effect on housing supply.
2
Lawrence, Denis Anthony. "Export supply and import demand elasticities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27368.
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The aim of this thesis is to extend the empirical research which has been undertaken using the GNP function approach to measuring export supply and import demand responsiveness. Exports and imports are divided into several components and detailed sets of elasticities produced. In the second part o£ the thesis imperfect adjustment is allowed for in the GNP function model.
The GNP function framework treats imports as an input to the domestic technology while exports are an output. The aggregate technology can then be represented by a restricted profit function facilitating the derivation of net output supply elasticities. In this study the aggregate net outputs are exports, imports, labour and domestic sales supply. Capital is treated as a fixed input. Time-series of input-output data for Canada are used covering the period 1961 to 1980.
In the first model estimated, four export and four import components are included by the use of aggregator functions and a two-stage estimation process. The recently developed Symmetric Generalised McFadden functional form which permits imposition of the correct curvature conditions while retaining flexibility is used at both the aggregator and GNP function levels. The aggregate export own-price supply elasticity was found to be 1.67 in 1970 while the aggregate import own-price demand elasticity was -1.62. Increases in the prices of both imports and labour were found to decrease the supply of exports while exports were found to be complementary to the output of domestic sales supply. The demand for labour was found to be more elastic than in earlier studies and a general trend towards increasing price responsiveness in the Canadian economy was observed. The own-price elasticities for the four export and four import components were stable and of reasonable magnitude. All the export and import components were found to be complementary.
To remove the assumption of separability, modelling was extended to two larger disaggregated Generalised McFadden GNP function models containing four export (import) components, aggregate imports (exports), labour and domestic sales as net outputs. Using this procedure more substitution between the export and import components was found.
A planning price model whereby the producers' notional price adjusts gradually to actual price changes indicated that imperfect adjustment is particularly important in the traded goods sector. Exports fully adjusted to price changes only over an extended period.
Finally, an adjustment costs model was estimated which indicated that the main effect of allowing for imperfect adjustment was on input use. Differences between long-run and short-run export supply and import demand responsiveness were relatively small. Considerable substitutability between labour and capital in the long-run was observed and since labour was also variable in the short-run this produced overshooting of labour demand. An increase in export prices thus caused a large short-run increase in labour demand but in the long-run the capital stock was increased and substituted for much of the short-run labour increase.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
3
Al-Otaibi, Abdullah M. "Housing supply and demand in northern Jeddah." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424042.
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Williams, David Richard. "Estimation of black and white housing services demand elasticities in the United States using a simultaneous model of tenure choice and housing services demand." Gainesville, FL, 1986. http://www.archive.org/details/estimationofblac00will.
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Huang, Yikun, and 黃逸昆. "Land supply elasticity and the housing price sensitivity to interest rate." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197542.
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In Hong Kong, housing prices have increased significantly in recent years. Amongst all the reasons for such significant increase, low interest rate has been recognized as one of the major reasons. Many studies have provided empirical evidence to support the negative relationship between interest rate and housing prices. However, in the US, recent studies (Glaeser, Gottlieb and Gyourko, 2010; Kuttner, 2012) show that the observed effect of interest rate changes on housing prices is much less than that predicted by the standard user cost model.
According to the Glaeser et al. (2010), there are three potential explanations for the low housing price sensitivity to interest rate fluctuation. First, increase in land (and therefore housing) supply elasticity can reduce the effects of the demand-side variables, including interest rate. Second, high risk premium for long term mortgage rate in the US makes housing prices less sensitive to changes in interest rates. Third, the long-term mortgage contracts in the US cannot reflect the impact of frequent short term interest rate fluctuation. Among these three potential hypotheses proposed to explain the lower than expected housing price sensitivity to interest rate changes, land supply elasticity is more relevant to Hong Kong. By focusing on Hong Kong’s housing market, this thesis examines the relationship between land supply elasticity and the sensitivity of housing prices towards interest rate changes. When demand shift due to interest rate change, land supply (and therefore housing supply) may respond accordingly to reduce the impact of interest rate change. The more elastic the supply is, the weaker the housing price sensitivity to interest rate may be. Alternatively, housing prices are more sensitive to interest rate change when land supply is inelastic.
To be more precisely, this study provides an empirical test on whether land supply elasticity reduces housing price sensitivity towards interest changes. Two approaches are applied to provide clear pictures of housing price sensitivity. First, data from different housing subsectors with different land supply elasticity are used for the empirical tests. The results show that prices of large units in the Hong Kong Island are significantly more sensitive to interest rate change, compared to those of small units in the New Territories. This is consistent with the implication of our hypothesis because new land for building luxurious units in Hong Kong Island is limited while there are relatively more lands available in the New Territories for smaller mass residential units. Second, in Hong Kong, all new land supply comes from the government in the form of leasehold land. Hence, government’s land supply policy has a major impact on land supply elasticity. For example, there was a period of restricted land supply before the handover in 1997, which effectively reduced land supply elasticity. On the other hand, the Application List land sales system adopted by the Hong Kong government from 2000 to 2013 should increase the flexibility in land supply. Therefore, this study makes use of these policy changes as nature experiments to investigate the effect of land supply elasticity on housing price sensitivity towards interest fluctuation. The results show that housing prices are more sensitive to interest rate change during the land supply restriction period and more insensitive when the Application List was used for land sales.published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
6
Kosiorek, Sebastian. "Measuring the elasticity of electricity demand in South Africa: implications for future demand and supply." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62472.
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A key economic issue for government is the ability to effectively match electricity supply to electricity demand, because of the substantial economic losses in the case of where there is too little supply, or the waste of scarce resources where there is too much supply. In the case of South Africa, this issue, the importance of which was highlighted by the power shortages and associated “rolling blackouts” experience in 2008, has led to the creation of the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) as a means to decide how energy policy will be developed. Recently, however, the IRP 2010 and its subsequent 2013 and 2016 (draft) updates have been criticised as being too optimistic in regards to their projections of economic growth and electricity demand, making the recommendations in these documents to be flawed. Using monthly data from January 1990 to May 2017, together with Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing for cointegration, this paper measures changes in the elasticity of electricity demand as a result of the massive price hikes over the past decade. Thereafter, the implications of changed electricity as well as possibly lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the future for forecasts of possible future demand for electricity are examined. From these revised forecasts, it is possible to make appropriate recommendations in regards to electricity supply policy for South Africa including what possible energy mix is needed as well as the requirements for creating new supply to meet possible future demand. It is concluded that future electricity demand is likely to be much lower than forecast in the IRP 2010 and IRP 2013 documents. The degree of uncertainty in electricity demand growth suggests that large-scale increases in supply capacity taking years to construct, such as coal or nuclear, should be avoided. Small, incremental increases in supply that are able to come on stream swiftly, such as gas, solar and wind power, are likely to be more appropriate for meeting South Africa’s future needs.
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Maniar, Megha. "The Great Indian Affordable Housing Crisis: Determining the Price and Income Elasticities of Urban Rental Housing Demand." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/328.
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The Indian urban rental market is complex and yet ever-changing, with the ups and downs of housing demand playing a fundamental role in the affordability and stability of the market. This paper determines the income and price elasticities of demand using the demand function and Slutsky equation, respectively, for the urban rental market in order to help craft suitable national housing policy. Through this analysis, it is determined that the urban rental price elasticity of demand is -0.93 and the income elasticity is 0.81, suggesting that rental price subsidies and private income taxes are the most effective policy measures to ensure affordability in urban India.
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Wong, Hannah. "AN ANALYSIS OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING SUPPLY & DEMAND IN TUCSON, ARIZONA." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608578.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectHousing is a basic necessity that should be available to everyone at every income level. The danger of becoming a cost burdened household (household spending 30% or more of the area median income on housing costs) is high for all income levels. However, extremely low income households are one of the demographics that are the most susceptible because they have limited affordable housing units available to them at their income level. Addressing this gap between income and affordability in housing is something that is particularly important to ensure that these extremely low income households have enough money for not only housing but other basic necessities such as food. Various incentives and programs are out there to try and provide these extremely low income households with the affordable housing they need however, it does not always happen in the areas that are the most in need. This study will examine the supply and demand of affordable housing for extremely low income households in Tucson, Arizona. The research identifies areas that have clusters of extremely low income households that are cost burdened as well as the affordable housing units available to them. Based on this information funding sources are discussed and recommendations regarding how to implement more affordable housing units in the areas of need are discussed.
9
Liu, Danyuan. "Housing market and urban growth in China: what are the factors affecting housing prices?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18414.
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A rapid urbanization process facilitated an enormous expansion of the cities and stimulated the development of the urban housing markets in China. The primary purpose of this thesis is to find factors influencing the urban housing prices. Based on the supply and demand theory, I examine housing prices in 95 cities in 2010 related to population growth, wages, manufacturing employment, human capital, pollution, and housing investment using a cross section data analysis. The empirical results indicate that all those factors are significantly related to the housing prices. I focus on population growth, a proxy for the urbanization process, as the core determinant to analyze housing prices in China. In addition, the results also find that cities located in the eastern area have averagely a higher productivity than the ones located in the mid-west, and the higher housing prices in the eastern area are explained by the higher level of population growth and wages.
10
Mohd, Ismail Harun Mizam bin. "Malaysian Natural Rubber Industry: An Econometric Analysis on the Elasticity of Supply and Demand Approaches." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/27933888.html.
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Kan, Yau-cheong Leo, and 簡祐昌. "The demand and supply of public rental housing in Hong Kong : an analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207630.
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Housing is politically important and thus governments tend to intervene in housing market a lot. Today, housing is one of most significant livelihood issues in Hong Kong. Solving the housing problem is accorded with top priority by the current Government. Therefore, the Government formed the Long Term Housing Strategy Steering Committee in September 2012 to make recommendations on housing strategy of Hong Kong for the next ten years. One of the areas for study is the sharp increase in number of Waiting List applications which is indeed an expression of imbalance between demand and supply for public rental housing. After the Global Financial Crisis, the number of Waiting List applications has doubled in five years, at a compound annual growth rate of15.4%. Such increase is a combined result of increase in demand, decrease in supply and inefficient allocation of public rental housing for Waiting List applicants. This dissertation firstly attempts to find out the factors and root causes leading to this phenomenon, and then tries to work out some possible solutions for solving the present problem of public rental housing.
By analyzing the components of housing system namely demand, supply and allocation, the root causes leading to their changes are studied, with aim to explain the recent sharp increase in Waiting List applications for public rental housing in Hong Kong. The areas of analyses include the demographic changes, single non-elderly applicants, affordability problem for private housing, supply of new production and recovery of public rental housing flats for Waiting List applicants, eligibility for public rental housing, and the efficiency of allocation mechanism. In addition, the desire of Waiting List applicants for public rental housing is also studied through a questionnaire survey because similar secondary data are not available. Lastly, due to the inelasticity of supply of housing to demand, it is essential for the Government to take timely measures before crisis is happened which may eventually affect the effective governance, suggestions are thus made accordingly in the last part of this dissertation with aim to reduce the sustained imbalance between supply and demand for public rental housing in Hong Kong.published_or_final_version
Housing Management
Master
Master of Housing Management
12
Alamel, Alexis. "An integrated perspective of student housing supply and demand : sustainability and socio-economic differences." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19275.
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This thesis explores the dynamic interface of supply and demand for student housing within the context of national sustainability policy and planning in the UK. These interconnections are increasingly important given the tripling of students tuition fees, which can alter the residential expectations of students, as well as implementing policy schemes that aim to retrofit the most energy inefficient dwellings. Using the university town of Loughborough as a case study, findings are presented from a mixed-methods research comprised of an online survey, semi-structure interviews, and focus groups. The thesis makes several original contributions to academic knowledge of student geographies. First, the discussion shows that the profile of student housing in the UK has dramatically changed which is underpinned by numerous drivers tied to changing policies, reforms, and reconfigurations of students residential expectations. Second, the thesis stresses the importance of examining the sustainability challenges unfolding in the housing sector and the ways these dynamics impact upon students residential experiences. Third, by establishing the first-ever student housing taxonomy, it is demonstrated that physical and sustainable discrepancies are evident in the types of accommodation that are supplied to students, allowing for a broader investigation of the student housing stock in the UK. Fourth, it is contended that the energy efficiency of a dwelling has a limited impact on students energy expenditure, indicating that students manage their energy consumption in various ways. In addition, it is advocated that the fuel poverty (FP) calculation framework could usefully be revised and adapted to more effectively identify students in FP conditions. Fifth, it is ascertained that students finances tend to have limited effects on their selection of housing. It is concluded that advancing the understanding of sustainability issues entangled in the student housing sector is crucial for progressing knowledge in student geographies.
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Tameme, Mohammed El Khatim M. "Demand and supply conditions of Islamic housing finance in the United Kingdom : perceptions of Muslim clients." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/77/.
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An important aspect of Islamic finance in the retail market has been the introduction of mortgage products for housing finance. These are offered by a number of banks in the UK. The aim of this research is to examine the characteristics of the UK market for Islamic mortgages and to analyse the activities of the major institutions involved. Supply and demand conditions are explored. This study evaluates the development of Islamic housing finance in the United Kingdom by focusing on the following main areas: First, it investigates whether there is any effective demand for Islamic Mortgages in the UK. Second, the study evaluates the perceptions of UK Muslims towards various aspects of Islamic mortgages and provides an empirical assessment of these perceptions. Also, the study analyses how Muslim client attitutes and the overall environment affects preferences for Islamic mortgage products. Third, it investigates the factors which might encourage or discourage home-buying among UK Muslims. Fourth, it investigates the current structures of Islamic mortgages and examines whether these play a role in helping low-income groups from the Muslim community to achieve home ownership. Fifth, it investigates the current practices surrounding Islamic mortgages to identify the obstacles and factors influencing decision making with the aim of suggesting possible remedies. The study also evaluates accessibility issues with the objective of defining effective ways of raising awareness in the Muslim Community. It also discusses the marketing of Islamic mortgages and investigates the importance of product awareness by bank staff. Furthermore, it explores in detail the role of religion, Muslim households’ consumer preferences and the prospects for Islamic banks cross-selling mortgage products to Muslim customers. Finally this study investigates the factors influences clients’ choices of Islamic mortgage providers. In fulfilling its aims and objectives, this study has utilized both primary and secondary data from the UK. A survey questionnaire was conducted among the Muslim community in London. Non-parametric procedures and tests have been used to analyze the data collected. The findings of the study demonstrate that there is a gap in home ownership among British Muslims compared to the general public, which is determined by affordability, financial exclusion and information gaps. In addition, this study found that there is substantial potential demand for Islamic mortgages in the UK, which requires effective but also sound marketing strategies. Perception and opinion analysis also indicated that wider social factors and lifestyle choices may be increasing the demand for Islamic mortgages. Moreover, the findings also demonstrate that perceptions of Islamic mortgages are similar between different ethnic and tenure groups. Some Muslim ethnic groups are more willing than others to take on an Islamic mortgage even if it is more expensive than a conventional mortgage. The study concludes that the prospects of Islamic mortgages in UK are promising and, unlike conventional bank mortgages, they are not financed by borrowing from wholesale markets, but rather from Islamic deposits. Islamic housing finance has proved sustainable, and has not been subject to the problems associated with sub-prime defaults. On the other hand a careful risk appraisal by Islamic institutions providing housing finance has made it more difficult for low-income Muslims or those with less secure employment to obtain Shariah-compliant mortgages.
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Hansson, Denise. "Housing Finance and the Transmission of Mortgage Spread Shocks." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415538.
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Credit market frictions, captured by mortgage spreads, are potentially an equally important driver behind mortgage rate innovations as monetary policy. Possibly a significant driver of business cycles. Yet, the effect of such shocks on the economy has barely received any attention in empirical research. By estimating a SVAR for 12 EU countries, I find that mortgage spread shocks have a significant effect on GDP, consumption, residential investment and house prices. The magnitude of their effects is comparable to a monetary policy shock. I also find that the transmission mechanism of such shocks is influenced by mortgage market characteristics. A high mortgage debt-to-GDP ratio and widespread use of mortgage equity withdrawal, compared to a lower ratio and less or no use, potentially imply a stronger response in house prices and residential investment of 0.5 and 1 percent respectively.
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Ji, Yiping. "Strategy Analysis of Real Estate Company Property Development in Medium Size City in China." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48750.
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Real estate industry is a new economic growth point and main industry in Chinese gross domestic product nowadays. This paper analyzes the trend of Chinese real estate market development to help investors to understand the current situation of Chinese real estate markets and policies better, so as to make better real estate investment decisions in China in the future. Because of oversaturated with investment and higher cost of investment there are more and more limitations in investing in big cities in China. With the rapid development of the economy, the huge inner demand of real estate is increasing in medium and small sized cities. Some investigations show that there are huge spaces of the appreciation in Chinese real estate market in medium and small sized cities. The author will describe and analyze the investment strategy and development of Fuxing Huiyu Real Estate Corporation as a case study. The demonstrated company is a public company with rapid growth in a medium sized city named Wuhan in the central part of China. Other investment companies or real estate companies could get some ideas by analyzing the development and decision making process of this company.
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Sjöberg, David, and Erik Martling. "Strategier för bostadsbyggande i C--‐områden." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168559.
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Ferreira, Thaís Fraga. "Os fatores determinantes do boom do mercado imobiliário residencial do Rio de Janeiro entre 2005 e 2010." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9005.
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O mercado imobiliário brasileiro está passando pelo maior boom que já ocorreu no mundo que, por sua vez, envolve uma complexa interação entre os agentes de oferta e de demanda. Os principais fatores que têm impactado a demanda por imóveis no período recente são o aumento da renda média e a expansão do mercado de crédito. Pelo lado da oferta, é a escassez de terrenos edificáveis, dificultada, ainda, pela legislação de proteção ao meio ambiente, justificando o alto déficit habitacional. O resultado dos três fatores que, juntos, pressionam a demanda para cima e a oferta para baixo, acarreta no aumento dos preços dos imóveis residenciais em todo o país. No caso específico do Rio de Janeiro, levam-se em conta as externalidades positivas geradas pelo aumento dos investimentos em infraestrutura para a realização da Copa do Mundo de 2014 e dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, incluindo a redução da violência em determinadas áreas com a implantação das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs).The Brazilian real estate market is going through the biggest boom ever known in the world that, in turn, involves a complex interaction between the agents of supply and demand. The main factors that have impacted the demand for housing in recent years is the increase in average income and expansion of the credit market. On the supply side, is the lack of "buildable land", hampered also by the law of environment protection, justifying the high housing deficit. The result of three factors that, together, pushing the demand up and supply down, results in increased housing prices across the country. In the specific case of Rio de Janeiro, it takes into account the positive externalities generated by increased investment in infrastructure for holding the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, including the reduction of violence in certain areas by deploying Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (Pacifying Police Units).
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Yamaura, Koichi. "World markets of vertically differentiated agricultural commodities: a case of soybean markets." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13963.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Tian Xia
This dissertation presents the development of a new approach to include the interaction of vertically differentiated products, a subject that has been largely ignored in previous studies, to analyze the market power of exporters and importers in the world markets of agricultural commodities. Three theoretical models, a residual demand elasticity (RDE) model, a residual supply elasticity (RSE) model, and a two-country partial equilibrium trade model, are developed, and the corresponding empirical models are specified for U.S.-Japan soybean trade. Genetically modified (GM) and non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybeans are vertically differentiated products in the sense that GM soybeans are largely defined as an inferior substitute to non-GM soybeans. I compare two versions of these models: a new approach in which the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans is taken into account and the traditional approach in which the interaction is ignored. In each of the three models (the RDE model, the RSE model, and the partial equilibrium trade model), the traditional approach overestimates the market margin of U.S. non-GM soybean exporters and that of Japanese non-GM soybean importers. By considering the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, the new approach greatly reduces the estimates of the corresponding market margins of U.S. exporters and Japanese importers to improve the accuracy of such estimates. The statistical significance of the coefficient estimate of the interaction term, the U.S. GM soybean price or the Japanese GM soybean price, in all three models suggests that the new approach, which includes the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, is necessary and preferred. The partial equilibrium trade model includes both an RDE equation and an RSE equation in a system to address the possible contemporaneous cross-equation correlation. Thus, the estimation results of the partial equilibrium trade model are further improved, compared to those of the RDE model and the RSE model. Using the traditional approach to estimate the partial equilibrium trade model, I find that the U.S. non-GM soybean exporters’ market margin is 56.5% and the Japanese non-GM soybean importers’ market margin is 16.1%. However, the results obtained by using the new approach show that the market margins of U.S. exporters and Japanese importers are 33.2% and 6%, respectively. By taking into account the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, the new approach improves the accuracy of the estimates of market margins of soybean exporters and importers. U.S. non-GM soybean exporters do have a significant market margin in international markets, but it is not as large as the one suggested by the traditional approach. Although Japanese non-GM soybean importers enjoy some market margin, it is relatively small. The theoretical and empirical models and results in this dissertation provide new and more accurate estimates of residual demand and supply elasticities and market power and improve the understanding on world soybean markets. These results can be useful for industry participants in international soybean markets, academic researchers, and policy makers.
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Fouché, Elizabeth Maria. "The impact of price discrimination on tourism demand / Elizabeth Maria Fouché." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1162.
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The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination
on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary
research goal.
The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant
theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price
discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same
goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is
also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is
impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves.
Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree,
second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated
that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it
has several other effects too.
The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means
of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that
demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price
discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price
discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to
practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will
only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between
the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices
will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation
should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more
optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales.
The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through
comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush
Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement
price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and
Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a
customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a
customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price
elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the
seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price
the price elasticity tends to rise above one.
The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It
was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually
any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always
have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive
effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for
implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing
consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on
this topic should be conducted.Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Björnberg, Inez, and Anita Tarus. "Off-Grid Tiny Housing : An Investigation of Local Sustainable Heat and Power Generation for an Artificial Island in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299849.
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A growing world population has resulted in an increasing number of people being homeless or living in inadequate housing. In addition, the threatening climate crisis and the world’s limited resources calls for a more sustainable way of living. The organization Stockholm Tiny House Expo aims to contribute a solution to these issues: an artificial island with several tiny houses, able to adapt to rising sea levels, having net-zero-waste and completely self-sufficient regarding energy. This island will symbolize the sustainable development goals and will be an attraction for tourists, as well as create several job opportunities. In order to realize this vision, research needs to be conducted to find solutions to make this island become reality. Therefore, the aim of this project is to evaluate the economic and environmental feasibility of a high degree of self-sufficiency regarding energy, by locally producing heat and power, on an artificial island in Stockholm. Firstly, a literature review is conducted to find suitable technologies to supply the island with heat and power. Subsequently, the software tools IDA ICE and HOMER Pro are used to simulate the energy demand and supply of the island. Eight different scenarios, with different types of supply and demand, are created to investigate different possibilities of the island. The scenarios are evaluated using technical-, economic- and environmental key performance indicators. A scenario where the demand is reduced and heat and power are supplied only by resources on the island, is deemed most relevant based on Stockholm Tiny House Expo’s vision. A sensitivity analysis is therefore performed on this scenario. The results indicate technical and environmental feasibility; however, the economic evaluation showed that this scenario will be non-profitable. Although the scenario is non-profitable, if further measures are taken to create a pricing model to customers, it could be possible. In conclusion, the results of this research indicate that it is possible for Stockholm Tiny House Expo to be self-sufficient regarding heat and power solely utilizing renewable energy. The evaluation of the results, however, showed that it is not economically feasible. In addition, the national grid did not contribute to an impact on the surrounding environment, nor to a considerable amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, grid connection is recommended for Stockholm Tiny House Expo.En växande världspopulation har resulterat i att ett ökande antal människor är hemlösa eller bor i bristfälliga bostäder. Den hotande klimatkrisen och jordens begränsade tillgångar kräver dessutom en hållbarare livsstil. Organisationen Stockholm Tiny House Expo vill bidra med en lösning till dessa problem: en artificiell ö med flera småhus, som kan anpassa sig till stigande havsnivåer, har noll nettoavfall och är helt självförsörjande gällande energi. Denna ö kommer symbolisera FN:s hållbarhetsmål och vara en turistattraktion så väl som skapa ett flertal arbetsmöjligheter. För att förverkliga denna vision krävs forskning för att hitta lösningar och göra denna ö till verklighet. Därmed är syftet med detta projekt att undersöka den ekonomiska och miljömässiga genomförbarheten av en hög grad av självförsörjning av energi, genom att lokalt producera kraft och värme, på en artificiell ö i Stockholm. Först utförs en litteraturstudie för att hitta lämpliga teknologier för att försörja ön med kraft och värme. Därefter används programvarorna IDA ICE och HOMER Pro för att simulera energibehovet och energiförsörjningen för ön. Åtta olika scenarier, med olika typer av försörjning och behov, konstrueras för att undersöka olika möjligheter för ön. Scenarierna utvärderas med hjälp av tekniska-, ekonomiska- och miljömässiga nyckeltal (key performance indicators). Ett scenario där behovet är reducerat samt att kraft och värme endast försörjs av resurser på ön, bedöms vara mest relevant baserat på Stockholm Tiny House Expos vision. En känslighetsanalys utförs därför på detta scenario. Resultaten tyder på att scenariot är tekniskt och miljömässigt genomförbart; dock visade den ekonomiska utvärderingen att det inte är lönsamt. Trots detta så skulle det kunna vara möjligt om vidare åtgärder tas för att skapa en prissättningsmodell mot kunderna. Sammanfattningsvis så tyder resultaten på att det är möjligt för Stockholm Tiny House Expo att vara självförsörjande gällande kraft och värme som endast utnyttjar förnybar energi. Utvärderingen av resultatet visade dock att det inte är ekonomiskt genomförbart. Det nationella kraftnätet bidrog dessutom inte till påverkan på den omgivande miljön och inte heller någon betydande mängd växthusgasutsläpp. Följaktligen rekommenderas nätanslutning för Stockholm Tiny House Expo.
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Edman, Robert. "Kartläggning av bostadsmarknaden & fallstudier av ungdomsbostäder : Är temporära ungdomsbostäder en hållbar lösning för att stärka unga vuxnas ställning på bostadsmarknaden?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211066.
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Det råder en bostadsbrist i Stockholm till följd av flera decennier med låg nyproduktion av bostäder och hög befolkningstillväxt. Bostadspriserna är rekordhöga liksom bostadsköerna och hyrorna på andrahandsmarknaden. En grupp som drabbas särskilt hårt av bostadsbristen är unga vuxna som generellt har både låg inkomst och kort kötid i bostadsköerna. För att förbättra boendesituationen för gruppen unga vuxna har modulbostäder för ungdomar byggts på tidsbegränsade bygglov. Regeringen kommer under 2017 sannolikt att besluta om en lagändring som innebär en förenkling i reglerna om tidsbegränsade bygglov för bostadsändamål. Något som väntas bidra till ett ökat byggande av temporära bostäder. I denna rapport har två bostadsprojekt byggda på tidsbegränsade bygglov och avsedda för unga vuxna studerats genom intervjuer med hyresgäster och byggherrar. Syftet med fallstudierna har varit att utreda om temporärt bostadsbyggande är en hållbar lösning för att stärka unga vuxnas ställning på bostadsmarknaden. Ytterligare har en djupgående kartläggning av Stockholms bostadsmarknad gjorts med syfte att fastställa hur omfattande den rådande bostadsbristen är och hur allvarligt unga vuxnas påverkas av den. Studien visar att bostadsmarknaden i Stockholm befinner sig i kraftig obalans och kan befinna sig i riskzonen för ett prisfall. Ett prisfall skulle drabba unga belånade hushåll särskilt hårt med anledning av att gruppen har en hög skuldsättning, både med avseende på skuldkvot och belåningsgrad. Unga vuxna har kort kötid i bostadsköerna och i länet utgör unga vuxna mellan 18-30 år åldersgruppen med lägst genomsnittlig inkomst, en förklaring till varför skuldsättningen är högst bland yngre hushåll. Ovan nämnda faktorer förklarar varför unga vuxna som grupp har en svag ställning på bostadsmarknaden. Fallstudierna visar att tidsbegränsade bygglov i kombination med modulärt byggande möjliggör rekordsnabbt uppförande av ungdomsbostäder. Det finns dock en viss problematik är kopplad till konceptet som i slutändan påverkar hyresgästerna. Problematiken med temporärt byggande grundar sig osäkerheten av husens restvärde när byggloven upphör. Temporära bostäder kan byggas med "låg boendestandad & låg ekonomisk risk" eller "hög boendestandard & hög ekonomisk risk". De studerade projekten tillsammans bidragit till att förbättra boendesituationen för närmare 500 unga vuxna. För att stärka unga vuxnas ställning som grupp behövs däremot mer omfattande bostadssatsningar riktade mot gruppen. Min bedömning är att temporära ungdomsbostäder är ett gott komplement till nyproduktion av permanenta bostäder men inte bör ses som en långsiktigt hållbar lösning på bostadsproblematiken.There is a current housing shortage in Stockholm as a result of several decades with low rates of new production of housing and high rates of population growth. The housing prices as well as the housing queues and the rent levels in the secondary market are historically high. Young people are highly affected of the housing shortage due to their overall low incomes and short time in the housing queues. To improve the housing situation for young people there have been built some youth dwellings on time restricted building permits. In 2017 the Swedish government will probably ease the legislation of time restricted building permits for housing purposes. This is expected to contribute to more construction on temporary housing. In this paper two housing projects built on time restricted building permits intended for young people is studied by interviews with the tenants and the developers. The purpose of the case studies is to investigate if temporary housing is a sustainable solution to strengthen young people’s position in the housing market. Further an extensive investigation of the housing market in Stockholm is done, with purpose to determine how extensive the housing shortage is and how seriously young people are affected of it. The result shows that the housing situation in Stockholm is imbalanced and the risk of falling housing prices may be increased. Decreasing housing prices would affect young people hardly due to their overall high depts. Young people have short time in the housing queues and people in the age of 18 – 30 represents the group with the lowest incomes rates in Stockholm country. This is the explanation why young people have the highest housing debts. Due to this factors young people have a weak position on the housing market The case studies shows that time restricted housing permits in combination with modular housing allows exceptional fast construction of housing. However the is some problems connected to the concept which affects the tenants. The problems with temporary housing are connected to the uncertain salvage value of the houses when the building permits expires. Temporary housing can be built with "low housing standard & low economic risk" or "high housing standard and high economic risk". The projects studied have contributed to improve the hosing situation for near 500 young people. However to improve the housing situation for the young people as a group, more extensive housing efforts are needed towards the group. My assessment is that temporary youth housing is a good complement to new construction of permanent housing but should not be seen as a long-term sustainable solution to the housing shortage.
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Herlihy, Ina. "What Is the Impact of the Technology Boom on Housing in San Francisco?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/433.
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Many San Francisco residents who have achieved new wealth from the expansion of the technology industry are paying record high prices for homes. But the city is landlocked and has a limited housing supply. I study the impact of the technology boom on the increase of housing prices in the city and the outflow of the middle class, by analyzing housing supply and demand, regulations, neighboring towns, home ownership, and housing price potential solutions. I find that the increase in technology jobs creates an employment multiplier effect, decrease in housing supply, increased competition and all-cash offers, and income inequality. Policymakers and activist neighborhood groups need to focus on continually increasing housing supply through dense development incentives and legalizing in-law units.
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Důbravová, Zuzana. "Trh s byty v Hodoníně a v Uherském Hradišti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76467.
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The diploma thesis focuses on housing market in Hodonín and Uherské Hradiště. The goal of this thesis is the evaluation of some housing market determinants in both cities and the identification of their influence on the housing market supply and demand as well as on the diference of the flat prices in both mentioned cities. The characteristic of the housing fund in Hodonín and Uherské Hradiště and the analysis of the flat prices in these cities, which has been accomplished with usage of the own examination, is also the object of this diploma thesis.
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Villela, Bernardo Antunes Maciel. "Demanda por veículos novos no Brasil: uma análise robusta a quebras estruturais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do BNDES, 2014. https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/7108.
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O setor automotivo é bastante representativo na economia nacional, o que motivou a realização deste estudo sobre a demanda por veículos novos no Brasil. No presente trabalho, é abordado um modelo econométrico que permite calcular as elasticidades do preço, da renda e do crédito em relação à demanda por veículos, sob a luz da teoria da cointegração. Analisando-se o período de junho de 2000 a janeiro de 2014, verifica-se a ocorrência de três quebras estruturais. Estas quebras dividem o intervalo de tempo analisado em quatro subperíodos, cada um com uma dinâmica própria. A constatação deste fato, muitas vezes negligenciado na literatura científica prévia, é um dos principais resultados deste trabalho: afinal, conclusões bastante distintas seriam obtidas ao se considerar o período todo sem quebras. Vale também destacar que o crédito se mostrou relevante para a demanda em todos os subperíodos: acredita-se, portanto, ser efetiva a implementação de uma política de estímulo ao setor, por meio do incentivo ao crédito. Por último, comenta-se que, no passado recente, a cada 1% de redução no preço do automóvel, a demanda aumentou numa proporção 30% maior. Este resultado corrobora com a percepção de que a redução de impostos pode alavancar a venda de veículos.The automotive sector is fairly representative in the national economy, which motivated this study on the demand for new vehicles in Brazil. The present work discusses an econometric model which allows the calculation of the price, income and credit elasticities on the demand for vehicles in the light of the cointegration theory. Analyzing the period from June 2000 to January 2014, it is possible to observe three structural breaks. These breaks divide the time interval analyzed in four sub-periods, each with its own dynamics. The perception of this fact often overlooked in previous literature is one of the main findings of this work. In fact, very different conclusions would be obtained by considering the entire period without breaks. It is also worth noting that credit has been relevant to the demand in all sub-periods. Therefore, it seems to be effective to implement a policy to boost the automotive sector by encouraging credit. Finally, it is said that in recent history for each 1% reduction in car price, demand has increased in a 30% higher rate. This result corroborates the perception that tax cuts may boost the sale of vehicles.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola de Pós-Graduação em Economia, Rio de Janeiro, 2014.
Bibliografia: p. 54-56
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Ortner, Andreas. "Regionale Charakteristik der Nachfrage und des Angebots an Wohnungen in der Ukraine seit dem Jahr 2000:." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-171054.
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In der Ukraine sind der demographische Wandel und der damit verbundene Bevölkerungsrückgang von 12 % der Einwohner seit 1990 im europaweiten Vergleich einmalig. Dafür verantwortlich ist aus Sicht der Wissenschaft neben den transformationsbedingten Brüchen innerhalb der Gesellschaft, der flächendeckende Mangel an bezahlbaren Wohnungen. Aktuell ist die Hälfte der ukrainischen Haushalte mit der eigenen Wohnungssituation unzufrieden.
Der Großteil des in den 1990er Jahren privatisierten Wohnungsbestands ist marode und in sanierungsbedürftigem Zustand. Den Eigentümern fehlen jedoch die finanziellen Mittel, um Bestandserhaltungsmaßnahmen aus eigener Kraft heraus durchzuführen. Vor allem junge Erwachsene haben keine Zugriffsmöglichkeiten auf eine Wohnung und damit auch keine Chance, einen eigenen Haushalt zu bilden. Oft scheitern daran die Gründung einer eigenen Familie und der Wunsch, Kinder zu bekommen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat das Ziel, Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen dem demographischen Wandel, den Haushalten und den bestehenden Wohnungsproblemen in der Ukraine zu finden. Dazu werden die Entwicklungen der Bevölkerung, der Haushalte und des Wohnungsbestands anhand sachlogischer Kenngrößen charakterisiert und regionale Besonderheiten sowie Disparitäten zwischen den 27 Oblasten (Regionen) des Landes aufgezeigt. Basierend auf multivariaten Verfahren, wie der Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse, werden Regionstypen gebildet, die Aussagen zur aktuellen Nachfrage und zum Angebot an Wohnungen zulassen.
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Hykšová, Lenka. "Analýza vlivu polohy na obvyklou cenu bytových jednotek ve vybraných lokalitách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233168.
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The thesis focuses on the comparison of selected methods for valuated property type apartment. Valuating apartments are located in areas Decin, Ústí nad Labem and Most. The theoretical part focuses on the definition of basic terms, a description of the valuation methods associated with this dissertation and description of locations for the sites in terms of historical, cultural, social and economic. The practical part was to prepare drawings of assessed residential units and subsequent determination of prices of selected valuation methods – comparative method price by 2014 and 2015, by direct comparison and revenue method. In conclusion, the comparison of prices, according to the valuation method sused.
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Chen, Jiun-you, and 陳俊有. "Price, Income and Interest Rate Elasticity of Demand for Housing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10734236541406789529.
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碩士國立高雄大學
金融管理學系碩士班
101
Since 1970s, Taiwan’s rapidly growth of economic had raised people’s income. With the income increased and the limitation of Taiwan’s land source, the housing price began raised. As the raised of housing price, housing became from a necessity to an investment good. To figure out how the change of the housing character would impact on housing market, we calculate the elasticity of Demand for Housing. Our research use the survey data of new house buyer in「Housing Demand Survey of the Second Quarter 2011」which the government calculate. According to the survey data, we separate data into consumption demand data and investment demand data. Then we use the Hedonic Price Function and log-linear model to calculate the price, income and interest rate elasticity of all samples. The empirical evidence shows that the house is a normal good further a necessity and the interest rates indeed as the major cost of housing considerations. To the consumption demand housing buyer, their own income and the house price will effects their housing decision. But to the investment demand housing buyer, their housing decision only effect by their own income. Finally, as we can find in the consequence of quantile regressions, the consumption demand buyers consider different options from investment demand buyers when buying the different square meters house.
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Sue-Jing, Lin, and 林素菁. "The Elasticity of Consumption and Investment for Housing Demand in Taiwan." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06334336051621326034.
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碩士國立政治大學
經濟學研究所
81
In this paper, we estimated the elasticity of income and price for rental and purches housing. For rental housing, it just includes the consumption demand for housing. By these estimations, we can know housing is a luxury or a necessity. When the price increase, the consumers are able to charge. On the other hand, by the different targets --- living or not, there is only one or there are two or more houses, we estimate the elasticities. For two or more houses, it just includes the investment demand for housing. Then we use the elasticities to computer the share of consumption and investment in housing expenditure.
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Shieh, Jye Horng, and 謝志鴻. "Supply and Demand Studies on the Public housing." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92822033895817069539.
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碩士國立政治大學
地政學系
83
There are three main subjects that we want to explore in this study: 1.What problems exist in the public housing waiting system in Taiwan? 2.What reasons cause the demand of public housing much more than the demand of mortgage subsidy in Taiwan? How will we improve it? 3.Is the housing subsidy policy in Taiwan moderate? How will we improve it? To solve the above problems, we first review merits and demerits of the public housing waiting system. We examine three practical functions of the public housing waiting system. One is having the demand of public housing in hand, the one is deciding the order of public housing allocation, and the other one is providing sufficient information to people. From the review, we suggest the directions to improve the public housing waiting system. Second, based on the factors of demand to the public housing (capacity、 willing、 afford ability), we applied regression analysis on the 21-Taiwan-county data. The regression model shows the main factors are the amount of housing allowance and the speed of public housing construction. Finally, with the view of justice and efficiency on the resource allocation of housing subsidy, we simulate the resource distribution of public housing subsidy in the 21-Taiwan-county. We ascertain the main factor of public housing disequilibrium is inappropriate resource allocation. Have we transferred the resource from the public housing for selling to the mortgage subsidy, most counties could solve the disequilibrium problem in short run. In the long run,there are more resources to increase the supply side.These extra-resources serve the public rental housing, rental subsidy and welfare public housing etc..
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Yang, Min-Xian, and 楊旻憲. "A joint estimation of housing supply function and demand function in China." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98zxna.
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Chu, Yi-kuei, and 朱奕魁. "Simulating the Supply and Demand of Housing in Kaohsiung City by System Dynamics." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94514467391637865336.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程研究所
101
Housing is the largest amount of the products in the market of the real estate. Therefore, the variation of the housing supply and demand will cause significant influence to all construction companies and consumers. This research is going to search the related factors by utilizing literature reviews in order to find out housing supply and demand. In addition, the model is established the basis of relevant information in Kaohsiung over the past decade. Since house is used by human, the population which the fundamental of the housing supply and demand is the most important topic in this research. The simulation system of the housing supply and demand in Kaohsiung City is developed by system dynamics method in this research. According to the nine-situation simulations based on estimate model, we assume thequasi-eliminated household of forty to fifty-year-age buildings are 10%, 8.5% and 7% for high, middle and low population respectively. This article conclude that (1)we assume the estimate of the population is low and the elimination rate of the quasi-eliminated households is 7%. If the housing quantity provided by construction companies is the same as which in past ten years. Up to 2030 AD, the growth rate of housing demand households is always negative every year based on our simulation model. Therefore, the construction companies maybe suffered collapse under this situation. (2) The population in city will raise the highest point and then will have downward trend. It will lead to demographic dividend disappeared and housing demand households reduced. In the long term, it is possible that the prices will be modified from the highest price.
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Albakry, Waleed. "Prospective home owners' attitudes to housing." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4090.
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A better understanding of people’s attitudes to housing is fundamental to attracting new residents and retaining those who already live in or close to the central city. As such, this study operating in a Canadian context adopts Hägerstrand’s model for the process of innovation diffusion. The study draws on the findings of an online survey and interviews with city planners in both Edmonton and Winnipeg to explore the demand and supply dimensions of city-center living and attitudes towards different types of housing and neighbourhood design.
The study shows that the central area in Winnipeg and Edmonton are at different stages regarding housing. Prospective home owners who are interested in housing in the central area share a number of environmental attitudes. These attitudes were related to the care for recycling, the importance for eating organic food, the use of public transportation, volunteering in non-profit organization to help the community and the interest in attending cultural activities. Based on the results of the study, it can be expected that housing types such as apartments, townhouses and even loft housing can be more common in the future and especially in Winnipeg since apartments and townhouses are already common in Edmonton.
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Husselmann, M. L. "Estimation of area and income elasticities of water demand in a number of cities and towns in Gauteng." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4307.
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M.Ing.Water demand prediction can be useful for future planning and has a significant economic effect on a city, town or suburb. There are numerous factors influencing water demand and therefore influencing the prediction thereof. The effect of each of these factors on the water demand is called the elasticity of that factor. The main aim of this study is to determine area and income elasticities of demand. This will enable the reader to predict water demand by taking stand size (area) and income into account. The stand value of each user was used as a surrogate for the income of that user. Another aim of this study is to compare average water demands for different cities and towns in Gauteng, South Africa with each other. Over 190 000 users' data were used for this study.
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Tzu-HanHung and 洪子涵. "A Study of Social Housing Supply and Demand in the Context of Geography of Opportunity in Taipei City." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2c6284.
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碩士國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
104
After the Housing Act enacted in 2011, the goal of social housing nowadays is to boost the supply. Due to the goal and the late development, the social housing faced the doubt of fair distribution arrangement, the problem of unaffordable rent, and the bigger and bigger scale of social housing project, which may be associated to the failure public housing experience in the USA. The research aims to study on whether the arrangement of social housing planning in Taipei meets the target groups’ living requirements, and whether the opportunities in Taipei City can assist vulnerable households for a better living quality. Using the opportunity mapping from Geography of Opportunity, the opportunity map identified the living quality and opportunities gaps between different districts in Taipei City. Then used the semi-structured interviews to analyse the relation between opportunity map and the arrangement of social housing planning in Taipei, which let the urgent need of social housing supply in different districts divided into 3 degrees, and made the districts have different priority policy or strategies to implement. In conclusion, the research emphasizes fair distribution of social housing within the concerns of the affordability of vulnerable households, the demand and supply of social housing, living quality, and opportunities, which allows low-income households live in a good community and reach the target of mixed-income living.
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Li, Cheng. "Essays on nursery labor, sales contracts, and price discovery." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38179.
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Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, empirical study of the Oregon nursery industry is rare. The present dissertation consists of three essays that analyze the demand and supply of inputs and outputs and the relationship between producers and retailers in the Oregon nursery industry.
Chapter 2 identifies the major factors affecting farm labor supply and demand and evaluates their relative importance in the Oregon nursery industry from 1991 to 2008. Empirical results show that border control effort doesn't have an influential role in labor supply, while the Oregon and Mexican minimum wage do. It is because of the substantial gap between the U.S. and Mexican economies, reflected for an example in the minimum wage gap, which attracts a continual flow of immigrants. Risk of border apprehension is not great enough to prevent the flow. Increases in Oregon minimum wage is more effective than border apprehension policies in boosting the average wage and in reducing the number of hours that illegal immigrants work in the nursery sector.
Chapter 3 investigates producers' and retailers' choices of, and reactions to, various contract types in the Oregon nursery industry from 2005 to 2010. As new and fast-growing retailers in the industry, big-box stores are less likely than independent retailers to make pre-order contracts with the producer. However, once a pre-order contract is chosen, big-box stores demand more days of pre-order interval than independent retailers do. Transactions with independent retailers exhibit – on average over the sample range – scale economies and scope diseconomies. Boosting per-transaction revenue scale and the number of species sold to big-box stores enhances transaction efficiency.
Chapter 4 examines the interaction between supply and demand in Oregon nursery products. The result indicates that the production and transaction costs are major drivers on the supply side, while transportation costs and consumer demand for nursery products play important roles on the demand side. At the genus level, the supply elasticities of coniferous plants are larger than those of deciduous plants, which in turn are higher than those of flowering plants. The demand elasticities are the lowest in coniferous trees followed by deciduous plants, then flowering plants. Price discounts on plants with high demand elasticities would significantly boost sales and enlarge the market, while those on plants with low demand elasticities would have less sales impact. Empirically, patenting seems to bring no direct signs of greater profitability. The wholesale nursery may wish to reconsider the pricing and marketing policies of its patented plants to differentiate them more effectively from its non-patented plants.Graduation date: 2013
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LU, MIN-ZHE, and 呂旻哲. "An Analysis of the Relationships between Housing Prices of Demand and Supply Sides and SINYI Housing Price Index, Cathay Real Estate Price Index, and Real Estate Price Trend Score." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pds362.
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碩士中華大學
資訊管理學系
106
Since ancient times, Taiwanese have been deeply influenced by the traditional value that having a land is having fortune. Many people think that in order to form a family, one need to have a house; only if one has a house can they form a family. Therefore, the housing price level has become a topic of concern to the nation, society, and the public. The dependent variables of this study are based on SINYI Housing Price Index, Cathay Real Estate Index, and Real Estate Price Trend Score that are widely used and have been publicly available for many years in Taiwan. The independent variables includes Housing Price of Demand Side, i.e. birth rate, marriage rate, unemployment rate, the ratio of inheritance and gifting, and the ratio of the investment demand of house purchasing; and Housing Price of Supply Side, i.e. residential surplus, building permits issued with the total number of units, and construction usage permits with the total number of units. We first apply Correlation Analysis to find the independent and dependent variables which are actually correlated. Then we deploy Regression Analysis and Generalized Estimating Equation to illustrate the relationships between SINYI Housing Price Index, Cathay Real Estate Index, Real Estate Price Trend Score, and each of their independent variable respectively. This study found that the result of Regression Analysis and Generalized Estimating Equation are similar, the unemployment rate and residential surplus have a significant correlation with SINYI Housing Price Index; the unemployment rate and residential surplus have a significant correlation with Cathay Real Estate Index; and the ratio of inheritance and gifting as well as construction usage permits with the total number of units have a significant correlation with Real Estate Price Trend Score.
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Mkhize, Nkosinjani Agripper. "An investigation of how construction skills transfer leads to sustainable employment and housing improvements in incremental housing projects." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2135.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates the impacts of construction skills acquired by
the beneficiaries who participated in the construction of housing in the
three case studies used in this study; the housing policy also assumes
such a connection. The study argues that the construction skills can
assist training beneficiaries to acquire sustainable employment in the
housing construction industry. The housing beneficiaries have however
experienced the problem of being unable to make further housing
completion due to various problems such as unemployment, low income,
regulations and building standards. Therefore, the study also assumes
that housing construction industry has a potentially pivotal role to play in
providing sustainable employment to the training beneficiaries, which In
turn allow them to generate income for housing improvements.
The study uses two core-housing approaches (incremental and enabling),
which emphasises the importance of construction skills to the training
beneficiaries and are relevant to the South African Housing Policy. This
study argues that the Housing Policy has a crucial role to play in
construction skills acquisition during the construction of incremental
housing projects. This study investigates the relationship among skills,
employment and housing improvements of Hambanati, Mshayazafe and
Waterloo areas in KwaZulu-Natal.
A research In this study has been conducted for the purpose of
highlighting realities regarding the impact of acquiring relevant
construction skills through incremental housing projects. The research
will enable the study to inform the government's current housing policy
about the potential benefits of providing construction skills in the
delivery of incremental housing.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, 2003.
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Tothmihaly, Andras. "Three essays on the economics of cocoa – The technical and environmental efficiency of Indonesian cocoa production." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3EE0-6.
Full text
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Machado, Susette Santos. "The impact of invoice information on Portuguese residential water demand." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11625.
Full textAbstract:
JEL Classification: Q21, Q25The main purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of the information conveyed in the water bill on the price-elasticity of residential water demand. For this purpose, we estimate a Portuguese residential water demand model and include qualitative variables representative of billing content. The methodology relies on an econometric estimation based on cross sectional aggregate data. We found that by including in the invoice the period reserved to communicate water readings together with the available ways to do so significantly increases the price elasticity of water demand. We also evaluate the compliance level of the invoices emitted by the Portuguese water utilities with the ERSAR’s invoice recommendation. The results are unsatisfactory so we highlight the importance of implementing the invoice template issued by the regulatory authority. This work is associated with the research project ‘Pricing and behavioral responses in the water sector’ supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/EGE-ECO/114477/2009).
O objetivo principal desta dissertação é avaliar o impacto da informação veiculada na fatura de água sobre o consumo de água dos consumidores domésticos. Para este efeito, estimamos a procura de água dos consumidores domésticos portugueses, incluindo variáveis qualitativas que representam o conteúdo da fatura. A estimativa econométrica baseia-se em dados agregados de secções transversais. Concluímos que ao incluir na fatura o período reservado para comunicar as leituras de água juntamente com as formas disponíveis para fazê-lo tem um efeito significativo na elasticidade-preço da procura de água. Também avaliamos o nível de conformidade das faturas emitidas pelos serviços públicos de água com recomendação destinada ao conteúdo da fatura elaborada pela ERSAR. Os resultados são insatisfatórios e por isso destacamos a importância da implementação do modelo de fatura emitida pela autoridade reguladora. Este trabalho está associado ao projeto de investigação 'Preço e respostas comportamentais no sector da água' apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PTDC / EGE-ECO /114477/2009).
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HUNG, SHAO, and 邵泓. "A Study on Mansion Planning Preference Models for Different Housing Types from the Perspective of Supply and Demand -A Case Study in Kaohsiung City." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nxbfw5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄科技大學
企業管理系
107
From the perspective of a mansionbuyer, cost-effectiveness is always the mentality of most buyers. On the other side,from the perspective of a mansionsupplier,housing development involves complicated factors such as land price, land policy, building site conditions, building regulations and user behaviors.It is not easy to satisfy all the needs of buyers.Under the premise of price, the final functionalities of a mansion are really a trade-off between actual price paid and relative functional accomplishment. In the past, the research on housing preference or decision-making factors in purchasing was mainly based on the location functions, product attributes, housing quality and economic factors,there is few research focusing on spatial planning and using room type.To contribute to this research gap,this study employed the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to explore the preferences of different room types for spatial planning and residential use from the perspective of supply and demand. According to the research results, no matter what housing type, the needs of a mansion buyer focus on the three aspects, namely, " functional space ", "residence quality" and "architectural quality". Furthermore, six factors including "space circulation","building physical environment ","flexible space", "construction quality", "disaster prevention ",and "storage space" are considered to be the key factors.Factors that are less important to a mansion buyer include："domestic electrification", "smart home appliances, "environmental facilities",and "pet facilities".
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Ortner, Andreas. "Regionale Charakteristik der Nachfrage und des Angebots an Wohnungen in der Ukraine seit dem Jahr 2000:: Wohnungsbestandsentwicklung in den Oblasten der Ukraine vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28752.
Full textAbstract:
In der Ukraine sind der demographische Wandel und der damit verbundene Bevölkerungsrückgang von 12 % der Einwohner seit 1990 im europaweiten Vergleich einmalig. Dafür verantwortlich ist aus Sicht der Wissenschaft neben den transformationsbedingten Brüchen innerhalb der Gesellschaft, der flächendeckende Mangel an bezahlbaren Wohnungen. Aktuell ist die Hälfte der ukrainischen Haushalte mit der eigenen Wohnungssituation unzufrieden.
Der Großteil des in den 1990er Jahren privatisierten Wohnungsbestands ist marode und in sanierungsbedürftigem Zustand. Den Eigentümern fehlen jedoch die finanziellen Mittel, um Bestandserhaltungsmaßnahmen aus eigener Kraft heraus durchzuführen. Vor allem junge Erwachsene haben keine Zugriffsmöglichkeiten auf eine Wohnung und damit auch keine Chance, einen eigenen Haushalt zu bilden. Oft scheitern daran die Gründung einer eigenen Familie und der Wunsch, Kinder zu bekommen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat das Ziel, Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen dem demographischen Wandel, den Haushalten und den bestehenden Wohnungsproblemen in der Ukraine zu finden. Dazu werden die Entwicklungen der Bevölkerung, der Haushalte und des Wohnungsbestands anhand sachlogischer Kenngrößen charakterisiert und regionale Besonderheiten sowie Disparitäten zwischen den 27 Oblasten (Regionen) des Landes aufgezeigt. Basierend auf multivariaten Verfahren, wie der Faktoren- und Clusteranalyse, werden Regionstypen gebildet, die Aussagen zur aktuellen Nachfrage und zum Angebot an Wohnungen zulassen.