Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Elastografia por Ressonância Magnética'
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Vieira, Silvio Leão. "Imagens das propriedades viscoelásticas por ressonância magnética e ultrassom." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-22042010-093544/.
Full textThe viscoelasticity of injured biological tissues is the physical property that changes the most in relation to normal tissue. Manual palpation is commonly used to identify these lesions, such as nodules and cysts. Recently, several studies involving ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, called elastography, have been employed to assess the viscoelastic properties of these lesions. One difficulty in this type of study is related to the development of biological tissues mimicking materials with similar inclusions, once these injured structures originate from anomalies within the biological tissue. Based on these motivations, quantitative elastographic techniques based on magnetic resonance and ultrasound modalities have been used to assess injuries in viscoelastic mimicking-tissue phantom materials. These lesions, with different viscoelastic properties, were generated within a phantom using ionizing radiation. The phantoms, also known as dosimeter gel, were developed based on animal skin powder, and irradiated using a conventional radiation therapy system. Magnetic resonance relaxometry images (MRR) were acquired in these phantoms, and were used as absorbed dose standard reference and its distribution. The estimated dose distribution profiles from these images and the ones provided by TPS 3D software radiotherapy planning system were compared to the elastograms. The elastographic studies were conducted using Vibro-acoustography (VA), Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) and Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) techniques. The second goal of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of speckle existence in vibro-acoustography images. To test that, a three-dimensional (3D) model for the systems point spread function (PSF) was simulated. The simulation code was implemented in MATLAB and using the program Field II subroutines. The numerical simulations were performed using a cluster of high performance computers. B-mode ultrasound and VA images were simulated using that PSF 3D model, for a spherically focused and a confocal transducer, respectively. These B-mode images were simulated as a comparative parameter to the images generated by VA. The B-mode ultrasound images were displayed in a tomographic plane corresponding to the VA imaging plane. All images were simulated using a virtual phantom with dimensions (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Preliminary results showed a interference pattern in VA images taken with a confocal transducer. These images were produced from scatterers located inside the PSF resolution cell volume.
Beckmann, Nicolau. "Geração de imagens por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 1986. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-03062015-105553/.
Full textThis work treats two techniquesfor the generation of images by nuclear magnetic resonance, the method of the direct transform. These techniques are based on the acquisition of NMR signals whose phases and frequency components gradients. The construction of gradient coils is discussed for the particular geometry appropriate for a magnet with pole caps and air gap. It contains also an analysis of the obtention of contrast by the relaxation times T1 and T2 in images reconstructed from signals generated employing sequences such as spin-echo, inversion-recovery and stimulated echo. In form of an appendix, a mathematical formalism is presented, that furnishes a matrix solution for the BLOCH equations, allowing the determination of the evolution of a signal in presence of gradients and radiofrequency pulses, and the dependence of its magnitude with relaxation times of the sample.
Vedolin, Leonardo Modesti. "Ressonância magnética cerebral e espectroscopia de prótons por ressonância magnética na investigação de pacientes com mucopolissacaridose." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10737.
Full textThe mucopolysaccharidosis are a group of lysosomal diseases characterized by enzymatic deficiency which leads incomplete degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Neurological expression varies according to each enzyme but mental compromise is characteristic of MPS III and the severe forms of MPS I, II and VII. Studies with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated that brain atrophy, white matter (WM) lesions and hydrocephalus are common in MPS patients. However, correlation among MRI, biochemical changes and severity of neurological deficit was not published so far. In addition, comparison between MR spectroscopy (MRS) and MRI is controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyze MRI and MRS findings in MPS patients. Sixty patients with MPS types I, II, IV and VI were evaluated with MRI and MRS. Results were compared with disease duration, biochemical changes and cognitive impairment. MRI exams were performed in high field MRI scanner (1.5 T). Patients with longer disease duration had more WM lesions. Brain atrophy and hydrocephalus were not affected by disease duration or patient´s age. Patients with MPS II and cognitive impairment had more brain atrophy, hydrocephalus, severe WM lesions and elevated myoinositol/creatine at MRS. These results can be useful to better understand the pathogenic process and to increase the applicability of MRI in the disease investigation.
Bueno, Laís Melicio Cintra. "Estudo neuroanatômico do éncefalo bovino por ressonância magnética /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132005.
Full textBanca: Maria Cristina Ferrarini Nunes Soares Hage
Banca: Seizo Yamachita
Resumo: A imagem originada por ressonância magnética (MRI) revolucionou a medicina veterinária na área de diagnóstico por imagem. Tecnologia considerada atualmente como a metodologia mais sensível para análise de tecidos moles, como o encéfalo, ultrapassando os demais métodos diagnósticos. Essa tecnologia fundamenta-se no fenômeno da ressonância magnética nuclear que ocorre quando os núcleos atômicos com propriedades magnéticas presentes no corpo dos humanos e dos animais são submetidos a um campo magnético intenso. Suas vantagens na produção de imagens do encéfalo são método não invasivo, caracteriza-se por alta resolução, intenso contraste, plano bidimensional, em tons de cinza, produz menos artefatos e não utiliza formatos ionizantes de energia eletromagnética. Não apresenta riscos comprovados para o paciente e profissionais submetidos ao exame. Apesar da MRI ser a técnica de eleição para examinar o encéfalo, essas informações são escassas quando relacionadas com características anatômicas encefálicas em ruminantes domésticos. A finalidade deste estudo é descrever neuroanatomia encefálica bovina (Bos taurus domesticus) normal objetivando correlações com achados normais de ressonância magnética. Este trabalho reveste-se de importância pois, a definição neuroanatômica normal propiciará diagnósticos acurados de diferentes enfermidades traumáticas, vasculares, infecciosas, degenerativas ou neoplásicas, dentre outras Os cérebros foram cuidadosamente extraídos e fixados em formol para cortes anatômicos convencionais. Cortes transversais e sagitais de MRI foram obtidos de duas cabeças frescas de bovinos adultos pelo aparelho ESAOTE 0.25 T Vet-MR GRANDE através da bobina C-shaped coil nas sequências efetuadas no plano transversal T1 e T2 no plano sagital, T1 e T2 e no plano dorsal. Após a aquisição, imagens foram transferidas em formato DICON para o aplicativo...
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized veterinary medicine in the field of diagnostic imaging. Technology currently considered as the most sensitive method for the analysis of soft tissues such as the brain, bypassing the other diagnostic methods. This technology is based on nuclear magnetic resonance phenomenon that occurs when atomic nuclei with magnetic properties present in the body of humans and animals are subjected to an intense magnetic field. Its advantages in the production of brain images are noninvasive, is characterized by high resolution, high contrast, two-dimensional plane, grayscale, produces less artifacts and does not use ionizing formats of electromagnetic energy. Presents no risk to the patient and proven professionals submitted to the examination. Although MRI is the preferred technique to examine the brain, this information is scarce when related brain anatomical features in domestic ruminants. The purpose of this study is to describe normal bovine brain neuroanatomy (Bos taurus domesticus) order correlations with normal magnetic resonance imaging findings. This research is of importance because, normal neuroanatomical definition will provide accurate diagnosis of different diseases traumatic, vascular, infectious, degenerative or neoplastic, among other. Brains were carefully extracted and fixed for conventional anatomical cuts. Transverse and sagittal MRI were obtained from two fresh heads of adult cattle at 0.25T ESAOTE Vet-MR GRANDE device through the coil C-shaped coil in the sequences performed in the transverse plane T1 and T2 sagittal, T1 and T2 and the plan dorsal. After the acquisition, images were transferred in DICON format for Synapse® PACS application and analyzed by an observer at ClearCanvas Workstation program. The most clinical interest neuroanatomical structures were set according to the methodology of Yokoshi & Rohen and named after neuroanatomy texts
Mestre
Bueno, Laís Melicio Cintra. "Estudo das enfermidades encefálicas diagnosticadas por ressonância magnética." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180584.
Full textResumo: A ressonância magnética é um método diagnóstico primordial na avaliação de enfermidades intracranianas na medicina e na medicina veterinária para a investigação, elaboração e realização de tratamentos, planejamento cirúrgico e controle. Por meio dessa modalidade diagnóstica pode-se pesquisar muitas enfermidades intracranianas: congênitas, malformações, inflamatórias, infecciosas, vasculares, neoplásicas dentre outras. Ressonância magnética é um exame não invasivo, baseado em princípios físicos complexos que formam imagens em múltiplos planos de uma determinada região. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer um estudo retrospectivo das enfermidades neurológicas presentes na rotina de exames de ressonância magnética da região crânio -encefálica e sua casuística na Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu nos anos de 2012 a 2017. Realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva dos exames de ressonância magnética de pequenos animais da região crânio- encefálica. Os dados foram compilados e classificados segundo a região de exame, diferentes áreas de encaminhamento, casuística das enfermidades intracranianas segundo a espécie durante o período de 2012 a 2017. Dentre os 420 animais, sendo eles 340 canídeos e 80 felídeos observou-se dentre as regiões de exame o encéfalo com 95%; maioria dos encaminhamentos para a realização do exame de ressonância magnética são recebidos do serviço de neurologia veterinária 58%; a casuística das suspeita... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging is a primordial diagnostic method in the evaluation of intracranial diseases in medicine and veterinary medicine for investigation, elaboration and realization of treatments, surgical planning and control. By means of this diagnostic modality, one can investigate many intracranial diseases: congenital, malformations, inflammatory, infectious, vascular, and neoplastic among others. Magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive examination based on complex physical principles that form multi-plane imaging of a region. The goal of this work is to provide a retrospective study of the neurological diseases present in routine magnetic resonance imaging of the cranioencephalic region and its casuistry at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, from 2012 to 2017. Was made a retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging of small animals of the craniocephalic region. The data were compiled and classified according to the region of examination, different routing areas, and the number of intracranial diseases according to the species during the period from 2012 to 2017. Among the 420 animals, of which 340 canines and 80 felids were observed among the regions examination of the brain with 95%; most referrals for performing the MRI are received from the Veterinary Neurology Service 58%; the casuistry of the diagnostic suspicions of the diseases with 54 animals with convulsion, 49 animals ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Bueno, Laís Melicio Cintra [UNESP]. "Estudo neuroanatômico do éncefalo bovino por ressonância magnética." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132005.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A imagem originada por ressonância magnética (MRI) revolucionou a medicina veterinária na área de diagnóstico por imagem. Tecnologia considerada atualmente como a metodologia mais sensível para análise de tecidos moles, como o encéfalo, ultrapassando os demais métodos diagnósticos. Essa tecnologia fundamenta-se no fenômeno da ressonância magnética nuclear que ocorre quando os núcleos atômicos com propriedades magnéticas presentes no corpo dos humanos e dos animais são submetidos a um campo magnético intenso. Suas vantagens na produção de imagens do encéfalo são método não invasivo, caracteriza-se por alta resolução, intenso contraste, plano bidimensional, em tons de cinza, produz menos artefatos e não utiliza formatos ionizantes de energia eletromagnética. Não apresenta riscos comprovados para o paciente e profissionais submetidos ao exame. Apesar da MRI ser a técnica de eleição para examinar o encéfalo, essas informações são escassas quando relacionadas com características anatômicas encefálicas em ruminantes domésticos. A finalidade deste estudo é descrever neuroanatomia encefálica bovina (Bos taurus domesticus) normal objetivando correlações com achados normais de ressonância magnética. Este trabalho reveste-se de importância pois, a definição neuroanatômica normal propiciará diagnósticos acurados de diferentes enfermidades traumáticas, vasculares, infecciosas, degenerativas ou neoplásicas, dentre outras Os cérebros foram cuidadosamente extraídos e fixados em formol para cortes anatômicos convencionais. Cortes transversais e sagitais de MRI foram obtidos de duas cabeças frescas de bovinos adultos pelo aparelho ESAOTE 0.25 T Vet-MR GRANDE através da bobina C-shaped coil nas sequências efetuadas no plano transversal T1 e T2 no plano sagital, T1 e T2 e no plano dorsal. Após a aquisição, imagens foram transferidas em formato DICON para o aplicativo...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized veterinary medicine in the field of diagnostic imaging. Technology currently considered as the most sensitive method for the analysis of soft tissues such as the brain, bypassing the other diagnostic methods. This technology is based on nuclear magnetic resonance phenomenon that occurs when atomic nuclei with magnetic properties present in the body of humans and animals are subjected to an intense magnetic field. Its advantages in the production of brain images are noninvasive, is characterized by high resolution, high contrast, two-dimensional plane, grayscale, produces less artifacts and does not use ionizing formats of electromagnetic energy. Presents no risk to the patient and proven professionals submitted to the examination. Although MRI is the preferred technique to examine the brain, this information is scarce when related brain anatomical features in domestic ruminants. The purpose of this study is to describe normal bovine brain neuroanatomy (Bos taurus domesticus) order correlations with normal magnetic resonance imaging findings. This research is of importance because, normal neuroanatomical definition will provide accurate diagnosis of different diseases traumatic, vascular, infectious, degenerative or neoplastic, among other. Brains were carefully extracted and fixed for conventional anatomical cuts. Transverse and sagittal MRI were obtained from two fresh heads of adult cattle at 0.25T ESAOTE Vet-MR GRANDE device through the coil C-shaped coil in the sequences performed in the transverse plane T1 and T2 sagittal, T1 and T2 and the plan dorsal. After the acquisition, images were transferred in DICON format for Synapse® PACS application and analyzed by an observer at ClearCanvas Workstation program. The most clinical interest neuroanatomical structures were set according to the methodology of Yokoshi & Rohen and named after neuroanatomy texts
Rodrigues, Pedro Miguel Leal. "Estudos estruturais em ferredoxinas por ressonância magnética nuclear." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4450.
Full textAs ferredoxinas são proteínas de baixo peso molecular que contêm agregados [Fe-S] do tipo [3Fe-4S], [4Fe-4S], [3Fe-4S] + [4Fe-4S] e 2 x [4Fe-4S], podendo ser utilizadas como compostos modelo na investigação das propriedades electrónicas, paramagnéticas e estruturais de agregados [Fe-S] em enzimas complexas. A ferredoxina II (FdII) isolada da bactéria redutora de sulfato Desulfovibrio gigas (Dg) é uma proteína tetramérica de transferência electrónica com 58 resíduos de amino ácidos(seis cisteínas), que contém um centro [3Fe-4S] coordenado por três ligandos cisteicos; Cys 8,Cys 14 e Cys 50, e uma ponte dissulfureto entre os resíduos Cys 18 e Cys 42. A caracterização tanto bioquímica como espectroscópica recorrendo nomeadamente à espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 10 e 20, em conjunção com outras técnicas espectroscópicas, tais como a Ressonância Paramagnética Electrónica, UV/Vísivel e Mõssbauer foi já realizada para o estado oxidado desta proteína, de forma a compreender as suas propriedades redox e electrónicas. Durante o estudo do comportamento redox desta proteína foi descoberto um intermediário, DgFdIIinb originado pelo abertura da ponte dissulfureto. Devido à sua estabilidade, e utilizando as mesmas técnicas já utilizadas anteriormente para o estado oxidado, foi possível obter a sua caracterização. São assim apresentadas as atribuições específicas das ressonâncias pertencentes aos protões I3-CHz dos resíduos cisteicos,coordenantes e a análise da dependência angular das mesmas, possibilitando juntamente com as coordenadas de raios-X para o estado oxidado, uma comparação dos ângulos diedros entre os estados oxidado e intermediário da DgFdlI. Foi também introduzido um novo modelo de acoplamento de spins para o estado intermediário de modo a obter valores para as constantes de acoplamento, J dos átomos de ferro do agregado metálico. A existência de um quarto sítio desocupado no agregado [3Fe-4S] (Cys 11), abre a possibilidade da inserção de um quarto átomo metálico. Foi assim sintetizado o agregado misto [Co, 3Fe-4S] para o qual foi realizada uma breve análise espectroscópica, permitindo pela primeira vez a obtenção de um espectro de RMN de 10 e a análise das ressonâncias situadas no envelope paramagnético do mesmo, para os estados oxidado e reduzido do centro heterometálico. Tendo em conta a dificuldade de obtenção da DgFdII em termos de tempo e de quantidade, foi feita a clonagem e sobre-expressão desta proteína em E.coZi, utilizando o vector de expressão pT7-7. Foi posteriormente realizada uma breve caracterização espectroscópica da proteína sobre expressa; DgFdIIrec• Finalmente, foi isolada de Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, uma nova ferredoxina do tipo 2 x [4Fe-4S]. Esta proteína foi posteriormente caracterizada bioquimicamente e por espectroscopia de RMN de 10 e 20, utilizando a mesma metodologia e informação obtida para a DgFdIIint.
Junta Nacional de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica (JNICT),Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento(FLAD)e Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
Marques, Marcia Renata Hidalgo. "Avaliação da gordura hepática utilizando ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-14062016-152116/.
Full textHepatic steatosis is a disease characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in liver cells. Its incidence is increasing and it is expected to become the chronic liver disease with the highest prevalence worldwide, which became a major concern to medical and scientific community. Although considered a benign disease, fatty liver can evolve to more serious diseases such as cirrhosis, advanced fibrosis, steatohepatitis (with or without fibrosis) or carcinoma. However, it is potentially reversible, even in the most severe cases, which reinforces the urgent need to develop reliable methods for detection and evaluation, including throughout treatment. Current methods for diagnosis and measurement of liver fat are still flawed: ultrasound is not able to perform quantification; CT uses ionizing radiation; biopsy, considered the gold standard, is accurate but invasive and focal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) are completely non-invasive alternatives capable of providing diagnosis and quantification of infiltrated fat in the liver. However, studies in the literature frequently employ pulse sequences especially developed for this purpose, with extremely elaborate post-processing methods, which are not compatible with the current state of the art of typical clinical scanners or even with the level of experience and knowledge of technical staff working in radiology clinics. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of MRI as a candidate for diagnosing and quantifying fat liver in clinical settings, using conventional pulse sequences, acquisition and post-processing protocol, compatible with those performed in clinical examinations in both simplicity and total acquisition time. We investigated different approaches of MRI and MRS using liver biopsy as reference standard. We evaluated patients with type II diabetes, which have a high prevalence of non-alcoholic fat liver disease, and great variability in the percentage of fat. Correlation, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity measurements of each of the approaches used were performed. All evaluated methods highly correlated (> 87%) with the data obtained from invasive measurement, which shows that the values obtained using MRI are consistent with that observed for liver biopsy. Although the processing methods used are not as complex as would be required if an absolute quantification was desired, our analyzes showed high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of MRI in the evaluation of steatosis. In conclusion, MRI is an excellent candidate to assess liver fat fraction in a non-invasive way, even when considering the limitations imposed by conventional clinical setting. This suggests that these new methods may begin to migrate to clinical environments without relying on complex sequences and exotic post-processing techniques that are described in the current literature.
Rispoli, Vinicius de Carvalho. "Simulações computacionais do escoamento cardiovascular guiadas por ressonância magnética." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18045.
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As doenças cardiovasculares representam hoje uma das maiores causas de morte no mundo. Desta forma, o conhecimento dos padrões de escoamento sanguíneo no corpo humano se faz importante no diagnóstico e pesquisa de algumas doenças. Utilizando a ressonância magnética (RM), o escoamento sanguíneo pode ser mensurado in vivo diretamente usando ressonância magnética (RM) com contraste de fase (CF) ou através da codificação de velocidade em Fourier (CVF). Por outro lado, o escoamento sanguíneo pode também ser simulado utilizando uma abordagem baseada em modelos da dinâmica dos fluidos computacional (DFC). O CF tem como desvantagens os longos tempos de aquisição, a resolução espaço-temporal limitada, efeitos de volume parcial e baixa relação sinal-ruído (SNR). Por outro lado, a codificação de velocidade em Fourier é um método de imageamento por ressonância magnética promissor para realizar medidas do escoamento cardiovascular. A CVF oferece SNR consideravelmente maior que o CF e também é robusto aos efeitos de volume parcial. Os conjuntos de dados com CVF são adquiridos com baixa resolução espacial devido aos longos tempos de aquisição relacionados a sua alta dimensionalidade, (x,y,v,t), mas proporcionam a distribuição de velocidade associada a cada um dos seus grandes voxels. Entretanto, não um mapa de velocidades do escoamento. Finalmente, a DFC proporciona alta resolução temporal e espacial, além de tempos de aquisição reduzidos. Porém a sua acurácia é dependente das hipóteses do modelo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um método capaz de integrar medidas diretas de RM (CF ou CVF) a um algoritmo para determinar solução das equações da dinâmica dos fluidos, tendo como principal interesse a redução no tempo de exame num ambiente clínico. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta duas contribuições originais: (i) um método para extrair mapas de velocidade de alta resolução espacial a partir de dados com CVF de baixa resolução espacial; e (ii) um método para reconstruir campos de velocidade que são influenciados ao mesmo tempo pelas medidas diretas por RM (CF ou CVF) e pelos modelos físicos da dinâmica dos fluidos. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular diseases represents today one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thus, knowledge of the blood flow patterns in the human body is important for diagnosis and research of certain diseases. Using magnetic resonance (MRI), in vivo 3D blood flow patterns can be either measured directly using phase–contrast (PC) MRI or Fourier velocity encoding (FVE) MRI. On the other hand, blood flow patterns can be obtained from model-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. PC–MRI suffers from long scan times, limited spatio–temporal resolution, partial–volume effects and low signal–to–noise ratio (SNR). Fourier velocity encoding (FVE) is a promising magnetic resonance imaging method for measurement of cardiovascular blood flow. FVE provides considerably higher SNR than phase contrast imaging, and is robust to partial–volume effects. FVE data is usually acquired with low spatial resolution, due to scantime restrictions associated with its higher dimensionality, (x; y; v; t), and provides the velocity distribution associated with a large voxel, but does not directly provides a velocity map. Since the acquisition time is a disadvantage of FVE, then, preferably, it should be acquired with rapid spiral trajectories. Finally, CFD provides arbitrarily high spatial and temporal resolution and reduced scan times, but its accuracy hinges on the model assumptions. The objective of this work is to present a method capable of integrate direct MRI (PC or FVE) measures inside a CFD solver on the way to reduce scan time in a clinical environment. This work presents two main original contributions: (i) a method to derive velocity maps with high spatial resolution from low spatial resolution FVE data; and (ii) a numerical framework for constructing a flow field that is influenced by both direct measurements (PC–MRI or FVE) and a fluid physics model.
Senzako, Edna Yoshiko. "SisMatch - Matching para Imagens de Tomografia por Ressonância Magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-28082017-091429/.
Full textThis work presents a study of image matching. Image matching can be used to evaluate the similarþ between objects in different images, to detect change between scenes, to calculate movement of objects and to compile information from different kind of images. This project was based on a theoretical study of matching, the implementation of SísMatch - System of Matching and the analysis of perfonnance of the -matching methods. The images are delivered by the Magnetic Resonance tomograph under development at Physics Institute at São Carlos - USP.
Bonagamba, Tito Jose. "Seleção de planos em tomografia por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 1986. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-11092007-155255/.
Full textThis work was developed with the purpose of obtaining Tomoqraphic Images by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). It was elaborated in two distinct ways. One of them was the analysis of slice selection by selective excitation, already proposed by other authors. To do this, we developed a package of computer programs that simulates the behavior of a spin system from the Bloch Equation solution. The other was the adaptation of a NMR spectrometer already existing in our laboratory to obtain tomographic imaqes. The results show that our prototype can produce imaqes tomographics slices with width less than 1 cm.
Junior, Antonio Carlos Bloise. "Estudo em nanocompósitos e eletrólitos poliméricos por ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-14112007-091237/.
Full textNuclear Magnetic Resonance (RMN) techniques were used to study a series of ionic conductor materials, which present applications in the area of the solid-state electrochemical devices. The first part of this work is dedicated to the study of intercalation compounds based on the molybdenum disulfide matrix (MoS2), where the intercalated species (lithium ion and amine molecule) are inserted in the low-dimensionality space generated by the matrix. The second part involves the study of a composite polymer electrolyte, employing fillers like Carbon Black and titanium dioxide (Tio2) nano particles in the electrolyte formed by the poly(ethy1ene oxide) and a lithium salt (LiClO4). In general, these systems present a considerable structural complexity, meaning that the molecular movements and ionic diffusion are produced in a semicrystalline environment (case of the composites) or in an environment of reduced dimensionality (case of intercalates). The 7Li and 1H NMR spectroscopy is a convenient technique for the study of these materials. Relaxation time and line shape measurements may provide a tool to investigate the effects provoked by the low-dimensionality of the movements in laminate structures (case of intercalate), to identify the interactions and relaxation mechanisms of the ionic and molecular motions, to supply structural parameters (interatomic distances) that would help the proposal of possible structural models, and finally, to characterize the time scale of the ionic and molecular movements completely.
Tannus, Alberto. "Desenvolvimento da tecnologia de tomografia por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 1987. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-21052007-164959/.
Full textWe describe in this work the development of hardware and software necessary to implement the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. Our major subjects were the construction of an acquisition and control system which allowed the operation of a pulsed Fourier NMR spectrometer as a NMR Tomograph; further we oriented the developing of a NMR spectrometer whose parameters could be easily reconfigured by the controlling system. As a result we obtained a sophisticated equipment which allows, more than the proposed, working with high resolution spectroscopic techniques and spectroscopy in solids. Since the basic techniques employed in NMR and CT Tomographs are well known, a great emphasis was also given on the understanding of the image reconstruction techniques that constitutes today the frontier of research in this area. The results obtained with the system described here are considered good, comparable to the results from commercial units developed in cooperation with imaging groups located in universities abroad.
Pagnano, Marco Aurelio de Oliveira. "Automação de um espectrômetro por ressonância magnética nuclear pulsada." Universidade de São Paulo, 1993. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-19082014-101639/.
Full textThis work describes the Project developped to automatize the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer housed in the laboratory of the professors José Pedro Donoso e Cláudio José Magon. To satisfy our needs we have improved their old equipment, at the level of hardware and software. Were built and programmed the parallel interface between the microcomputer and a pulse programmer made by Tecmag Inc. and with a fast digitizer (10 ns) Nicolet 430. The pulse programmer can control 75 independent output channels during 2048 time intervals. The software we developped allow us to control the whole pulse sequence on a very efficient and practical way. It was written in C-language, and provides the timing signals necessary to generate sofisticated pulse seqüencies, the data acquisition and data transfer to the host computer
Valezi, Daniel Farinha. "Transição magnética do mineral goethita por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2013. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000184952.
Full textSynthetic and natural samples of the mineral Goethite were characterized by EPR, with the main objective of studying the magnetic transition from the antiferromagnetic state to the paramagnetic state that this mineral undergoes upon reaching a certain critical temperature (Néel temperature). Although it will be not expected EPR signal in Goethite samples, due to its antiferromagnetic arrangement, the resonance lines were observed at room temperature. This behavior was attributed to the existence of a weak ferromagnetism. Increasing the temperature above 348K for the natural sample, and 351K for the synthetic sample, Goethite spectrum started to present a new line of RPE, which grows in intensity until it stabilizes at 440K. The appearance of this resonance line was attributed to the magnetic transition that the mineral Goethite suffered with the increase in temperature beyond the Néel temperature, from the antiferromagnetic to the paramagnetic state. The magnetic transition did not occur at a certain temperature, this fact was attributed to inhomogeneity of the samples in factors such as particle size and vacancy concentration. Were performed, for the first time, the simulations of the EPR lines of the mineral Goethite due to the paramagnetic state, above the Néel temperature, as well as, the variation of signal intensity with increasing temperature.
Sousa, Daniel Augusto Vieira. "Avaliação de próteses de Si3N4/diamante por ressonância magnética." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21822.
Full textA Ressonância Magnética (RM) é uma modalidade imagiológica que tem permitido grandes avanços na área do diagnóstico médico. Tem vindo a ser cada vez mais utilizada para avaliação pós-operatória em variadas situações. No entanto, existem alguns obstáculos à obtenção de imagens de qualidade. Esses obstáculos são, muitas vezes, provocados pela presença de material cirúrgico, como é caso das próteses da anca, que devido às suas características, dão origem a artefactos de suscetibilidade magnética que prejudicam a qualidade da imagem. O desenvolvimento de novos materiais tem demonstrado vantagens no que respeita aos artefactos provocados por estes em exames imagiológicos. Os cerâmicos de nitreto de silício (Si3N4) revestidos por diamante nanocristalino obtido por deposição química em fase vapor (CVD), desenvolvido nos laboratórios do Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos (CICECO) da Universidade de Aveiro, é um novo material candidato à utilização em próteses articulares, nomeadamente na cabeça do fémur em próteses da anca. Estes cerâmicos apresentam excelentes características de resistência ao desgaste e de biocompatibilidade. Um estudo prévio com Tomografia Computorizada (TC) apresentou bons resultados com diminuição dos artefactos metálicos. Não são conhecidos estudos que avaliem o seu comportamento no contexto da RM. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento imagiológico deste novo material, Si3N4 revestido a nanodiamante, em RM e compará-lo com materiais atualmente comercializados. Para tal, utilizou-se um fantoma com características que não colocam em causa a segurança na realização dos testes no ambiente de RM. Foram utilizadas amostras de cabeças do fémur de próteses da anca de diferentes materiais nomeadamente Cobalto-Crómio, Oxinium, Zirconia-Toughened Alumina, Nitreto de Silício e Nitreto de Silício revestido com diamante. As imagens foram adquiridas em condições similares em dois equipamentos de RM, um de 3T no Instituto de Ciências Nucleares Aplicadas à Saúde (ICNAS) e outro de 1,5T no Centro de Tomografia Computorizada de Aveiro (CENTAC), procedendo-se posteriormente à análise das imagens, quantificação de artefactos e à comparação dos artefactos causados pelos diferentes materiais. Os resultados alcançados no contexto do presente estudo permitem evidenciar propriedades imagiológicas promissoras dos cerâmicos Si3N4/diamante, uma vez que os artefactos produzidos por estes cerâmicos são reduzidos quando comparados com os originados por outros materiais atualmente utilizados no fabrico deste tipo de próteses.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging modality that has allowed major advances in medical diagnostics. It has been increasingly used for postoperative evaluation in different situations. However, there are some obstacles to obtain quality images. These obstacles are often caused by the presence of surgical material, as it is the case of hip prostheses. Hip prostheses characteristics give rise to magnetic susceptibility artifacts that affects image quality. The development of new materials has shown advantages regarding artifacts in diagnostic imaging. Ceramic Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) coated nanocrystalline diamond obtained by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) developed in CICECO – Centre for Research in Ceramics and Composites Materials at the University of Aveiro is a new candidate to be used in joint prostheses, namely in hip prostheses of femur head. This ceramics material has excellent characteristics of wear resistance and biocompatibility. A previous study with CT showed good results since metal artifacts were reduced. Yet, no previous studies assessing Si3N4 coated nanocrystalline diamond behavior in MRI are found. This study is aimed at evaluating the imaging performance of this new material, Si3N4 coated nanocrystalline diamond in MRI, and comparing it with materials currently marketed. For this purpose, a phantom which does not jeopardize safety in testing MRI was used. Samples of hip prostheses femoral heads made of different materials, namely Cobalt-Chromium (CC), Oxinium (OX), Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA), Silicon Nitride (NS) and Silicon Nitride coated with diamond (NSD) were used. Images were acquired in two MRI equipments under similar conditions, a 3T at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS) and a 1.5T at the Centre of Computed Tomography of Aveiro (CENTAC). Images analysis, artifacts quantification and comparison of artifacts caused by different materials were performed. The results obtained in this study show promising imaging properties of Si3N4/diamond. The artifacts produced by this material are reduced when compared to those generated by other materials currently used in hip prostheses manufacture.
Baptista, Luciana de Padua Silva. "Contribuição da ressonância magnética na arterite de Takayasu." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-19032007-111701/.
Full textIntroduction: Takayasu arteritis (TA) diagnosis criteria are based on lumen abnormalities detected by conventional angiography (CA). In addition to these lesions, aortic wall abnormalities present in TA, but not clearly demonstrated by CA, can also be characterized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Objectives: Describe lumen lesions in the aorta and its branches and aortic wall abnormalities using MRI, correlating these findings with disease activity in TA patients. Methods: The study comprised 45 patients (43 Caucasians, 40 women, mean age 32.5 years + 15,5 years) with a time course of TA ranging from 3 months to 34 years and first manifestation of the disease with a mean of 23 years of age. Forty percent of the patients presented clinical activity of the disease. Corticosteroid and imunossupressor therapies were used in 57% and 30%, respectively. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were found in 63% and 52% of the patients, respectively. Aortic wall thickening was evaluated using T1 and proton density Spin-Echo (SE) and double inversion recovery (DIR) sequences. Aortic wall edema was evaluated using T2 DIR sequence. Contrast enhanced (CE) gradient-echo (GE) 3D angiography was used for the evaluation of the aortic lumen and its branches. Delayed-enhancement images of the aortic wall were investigated with a GE 2D inversion-recovery sequence after CE angiography. Results: Stenosis was the most frequent angiography finding in the aorta (60%), preferentially in the abdominal segment. Enlargement was more frequent in the thoracic aorta (12%), preferentially in the ascending segment. Minor luminal narrowing and stenosis were the most frequent findings in the aortic branches (69%). MRI detected aortic wall thickening in all patients. Aortic wall edema was absent in 56% of the patients and delayed-enhancement images of the aortic wall were present in the majority (75%) of the patients. No correlation was found between clinical and inflammatory markers and the presence of edema or delayed-enhancement in the aortic wall. Conclusions: Non-invasive MRI can accurately establish the diagnosis of TA with the analysis of the lumen and arterial wall. Aortic wall thickening could be considered a marker of the disease.
Farage, Luciano. "Síndrome de Rett : avaliação clínca, genética e por ressonância magnética." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/4655.
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Introdução: A Síndrome de Rett é uma desordem do neurodesenvolvimento ligada ao cromossomo X com um acometimento precoce na infância, que afeta, primariamente meninas. O lobo frontal é particularmente afetado. A base genética da doença, em 80% das meninas acometidas, está cionada às mutações no gene da proteína methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Casuística e Métodos: Dois grupos de meninas afetadas, que preenchem os critérios clínicos e são positivas para mutações, foram avaliadas com espectroscopia (MRS) e tensor de difusão (DTI). Os dados foram comparados com controles pareados por idade e sexo. O fenótipo foi avaliado pelo perímetro cefálico, história de crises convulsivas, irregularidades respiratórias, alterações de marcha e fala. O genótipo foi avaliado pelo tipo de mutação existente. Os exames de ressonância magnética (RM) foram realizados em aparelho de 1,5T e incluíram avaliação anatômica (sagital T1, axial T2 e axial FLAIR). Quarenta meninas (idade média de 6,1 anos) foram submetidas à MRS uni-voxel, na substância branca do lobo frontal esquerdo, com TE de 35 ms.Foram obtidas as relações de N-acetil-aspartato (NAA), Colina (Co), mio-inositol (mI), Glutamato e Glutamina (Glx) sobre Creatina (Cr) e suas respectivas concentrações. Trinta e duas meninas (idade média de 5,5 anos) foram avaliadas com DTI, obtidos com single-shot echo-planar com SENSE (fator de 2,5), espessura de 2,5 mm, 30 orientações e valor b de 700 s/mm2. As medidas de anisotropia fracionada (FA) foram obtidas com o delineamento manual de dezesseis regiões de interesse nos compartimentos supra e infratentorial. Assimetrias entre os lados foram avaliadas pela medida da FA e pelo índice de lateralidade. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que a NAA/Cr diminuiu e a mI/Cr aumentaram com a idade (p<0,03), enquanto essas razões permanecem estáveis no grupo controle. A razão de Glx/Cr foi 36% maior nas pacientes (p=0,043). A razão de NAA/Cr foi 12,6% menor na presença de crises convulsivas (p=0,017). Houve decréscimo da NAA/Cr com a gravidade clínica (p=0,031). A presença da mutação R168X tem pior grau de gravidade clínica (0,01 ? p ? 0,11) e uma razão NAA/Cr mais baixa (0,029 ? p <0,14), quando comparados com outras mutações. Houve redução da FA no joelho e esplênio do corpo caloso, cápsulas interna e externa, cíngulo anterior, radiação talâmica e substância branca frontal. A FA do fascículo longitudinal superior foi semelhante aos controles (p=0,542) e nas pacientes com fala preservada e reduzida (p<0,001) nas pacientes com mutismo. Não houve alteração nos valores de FA na presença de crises convulsivas ou de alterações motoras. Conclusão A redução da NAA/Cr e o aumento do mI/Cr com a idade sugere que haja uma lesão axonal progressiva e reação astrocitária. O aumento do Glx/Cr pode ser secundário ao aumento do ciclo de glutamato e glutamina nas sinapses. As alterações do NAA/Cr na presença de crises convulsivas e associadas à gravidade da doença e a redução da FA nos casos de comprometimento da fala sugerem que a MRS e DTI podem ser úteis na avaliação evolutiva do comprometimento cerebral da Síndrome de Rett. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Introduction Rett syndrome is a X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that affects almost exclusively girls from early childhood. Frontal lobe is particularly affected. Mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene are identified in more than 80% of affected girls. Patients and Methods Two groups of patients who fulfill clinical criteria and were positive for MeCP2 mutations underwent for spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) evaluation. Data were compared with age and sex matched controls. Clinical assessments included neurological status, head circumference, and history of seizures, respiratory irregularities, gait, and speech. Genotype assessment was performed by mutation analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 1.5T unit and includes anatomical images. Forty girls (mean age 6.1 years) underwent single voxel MRS in the left frontal lobe white matter, TE 35 ms. Individual metabolite ratios were obtained from N-acetylaspartate (NAA), coline (Co), myoinositol (mI), glutamate e glutamine (Glx) over creatine (Cr) and their concentrations. Thirty-two girls (mean 5.5 years) underwent DTI evaluation, data were acquired using single-shot echo-planar with SENSE (reduction factor of 2.5), thickness of 2.5 mm, 30 encoding directions and b value of 700 s/mm2. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was obtained by manually delineated regions of interest of major white matter tracts. Asymmetry between the hemispheres was evaluated by comparison of left and right FA values and laterality index. Results NAA/Cr ratios decreased and mI/Cr ratios increased with age in RTT patients (both p<0.03), whereas these ratios were stable in control. The mean glutamate and glutamine/Cr ratio was 36% greater in RTT patients than in control (p=0.043). The mean NAA/Cr ratio was 12.6% lower in RTT patients with seizures compared with those without seizures (p=0.017). NAA/Cr ratios decreased with increasing clinical severity score (p=0.031). Patients with the R168X mutation tended to have the greatest severity score (0.01 X ! p ! 0.11) and the lowest NAA/Cr ratio (0.029 ! p <0.14). Significant reductions in FA were noted in the genu and splenium of corpus callosum and external capsule with regional reductions in the anterior cingulated, internal capsule, posterior thalamic radiation, and frontal white matter. Differences of FA in superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), which has strong correlation with speech, were noted in RTT with preserved speech (phrases and sentences) where FA in SLF was equal to controls (p=0.542) while FA was reduced (p<0.001) in those who were non-verbal or with single words. No correlation with FA values for tracts associated with seizures, gross or fine motor skills were identified. Conclusion Decreasing NAA/Cr and increasing mI/Cr with age are suggestive of progressive axonal damage and astroglyosis, respectively, whereas increased Glx/Cr ratio may be secondary to increasing glutamate/ glutamine cycling at the synaptic level. The relations between NAA/Cr, presence or absence of seizures, and disease severity, and also reduction of FA at superior longitudinal fasciculus at impaired speech patients suggest that MRS and DTI may provides a noninvasive measure of cerebral involvement in Rett syndrome.
Costa, Luana Ferreira da. "Estudos de quantificação do fármaco furosemida por ressonância magnética nuclear." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22232.
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Problemas em testes descritos nas Farmacopéias que envolvem a avaliação da qualidade de medicamentos têm estimulado o desenvolvimento de novos métodos que sejam capazes de identificar impurezas e falsificações. Uma das técnicas propostas para esta finalidade é a Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), que pode ser considerada como um detector universal. Compostos orgânicos, tais como excipientes ou impurezas, são sempre detectados no espectro de RMN obtido para a formulação farmacêutica. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo método para a quantificação de furosemida em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando RMN. Depois da aquisição de todos os dados necessários para a construção de uma curva analítica com padrão externo e validação do método, este foi aplicado para a quantificação de furosemida em formulações farmacêuticas. Os resultados obtidos por RMN foram comparados com os resultados obtidos pelo método indicado pela Farmacopéia Brasileira. Após esta análise foi possível concluir que as médias obtidas através de ambos os métodos não são significativamente diferentes.
Problems in tests described in Pharmacopoeia that involves the assessment of drug quality have stimulated the development of new methods that are capable of identifying impurities and counterfeits. One of the techniques proposed for this purpose is a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which can be considered as a universal detector. Organic compounds, such as excipients or impurities are always detected in the NMR spectrum obtained for the pharmaceutical formulation. In this work we developed a new method for quantitation of furosemide in pharmaceutical formulations using NMR. After acquisition of all the necessary data for the construction of an analytical curve with external standard and method validation, it was applied to quantify furosemide in pharmaceutical formulations. The NMR results were compared with the results obtained by the method described by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. After this analysis it was possible to conclude that the mean values obtained by both methods are not significantly different.
Pires, Manoel Jose Mendes. "Avaliação da anisotropia magnética de filmes finos por ressonância ferromagnética." [s.n.], 2002. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277678.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Anisotropias magnéticas de filmes finos são analisadas a partir de espectros de Ressonância Ferromagnética obtidos em diferentes orientações das amostras em relação ao campo magnético aplicado. São estudados um filme de Fe monocristalino, um de Co policristalino, um conjunto de filmes multicamadas Co/Pd com camadas de Co de 3, 4 e 6Å intercaladas por camadas de 15Å de Pd, e filmes granulares Co-Cu com diferentes composições (10% e 30% de Co) submetidos a diferentes tratamentos térmicos. Além de anisotropias magnéticas, apresentadas por todas as amostras, outras características dos filmes são discutidas. As amostras monocamadas de Fe e Co permitiram o estudo de espectros típicos de Ressonância Ferromagnética de filmes finos e de efeitos da cristalinidade sobre estes espectros. Com as multicamadas Co/Pd é possível observar uma tendência de mudança do eixo fácil para a direção normal ao plano dos filmes à medida que se considera as amostras com camadas de Co mais finas, e também a presença de pelo menos dois modos de ressonância. Já com os filmes granulares, observa-se um modo superparamagnético para as amostras com 10% de Co e modos de ondas de spin para as com 30% de Co, além das alterações no comportamento magnético decorrentes do tratamento térmico. Os parâmetros espectrais são obtidos ajustando-se curvas lorentzianas aos dados experimentais. Um modelo baseado na parte da energia livre do sistema dependente da orientação do campo magnético é usado para análise do comportamento magnético dos filmes e para obtenção de algumas propriedades magnéticas, como as constantes de anisotropia dos filmes. O conjunto de resultados obtido demonstra a alta sensibilidade e a versatilidade da técnica no estudo de filmes finos auxiliando na descrição da ampla gama de fenômenos físicos relacionados aos novos materiais magnéticos com possibilidades de aplicação tecnológica
Abstract: Magnetic anisotropies of thin films are analysed from Ferromagnetic Resonance spectra obtained for different orientations of the samples with respect to the applied magnetic field. An Fe monocrystalline film, a Co polycrystalline film, a Co/Pd multilayers set of films with Co layers 3, 4 and 6Å thick with 15Å Pd as spacer layers, and a set of granular Co-Cu films with different compositions (10% and 30% Co) submitted to different thermal treatments are studied. Besides magnetic anisotropies, which are presented by all the samples, other characteristics of the films are discussed. The monolayer samples of Fe and Co permitted the study of typical Ferromagnetic Resonance spectra of thin films and of its dependence on the sample crystallinity. From the Co/Pd multilayers it is possible to observe a tendency of a magnetic easy axis changing towards the film plane normal, as one considers the samples with the thinnest Co layers. The presence of at least two resonance modes in the spectra is also observed. For the granular films one observes superparamagnetic mode in the 10% Co samples and spin wave modes in the 30% Co ones, besides the alterations in the magnetic behaviour caused by the thermal treatment. The spectral parameters are obtained straightforwardly from the experimental data using Lorentzian curves. A model based in the magnetic field orientation dependent part of the system free energy is used to the analysis of the magnetic behaviour of the films. Some magnetic properties, as the anisotropy constants of the films, are obtained using the same model. The obtained set of results shows the high sensitivity and the versatility of the technique in the thin films study aiding in the description of the large range of physical phenomena related to the new magnetic materials with possibilities of technological application
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
Tambelli, Caio Eduardo de Campos. "Estudo por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear do Condutor Protônico HPb2Nb3O10. nH2O." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-15092010-135855/.
Full textThe protonic conductor HPb2Nb3O10. nH2O , was studied by pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of \'ANTPOT.1H\'. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/\'T IND.1\') and line width, reflect the mobility of the protonic species present in this material. The onset of ionic and molecular motions produces a strong narrowing of the line at temperatures above 130 K. The spin-lattice relaxation data, obtained above 200 K, shows a maximum in 1/\'T IND.1\', peaking in the range 253 K to 273 K, depending on the value of n. Activation energies of protonic motions, measured from line width and relaxation data, are n dependent and lies in the range of 0,14 eV to 0,4 eV. Results of NMR and conductivity are consistent with the Grotthus conduction mechanism, consisting of a succession of molecular re-orientations and proton jumps. The protonic diffusion coefficient was estimated from the parameters obtained from NMR relaxation and found to be of the order of 10-8 cm2/s, leading to a conductivity of about 10-3 S/ cm.
D\'Ippolito, Silvia Fernandes Morgado. "Avaliação do músculo pterigóideo lateral por meio de ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-19122009-120354/.
Full textThe Lateral Pterygoid Muscle (LPM) plays an important role in Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), due to the close relation of this muscle with the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). However, evidence of pathological changes of the masticatory muscles still seems to be lacking in the TMD research. This study investigated the LPM by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of 50 subjects with and without TMD. In this work, 100 Temporomandibular joints were analyzed, 35 subjects with TMD (70 TMJs), with the prevalence of female and 15 subjects without clinical signs and symptoms (30 TMJs) were included. The LPM was visible in different projections and analyzed. The oblique sagital and axial images of the TMJ were able to show the LPM clearly. Hipertrophy, atrophy and contracture of the LPM were the abnormalities found. TMD signs, such as hipermobility, hipomobility, disc displacement could be seem in the TMJ images. Related to clinical symptoms like pain, articular sounds, headache, and limitation of mandibular movements, it was possible to observed that all patients with TMD had at least one of these symptoms, pain and click being the most frequent complaint. Patients without TMD could also show alterations in the TMJ MRI, such as atrophy and contracture as the most common. The recognition of LPM alterations may lead to a more specific diagnosis and improvement of understanding of the clinical symptoms and pathophysiology of TMD. Further studies should be necessary to continue evaluating the LPM by MRI.
Silva, Antônio Neves da. "Quantificação de lipoproteínas por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-09102008-130633/.
Full textA Espectroscopia de RMN é uma técnica poderosa para identificação de compostos químicos e fornece uma maneira não destrutiva para o estudo de placas de aterosclerose permitindo caracterizar os estágios da doença. Ela também oferece uma nova maneira de medir níveis de lipoproteínas no plasma baseando-se nas amplitudes dos sinais espectrais emitidos pelas classes de lipoproteínas de diferentes tamanhos, uma vez que o sinal é proporcional à quantidade de compostos químicos na amostra. O estudo de placas ateroscleróticas foi feito através da análise dos espectros obtidos das mesmas. Os espectros das amostras mostram a presença de um conjunto de picos intensos na faixa de deslocamentos químicos de 0 a 80ppm (carbonos alifáticos) associados principalmente às moléculas de colesterol. Foi analisado o comportamento das ressonâncias dos ácidos gordurosos monoinsaturados (UFA - Unsaturated Fatty Acid) e poliinsaturados (PUFA - Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid), dos carbonos 19 e 21 do colesterol esterificado (C19,21) e do carbono metileno dos ácidos gordurosos (CH2)n. O estudo da quantificação de lipoproteínas por RMN foi feito objetivando-se concretizar a metodologia estabelecida por esta técnica para medir níveis de lipoproteínas no plasma. Foi estabelecido um protocolo de preparação das amostras procurando sempre melhorar a qualidade dos espectros. Com esta mesma finalidade buscou-se a otimização das condições experimentais em todas as análises feitas. O uso do colesterol como alvo para a avaliação do risco de doença cardiovascular possui limitações (a quantidade de colesterol no interior das partículas varia de pessoa para pessoa devido a variações nos níveis de lípídios no interior das partículas e variações no diâmetro das partículas). Medidas de lipídios para substituir lipoproteínas não fornecem resultados precisos pois já se sabe que as lipoproteínas interagem com a parede arterial possuindo importante papel no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Uma nova técnica para quantificação de lipoproteínas que explora as diferentes propriedades na Espectroscopia de RMN das lipoproteínas foi proposta. Este método possui ainda as vantagens de ser rápido, barato, eficiente, não requer o uso de reagentes, não requer separação física das partículas e mede tanto as classes quanto as subclasses de lipoproteínas. Neste trabalho foi comprovado a validade da técnica de RMN baseando-se na utilização dos espectros individuais das classes de lipoproteínas (ressonâncias dos grupos metil CH3) como padrões para ajuste da curva do plasma. No processo de ajuste verificou-se a necessidade da subtração do pico associado aos grupos metilenos (CH2). Neste estudo também tentou-se observar alterações nos espectros das lipoproteínas com o passar do tempo devido a efeitos como: oxidação, absorção de água e contaminação das amostras.
Portugal, Rodrigo Villares. "Interface gráfica para um sistema de imagens por ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-09122014-171141/.
Full textThis work describes the development of a user interface to a magnetic resonance scanner, to be installed at Sanmta Casa in São Carlos. The objective of this interface is to allow, to the clinical user, an easy and fast operation of the system. The major results obtained were the requirement specification, of the system to be developed, and a partial implementation of the user interface. During this project two other programs were also developed: PosProc, that automates the post-processing of images, in the system already installed in IFSC, and Torm Image, a vizualization program for IMR images, a local standard. Furthermore, an internet site was implemented to get across aspects related to the MRI group of IFSC/USP - São Carlos and the technique itself. It was implemented a primer version of an Internet clinical valuation web tool. This project is still going on
Gobato, Yara Galvão. "Caracterização por ressonância magnética nuclear de Na β\" alumina hidratada." Universidade de São Paulo, 1989. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54131/tde-14102014-155406/.
Full textFoerster, Bernd Uwe. "Técnicas de aquisição rápida em tomografia por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 1994. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-06122013-143859/.
Full textIn this work we present and compare different techniques for bidimensional tomography in NMR which were implemented on a ultra low magnetic field (O.05T) tomographic system. Based on the conventional spin echo pulse sequence (SE), which is routinely used, we implemented the gradient recalled echo (GRE) pulse sequence and two sequences that use the principle of Steady-State Free Precession (SSFP) being \"Fast Low Angle Shot\" (FLASH) and \"Fast Acquisition Double Echo\" (FADE). With the SSFP sequences we shorten drastically the duration of the conventional SE tomography sequence. Besides this the FADE sequence gives two images with clearly different contrast without extending significantly the duration of the experiment. Needed for the SSFP techniques, we developed calibration procedures, which improved as well the SE sequence signal to noise ratio of about 15 percent. We analyzed theoretically and experimentally the behavior of the contrast of the presented sequences. Moreover we acquired various images of a phantom and the human brain of a normal volunteer using the different sequences and proposed some combinations of the parameters (protocols) repetition time, time to echo and flip angle. One of these protocols is being tested in clinical cases to compare the usefulness of the presented techniques for medical diagnostic. With this work we gained a wide experience in using SSFP techniques that will be indispensable in the elaboration of three-dimensional tomography methodologies
Junior, Pedro Luiz Frare. "Seleção de múltiplos planos em tomografia por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 1990. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-06122013-150646/.
Full textWe present the study and the implementation of three techniques HIS for the selection of multi-slice, aiming the optimization of the NMR tomography . The first technique uses the simultaneous excitation of multiple slices, being each plane encoded with a pre determined phase for a latter decodification of the information by the linear combination of n experiments. The second one makes use of the multi-slice simultaneous excitation, like the first one, but the slices are acquired in the presence of an oblique reading gradient , which provides us the multi-slice signal without any further computer processing. The third technique uses frequency multiplexed excitation, that is, different slices are successively excited during the repetition time of an acquisition sequence, making possible multi-slice acquisition at the same time of a single slice The construction and the use of a phantom for the equipment characterizations are discussed too. With this phantom we can determine the thickness of the selected slice, the spacing between the slices and the their shapes. Many technical aspects necessary for an improvement of the tomography performance, like reception circuits and resonators, are discussed. At last, we present a brief introduction to the gradient modulated adiabatic excitation (GMAX) technique and the first results ever obtained with it, using surface coils
Franco, Roberto Weider de Assis. "Estudo de compósitos poliméricos e vidros fluoroindatos por ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-09092008-095955/.
Full textPolymeric composites and fluoroindate glasses were studied using pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Study of the composite formed by the polymer poly-ethylene oxide and carbon particles allowed us to distinguish the mobilities of polimeric chains and to identify the contributions from different phases. From EPR measurements it was possible to suggest an interpretation of the interactions between carbon particles in the composites. The main objective in the fluoroindate glasses study was to follow the crystallzation process. The 19F NMR measurements allowed to the observation of the influence of this process in the nuclear relaxation. The crystallization was also tracked by EPR spectroscopy in the doped glasses with the paramagnetic ions Cu2+, Mn2+ and Gd3+. This was accomplished by observing the local alterations caused by that process.
Freitas, Lins Pimentel Tiago. "Anatomia das regiões selar e perisselar: estudo por ressonância magnética." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8510.
Full textA anatomia das regiões selar e perisselar é complexa e apresenta grande variação dentro da normalidade. A ressonância magnética é a técnica mais utilizada para analisar esses detalhes anatômicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar tamanho, forma e variações na anatomia de algumas estruturas das regiões selar e perisselar em imagens de ressonância magnética. Imagens de ressonância magnética de 56 voluntários (21 homens e 35 mulheres, de 12 a 75 anos), sem doença neurológica, foram utilizadas para analisar: a glândula pituitária - altura e comprimento; o quiasma óptico - espessura, largura e posição; a distância entre as carótidas intracavernosas; seio esfenóide - largura e forma e a distância do nariz à parede anterior do seio esfenoide e à hipófise. Em todos os exames, foi utilizado um aparelho Signa Infinity (GE), com 1,5 tesla. O protocolo incluiu imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2, T1 dinâmico e T1 pós-contraste, com cortes de 2 mm. Resultados: A hipófise apresentou uma altura média de 6,1 ± 2,2 mm. A média da distância do quiasma ao tubérculo da sela foi 6 ± 1,7 mm e a distância de fixação do quiasma variou de zero a 9 mm em toda a amostra (média de 4,2 ± 2,2 mm). A espessura do quiasma com média 2 ± 0,3 mm. A média da largura do quiasma no gênero masculino foi 14,8 ± 1,64 mm, sendo maior que a encontrada no gênero feminino que foi de 13,6 ± 1,3 mm (com p<0,01). A média da distância entre os segmentos intracavernosos da carótida interna foi 15,8 ± 4,4 mm. O tipo selar de pneumatização do seio esfenoidal foi o mais freqüente entre as mulheres (62%). Os homens apresentaram tipo selar em 48% e pós-selar em 52%. A largura do seio esfenóide foi em média 23,7 ± 11,3 mm (variando de 0 a 52 mm) e apresentou correlação negativa com a idade (r=0,362). O tipo de pneumatização mais freqüente em mulheres foi o tipo selar e em homens os tipos selar e pós-selar tiveram distribuição semelhantes. A largura do seio esfenoidal tendeu a diminuir com a idade. O quiasma óptico apresentou uma pequena, mas significante, diferença na largura entre homens e mulheres. A distância nariz-hipófise e nariz-seio esfenóide foi maior no gênero masculino.
Cortez, Ana Claudia Ribeiro da Motta. "Contribuição ao estudo de sistemas ferromagnéticos por ressonância fototermicamente modulada." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277949.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: No presente trabalho, medidas de Ressonância Ferromagnética Fototermicamente Modulada (PM-FMR) foram realizadas para ligas ferromagnéticas do tipo R2Fe17 onde R = Pr, Gd e Nd. Para a liga de Nd2Fe17, medidas de Ressonância Ferromagnética (FMR)também foram realizadas. Para esta amostra em especial, cálculos para o sinal da FMR, com a magnetização em estado não-saturado, são apresentados. Um modelo teórico para descrever estes espectros de FMR e PM-FMR doNd2Fe17, na forma de pó prensado (não-orientado) é discutido e uma boa concordância é obtida entre os espectros experimentais e os calculados. Nossos próprios valores numéricos para a magnetização, obtidos para uma larga faixa da temperatura, foram utilizados para o cálculo do sinal da PM-FMR, bem como os valores do campo de ressonância e a largura dos experimentos de FMR
Abstract: We report photothermally modulated ferromagnetic resonance (PM-FMR) results for ferromagnetic alloys of the type R2Fe17, where R = Pr, Gd and Nd. For the Nd2Fe17 alloy, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) results were also obtained. For this sample, calculations for the ferromagnetic resonance signal with the magnetization in the non-saturated regime are presented. A theorical model to describe the FMR and PM-FMR spedtra of this material (R = Nd) in the form of a non-oriented pressed powder is discussed and fair agreement between experimental and calculated spectra is obtained. Our own numerical values of magnetization obtained over a wide temperature range are used for the PM-FMR signal calculation as well as the resonance field and the linewidth from our FMR experiments
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
Bezerra, Alexandre Sérgio de Araújo [UNIFESP]. "Diferenciação entre esquistossomose hepatoesplênica e cirrose utilizando ressonância magnética." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2007. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/23394.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivos: Identificar quais caracteristicas podem ser usadas para diferenciar doentes com esquistossomose hepatoesplenica e cirrose usando ressonancia magnetica e medir a reprodutibilidade deste metodo de imagem na avaliacao destes doentes. Metodos: Estudo transversal e observacional em 24 pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoesplenica cronica e 27 pacientes com cirrose alcoolica ou induzida por virus, submetidos a exame de ressonancia magnetica do abdome. Todas as imagens foram interpretadas independentemente por dois radiologistas, avaliando-se os seguintes aspectos em exames de ressonancia magnetica do figado e baco: alargamento de fissuras hepaticas, irregularidade de contornos hepaticos, fibrose periportal, heterogeneidade do parenquima hepatico e nodulos sideroticos esplenicos. Medidas dos lobos esquerdo, direito e caudado do figado e dos maiores diametros esplenicos tambem foram realizadas. A reprodutibilidade da ressonancia magnetica foi medida por meio do calculo da concordancia interobservador e intra-observador pelo testes kappa e correlacao intraclasses. Foram realizados os testes x2, exato de Fischer, teste t e analise de regressao com o objetivo de comparar os dois grupos de pacientes. Resultados: A concordancia interobservador e intra-observador foi substancial ou quase perfeita em quase todas as variaveis analisadas (k ou r = 0,81-1,00). Fibrose periportal, heterogeneidade do parenquima hepatico e nodulos sideroticos esplenicos foram mais frequentes no grupo de pacientes esquistossomoticos (p < 0,05). A fibrose periportal mostrou maior diferenca entre os dois grupos, sendo mais frequente nos esquistossomoticos. Houve tambem diferenca quanto a distribuicao, sendo a fibrose periportal periferica mais comum que a central em pacientes com esquistossomose. O diametro transverso do lobo hepatico direito foi maior nos pacientes cirroticos, e a relacao caudado/lobo direito, todos os diametros esplenicos e o indice esplenico foram maiores nos pacientes esquistossomoticos (p < 0,001). Na analise por regressao multipla, os nodulos sideroticos esplenicos e o indice esplenico foram altamente indicativos de esquistossomose e podem ser usados para diferenciacao entre os dois grupos. Em doentes previamente esplenectomizados, a relacao lobo caudado I lobo direito foi a variavel que diferenciou melhor os dois grupos (p = 0,009). Conclusao: A presenca de fibrose periportal periferica, heterogeneidade do parenquima hepatico e nodulos sideroticos esplenicos sao mais frequentes em pacientes esquistossomoticos. O indice esplenico e significativamente maior na esquistossomose. O exame de ressonancia magnetica apresentou elevada reprodutibilidade para a avaliacao das alteracoes morfologicas hepaticas e esplenicas em pacientes esquistossomoticos e em pacientes cirroticos
Purpose:. Identify imaging features that may be used to differentiate between hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and cirrhosis using magnetic resonance and to assess the reproducibility of this imaging method in the evaluation of these patients. Methods: A transversal observational study of 24 patients with chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and 27 patients with alcohol or virus-induced cirrhosis submitted to MRI (1.5T) of the abdomen was made. Images were interpreted independently by two radiologists, evaluating the following MR features: hepatic fissure widening, irregularity of hepatic contours, periportal fibrosis, heterogeneity of the hepatic parenchyma and splenic siderotic nodules. Left, right, and caudate liver lobe and the largest spleen diameters were also measured. Reproducibility of magnetic resonance was assessed by measuring observer agreement using the kappa and intraclass correlation tests. Fisher exact test, x2 test and t test were used, and regression analysis was performed to compare the two patient groups. Results: Observer agreement was substantial or almost perfect for almost all variables analyzed (k or r = 0.81 – 1.00). Periportal fibrosis, heterogeneity of hepatic parenchyma and splenic siderotic nodules were more frequent in the schistosomotic group (p < 0.05). Periportal fibrosis showed the largest difference between both groups, being more frequent in the schistosomotic patients and also presented differences in its distribution (peripheric greater than central in schistosomiasis). The transverse diameter of the right hepatic lobe was larger in cirrhosis while caudate lobe/right lobe ratio, splenic diameters and the splenic index were larger in schistosomiasis (p < 0.001). At multiple regression analysis, splenic siderotic nodules and splenic index were predictive of schistosomiasis and could be used to differentiate between both groups. In patients previously splenectomized the caudate / right lobe ratio was the variable that best separated both groups (p = 0.009). Conclusion: The presence of peripheral periportal fibrosis, heterogeneity of hepatic parenchyma and splenic siderotic nodules were more frequent in the schistosomotic group. The splenic index was significantly larger in patients with schistosomiasis. Magnetic resonance imaging presented high reproducibility in the evaluation of the hepatic and splenic morphological changes in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and in cirrhotic patients.
CAPES: 33009015037M5
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
Benedito, Luiz Eduardo Celino. "Caracterização de amostras de cocaína por ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2018. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/34172.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP).
Neste trabalho, um método de referência externa de RMNq-1H foi desenvolvido e validado para determinação de alcaloides (benzoilmetilecgonina, benzoilecgonina, cis-cinamoilcocaína e trans-cinamoilcocaína) presentes em amostras de cocaína nas formas de base livre e de cloridrato de cocaína. O método foi aplicado a um conjunto de 26 amostras apreendidas pela Polícia Federal, permitindo a determinação destes alcaloides com um tempo de análise de aproximadamente 15 minutos. Os teores de cocaína e de cinamoilcocaínas nas amostras variaram de aproximadamente 63% a 94% (m/m) e de 0,33% a 5,82% (m/m), respectivamente. O método permitiu a determinação destes alcaloides com excelente exatidão (erro relativo < 5% comparado ao material de referência certificado) e precisão (CV < 3%). Algumas figuras de mérito são apresentadas: exatidão, recuperação, repetitividade, precisão intermediária, estabilidade, robustez, incerteza e limites de detecção e quantificação. O grau de oxidação das amostras também foi determinado. Os resultados mostraram uma excelente correlação quando comparados ao método de referência (CG-DIC) e o método pode ser facilmente adaptado para aplicação a outros analitos. Posteriormente, o potencial da técnica de RMN de 1H aliada a ferramentas de análise multivariada para a análise exploratória das amostras de cocaína apreendidas foi avaliado. Analisaram-se 77 amostras de cloridrato de cocaína apreendidas pela Polícia Federal. Os espectros de 1H das amostras foram processados e submetidos a Análise de Componentes Principais e a Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos, numa tentativa de estabelecer correlações entre conjuntos de amostras. O método apontou algumas possíveis correlações entre amostras, no entanto, a confirmação destas correlações por outras técnicas seria necessária para uma conclusão definitiva. Alguns dos sinais que apresentaram os maiores pesos foram identificados, dentre eles sinais relativos as moléculas de cis e trans-cinamoilcocaína, bezoilecgonina e acetato de etila. No entanto, uma investigação mais aprofundada tanto acerca de quais sinais podem ser relevantes para classificação, bem como suas identidades, são necessários para aprimoramento do método.
In this work, an external reference 1H qNMR method is developed and validated for the determination of alkaloids (benzoylmethylecgonine, benzoylecgonine, cis-cinnamoylcocaine and trans-cinnamoylcocaine) in free base cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride samples. The method was applied to a set of 26 cocaine samples seized by Brazilian Federal Police, enabling the determination of these alkaloids with an analysis time of approximately 15 minutes. Cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine content in samples ranged from approximately 63% to 94% (w/w) and from 0,33% to 5,82% (w/w), respectively. The method allowed determination of these alkaloids with excellent accuracy (relative error < 5% compared to the reference material certificate) and precision (RSD < 3%). Some figures of merit are presented, including accuracy, recovery, repeatability, intermediate precision, stability, robustness, uncertainty and limits of detection and quantification. Degree of oxidation of the samples was also determined. The results showed excellent correlation compared to the reference GC-FID methodology. The method can be readily adapted to other analytes. Secondly, the potential of 1H NMR combined with multivariate analysis to exploratory data analysis of cocaine seizures was assessed. Seventy-seven samples of cocaine hydrochloride samples apprehended by Brazilian Federal Police were analyzed. The 1H NMR spectra of samples were processed and submitted to Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, in an attempt to establish correlations between groups of samples. Method pointed to possible correlations between some samples, however, confirmation of these correlations by other techniques would be necessary to achieve a definitive conclusion. Some of the signals that presented higher loading values were identified, namely signals related to cis and trans-cinnamoylcocaine, benzoylecgonine and ethyl acetate. However, more investigation towards signals that might be relevant to establish these correlations, as well as their identities, are necessary to a reliable application.
Iacovacci, Marco. "Síntese de materiais magnéticos : estudo por ressonância magnética eletrônica e fotoacústica." [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277675.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se um processo de síntese, por termólise, de materiais magnéticos a partir de sais amorfos de ferro (III). Em particular, a de magnetita Fe3O4 do hidróxido acetato de ferro. Com as técnicas da Ressonância Magnética Eletrônica e da Espectroscopia Fotoacústica foi possível acompanhar e identificar fases da transformação do material amorfo para sólido cristalino, como o patamar de temperatura para o desencadeamento do processo, mobilidade iônica, coalescência e crescimento das partículas, orientação magnética. Resultados suplementares foram ciados como medidas de área específica, difratogramas de Raios-X e análise química
Abstract: We have studied a synthesis process, through thermolysis, of magnetic materials starting from iron (III) hidroxo-salts. In particular, obtaining Fe3O4 magnetite as a result from iron hidroxo-acetate. With the aid of Electronic Magnetic Resonance and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy it was possible to accompany and identify some phases of the transformation from an amorphous material to a crystalline solid such as a temperature threshold after which the process takes place, ionic mobility, particle coalescence and growth. Other supplementary results were also associated, as specific area measurements, X-ray diffractograms and chemical analysis
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
Souza, André Alves de. "Estudo de propriedades petrofísicas de rochas sedimentares por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-26072012-161426/.
Full textThe Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique is one of the most versatile techniques for scientific research, specially for the study of dynamics, structure and conformational of materials. In particular, its application in oil science is one of its first routine applications. Methodologies developed specifically to match this scientific community proved to be very useful, and the study of rock/fluid interactions is one of its most successful cases. Since then, important petrophysical properties of oil and gas reservoirs have been determined and understood both in the laboratory and inside the geological formations that store those fluids. Among these properties, the permeability, porosity and wettability of a reservoir formation are the most important information to be estimated. For this purpose, the determination and correlation of possible rock/fluid interaction effects that cause alterations on magnetic relaxation phenomena and molecular diffusion, such as the influence of the magnetic susceptibility and geometry of the porous space, were studied in eleven sedimentary rock cores taken from outcrops, since they have the same petrophysical properties presented by oil reservoir rocks. The results obtained confirmed that the types of rock/fluid interactions, detectable by the NMR experiments, are for instance influenced by the porous media geometry and structure, being possible so to obtain such information using those NMR results. Thus, the main goal of this work was the study and establishment of these correlations, in order to obtain petrophysical information with greater accuracy and comprehensiveness. In particular, the study of the T1/T2 ratio, which is the ratio of longitudinal and transverse relaxation times, common parameters strongly involved in a typical NMR measurement, was found to be useful in establishing those correlations. Moreover, different methodologies to measure this and other NMR parameters were studied and proposed, whose joint interpretation proved to be fundamental for the success of these correlations. The permeability of the rocks, an important parameter that controls the fluid transport properties inside the porous matrix, was estimated using the proposed methodologies, showing excellent results. Appling the steady-state NMR technique, those results could be extended to the well-logging scale, which could improve considerably the importance of that results. Once confirmed in measurements in-situ, the proposed methodologies will be able to help the production and exploration industry to optimize their production methods and strategies, thereby reducing production costs and increasing the reservoir lifetimes.
Menezes, Cristiano Magalhães. "Estudo do plexo lombar utilizando neurografia por difusão em ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17142/tde-09092015-105536/.
Full textPurpose - Magnetic resonance (MR) neurography has been used to evaluate entire nerves and nerve bundles by providing better contrast between the nerves and the surrounding tissues. The purpose of the study was to validate diffusion-weighted MR (DW-MR) neurography in visualizing the lumbar plexus during preoperative planning of lateral transpsoas surgery. Methods - Ninety-four (188 lumbar plexuses) spine patients underwent a DW-MR examination of the lumbar plexus in relation to the L34 and L45 disc spaces and superior third of the L5 vertebral body. Images were reconstructed in the axial plane using high-resolution Maximum Intensity projection (MIP) overlay templates at the disc space and L34 and L45 interspaces. 10 and 22 mm MIP templates were chosen to mimic the working zone of standard lateral access retractors. The positions of the L4 nerve root and femoral nerve were analyzed relative to the L45 disc in axial and sagittal planes. Third-party radiologist and a senior spine surgeon performed the evaluations, with inter- and intraobserver testing performed (Kappa test). Results - In all subjects, the plexus was successfully mapped. At L34, in all but one case, the components of the plexus (except the genitofemoral nerve) were located in the most posterior quadrant (zone IV). The L3 and L4 roots coalesced into the femoral nerve below the L45 disc space in all subjects. Side-to-side variation was noted, with the plexus occurring in zone IV in 86.2 % right and only 78.7 % of left sides. At the superior third of L5, the plexus was found in zone III in 27.7 % of right and 36.2 % of left sides; and in zone II in 4.3 % right and 2.1 % left sides. Significant inter- and intraobserver agreement was found. (Kappa test values ranging from 0,6 to 0,79, for intra and interobserver concordance index, in 10 and 22 mm groups, both sides). Conclusions - By providing the surgeon with a preoperative roadmap of the lumbar plexus, DW-MR may improve the safety profile of lateral access procedures.
Junior, Pedro Luiz Frare. "Estudo de condutores iônicos vítreos e poliméricos por ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-13122013-101728/.
Full textIn this work we report a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study of two types of ionic conductors: fluoroindates glasses and polymers based on polypropylene oxide (PPO). We have investigated the nuclear spin relaxation process of the diffusing ions by measuring relaxation times and the second moment of the resonance line as a function of temperature and frequency. In the case of the polymeric systems our results indicates that the conduction mechanism is d e d by segmental motions of the polymer chain. Analysis of the second moment allow us to determine the intensity of the main interactions involved and, from relaxation measurements, important parameters of the ionic motion can be extracted. Our results are compatible with the complexity of the ionic conduction process characteristic of these disordered systems. Studies realized with the fluoride glass systems allow us to distinguish between the different spin-lattice relaxation mechanisms. Results show that bellow the vitreous transition temperature (Tg), T1-1 has a weak dependence with temperature and frequency. The behavior of T1-1 above Tg is typical of thermally activated systems, from which we could calculate the activation energy. A third mechanism (paramagnetic contribution) was studied in the fluoride glasses doped with (Gd3+). In this case, the spin-spin relaxation process is dominated by the contact hyperfine interaction between diffusing 19F nuclei and the electronic spin of the paramagnetic ion. We still discuss in this work different technical aspects of the NMR spectrometer, such as the low and high temperature probes and software for control and data analysis
Pavoni, Juliana Fernandes. "Dosimetria tridimensional por imagens de ressonância magnética com gel MAGIC modificado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-27042010-171038/.
Full textAdvances in the treatment techniques with ionizing radiation are resulting in complex dose distributions that need to be verified before the application of the treatment in the patient. Several dosimeters have been suggested for this application, but polymeric gel dosimeters are presenting the best results so far, since they allow three dimensional dose visualization, are tissue equivalent, don\'t have dependence with angular distribution of the incident radiation and have a high spatial resolution. In this work a polymeric gel dosimeter with national components, to reduce de costs and facilitate its introduction in the clinical practice was developed. Formaldehyde was added to the gel formulation to increase its melting temperature and facilitate its use in typical room temperatures found in our country. Dose response analysis was done using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry. All the dosimetric characterization was done. We found a linear dose-response curve for doses until 15Gy and significant energy dependence for low energy beams (kVp), but for high energy beams (MV) this dependence is smaller. The response variation when varying the dose rate of irradiation was smaller than 5% in the dose rate range of clinical use in teletherapy (100-600cGy/min). The addition of formaldehyde did not eliminate the dosimeter dependence with variation of the scanning temperature; the integrity of dose distribution was unaltered at least for a tree month period of time in a half beam irradiation phantom. Tri-dimensional dose distributions were measured in two radiotherapy systems using intensity modulated beams, the first one in a linear accelerator and the second in a tomotherapy machine. A high similarity was found between the overlapping of isodoses and dose profiles of the dose distribution measured with the gel and expected by the treatment planning. The real tri- dimensional analysis was done with dose-volume histograms (DVH) and the DVHs measured for the planning volume and expected by the treatment planning were in good agreement. Our results show that the modification done in the gel formulation resulted in a dosimeter easy to handle and feasible for tri-dimensional measurements.
Guedes, Marcelo dos Santos. "Uso da seqüência FLAIR na avaliação por ressonância magnética da neurocisticercose." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-18092014-111411/.
Full textNeurocysticercosis (NC) is an infectious disease of parasitic origin characterized by the involvement of the central nervous system (SNC) by the larval form of the Taenia solium, being considered as one of the more frequent infectious diseases in this location in humans. It represents an important public health problems, for most of the development countries. Recent data mention 50,000 deaths a year and not less than 20 million people infected by the cisticerci, in the world. The objectives of this study went evaluate to usefulness of the use of the sequence FLAIR of magnetic resonance (MR), in the diagnosis of this disease, to compare the main findings of the sequence FLAIR to the other sequences of MR and to define the preferential location of the NC lesions, as well as the apprenticeships in the larval way more found in this series. We studied prospectly MR exams of 115 patients with NC, with ages varying between 4 and 64 years, presenting intracranial lesions. The MR protocol inclued T1, T2, FLAIR and T1 weighted after the injection of the paramagnetic contrast. The post-contrast sequences were done immediately after the injection and after some minutes. All the RM exams were evaluated by two examiners. So that it was possible to evaluate the usefulness of the use of the sequence FLAIR in the detection of the scolex that is considered pathognomonic of this disease. Each one of the examiners detected for each one of the sequences in each exam of MR, which the location of the lesions (parenchymal, subarachnoid, ventricular or association of one or more of the previous ones), the total number of lesions, in how many it was visualized the scolex and the number of calcified lesions. It was still determined which the topography of the lesions (supratentorial, infratentorial or association of both), and which the apprenticeship of the lesions in the spectrum of the disease: vesicular, colloidal vesicular, nodular or calcified nodular. Significant statistical difference was not observed among the results obtained by the two examiners, demonstrating internal agreement. Of the 115 exams of RM 80 (69.6%), presented parenchymal lesions, 11 (9.6%) subarachnoid, 6 (5.2%) ventricular and 18 (15.6%) association. FLAIR allowed the detection of the largest number of lesions with scolex, the late post-enhanced detected the largest number of lesions. In 32 cases for the examiner A and in 28 for B, the scolex was visualized in just one of the sequences, being respectively in 27 and 24 of these cases, in the FLAIR sequence. It preferential location of lesions was in the supratentorial compartment. In relation to the apprenticeships in the larval way it was observed that in 98.3 to 99.1% of the cases the vesicular apprenticeship existed, among 47.0 to 50.4% presence of the colloidal vesicular apprenticeship, the nodular was characterized among 65.2 to 69.6% of the cases and in 31.3 to 33% it was observed to the presence of the calcified nodular lesions. In conclusion: the sequence FLAIR detected the larger number of scólex, whose that is considered a criteria for the definitive diagnosis of the disease. The FLAIR sequence demonstrated a larger total number of lesions that the sequences pré-contrast T1 and T2, but the late post-enhanced T1 was the sequence that allowed the visualization of the largest total number of lesions. The parenchymal was found in this series 69.6% of the patients. Lesions prevailed in supratentorial situation (68.7% to 71.3%). With relationship to the evolutionary apprenticeship in the larval way there was a prevalence of the vesicular apprenticeship (98.3 to 99.1%), association of at least two stages in 65.2 to 69.6% and the presence of the four stages of the disease among 31.3 to 33.0% of the cases
Andrade, Celi Santos. "Espectroscopia de fósforo por ressonância magnética em malformações do desenvolvimento cortical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5151/tde-15092011-232514/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Malformations of cortical development (MCD) result from disruptions in the dynamic process of cerebral corticogenesis and are important causes of severe epilepsy, neurodevelopmental delay, motor deficits and cognitive impairment. Metabolism in human epilepsy has been intensely debated, and there are several evidences pointing to brain bioenergetic disturbances as key factors in ictogenesis. Metabolic impairments in cortical malformations have been identified with other neuroimaging tools, such as proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To our knowledge, however, phosphorus metabolism in epilepsy caused by MCD has not been thoroughly investigated hitherto. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate phospholipids metabolism in vivo in a series of patients with epilepsy and MCD. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with MCD and 31 control subjects were studied using three-dimensional phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) at a 3.0 T scanner. The voxels in the lesions were compared to the frontoparietal cortex of the control subjects (the effective volumes were 12.5 cm3). Normal appearing parenchyma was evaluated in homologous voxels of patients and controls encompassing five cerebral regions: right and left nucleocapsular regions, midline frontoparietal cortex and right and left semioval centers. Quantification methods were applied to fit the time-domain data to the following resonances: phosphoethanolamine (PE), phosphocholine (PC), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), and a-, b-, and g-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We also estimated the total ATP (ATPt=a-+b-+g-ATP), phosphodiesters (PDE=GPC+ GPE), phosphomonoesters (PME=PE+PC), and the PME/PDE, PCr/ATPt, and PCr/Pi ratios. The magnesium (Mg2+) levels and pH were calculated based on PCr, Pi, and -ATP chemical shifts. RESULTS: Compared to controls and assuming that a p-value < 0.05 indicates significance, the MCD lesions exhibited lower pH values and higher Mg2+ levels. The lesions also presented significant reduction of GPC and PDE, and an increased PME/PDE ratio. The otherwise normal appearing parenchyma also demonstrated lower pH values in the frontoparietal cortex and bilateral centrum semiovale. The differences in pH values, both in the lesions and in the normal appearing parenchyma, remained statistically significant in individual subgroups of MCD (hemimegalencephaly or cortical dysplasia; heterotopia; polymicrogyria and/or schizencephaly). There was no correlation between the time of the last seizure and the pH abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Mg2+ and pH are very important in the regulation of bioenergetics and are involved in many electrical activity pathways in the brain. Our data support the idea that metabolic impairments occur in the lesions of MCD, with propagation to remote normal appearing parenchyma. The GPC, PDE, and PME/PDE abnormalities suggest that there are membrane turnover disturbances in MCD lesions.
Oliveira, Ícaro Agenor Ferreira de. "Avaliação perfusional e de conectividade funcional cerebrais em esquizofrenia por imagens por ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-28092017-110039/.
Full textSchizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder that affects around 1% of the population worldwide. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, and cognitive deficits are the main features of schizophrenia. Physiologically, in addition to functional and structural abnormalities, changes in neuronal activity are reported. Since the Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) is directly related with neuronal activity, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique called Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL), which allows the quantification of CBF, is a useful tool in brain functional evaluation. In addition, ASL can be used to assess functional connectivity, which is efficient in investigating functional impairment between regions of the brain. Patients with Schizophrenia, recruited at the Clinical Hospital (HCFMRP), presented a reduction of CBF in bilateral regions of the frontal pole and superior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, triangular and opercular parts of the right inferior frontal gyrus, posterior division of left supramarginal gyrus, superior and inferior division of left lateral occipital cortex and occipital pole. Functional connectivity, assessed by three different methods (seed-based, independent component analysis and graph theory), was impaired in regions involving patients\' motor, sensory and cognitive functions. Therefore, using a noninvasive imaging technique, it was possible to observe CBF deficits and alterations in the functional organization of the brain of schizophrenia patients, related to the symptoms and characteristics of the psychopathology.
Francisco, Viviane Vieira [UNIFESP]. "Valor da ressonância magnética no diagnostico antenatal do acretismo placentário." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2007. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/23697.
Full textObjetivo: Estabelecer os principais sinais de acretismo placentário na ressonância magnética (RM) com contraste paramagnético dinâmico em gestantes com fatores de risco e avaliar a utilidade do método. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo em 15 gestantes com suspeita de acretismo placentário, avaliadas entre março de 2003 a fevereiro de 2006, com idade gestacional entre 20 a 31 semanas. Todas as pacientes realizaram RM com protocolo dirigido à avaliação da placenta tendo sido também previamente submetidas à ultra-sonografia (US). Os exames de RM foram realizados em equipamentos de alto campo, sendo adquiridas seqüências HASTE, TURBO FISP, nos planos axial, sagital e coronal e Gradiente echo (GE), pré e pós contraste dinâmico no melhor plano de avaliação placentária. A análise das imagens foi realizada por dois radiologistas em consenso. Os sinais avaliados pela RM foram: o hipersinal transmural, a descontinuidade da parede miometrial nas seqüências rápidas e a identificação dos vasos invadindo o miométrio nas seqüências dinâmicas. Todo material (placenta ou útero/placenta) foi encaminhado para estudo anátomo-patológico (AP) e correlacionados com os exames de RM. Resultados: Foram estudadas 7 placentas prévias centro-totais (47%), 6 placentas corporais anteriores (40%) e 2 placentas corporais posteriores (13%). A US indicou acretismo em 80% dos casos e a RM em 60%. No entanto, a US apresentou concordância fraca com estudo anátomo-patológico pelo teste kappa (0,11), e a RM teve concordância excelente com o AP (0,86). O US apresentou sensibilidade de 75%, especificidade de 14%, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 50% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 33%. A RM obteve sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 86%, VPP de 89% e VPN de 100%. Conclusão: A RM contrastada é útil na identificação do acretismo placentário, sendo os seus principais indicadores: o hipersinal transmural, a descontinuidade da parede miometrial nas seqüências rápidas e a identificação dos vasos invadindo o miométrio nas seqüências dinâmicas.
Purpose: to establish main signs of placental accretism in MRI in patients with clinical suspicion and estimate the benefit of this method. Methods: prospective study with 15 patients suspected of placental accretism, referred by the Obstetrical Department, between march 2003 and February 2006, gestational age varied from 20 to 31 weeks. All patients underwent MRI to study the placenta and had previously done an ultrasonography. Material was sent to anatomic pathology for histological study. MRI was done on Magnetom Impact and Sonata Maestro Class Siemens®, with acquired sequences HASTE, TURBO SPIN in axial, sagittal, coronal planes and echo Gradient (GE®), pre and post dynamic contrast in the best plan for acquisition. Images were analyzed by a team of two radiologists. Results: Mean gestational age was 24,3 weeks, we studied 7 placenta previa (47%), 6 posterior placentas (40%) e 2 anterior placentas (13%). Ultrasonography was positive in 80% and MRI in 60%. However, echography had a low concordance with anatomic pathological studies by Kappa test (11%), revealing a 75% sensibility, 14% specificity, 50 % positive predictive value (PPV) and a 33% negative predictive value (NPV). MRI had an excellent concordance with anatomic pathological studies (0,86), showing 100% sensibility, 86% specificity , 89% PPV and 100% NPV. Conclusions: MRI is useful for placental accretism diagnosis. Principal findings are transmural hyper signal, the loss of continuity in myometrial wall in fast sequences and the identification of vessels invading myometrial layer in dynamic sequences
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
Moraes, Luciano de. "Contribuição para a funcionalidade e a segurança em ressonância magnética." Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84734.
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A imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM) apresenta no Brasil um crescente potencial de aplicações ainda não totalmente explorado. Por causa disto, torna-se necessário assegurar as condições da funcionalidade com o enfoque na qualidade da imagem, técnica e clínica, e da segurança ao paciente e funcionários envolvidos nos serviços de IRM. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, proporcionar um aporte para a Engenharia Clínica (EC) na gestão de tecnologia médico-hospitalar (GTMH), através da elaboração de uma proposta de metodologia que permita verificar as condições da qualidade da imagem e da segurança nos serviços de IRM e, de referencial teórico em futuras elaborações de procedimentos de ensaios. Primeiramente, discutem-se as características necessárias para a qualidade da imagem e, depois, abordam-se os aspectos de segurança, analisando-se a literatura técnica e a norma internacional IEC 60601-2-33:2002 (Particular requirements for the safety of magnetic resonance equipment for medical diagnosis). Com os resultados obtidos na aplicação da metodologia em um estabelecimento assistencial de saúde (EAS) de Santa Catarina, percebeu-se que a metodologia proposta mostra-se útil na avaliação qualitativa do uso dessa tecnologia, por fornecer um diagnóstico geral dos ensaios, calibrações, recursos humanos e políticas de segurança empregados pela instituição e, por permitir identificar ações para a melhoria desses serviços, caracterizando um dos aspectos da GTMH.
Maia, Pedro Emanuel Moreira. "Detecção de actividade cerebral com imagens de ressonância magnética." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7434.
Full textO objectivo desta dissertação é aplicar técnicas de processamento e análise estatística às imagens de ressonância magnética funcional (RMF) para identificar zonas activas/não activas do cérebro. O estudo foi efectuado através da ferramenta informática Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) com um conjunto de imagens de RMF disponibilizadas pela Universidade de Regensburg, Alemanha (Projecto BMBF 01GW0653). As imagens foram adquiridas durante uma experiência retinotópica (com estímulos visuais). Estes estímulos permitem activar a área sensorial visual primária do cérebro. Antes da análise estatística, as imagens (uma sequência de volumes ao longo do tempo) passam pelas várias etapas de pré-processamento (realinhamento, co-registo, normalização e suavização espacial) para filtrar o ruído e outros distúrbios provocados pela natureza da experiência. Para a análise estatística das imagens utilizou-se um regressor linear onde cada estímulo determina um modelo padrão do voxel activo/não activo. Baseado neste padrão é efectuada a identificação de zonas do cérebro com actividade mais acentuada que por sua vez correspondem a zonas do cérebro com elevado fluxo de sangue e maior consumo de oxigénio (o efeito BOLD). O estudo foi repetido para dez sujeitos e confirmou que a técnica das imagens de RMF pode servir para detectar zonas cerebrais activas.
The aim of this thesis is to apply processing techniques and statistical analysis to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify active/non-active brain regions. The study was done by computer tool Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) with a set of images (fMRI) made available University of Regensburg, Germany (Grant BMBF 01GW0653). The images were acquired during an experiment retinotopic (visual stimuli). These stimuli allow activating the primary visual sensory area of the brain. Before statistical analysis, images (a sequence of volumes over time) pass through several stages of preprocessing (realignment, coregistration, normalization and spatial smoothing) to filter noise and other disturbances caused by the nature of experience. For statistical analysis of the images we used a linear regressor where each stimulus determines a standard voxel active / inactive. Based on this standard is carried out to identify brain regions with stronger activity which in turn correspond to areas of the brain with high blood flow and increased oxygen consumption (BOLD effect). The study was repeated for ten subjects and confirmed that the technique of fMRI images can be used to detect active brain areas.
Martins, Paula Maria Vaz. "Ressonância magnética em estudos de produção de fala." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13258.
Full textEstudar os mecanismos subjacentes à produção de fala é uma tarefa complexa e exigente, requerendo a obtenção de dados mediante a utilização de variadas técnicas, onde se incluem algumas modalidades imagiológicas. De entre estas, a Ressonância Magnética (RM) tem ganho algum destaque, nos últimos anos, posicionando-se como uma das mais promissoras no domínio da produção de fala. Um importante contributo deste trabalho prende-se com a otimização e implementação de protocolos (RM) e proposta de estratégias de processamento de imagem ajustados aos requisitos da produção de fala, em geral, e às especificidades dos diferentes sons. Para além disso, motivados pela escassez de dados para o Português Europeu (PE), constitui-se como objetivo a obtenção de dados articulatórios que permitam complementar informação já existente e clarificar algumas questões relativas à produção dos sons do PE (nomeadamente, consoantes laterais e vogais nasais). Assim, para as consoantes laterais foram obtidas imagens RM (2D e 3D), através de produções sustidas, com recurso a uma sequência Eco de Gradiente (EG) rápida (3D VIBE), no plano sagital, englobando todo o trato vocal. O corpus, adquirido por sete falantes, contemplou diferentes posições silábicas e contextos vocálicos. Para as vogais nasais, foram adquiridas, em três falantes, imagens em tempo real com uma sequência EG - Spoiled (TurboFLASH), nos planos sagital e coronal, obtendo-se uma resolução temporal de 72 ms (14 frames/s). Foi efetuada aquisição sincronizada das imagens com o sinal acústico mediante utilização de um microfone ótico. Para o processamento e análise de imagem foram utilizados vários algoritmos semiautomáticos. O tratamento e análise dos dados permitiu efetuar uma descrição articulatória das consoantes laterais, ancorada em dados qualitativos (e.g., visualizações 3D, comparação de contornos) e quantitativos que incluem áreas, funções de área do trato vocal, extensão e área das passagens laterais, avaliação de efeitos contextuais e posicionais, etc. No que respeita à velarização da lateral alveolar /l/, os resultados apontam para um /l/ velarizado independentemente da sua posição silábica. Relativamente ao /L/, em relação ao qual a informação disponível era escassa, foi possível verificar que a sua articulação é bastante mais anteriorizada do que tradicionalmente descrito e também mais extensa do que a da lateral alveolar. A resolução temporal de 72 ms conseguida com as aquisições de RM em tempo real, revelou-se adequada para o estudo das características dinâmicas das vogais nasais, nomeadamente, aspetos como a duração do gesto velar, gesto oral, coordenação entre gestos, etc. complementando e corroborando resultados, já existentes para o PE, obtidos com recurso a outras técnicas instrumentais. Para além disso, foram obtidos novos dados de produção relevantes para melhor compreensão da nasalidade (variação área nasal/oral no tempo, proporção nasal/oral). Neste estudo, fica patente a versatilidade e potencial da RM para o estudo da produção de fala, com contributos claros e importantes para um melhor conhecimento da articulação do Português, para a evolução de modelos de síntese de voz, de base articulatória, e para aplicação futura em áreas mais clínicas (e.g., perturbações da fala).
The study of the mechanisms underlying speech production is a complex and demanding task that requires data gathered using different techniques and including image acquisition. Among the different imaging modalities used, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) assumed an important role, in recent years, positioning itself as one of the most promising techniques and providing a wealth of information concerning speech production. An important contribution of this research is the optimization and implementation of MRI protocols and the proposal of adequate image processing techniques that can meet the requirements imposed by speech production and the specificities of different sounds. Additionally, motivated by the scarcity of data for European Portuguese (EP), image acquisitions were performed to gather articulatory data to complement and clarify previous information relating to the production of EP sounds (namely, lateral consonants and nasal vowels). For lateral consonants, MR images encompassing the entire vocal tract (VT), both in the midsagittal plane and in 3D, were acquired, during sustained productions, using a spoiled Gradient Echo (GE) sequence - 3D VIBE. The corpus, obtained for seven EP speakers, considered the lateral consonants in different syllabic contexts and syllable positions. For nasal vowels a corpus considering different syllabic positions and contexts was acquired, for three speakers, using Real-time MRI (RT- MRI) images by means of a GE - spoiled (TurboFLASH) sequence, obtained in the sagittal and coronal planes, with a temporal resolution of 72 ms (14 frames/s). A synchronized audio signal was acquired, inside the MR scanner using a fiberoptic microphone. Data processing and analysis was achieved using several semi-automatic algorithms. Analysis of the acquired data allowed a detailed articulatory description of the lateral consonants anchored in both qualitative (e.g., 3D visualization, contour comparison) and quantitative data such as, vocal tract area functions, extension and area of lateral channels and evaluation of positional and contextual effects. Specifically, for the alveolar lateral /l/, as regards velarization, the gathered data points to a variety regardless of its syllabic position. For the /L/, in respect of which the information is very scarce, evidence shows the articulation is far more fronted than traditionally described and more extensive than that observed for the alveolar lateral. The temporal resolution of 72 ms, achieved with RT- MRI acquisitions, proved to be suitable to address the study of dynamic characteristics of nasal vowels, namely velar and oral gestures, temporal coordination between gestures and durational aspects, complementing existing data for the EP, obtained using other instrumental techniques. In addition, new relevant data were attained providing additional contributions for a deep knowledge of nasality (e.g., nasal/oral areas over time, nasal/oral proportion). The work presented demonstrates the versatility and potential of MRI when applied to speech production studies and provides important contributions to a better understanding of the articulation of EP, to the development of models supporting the improvement of articulatory based speech synthesis and to future applications in clinical areas (e.g., speech disorders).
Batista, Ana Natália Ribeiro. "Avaliação da Deposição de Gordura Miocárdica em Tabagistas por Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148940.
Full textResumo: O tabagismo pode alterar o metabolismo dos lipídeos no miocárdio, podendo assim contribuir na remodelação cardíaca. Entretanto, a avaliação não invasiva da deposição de triglicérides no miocárdio ainda está sendo desenvolvida com o uso da ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as diferenças na deposição de triglicérides no miocárdio de tabagistas e não tabagistas através da espectroscopia de prótons realizado por meio da ressonância magnética cardíaca 3 Teslas. A ressonância magnética cardíaca foi realizada para permitir a colocação precisa do voxel no septo interventricular e para obter informações funcionais e morfológicas do coração. A espectroscopia foi utilizada para quantificar os níveis de triglicerídeos do miocárdio em cada grupo. No total, 49 voluntários (22 fumantes e 27 controles) foram incluídos no estudo. A média de deposição de triglicérides do miocárdio foi 0,37% (0,07 – 0,75%) no grupo tabagista e 0,17% (0,09 – 0,67%) no grupo controle (p=0,22). A carga tabágica foi associada com a deposição de triglicerídeos no miocárdio (coeficiente: 0,07; IC95%: 0,03 – 0,12; p=0,002; R2: 37%). Na avaliação morfométrica e funcional do ventrículo esquerdo comparando os grupos controle e tabagista houve diferença significativamente menor nos volumes ejetivo (p=0,02) e ejetivo indexado (p=0,009). No ventrículo direito foram significativamente menores os volumes diastólico final (p=0,01), ejetivo (p=0,004), diastólico final indexado (p=0,0... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Dantas, Thales Henrique. "Reconstrução de imagens de ressonância magnética acelerada por placas de processamento gráfico." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/20195.
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Fourier velocity encoding (FVE) é útil no diagnóstico de doenças valvulares, visto que pode eliminar os efeitos de volume parcial que podem causar perda de informação de diagnóstico no imageamento de fluxo cardiovascular por contraste de fase. FVE também foi proposto como método para a medição da taxa de cisalhamento da superfície das artérias carótidas. Apesar de o tempo de aquisição para FVE no espaço de Fourier bi-dimensional(2DFT) ser proibitivamente longo, o uso de FVE espiral se mostra bastante promissor, uma vez que este é substancialmente mais rápido. Contudo, a reconstrução dos dados de FVE em espiral é longo, devido à sua multi-dimensionalidade e ao uso de amostragem não Cartesiana. Isso é particularmente importante para aquisições de múltiplos cortes, volumes e(ou) de múltiplos canais. Os conjuntos de dados de FVE em espiral consistem em pilhas de espirais resolvidas no espaço kx-ky-kv. A distribuição de velocidade espaço-temporal, m(x, y, v, t), é tipicamente obtida a partir dos dados no espaço-k, M(kx, ky, kv, t), aplicando uma transformada inversa de Fourier não uniforme ao longo de kx-ky, seguida de uma transformada Cartesiana ao longo de kv. Com esta abordagem, toda a matriz m(x, y, v, t) é calculada. Entretanto estamos tipicamente interessados nas distribuições de velocidade associadas com uma pequena região de interesse dentro do plano x-y. Nós propomos o uso da reconstrução de um único voxel usando a transformada direta de Fourier (DrFT) para reconstruir os dados da FVE espiral. Ao passo que o tempo de reconstrução por DrFT de toda a imagem é ordens de magnitude maior que a reconstrução por gridding ou Non Uniform Fast Fourier Transform(NUFFT), a equação da DrFT permite a reconstrução de voxels individuais com uma quantidade consideravelmente reduzida de esforço computacional. Adicionalmente, propomos o uso de placas de processamento gráfico de uso geral (GPGPUs) para acelerar ainda mais a reconstrução e alcançar reconstruções de FVE espirais de maneira aparentemente instantânea. É apresentada também uma proposta para, potencialmente, acelerar também a reconstrução por gridding ou NUFFT utilizando o algoritmo de Goertzel para reconstruir uma quantidade limitada de pontos também por estes métodos. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Fourier velocity encoding (FVE) is useful in the assessment of valvular disease, as it eliminates partial volume effects that may cause loss of diagnostic information in phase-contrast imaging. FVE has also been proposed as a method for measuring wall shear rate in the carotid arteries. Although the scan-time of Two-dimensional Fourier Transform (2DFT) FVE is prohibitively long for clinical use, the spiral FVE method shows promise, as it is substantially faster. However, the reconstruction of spiral FVE data is time-consuming, due to its multidimensionality and the use of non- Cartesian sampling. This is particularly true for multi-slice/3D and/or multi-channel acquisitions. Spiral FVE datasets consist of temporally-resolved stacks-of-spirals in kx-ky-kv space. The spatial-temporal-velocity distribution, m(x, y, v, t), is typically obtained from the k-space data, M(kx, ky, kv, t), by first using a non-Cartesian inverse Fourier transform along kx-ky, followed by a Cartesian inverse Fourier transform along kv. With this approach, the entire m(x, y, v, t) matrix is calculated. However, we are typically only interested in the velocity distributions associated with a small regionof- interest within the x-y plane. We propose the use of single-voxel direct Fourier transform (DrFT) to reconstruct spiral FVE data. While whole-image DrFT is orders of magnitude slower than the gridding and Non Uniform Fast Fourier Transform( NUFFT) algorithms, the DrFT equation allows the reconstruction of individual voxels of interest, which considerably reduces the computation time. Additionally, we propose the use of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPUs) to further accelerate computation and achieve seemingly instantaneous spiral FVE reconstruction. We also propose a method that shows potential to accelerate reconstructions using gridding and NUFFT by means of using the Goertzel algorithm to reconstruct onlya small number of pixels.
Torreão, Jorge Andion. "Avaliação da inflamação miocárdica na doença de Chagas por ressonância magnética cardiovascular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5131/tde-20052015-120918/.
Full textBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chagas\' heart disease (CHD) is a major public health problem in South America, and the pathogenesis of this disease is not yet fully understood, but inflammation and myocardial fibrosis seem to play a central role in the process of chronic and progressive myocardial damage. Previous descriptions from our group demonstrated the ability of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) accurately identify myocardial fibrosis in patients with CHD. CMR shown to be effective for assessing myocardial edema, a marker of inflammation, and is highly sensitive for the detection of thrombi, especially in the left ventricle in other pathologies such as myocarditis and myocardial infarct. The assessment of myocardial edema by CMR in patients with CHD has not been evaluated. We believe to be of potential diagnostic and prognostic value to investigate the presence of myocardial edema and fibrosis in patients in the three clinical forms of this disease. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with Chagas\' disease were analyzed: 16 patients with the indeterminate phase (IF), 17 patients with the cardiac form without left ventricular systolic dysfunction (CFWO), and 21 patients with the cardiac form with left ventricular systolic dysfunctional form (CFSD). All patients underwent 1.5-T cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) using the myocardial delayed enhancement sequence (MDE), T2-weighted sequence and the T1 weighted global enhancement after contrast sequence, to identify fibrosis, edema and hyperemia, respectively. RESULTS: Myocardial fibrosis was found in 39 subjects, 72.2% of the entire sample. Myocardial fibrosis was detected in 2 patients (12.5%) with the indeterminate form, representing an average mass of fibrosis of 0.85 ± 2.47 g. Patients with the CFWO almost entirely, 16 patients (94.1%) showed fibrosis, representing an average mass of fibrosis of 13.0 ± 10.8 g. All patients with the CFSD had myocardial fibrosis (21 patients) additionally had greater average mass of fibrosis 11.9 ± 25g. The myocardial edema was found in 40 subjects, 74.0% of the entire sample. The extent of myocardial edema was determined by the number of segments affected. We identified three patients (18.8%) from the indeterminate form with myocardial edema, an average of 0.31 ± 0.87. The CFWO presented a high presence of edema in 16 individuals (94.1%) distributed in an average of 3.24 ± 2.3 segments. All patients with the CFSD presented myocardial edema, an average of 3.67 ± 1.82 segments. (p < 0.001). There was significant correlation between the amount of myocardial fibrosis and myocardial edema with the severity of the clinical forms ( p < 0.001 ), functional class ( p < 0.001 ), LV ejection fraction ( p < 0.001 ) and left ventricular diastolic volume ( p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Myocardial fibrosis and inflammation were detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas\' disease in all stages of chronic disease, including those patients without heart disease or cardiomyopathy without ventricular dysfunction. The amount of fibrosis and myocardial edema correlates with the severity of the clinical, functional class, LV ejection fraction and LV dilation
Borges, Renato Callado. "Ferramentas computacionais para a síntese de imagens de difusão por ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-23042014-120357/.
Full textPrevious work on the synthesis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging are limited to microscopic structures, smaller than the typical dimensions of a single voxel (e.g., [BF08] [BF13] [LFS + 10] and [BA94]). This is consequence, in part, of the methodologies used, that have in common the adoption of Monte Carlo simulation strategies, in which the minimal elements of simulation are the water particles. Therefore the computational cost of these simulations is proportional to the number of particles to simulate, and this limits the volume to be simulated to microscopic sizes. We propose a novel methodology, that uses the T 2 image from a sample to synthesize diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images. The mininal elements of this novel methodology are the points of the T 2 image, and therefore its computational cost is proportional to the resolution of the T 2 image to be used, which allows the synthesis from samples of any physical size. These syntheses are made through numerical integration of the equation from the seminal article by Stejskal and Tanner [ST65] that relates the attenuation of the magnetic resonance signal due to diffusion to the parameters of the PGSE pulse sequence. We use the typical parameters of this sequence (b, gamma, tau\', g 0, g, delta and Delta), that can be explicitly configured in magnetic resonance machines, to calculate apparent diffusion coefficients D in arbitrary directions. We developed software, available [Bor] through GPL license [Fou07], to run these simulations, and to specify a mask of directions useful to model diffusion. These tools allow the systematic study of parameter variation in the synthesis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images. We present a case study of a phantom made of capillary tubes immersed in water, to exemplify the use of these tools and how to investigate the influence of parameter variation on diffusion in the sample.
Helito, Camilo Partezani. "O ligamento anterolateral do joelho: estudo anatômico, histológico e por ressonância magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-05102017-110451/.
Full textThe anterior cruciate ligament is the most injured ligament of the knee. Despite an improvement in reconstruction techniques, there is still a percentage of patients with poor functional outcome after its reconstruction. Possibly, the cause of this rotational instability would be the structures located in the anterolateral portion of the knee, not addressed in the isolated intra-articular reconstructions. One of such structures would be the anterolateral ligament, a structure studied in detail in recent years, with controversies regarding its anatomical, histological and magnetic resonance imaging parameters. In this study, dissections of 112 cadavers were performed to evaluate anatomical and histological parameters of anterolateral ligament, and 13 of them underwent magnetic resonance imaging examination prior to dissection. The anterolateral ligament study by magnetic resonance imaging was also performed in 42 patients. As a result, the anterolateral ligament was found with constancy in the anterolateral region of the knee, with origin near the lateral epicondyle, antero-distal path towards the tibia and insertion in the periphery of the lateral meniscus and in the anterolateral region of the proximal tibia, between Gerdy\'s tubercle and the fibular head. Its histological analysis showed the presence of dense and well-organized connective tissue, similar to a ligamentous tissue. The magnetic resonance imaging evaluation showed origin, insertion and path parameters similar to the anatomical dissections, although it is not possible to fully visualize this structure in all the magnetic resonance imaging exams. There was a correlation between the measurements found in magnetic resonance imaging scans and dissections, except in relation to the anterolateral ligament thickness
Santos, Marcel Koenigkam. "Alterações neurorradiológicas em pacientes com Síndrome de Kallmann: estudos por Ressonância Magnética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17138/tde-26052010-200200/.
Full textKallmann syndrome (KS) is defined by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with olfaction disturbance (hyposmia or anosmia). It is caused by a neuronal migration arrest that involves both the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and the olfactory neurons, which have a common embryonic origin. The first gene described, KAL1, encodes a protein named anosmin, which shows a strong homology to axonal adhesion molecules involved in neuronal migration and axonal pathfinding. Various phenotypic abnormalities have been described in KS, including olfactory bulbs and sulci aplasia or hypoplasia and specific neurologic disorders, such as mirror movements (MM). In this study we evaluated 21 patients with KS, comparing with a control group (n=16), using qualitative and quantitative techniques with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with the following purposes: (I) correlate the brains radiologic alterations with the clinical, laboratorial and genetic findings; (II) characterize the rhinencephalon alterations; and (III) investigate MM etiology, addressing the two main hypotheses concerning its cause, abnormal development of the primary motor system, involving the ipsilateral corticospinal tract, and lack of contralateral motor cortex inhibitory mechanisms, mainly through the corpus callosum. For rhinencephalon evaluation, we specially used thin-section coronal T2-weighed images, which were reviewed and then objectively evaluated with the measurements of the olfactory bulbs and sulci. To study MM we used the voxel-based morphometry (VBM), to determine white (WM) and gray matter (GM) volume changes, and T2 relaxometry (T2R) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), searching for signal intensity changes in the WM. Eighteen (85%) patients presented different degrees of olfactory structures abnormalities, with the bulbs and/or sulci aplasia being the most common finding, and presence olfactory bulb aplasia showed excellent agreement with anosmia as determined by the smell identification clinical test. The optimized VBM study did not show significant white matter changes in patients with KS but showed gray matter alterations in keeping with a hypertrophic response to a deficient pyramidal decussation in patients with MM. In addition, gray matter alterations were observed in patients without MM, which can represent more complex mechanisms determining the presence or absence of this symptom. Even if the VBM did not show significant volume changes in WM, the evaluation with the T2R and MTR showed WM signal intensity alterations, differently involving patients with and without MM, in keeping with demyelinization and/or axonal disorder, in accordance with the involvement of a corticospinal tract anomaly and a deficient inhibitory interhemispheric mechanism in the etiology of MM. The MTR analysis also showed a different alteration in the pyramidal decussation, which can represent a primary disorder in this region, with all other alterations in the superior WM fibers and motor cortex possibly being secondary to this disarrangement, and involving patients with and without MM in a different manner.