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Journal articles on the topic 'Elastomer industry'
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Yu, Liyun, and Anne Ladegaard Skov. "ZnO as a cheap and effective filler for high breakdown strength elastomers." RSC Adv. 7, no. 72 (2017): 45784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09479e.
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Cartasegna, S. "Silane-Grafted / Moisture-Curable Ethylene—Propylene Elastomers for the Cable Industry." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 722–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538230.
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Abstract The present study has shown the capability of VTMOS grafting and moisture crosslinking of EP Elastomers. These capabilities are very large and have been shown to be dependent on various parameters. In EP copolymers, the crosslinking potential appears to be a function of the ethylene content, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. In the case of diene containing terpolymers, the process is shown to be limited by the diene content of the polymer through probable parasitic condensation reactions of grafted alkoxy silane. The good performance of the EP elastomers in silane-grafting/moisture-crosslinking can be also utilized in the modification of LDPE when crosslink rate improvement (elimination of hot-water treatment/hot-water treatment time reduction) or higher flexibility and lower shrinkage are needed. The positive results of this study made possible the development of EP elastomer compounds using silane-grafting and moisture-crosslinking for electrical applications. In Table IX and Table X are reported two EP elastomer compounds respectively for low-voltage and medium-voltage cable insulation applications. The key features of the above mentioned two EP elastomer compounds are the following: • high flexibility (comparable to conventional peroxide cure compound) • good mechanical properties • very fast extrusion (for productivity) • easy/versatile processing • high crosslinking state (set properties) • crosslinkable in ambient conditions.
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Pervez, T., S. Z. Qamar, and Mark van de Velden. "Comparison between fresh and exposed swelling elastomer." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 44, no. 3 (February 6, 2012): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244311420530.
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Last decade has seen growing use of swelling elastomers in various applications by the oil and gas industry. Elastomers with special properties have been developed to sustain the specific downhole conditions of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment in different wells. Apart from targeted short-term tests conducted by rubber developers and drilling application companies, little is known about material characterization of such elastomers. Even these test results are not generally available in the public domain due to proprietary rights. In particular, an important factor that has not been previously explored is the effect of exposure on material response of swelling elastomers. Zonal isolation packers and other forms of elastomer-mounted tubulars are often stacked in open yards for a long time before their deployment in wells. Properties of elastomers may significantly change due to their exposure to air, sunlight, and humidity. Some results from a comparative study of the behavior of fresh and exposed samples of an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)-type water-swelling elastomers are reported here. Methodology of the swelling test was developed in consultation with petroleum engineers and rubber manufacturers. Other experiments were designed and performed in line with standard ASTM test methods. Properties of elastomers that are investigated are hardness, compression set, tensile set, tensile properties, and swelling behavior. Elastomer samples were allowed to swell for a total test duration of 1000 h. Two specimen geometries were tested for swelling: unconfined disc samples to study the behavior of free elastomer and plate samples (elastomer vulcanized on steel plate) to emulate the actual seal performance. Swelling was carried out in salt solutions of different concentrations and at different temperatures. Hardness of exposed elastomer samples (EPDM1) was generally higher than that of fresh samples (EPDM2). Similarly, exposed elastomer showed significantly higher amount of compression set when compared with fresh elastomer. Short-duration tensile set values (10 min test) were almost the same for both sample types. However, tensile set results for the longer-duration tests (10 h and 20 h) were higher for exposed samples. Surprisingly, stress–strain graphs for both fresh and exposed elastomers were almost linear, while rubber-type materials typically show a highly nonlinear behavior. Values of modulus of elasticity and stress at fracture were considerably higher for exposed samples. In contrast, percentage elongation results were higher for fresh samples. Amount of swelling against swelling time showed an up-and-down trend for both the sample types. At the same temperature and under brine solution of the same concentration, fresh elastomer generally swelled far more than the exposed one. The overall observation from the variety of experimental results is that exposure to sun and moisture for extended periods of time reduces the flexibility and swelling capacity of these elastomers.
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Walton, Kim L. "Metallocene Catalyzed Ethylene/Alpha Olefin Copolymers Used in Thermoplastic Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 552–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547836.
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Abstract Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) continue to be a focus of significant research as well as commercial development in the rubber industry since their origin over forty years ago. A wide variety of TPEs exist today. Ethylene copolymer and terpolymer based elastomers continue to play an increasing role in this arena. New ethylene copolymers and terpolymers, based upon metallocene catalysis, have further diversified the TPE portfolio. Compounders are now using these new elastomers as modifiers for existing TPEs as well as the principle elastomer in new TPEs
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Seyger, R., S. Resink, H. Harms, and R. Hibberd. "The Future of Swelling Elastomers: An Elastomer Manufacturer's View of Swelling Elastomer Developments and Market Trends." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol10iss1pp50-64.
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Swelling elastomers have gained acceptance as very effective products for creating sealing in various industries, including those creating energy from fossil fuels and geothermal resources. This paper outlines the research and development work being conducted not only in the application of these elastomers but also in the development work required to create new generations of elastomers. It touches on fundamental research into the mechanics of swelling with the intent to create a better and more predictable sealing as well as more advanced elastomers. It lifts the veil on the direction of work being done on new elastomers being developed in order to enable a better control of swelling. By doing so, the research is opening up field of applications for new equipment designs and mechanical possibilities in the future. Additionally, it addresses the need for a better and more in-depth dialogue between both chemical and mechanical engineers, and the elastomer companies and their customers on the potential that both swelling and non-swelling elastomers can offer to the industry as a whole.
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Skalski, Paweł, and Klaudia Kalita. "Role of Magnetorheological Fluids and Elastomers in Today’s World." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2017-0041.
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AbstractThis paper explains the role of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers in today’s world. A review of applications of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers in devices and machines is presented. Magnetorheological fluids and elastomers belong to the smart materials family. Properties of magnetorheological fluids and elastomers can be controlled by a magnetic field. Compared with magnetorheological fluids, magnetorheological elastomers overcome the problems accompanying applications of MR fluids, such as sedimentation, sealing issues and environmental contamination. Magnetorheological fluids and elastomers, due to their ability of dampening vibrations in the presence of a controlled magnetic field, have great potential present and future applications in transport. Magnetorheological fluids are used e.g. dampers, shock absorbers, clutches and brakes. Magnetorheological dampers and magnetorheological shock absorbers are applied e.g. in damping control, in the operation of buildings and bridges, as well as in damping of high-tension wires. In the automotive industry, new solutions involving magnetorheological elastomer are increasingly patented e.g. adaptive system of energy absorption, system of magnetically dissociable [hooks/detents/grips], an vibration reduction system of the car’s drive shaft. The application of magnetorheological elastomer in the aviation structure is presented as well.
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Akhtar, M., Md Velden, and SSA Al-Houqani. "Investigation of Pre- and Post-Swelling Behavior of Elastomeric Material." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol10iss1pp65-79.
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In the last ten years, a new type of modern polymer, known as swelling elastomer, has been used extensively as a sealing element in the oil and gas industry. These elastomers have been instrumental in various new applications such as water shut off, zonal isolation, and sidetracking. Though swell packers can significantly reduce costs and increase productivity, their failure can lead to serious losses. The integrity and reliability of swelling elastomer seals under different field conditions is a major concern. The investigation of changes in material behavior over a specified swelling period is a necessary first step for performance evaluation of elastomer seals. The current study is based on experimental analysis of changes in geometric and mechanical behavior (hardness, tensile, compressive, bulk) of an elastomeric material due to swelling. Tests were carried out before and after various stages of swelling. Specimens were placed in saline water (0.6% and 12% concentrations) at a temperature of 50°C, with the total swelling period being one month. Swelling, hardness, compression, and bulk tests were conducted using disc samples, while ring samples were used for tensile experiments. A small test rig was designed and constructed for determination of bulk modulus. Stress-strain curves under tension and compression, and pressure volumetric-strain curves were obtained for specimens subjected to different swelling periods. Due to the fast-swell nature of the elastomer, there were sharp changes in mechanical properties within the first few days of swelling for both salinities. Elastic modulus derived from tensile and compressive tests showed a 90% decrease in the first few days. Bulk modulus showed fluctuation in its variation with an increasing swelling period. There was a small effect of salinity only during the first 5 or 6 days.
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Yagubov, V. S., A. V. Shchegolkov, A. V. Shchegolkov, and N. R. Memetov. "Studying changes in the electrical resistance of carbon-nanotubes-modified elastomers during their compression, stretching and torsion." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(97) (August 10, 2019): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-97-1-128-138.
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Developing "smart" materials with improved both structural and functional characteristics is one of the promising areas of materials science. Measuring the electrical resistance of CNTs-modified (various mass contents) polymers and in particular, elastomers during performing several tests (compression, stretching, and torsion) at a constant current is relevant in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, aviation, and space industry. Changes in the elastomer shape under different types of testing lead to the destruction of macromolecules and the structuring of the material as a whole. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of CNTsbased modifying fillers on the elastomer. When compressing, stretching or twisting the nano-modified elastomer, along with the mutual movement of its macromolecular fragments and aggregates, the modifier particles also move, which generally determines the transport of electrons in the resulting structure and affects the physical and mechanical parameters of the composite material. To conduct studies, elastomers containing different amounts of a CNTs-based modifying filler were prepared. To investigate and elucidate relevant dependencies, a measuring system (MS) was constructed, which makes it possible to determine electrical resistance values of the composite material with different CNTs contents in the polymer matrix composition exposed to various mechanical loads. Basing the research results, it was established that the electrical resistance of the elastomer composites modified with 1.0–2.5 wt.% CNTs decreases when compressing from 0 to 100 N, whereas when the compression force ranges from 100 to 350 N, the electrical resistance remains unchanged. When the elastomer composites modified with 2–2.5 wt.% CNTs were stretched by 30–40 %, the electrical resistance was found to increase from 5·103 to 1.9·107 Ω.
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Grootaert, W. M., R. E. Kolb, and A. T. Worm. "A Novel Fluorocarbon Elastomer for High-Temperature Sealing Applications in Aggressive Motor-Oil Environments." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 4 (September 1, 1990): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538270.
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Abstract The tendency in the automotive industry to use smaller engines has resulted in a situation where lubricating oils are exposed to higher operating temperatures. This is especially the case in countries where there is no restriction on highway speed. Amine-based additives present in the oils (e.g., as dispersants and corrosion inhibitors) tend to slowly attack the conventional fluorocarbon elastomer seals under these conditions. As a result of that attack, the seal becomes brittle and eventually fails. A novel fluorocarbon elastomer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and propylene has shown excellent aging behavior in the laboratory toward many aggressive engine oils at elevated temperature. Its improved resistance as compared to conventional fluorocarbon elastomers is attributed to the replacement of hexafluoropropylene with propylene.
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Tipans, Igors, Maris Eiduks, Janis Viba, Marina Grishchenko, and Veronika Grzibovska. "Investigation of Bodies Vibrations with Elastomeric Elements." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.645.
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By analyzing underwater flexible object motion, new challenges facing mechanical and engineering industry can be seen. One of typical examples is the need to solve the complex task of elastomeric (e.g. rubber or silicone) robotic objects interaction with the water boundary. Current work is an attempt to launch an investigation on elastomer dynamics of experimental and theoretical research in two directions. Experimental studies have been conducted with a sample loading on the tensile and compression machine. Theoretical research investigation proposes a new model with internal interactions inside elastomers. Model is based on common lateral and diagonal interaction links between cross-sections of a material. Results of the work are applied for vibration systems motion modeling. Additionally, a new dynamical material model may be applied for the imitation of muscle dynamics and thus to provide basis for further applications in biomechanics such as development of artificial muscles.
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Costemalle, B., J. V. Fusco, and D. F. Kruse. "A New Elastomer for the Mining Industry." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 27, no. 1 (January 1995): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009524439502700104.
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Rivkin, Michael, and Arnold Kholodenko. "Mechanical Seal with Elastomeric Rotating Element. Part 2: Experimental Study." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538667.
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Abstract An innovative flexible faced mechanical shaft seal using common elastomeric materials was designed and tested to determine its friction coefficient at a wide range of temperatures and speeds, its rate of heat generation, and its feasibility for use in the process industry. The new seal was constructed using an elastomeric rotating element stretched over the sleeve to at least 20 percent of its original length and an unlapped silicon carbide stationary annular ring. It was found that the main advantage of the elastomeric seal is its ability to maintain stable lubrication with a fluid film considerably thinner than that of traditional hard face seals, and consequently achieve negligible net leakage. This is particularly significant with respect to control of volatile organic carbon emissions. An experimental device was designed for precise measurement of the friction coefficient as well as the long term friction behavior of seal pairs in a wide range of liquid pressure and temperature. The original data were obtained for friction coefficient of EPDM, HNBR, FKM, and TFE/P type elastomers in contact with silicon carbide in the temperature range 15–110°C, linear speeds 0–12 m/s, water pressure 0.15–0.40 MPa, and effective contact pressure 0.8–1.2 MPa. Experiments showed that the friction coefficient constantly grows, typically from 0.05 to 0.15 at sliding speeds of 2–12 m/s, with temperature increases from 15 to 70°C. The temperature behavior of the friction coefficient above 70°C greatly depends on the elastomer. For high temperature elastomers, such as FKM, the friction coefficient may decrease slightly at 70°C; whereas, for EPDM, it continues to increase as temperature increases.
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Aguib, Salah, Abdelkader Nour, and Toufik Djedid. "A mechanical characterization of electroconductive magnetorheological elastomer and semi-analytical modeling of magnetic force." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 25 (October 10, 2019): 1950290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219502904.
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Materials with novel properties and compounds of intelligent material combinations are a key to innovation in various successful sectors of the global industry as well as for its export. Magnetorheological elastomer materials have interesting physical properties; most of these properties are modified and adapted under the influence of external parameters such as the magnetic field. In this work, an experimental characterization of the magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) loaded with 20% of the iron particles was made. The results showed that the properties of these materials can be modified very selectively and reversibly under the influence of magnetic field, where the stiffness of the material varies depending on the magnetic field intensity that influences the attractive force between iron particles.
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Patil, Shubham S., and Prof Dr Kedar H. Inamdar. "A Review on Vehicle Suspension with Urethane Buffer." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48584.
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Abstract: Elastomers are extensively used in the automobile industry due to their excellent damping and energy absorption characteristics and low cost, to isolate the structures from vibration and shock loads. In this study, the aim is to analyse the effect of an elastomer buffer implanted in the suspension of an automobile. In this study, the effect of coil spring with and without polyurethane buffer on spring damping capabilities will be analysed. In new vehicle, performance of the suspension is better, but after some years performance of the suspension is reducing. Which also impact on suspension life, so performance of the suspension will be increased by using urethane buffer
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Dias, Anthony J., and Alan A. Galuska. "Curative Migration in Rubber Compounds Containing Brominated Poly(Isobutylene-co-4-Methylstyrene)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 4 (September 1, 1996): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538389.
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Abstract Blends of elastomers are widely used throughout the rubber industry. Blends are frequently used to get a balance of properties which cannot be achieved through the use of a single elastomer. For example, poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) can be blended with highly unsaturated general purpose rubbers to impart unique barrier or dynamic properties and enhanced oxidative stability. The final properties of such a blend are the result of a complex series of compounding, mixing and curing stages. These stages profoundly impact the homogeneity of the mixed components which include: the polymers, the filler, and the curatives. It is important to develop tools to monitor the changes which occur during compounding. This paper details the application of static secondary ion time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ToF-SSIMS) imaging to simultaneously map polymer phase information with specific chemical information. The paper will highlight the utility of ToF-SSIMS for the study of the chemical and physical changes occurring during elastomer compounding. Blends of poly(isobutylene-co-4-bromomethylstyrene) and general purpose rubbers were compounded with typical cure systems and studied under a variety of mixing conditions.
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Sessner, Vincent, Alexander Jackstadt, Wilfried V. Liebig, Luise Kärger, and Kay A. Weidenmann. "Damping Characterization of Hybrid Carbon Fiber Elastomer Metal Laminates using Experimental and Numerical Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3010003.
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Lightweight structures which consist to a large extent of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), often lack sufficient damping behavior. This also applies to hybrid laminates such as fiber metal laminates made of CFRP and aluminum. Since they are usually prone to vibrations due to their high stiffness and low mass, additional damping material is required to meet noise, vibration and harshness comfort demands in automotive or aviation industry. In the present study, hybrid carbon fiber elastomer metal laminates (HyCEML) are investigated which are intended to influence the damping behavior of the laminates by an elastomer interlayer between the CFRP ply and the aluminum sheets. The damping behavior is based on the principle of constrained layer damping. To characterize the damping behavior, dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) are performed under tension on the elastomer and the CFRP, and under three point bending on the hybrid laminate. Different laminate lay-ups, with and without elastomer, and two different elastomer types are examined. The temperature and frequency dependent damping behavior is related to the bending stiffness and master curves are generated by using the time temperature superposition to analyze the damping behavior at higher frequencies. A numerical model is built up on the basis of DMA experiments on the constituents and micro mechanical studies. Subsequently, three point bending DMA experiments on hybrids are simulated and the results are compared with the experimental investigations. In addition, a parameter study on different lay-ups is done numerically. Increasing vibration damping is correlated to increasing elastomer content and decreasing elastomer modulus in the laminate. A rule of mixture is used to estimate the laminate loss factor for varying elastomer content.
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Renner, T., and L. Pék. "Comparing strength properties of natural and synthetic rubber mixtures." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2011): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v2i1.20487.
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During in our research work we examine the condition of developing elastomer – metalconnection at manufacturing machine – and car industry hybrid parts. As a first step we have carried outcomparison tests relating to the strength properties of synthetic – and natural rubber mixtures. During testswe have compared four mixtures used often in the practice (NR, NBR, EPDM, CR) in three characterichardnesses (43 Sh0, 57Sh0, 72Sh0). In addition to hardness we have measured the elongation at ruptureand the density, too. As a continuation of our tests we researched what connection is between the surfaceroughness of metal plate and the elastomer – metal bonding formed.
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Toczek, Klaudia, Magdalena Lipińska, and Joanna Pietrasik. "Smart TPE Materials Based on Recycled Rubber Shred." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 6237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216237.
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Thermo-responsive shape memory materials were developed based on recycled ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubber shred and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE). Ethylene-1-octene TPEs (Engage 8180, 8411, 8452) with varying degrees of crystallinity and Mooney viscosity were used to prepare the composite materials. To avoid the deterioration of static mechanical properties after mixing recycled EPDM rubber shred (RS) with thermoplastic elastomers, they were partially cured using dicumyl peroxide. The peroxide curing was the most effective for a rubber shred/Engage 8180 blend, where the highest cure rate index (CRI), 1.88 dNm⋅min−1, was observed. The curing caused an approximately 4-fold increase of tensile strength (TS) values for EPDM rubber shred/thermoplastic elastomer blend to the level acceptable for the rubber industry compared with an uncured blend. The incorporation of EPDM rubber shred changed thermoplastic elastomers’ viscoelastic behavior, increasing the values of storage (G′) and loss (G″) modulus. The lowest viscosity of molten Engage 8411 during mixing led to higher compatibility of rubber shred RS/8411 blend, as confirmed by analysis of Cole-Cole plots and the blend morphology. All rubber shred RS/TPE blends showed the shape memory behavior. For the RS/Engage 8452 blend, the highest shape fixity (F) value (94%) was observed, while the shape recovery (RR) was 87%. Studies confirmed that the intelligent materials with shape memory effect could be obtained via selectively chosen thermoplastic elastomers; ethylene-1-octene as a binder for recycled EPDM. Prepared recycled TPE/rubber shred blends can be successfully reused due to their viscoelastic and mechanical properties. Therefore, such a concept can be potentially interesting for the rubber industry.
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NIŢUICĂ, Mihaela, Maria SÖNMEZ, Mihai GEORGESCU, Maria Daniela STELESCU, Laurenția ALEXANDRESCU, and Dana GURĂU. "Biodegradable polymer composite based on NBR rubber and protein waste." Leather and Footwear Journal 21, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.21.4.3.
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The aim of this work is to characterize a biodegradable polymer composite based on butadiene-co-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) and protein waste (ground leather). The biodegradable polymer composite was obtained by the mixing technique on a Brabender Plasti-Corder mixer and then on an electric roller (without heating), between its rollers, with sulfur vulcanization activators and Th accelerator, relative to 100 parts plasticized elastomer, obtaining 3-4 mm thick sheets, with strict observance of the technological recipe, but also of the established mode of operation. The obtained mixtures are then subjected to rheological characterization to determine the vulcanization time using the Monsanto rheometer (to determine the optimum temperature and vulcanization times in the laboratory electric press in specific molds for obtaining specimens to be subjected to subsequent characterization). Biodegradable polymeric composites based on butadiene-co-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) and protein waste (leather waste from the footwear and leather goods industry) were made at optimal working parameters, and the characterization was performed on equipment specific to elastomers and according to standards in force for the footwear and consumer goods industry such as: plates for general purpose footwear soles as well as for water and mud environments, but also for the food industry, car mats, gaskets and components used under normal working conditions, technical plates, insoles, etc.
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Reinholds, Ingars, Valdis Kalkis, Janis Zicans, Remo Merijs Meri, and Ivans Bockovs. "New Thermoshrinkable Materials of Radiation Modified Polypropylene-Elastomer Composites with Cross-Linking Agents." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.134.
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In this work, electron beam modified heterogeneous composites of isotactic polypropylene (PP) with chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) have been investigated. The PP/CPE blend composites with an excess of elastomer (30/70 wt%) have been modified with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate (BPDMA) cross-linking agents and have been irradiated with accelerated electrons up to ionizing radiation doses from 25 to 150 kGy. The internal stresses characterizing the thermoshrinkage properties (TMP) thermorelaxation stresses formed in thermal heating and the residual stresses resulting in the process of full setting and cooling of materials have been investigated for radiation cross-linked oriented (extended up to 100%) composite samples. The dependence of cross-linking efficiency and the TMP characteristics of PP/CPE heterogeneous blends have been compared to properties of a low density polyethylene (LDPE), which has been commonly used as thermoshrinkable material (TSM) in polymer industry. It has been proved that the radiation-chemically modified PP multiphase composites with elastomers and the crosslinking promoters are comparable perspective materials for creation thermoshrinkable materials with higher or similar thermoshrinkage properties compared to currently exploited TSM.
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Bulut, Dilek, Tatjana Krups, Gerhard Poll, and Ulrich Giese. "Lubricant compatibility of FKM seals in synthetic oils." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 5 (July 11, 2019): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2019-0065.
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Purpose Elastomer seals are used in many applications. They are exposed to lubricants and additives at elevated temperatures, as well as mechanical stresses. They can only provide good sealing function when they have resistance to those factors. There are many elastomer-lubricant compatibility tests based on DIN ISO 1817 in industry. However, they are insufficient and costly. Correlations between the tests and the applications are inadequate. The purpose of this study is investigating lubricant compatibility of fluoroelastomers (FKM) seals in polyethylene-glycol (PG)- and polyalphaolefin (PAO)- based synthetic oils and developing a methodology to predict seal service life. Design/methodology/approach A new compatibility test which is more sufficient in terms of time and cost was developed and compared with a standard test, currently used in industry. Compatibility of FKM radial lip seals with PG- and PAO-based synthetic oils with different additives was investigated chemically and dynamically. Failure mechanisms were examined. Findings The new method and the Freudenberg Flender Test FB 73 11 008 showed similar results concerning damages and similar tendencies regarding wear. The additive imidazole derivative was the most critical. Static tests give indications of possible chemically active additives, but alone they are insufficient to simulate the dynamic applications. Originality/value The paper describes a new method to investigate elastomer-lubricant compatibility and gives first results with a variety of lubricants.
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Galiullina, E. F., R. F. Kamilov, D. F. Shakirov, and R. T. Bulyakov. "Biochemical markers of industrial pollutants action on the rubber industry workers." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 5 (October 15, 2013): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1914.
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Aim. To assess the health status of employees contacting with industrial pollutants by examining the processes of free-radical and microsomal oxidation, antioxidant protection, energy metabolism and electrolyte metabolism. Methods. Biochemical parameters of blood, saliva and urine samples of 115 employees of OJSC «Ufa plant of elastomer materials, articles and structures» and 110 employees of JSC «Kauchuk» from the various workshops were examined. Considering the particularities of industrial factors, their action on the employees’ health, ways of absorption at airways, oral cavity and hand skin, two groups (A and B) were formed. Group A included employees contacting with aromatic hydrocarbons (JSC «Kauchuk»). Group B included employees contacting with chlorinated hydrocarbons (OJSC «Ufa plant of elastomer materials, articles and structures»). Control group included administrative clerk workers without influence of industrial factors. Results. Free radical peroxidation reaction with the registration of body fluids chemiluminescence was the most informative biochemical marker of (1,2-dichloroethane, methylene chloride, trichlorethylene, carbon tetrachloride) and aromatic (benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene, toluene), hydrocarbons action on employees. Сonclusion. Examination of free radical and microsomal peroxidation, antioxidant system, energy metabolism and electrolyte metabolism is a useful prognostic tool for a quantitative assessment of the oxidative processes activity for identification of high-risk groups at picking up the staff for the work related to chemical exposure as well as for the individual prevention and oxidative processes medical correction planning.
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Li, Liwei, Haijun Ji, Hui Yang, Liqun Zhang, Xinxin Zhou, and Runguo Wang. "Itaconate Based Elastomer as a Green Alternative to Styrene–Butadiene Rubber for Engineering Applications: Performance Comparison." Processes 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121527.
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In response to increasingly stringent requirements for the sustainability and environmental friendliness of the rubber industry, the application and development of bio-based elastomers have received extensive attention. In this work, we prepared a new type of bio-based elastomer poly(dibutyl itaconate-butadiene) copolymer (PDBIB) nanocomposite using carbon black and non-petroleum-based silica with a coupling agent. Using dynamic thermodynamic analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), we studied the effects of feed ratio on dynamic mechanical properties, micro morphology, and filler dispersion of PDBIB composites. Among them, silica-reinforced PDBIB60 (weight ratio of dibutyl itaconate to butadiene 40/60) and carbon black-reinforced PDBIB70 (weight ratio of dibutyl itaconate to butadiene 30/70) both showed excellent performance, such as tensile strength higher than 18 MPa and an elongation break higher than 400%. Compared with the widely used ESBR, the results showed that PDBIB had better rolling resistance and heat generation than ESBR. In addition, considering the development of green tires, we compared it with the solution polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber with better comprehensive performance, and analyzed the advantages of PDBIB and the areas to be improved. In summary, PDBIB prepared from bio-based monomers had superior performance and is of great significance for achieving sustainable development, providing a direction for the development of high-performance green tire and holding great potential to replace petroleum-derived elastomers.
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Abou-Kandil, Ahmed I., Loai Nasrat, and EmanL Fareed. "High temperature vulcanized ethylene propylene diene rubber nanocomposites as high voltage insulators: Dielectric breakdown measurements and evaluation." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221132593.
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The use of porcelain and thermoplastic based materials as High voltage insulators has always been dominant in the industry. Several elastomers were also investigated, mainly Ethylene Propylene Rubber and Silicone rubbers were used as replacement of the traditional Porcelain high Voltage insulators. In this study we experiment with new elastomer, Ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), that is capable of withstanding high voltage as well as being resistant to severe weathering conditions. In addition to having excellent mechanical properties that we discussed elsewhere. Detailed dielectric breakdown measurements were carried out for room temperature vulcanized and high temperature vulcanized samples. The effects of exposure to UV radiation on the dielectric breakdown strength was also studied. Different fillers were used to improve the dielectric breakdown strength of different polymer matrices. Both carbon black based fillers and inorganic fillers were experimented in order to reach optimum mix properties that provide the best dielectric breakdown strength. Resistance to thermal aging and UV radiation was also carried out on EPDM samples.
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Saha, Tuhin, Anil K. Bhowmick, Takeshi Oda, Toshiaki Miyauchi, and Nobuhiko Fujii. "INFLUENCE OF FLUOROACRYLATE CURE SITE MONOMER ON THE THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE POLYACRYLIC ESTER ELASTOMER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 93, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.80440.
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ABSTRACT The rubber industry is facing strong challenges in recent times because of imposed stringent standards on the performance of a product under adverse thermal and chemical applications. The choice of proper elastomer plays a significant role in imparting useful product performance. A new type of acrylic rubber with a fluoroacrylate cure site monomer was developed. Structural characterization, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), suggested the presence of four different monomer units. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy analysis was also performed to support the assessment of the resonance peaks of coupled nuclei spins in the terpolymer. The newly developed acrylic rubber exhibited superior thermal and mechanical properties. Hexamethylenediamine carbamate in combination with zinc oxide (ZnO) was used as the curing package for the new elastomer. ZnO acts as an acid scavenger to avoid the micro-void formation. The new elastomer with a higher number of cross-link junctions resulted in superior mechanical and thermal properties as well as swelling resistance of the vulcanizate both with and without carbon black.
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Rodwell, Ed, Chester S. Ehrman, Yoji Maeno, George B. Sigal, and Gerard J. Womack. "EPRI Contribution to International Utility Industry Seismic Isolation Development Program." Earthquake Spectra 6, no. 2 (May 1990): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585578.
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Seismic isolation was selected as a potential method of increasing the structural integrity margins for liquid metal reactor power plants. Analyses indicated that seismic isolation would reduce by 90 to 95% the acceleration experienced by the reactor vessel at its fundamental frequency. A cooperative development program was established by electric utility organizations in Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Alternative seismic isolator concepts were compared and the laminated elastomer/steel with lead plug concept was selected to be the first concept tested. Sixteen half-sized units were tested, the results compared with predictions and potential isolator design improvements inferred. The cooperative program is continuing through testing of other isolator concepts.
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Voigts, H., R. Hild, D. Trauth, A. Feuerhack, and T. Bergs. "IHU-Werkzeugkonzept für einfach wirkende Pressen*/Hydroforming tool concept for single acting press – Elastomer as an alternative pressure medium for forming of thick-walled cups." wt Werkstattstechnik online 108, no. 11-12 (2018): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2018-11-12-62.
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Innenhochdruck-Umformen (IHU) eignet sich durch gute dynamische Materialeigenschaften und einen produktiven Prozess für die Serienfertigung von Bauteilen für die Automobilindustrie. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein neuartiges Werkzeugkonzept entwickelt, um IHU von massiven Napfhalbzeugen auf einer einfach wirkenden Presse zu ermöglichen. Zur Substitution des aufwendigen Drucksystems, bestehend aus Dichtstempeln und einem Druckaggregat, wurde ein Elastomer als alternatives Druckmedium verwendet. Hydroforming is a suitable process due to excellent dynamic material properties and a productive process for the mass production of components for the automotive industry. In this work, a novel tooling concept was developed in order to enable hydroforming of solid cups on a single acting press. For the substitution of the costly pressurizing system – consisting of sealing punches and pressure unit – an elastomer was used as an alternative pressurizing medium.
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Parker, Dane K., Howard A. Colvin, Arthur H. Weinstein, and Sun-Lin Chen. "Reactively Curable Rubbers—I: Diene Elastomers with Pendant Isocyanate and/or Hydroxyl Functionality." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 4 (September 1, 1990): 582–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538275.
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Abstract In conclusion, we have demonstrated that modified diene elastomers containing active hydrogens and/or blocked-isocyanate derivatives can be crosslinked (cured) by three distinct methods. These methods include: 1. reaction of polymer-bound active hydrogens with monomeric polyisocyanates (Type I), 2. reaction of polymer-bound isocyanates with compounds containing two or more active hydrogens (Type II), and 3. reaction between polymer segments that contain both polymer-bound isocyanates and active hydrogens (Type III). Additionally, we have shown that the new polymerizable blocked-isocyanate derivatives (Type II and III systems) can be readily incorporated into SBR and NBR elastomers by standard emulsion-polymerization techniques. The degree and distribution of these monomers within the elastomer matrix were shown to be controlled by knowledge of their reactivity ratios. Furthermore, we have shown that the processing and properties of these systems can be readily controlled by the proper combination of isocyanate blocking group, active-hydrogen component, and catalyst. In many cases, these modified elastomers can be coagulated, dried, compounded, and cured using methods common to the rubber industry. Although not optimized, we have also shown that useful vulcanizates can be produced from extremely simple recipes. Conventional acceleration systems e.g., sulfur, accelerator, zinc oxide, are eliminated. The resulting urethane or urea crosslinks are remarkably durable under both thermal and hydrolytic conditions. Obviously, the possibilities for these uniquely reactive elastomers have not been exhausted. Many other intriguing applications of this technology are currently being explored. These applications will be the subject of future publications.
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Prochoń, Mirosława, Anita Przepiórkowska, and Yves-Herve Tshela Ntumba. "The Effect of Waste Fodder Potato Proteins on the Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber." ISRN Polymer Science 2012 (March 15, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/810208.
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The current investigation treats about the influence of waste fodder potato proteins (WFPP) recovered from the starch industry on the mechanical-properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (XNBR). WFPP were characterized and used as a filler of the above mentioned XNBR rubber without or after blending with zinc oxide. The obtained rubber compounds were cured, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and cross-linking density were investigated. It was found that the introduction of WFPP previously blended with zinc oxide into rubber compound increases the cross-linking density of the obtained composites, compared with the vulcanizate without protein, which in turn increases the mechanical properties of the obtained vulcanizates. That occurs thanks to the formation of ion nodes, as testified by equilibrium swelling. The introduction of WFPP into the elastomer matrix also increases the susceptibility of the elastomer to biodecomposition.
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Wiedmaier, Jing, Ulrich Weber, and Siegfried Schmauder. "Simulation of the Mechanical Behavior of Nanodispersed Elastomer Particle-Modified Polyamide 6." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.250.
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In this work the nanodispersed elastomer copolymer particle-modified polyamide 6 (PA 6) is investigated. Micromechanical modelling is proposed to predict the mechanical behaviour of this material up to failure. A three-dimensional self-consistent embedded unit cell model is chosen which has been well applied for simulating the elastoplasticdeformation of this PA 6-composite [1,. This model will be here modified with the consideration of debonding between the elastomer particles and the PA 6-matrix. The predictions are in very good agreement with the experimental results. In terms of crash behavior, e.g. in the automotive industry the material behaviour under dynamic loading is also of particular interest. Impact strength is one of the most important parameters for describing this material behaviour. A full three-dimensional dynamic simulation of V-notched Charpy impact test is performed in ABAQUS/Explicit. The calculated impact strength coincides plausibly well with the experimental determination.
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Barreto, Thiago, Lucas Repsold, Nathália Souza e Silva, and Michéle Casagrande. "Influence of addition of butadiene copolymer and modified styrene on the mechanical behavior of a sand." Soils and Rocks 45, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.074521.
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Butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBR) is an elastomer composed of 75% butadiene and 25% styrene and is widely used in the automotive industry in tire production. This elastomer can be produced from two polymerization processes: emulsion or solution polymerization. This paper presents the mechanical behavior of a polymer reinforced sand compared to pure sand. Direct shear tests were performed on pure sand specimens and with the addition of modified styrene butadiene-styrene copolymer (XSBR). The polymeric sand specimens had 10% moisture content, 50% relative density, with water-polymer mass ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4, with no curing time, or with curing times 48, 72, 96, 576, and 720 h. Improvements were verified in the strength parameters of sand specimens with polymer addition, while comparing with pure sand parameters, showing that the improvement of soils with polymers is satisfactory for application in geotechnical works, such as: embankments in soft soils, soils for shallow foundations and for slope stability.
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Li, Yajin, Guoping Li, Jie Li, and Yunjun Luo. "Preparation and properties of semi-interpenetrating networks combined by thermoplastic polyurethane and a thermosetting elastomer." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 4 (2018): 3087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03841k.
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WIBOWO, NENDYO ADHI, and ISROI. "Potensi In-Vivo Selulosa Bakterial Sebagai Nano-Filler Karet Elastomer Thermoplastics." Perspektif 14, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/p.v14n2.2015.103-112.
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<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Selulosa bakteri merupakan salah satu biopolimer yang berbentuk pita-pita berukuran nano dengan panjang kurang dari 100 nm dan lebar 2-4 nm. Beberapa bakteri yang diketahui bisa memproduksi selulosa antara lain Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, dan Sarcina. Sintesis selulosa bacterial membentuk bundle mikrofibril yang sangat kristalin dengan elastisitas modulus sebesar 78 GPa sama seperti elastisitas modulus dari fiber glass 70 GPa. Selulosa bakteri memiliki kapasitas simpan air, derajat polimerisasi, dan struktur jaringan yang lebih baik daripada selulosa dari tanaman. Produksi nanofibril selulosa dari selulosa bakteri tidak memerlukan proses penghilangan hemiselulosa dan lignin seperti pada selulosa dari tanaman sehingga nano selulosa bakterial dapat menjadi salah satu bahan baku nano komposit yang potensial bagi pengembangan karet alam atau natural rubber (NR). Nano selulosa bakterial bisa menjadi bahan baku nano komposit yang sangat kuat, lebih kuat daripada nano selulosa yang berasal dari tanaman. Pengembangan karet alam atau natural rubber (NR) mengarah pada pengembangan karet untuk tujuan-tujuan khusus, salah satunya adalah elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs) yang merupakan kelompok material yang menggabungkan karakteristik karet dengan bahan termoplastik yang mudah diproses. Konsep penguatan bahan polimer, seperti NR, dengan nano-filler selulosa melalui mekanisme ikatan karet-bahan pengisi akibat peningkatan interaksi karet-bahan pengisi berukuran nano yang memiliki luas permukaan yang besar. Selulosa bakterial seperti Acetobacter xylinum yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium lateks karet alam, akan mengakibatkan partikel latek yang berukuran 5 nm terperangkap pada matrik selulosa ataupun sebaliknya partikel selulosa bakterial yang terperangkap pada matrik karet alam. Manfaat dari adanya mekanisme ikatan in vivo selulosa bakterial dan matrik karet alam adalah dalam rangka mengembangkan industri karet pada sintesis paduan nano-komposit karet dengan selulosa bakterial guna meningkatkan diversifikasi produk pada komoditas karet alam. Produk yang dihasilkan dapat berupa termoplastik elastomer (karet alam termoplastik) yang memiliki prospek untuk digunakan pada komponen otomotif dan produk-produk khusus lainnya.<br />Kata kunci : Bakteri selulosa, Acetobacter xylinum, elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs), lateks<br /><br />ABSTRACT<br />In-Vivo Potency of Bacterial Cellulose As Nano-Filler Elastomer Thermoplastics Rubber (ETPS)</p><p>Microbial cellulose is one of the biopolymer in the form of nano-sized ribbons with a length of less than 100 nm and a width of 2-4 nm. Some bacteria are known to produce cellulose namely Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Sarcina. Synthesis of bacterial cellulose forming microfibril bundle highly crystalline with elasticity modulus of 78 GPa as of 70 GPa fiber glass. Microbial cellulose has water storage capacity, degree of polymerization, and the network structure is better than cellulose from plants. Nanofibril cellulose production of bacterial cellulose does not require the removal of hemicellulose 104 Volume 14 Nomor 2, Des 2015 : 103 - 112 and lignin as of plants so that the nano bacterial cellulose is a potential raw materials of nano composites in developing natural rubber (NR). Nano bacterial cellulose is potentially a strong raw material for nano composites, stronger than nano cellulose from plants. Development of natural rubber or natural rubber (NR) led to the development of rubber for specific purposes, one of which is elastomeric thermoplastics (ETPs), a group combining the characteristics of rubber material with thermoplastic material that is easily processed. Strengthening The concept to improve the strength of polymer materials, such as NA, with nano-filler bonding cellulose through the mechanism of rubber-filler-rubber is due to an increased interaction of nano-sized filler that has a large surface area. Bacterial cellulose such as Acetobacter xylinum grown in natural rubber latex medium, may result in 5 nm latex particle trapped in the cellulose matrix or vice versa, bacterial cellulose particles trapped in the matrix of natural rubber. Benefits of the bonding mechanism of in vivo bacterial cellulose and natural rubber matrix is develop rubber industry synthesizing nano-composite alloy rubber with bacterial cellulose for natural rubber diversification. The products resulted in the form of thermoplastic elastomer (natural rubber thermoplastic) is potentially to be used in automotive components and other specialty products.<br />Keywords: Bacterial cellulose, Acetobacter xylinum, elastomer thermoplastics (ETPs), latex</p>
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Karthikeyan, R., S. Rajkumar, R. Joseph Bensingh, M. Abdul Kader, and Sanjay K. Nayak. "Finite element analysis of elastomer used in automotive suspension systems." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 6 (September 17, 2019): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319875774.
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Present research endeavours towards the development of a methodology to enhance the life of hyperelastic materials in automotive suspension (leaf spring) system. The durability of the elastomeric (rubber) material in the insert was determined at various loading conditions for better operation. Three different rubber materials were used as the models including the currently used rubber material in the suspension system. The non-linear finite element analysis was carried out for the three different materials with the uniaxial stress–strain data as the input source for the material properties. A suitable hyperelastic model was also used as the input for determining the deformation and the stress concentration in the leaf spring tip insert. The failure of the tip insert was determined in various loading conditions and the best design for limited stress concentration with higher reliability was determined in the three models. The overall results are tabulated and compared for better utilization of rubber as a tip insert in the automotive industry.
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Karkalic, Radovan, Jovan Radulovic, and Dalibor Jovanovic. "Characteristics of polyurethane and elastomer parts for shoe industry produced by liquid injection molding technology." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 65, no. 4 (2017): 948–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg65-10543.
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Asim, Mushtaq, Khan Raza Muhammad, and Ali Zaeem Uddin. "Effect of Ground Tire Rubber on Mechanical Properties of Low Density Polyethylene." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 8, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/2410-1869.2021.08.02.07.
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This research explores the effect of ground tire rubber (GTR) on the mechanical properties of LDPE. This thermoplastic-elastomer blend sets the composition of ground tire rubber and low-density polyethylene (LDPE/GTR). The blend was prepared in different proportions and was processed in a compression molding machine. The optimum operating conditions of the blend set to be 220℃ temperature and pressure varied from 150-200 bars. Different parts per hundred rubber (phr) samples were obtained under these conditions, including 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, 4 phr, and 5 phr. After that, the mechanical properties of the blend were examined concerning various compositions. Different testing methods were used to determine the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic-elastomer blend, which include tensile strength, flexural strength, and Izod impact. The results obtained from these tests show that tensile strength and modulus decreases by increasing the rubber content. However, impact strength and percentage elongation increase by increasing the rubber content. This enhancement in impact and percentage elongation may be suitable for the applications in gymnasium mat and automobile industry.
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White, James L., and Istvan Soos. "The Development of Elastomer Rheological Processability Quality Control Instruments." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538319.
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Abstract We have surveyed the development of processability measurements from its origins, about 1920, to the present. We have followed the factors—technology, scientific, and political—which have caused its evolutions. The earliest instruments the capillary and compression rheometer, are still with us. As early as the mid 1930s, different traditions developed in the United States and Germany, differences which continue to the present day. These were accentuated by the development of synthetic rubber and World War II. The Germany industry used the Defo compression instrument and the Americans decided on the Mooney shearing disc viscometer. The early postwar period saw a temporary withdrawal of German activity and an American interest in stress relaxation measurements with a biconical stress relaxation instrument being made semi-commercial by B. F. Goodrich in the 1970s. B. F. Goodrich has continued to improve this instrument over the past generation. The post-1975 period has also seen increased activity in Germany; Bayer AG(i) redesigned the Defo instrument and had it commercialized by Haake and (ii) devised a Mooney post-shearing stress relaxation measurement which has been commercially developed by Monsanto. A pressure-controlled rotational rheometer has been developed by Avon Rubber which allows for better study and characterization of slip. The development of instruments has been coupled with growing knowledge of the rheological properties of gum elastomers and carbon black compounds.
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Prochoń, MirosŁawa, and Yves Hervé Tshela Ntumba. "EFFECTS OF BIOPOLYMER KERATIN WASTE SOURCES IN XNBR COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85948.
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ABSTRACT The properties of three prepared biopolymers were compared for use as fillers for XNBR: cattle hair keratin derived from tanning industry wastes, its hydrolysate, and the hydrolysate of bird feathers obtained from poultry wastes. The incorporation of the prepared biopolymers into XNBR elastomer results in new composites that have good strength parameters, ranging from 13 to 16 MPa, and that are resistant to thermal aging and the action of oils and fuels. An additional feature of these composites is their increased susceptibility to the action of microorganisms; consequently, they are more easily biodegradable.
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Szadkowski, Bolesław, Anna Marzec, Przemysław Rybiński, Witold Żukowski, and Marian Zaborski. "Characterization of Ethylene–propylene Composites Filled with Perlite and Vermiculite Minerals: Mechanical, Barrier, and Flammability Properties." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030585.
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Perlite and vermiculite are naturally occurring minerals, commonly used by industry to obtain highly thermoisolative and/or non-flammable materials. However, there has been little research into the preparation and application of rubber compounds containing these inexpensive mineral fillers. Here, we show the benefits of perlite and vermiculite minerals as fillers for ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM) composites. To obtain more uniform dispersion and improved compatibility between the minerals and the elastomer matrix, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (AMIMTFSI) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIMTFSI) imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) were added. The mineral fillers were found to be attractive semi-reinforcing fillers, which also act as flame retardants in the elastomer composites. Furthermore, a higher content of vermiculite mineral significantly reduced the air permeability of the composites. The incorporation of ionic liquids into the EPM-filled systems had a considerable effect on the torque increment, crosslink density, and more importantly the flammability of the studied compounds. The application of 2.5 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) BMIMTFSI, in particular, reduced the flammability of the EPM composite, as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) decreased from 189.7 kW/m2 to 170.2 kW/m2.
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Hussain, Manwar, Young Hui Ko, and Yong Ho Choa. "Significant Enhancement of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer by Polymer Blending and Nanoinclusion." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8515103.
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Thermoplastic elastomer composites and nanocomposites were fabricated via melt processing technique by blending thermoplastic elastomer (TPEE) with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) thermoplastic and also by adding small amount of organo modified nanoclay and/or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). We study the effect of polymer blending on the mechanical and thermal properties of TPEE blends with and without nanoparticle additions. Significant improvement was observed by blending only TPEE and virgin PBT polymers. With a small amount (0.5 wt.%) of nanoclay or PTFE particles added to the TPEE composite, there was further improvement in both the mechanical and thermal properties. To study mechanical properties, flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), tensile strength (TS), and tensile elongation (TE) were all investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the thermal properties, including the heat distortion temperature (HDT), of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the polymer fracture surface morphology. The dispersion of the clay and PTFE nanoparticles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. This material is proposed for use as a baffle plate in the automotive industry, where both high HDT and high modulus are essential.
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Kidder, Russell. "Strong Growth Predicted for the U.S. Thermoplastic Elastomer Industry: Market to Approach $1.5 Billion in 1998." Materials Technology 8, no. 11-12 (November 1993): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10667857.1993.11785000.
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Baranov, A. V. "Non-isothermal Flow of Viscoelastic Elastomer Composites in a Converging Channel." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400506.
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Highly filled polymer composites are very widely used in different processes of modern industry, and therefore the investigation of the flow of such media in different channels of processing equipment is being paid a great deal of attention. A mathematical model of the non-isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid in a converging plane channel is presented. All the important factors that must be taken into account in the development of the model are noted. Many assumptions are made on the basis of the fact that flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers and high Peclet numbers. As the rheological model, the Maxwell higher convective model is used. The solution is sought using series, and all the stress components are expressed in the form of power series expansion. Thermal boundary conditions of the first kind, the temperature dependence of viscosity, and energy dissipation are taken into account. The problem of finding the temperature profiles is solved by an iteration scheme, at each step of which the collocation method is used. The results of calculations are given.
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Magill, J. H. "Crystallization and Morphology of Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 507–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538753.
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Abstract Naturally occurring materials like rubber predate the development of science and engineering as we know it today. Historically, rubber and more generally elastomers, known as a class of high polymers, are versatile and useful materials. Rubber is still an elastomer of choice for many engineering applications. After decades of R&D, scientists and engineers realized that technology needs good science. This position is nicely summarized in Figure 1. This scenario brings together four main items that are essential to create and to maintain quality industry(ies). In the case of rubber, particularly natural rubber, it is not only essential to understand these individual properties, but also to comprehend the important interrelationships that contribute to material behavior. In this respect, rubber has been an enabling resource material that has served as a paradigm amongst synthetic polymers in their developmental stages. In this article crystallization of natural rubber especially, is addressed in order to provide some perspective on items that relate to the relevant areas of the pyramid. This overview is far from exhaustive on the crystallization aspects of rubber, but hopefully it strikes a balance between thermodynamics and kinetics, since each discipline has contributed significantly to improve our understanding of polyisoprenes, and in a wider sense to crystallization and morphology that helps determine properties relevant to rubber and to polymers in general.
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Marossy, Kálmán, and Pál Bárczy. "Improvement of the Properties of Polyethylene with Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 2 (February 2003): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100206.
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Blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) have been tested across the whole concentration range. Polyethylene is used to modify the properties of CPE in the elastomer industry, but modification of the properties of polyethylene with CPE is still not usual. Conventional mechanical tests and dynamic mechanical tests were carried out. The blends were found to be multiphase systems of excellent technological compatibility. Between 10 and 15% by weight CPE increased the modulus of polyethylene. X-ray scattering studies showed that the blends contained structural units not present either in the polyethylene or in the CPE. The blends were melt processable and may have industrial applications, too.
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Lewandowski, Laurand, Morgan S. Sibbald, Ed Johnson, and Michael P. Mallamaci. "New Emulsion SBR Technology: Part I. Raw Polymer Study." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 4 (September 1, 2000): 731–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547617.
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Abstract Emulsion styrene—butadiene rubber (ESBR) has been the workhorse of the tire industry since World War II. With the development of solution polymers, ESBR has seen a steady decrease in its use in tire applications. A novel ESBR has been developed which imparts some of the rheological behavior previously only observed in solution polymers. This new ESBR was prepared by blending a high molecular weight elastomer with a low molecular weight elastomer, each having a unique styrene-butadiene composition. A two-phase co-continuous morphology was observed by scanning probe microscopy when the bound styrene difference between the two components was greater than 18%, consistent with the two glass transition temperatures measured by thermal analysis. Blending also served to reduce the amount of very high molecular weight material (> 107 g/mol) readily observed in 1502- and 1712-type polymers by thermal field flow fractionation (ThFFF). ThFFF was found to be superior to size exclusion chromatography for fully characterizing the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymers. Time—temperature superposition was performed to characterize the viscoelastic behavior in the rubbery plateau and terminal zones. The ESBR blends showed a cross-over in the terminal flow region that was not observed in 1502- and 1712-type polymers.
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Kardan, Mahmoud. "Adhesive and Cohesive Strength in Polyisoprene/Polychloroprene Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 4 (September 1, 2001): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544961.
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Abstract This study concerns the use of polymer blends to produce advanced high performance adhesive systems based on material economics as well as to gain knowledge about the thermodynamics of multi-component adhesive systems. In the adhesive industry, blends of natural rubber (polyisoprene) and polychloroprene are used not only to lower cost, but also to provide certain properties, which are not obtainable with either elastomer alone. This paper investigates the contribution of each elastomer in the blend to the cohesive and adhesive strength and durability of the system. Composites of synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene with different types of polychloroprene with modified structures have been prepared by mill compounding. Infrared spectra obtained for these composites when coated on metallic surface have been extremely useful in the elucidation of the molecular orientation and conformational changes associated with these polymers. Each sample has been laminated between metallic substrates and for each lamination; the lap shear has been measured. The measured lap shears have been correlated with the structural changes associated with polymer—polymer interactions, detected by reflection infrared spectroscopy. These results could have a significant bearing on the mechanism of the strength development in rubber blends for use in adhesive and sealant systems.
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Zuev, A. A., L. R. Lyusova, and N. P. Boreiko. "Chlorinated Isoprene Rubbers in Adhesive Composites." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400505.
Full textAbstract:
Now there is not a single area of industry that can do without adhesive elastomer materials. Composites based on synthetic rubbers comprise 75% of the total volume of adhesive materials produced, which is due to the combination of unique properties typical of the elastomer base of the adhesive. The base of many imported adhesives for the bonding of rubber to metal is chlorinated natural rubber. As an alternative, chlorinated synthetic isoprene rubber has been proposed, developed at the Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Rubber in St Petersburg. The chlorinated isoprene rubber was compared with imported chlorinated natural rubber in adhesive composites, and the physicomechanical properties of mixes based on a blend of chlorinated rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber were investigated. The investigation was conducted on chlorinated natural rubber of grade Pergut S20, chlorinated isoprene rubber SKI-3, and nitrile butadiene rubbers of grades BNKS-28AMN and SKN-26S. The influence of the ratio of chlorinated rubber to nitrile butadiene rubber and the technological factors of mix preparation on the properties of films produced from them was established. It was shown that, in terms of the level of properties, home-produced chlorinated rubber can be used as the base for adhesives for hot bonding of rubber to metal instead of imported Pergut S20.
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NIŢUICĂ, Mihaela, Maria Daniela STELESCU, Maria SÖNMEZ, Laurenția ALEXANDRESCU, Mihai GEORGESCU, Dana GURĂU, and Mirela PANTAZI-BĂJENARU. "Polymer composite based on NBR rubber compounded with rubber waste functionalized with potassium oleate." Leather and Footwear Journal 22 (March 31, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.22.1.5.
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Waste is a material that occurs as a result of a biological or technological process that can no longer be used as such. Recycling and reusing waste make it possible to contribute to environmental protection and, of course, to the protection of human health by eliminating toxins during waste incineration. The purpose of this paper is to process and characterize polymer composites based on NBR rubber (butadiene-co-acrylonitrile rubber) and rubber waste functionalized with potassium oleate in terms of rheological characteristics (to determine the optimal vulcanization time), Brabender diagrams and physico-mechanical properties in normal state and after accelerated ageing at 70°C, for 168 h (using elastomer-specific equipment). Functionalized rubber waste (with potassium oleate up to 20% at 60°C) is introduced into the mixture in proportions of 10; 20; 30; 50%. The polymeric composites based on butadiene-co-acrylonitrile elastomer and rubber waste (ground with a cryogenic mill at 10,000 rpm, at the size of 0.35 mm) were compounded on a mixer with a capacity of 350 cm3 according to the working recipes. The mixtures were supplemented with vulcanization activators and accelerators on an electric roller, resulting in formulations in the form of 4 mm thick sheets, which are then subjected to the relevant characterizations according to the standards in force for the footwear industry.
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Tadiello, Luciano, Silvia Guerra, and Luca Giannini. "Sepiolite-Based Anisotropic Nanoparticles: A New Player in the Rubber Reinforcement Technology for Tire Application." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 2714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052714.
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Elastomer reinforcement with nanofillers has been a main rubber technology topic since the discovery of rubber vulcanization. Starting from carbon black, many researchers studied the correlations between the reinforcement of rubber and the colloidal properties of the reinforcing filler. The advent of silica allowed the experimentation of a playground of chemistries at the filler-rubber interface. In the increasing complexity of nowadays car manufacturer requests, reinforcing fillers play a pivotal role in determining the set of properties, which make a specific compound suitable for its applications. This effort of continuous improvement of rubber compound properties is pushing the tire industry towards novel solutions, and the silica/CB filler reinforcing technology will likely soon accept at least a third reinforcing filler as a major constituent of rubber compounds. While all major tire manufacturers build continuous knowledge on candidates such as carbon allotropes and 2-D nanoclays, Pirelli is paving the way for Sepiolite-derived nanofillers. Being Sepiolite naturally sourced, safe, and chemically playful, this unique 1-D phyllosilicate bears the promise of changing the game of elastomer nano-reinforcement, with the optional characteristic of giving mechanical anisotropy to the rubber compound. In this review, the historical progress on rubber reinforcement with sepiolite will be summarized, with an example of application in a commercially available Pirelli product, progenitor of the Smart-Net Silica® technology.
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Waddell, Walter H., Larry R. Evans, James G. Gillick, and Derek Shuttleworth. "Polymer Surface Modification." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538634.
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Abstract Surface modification as a technology has been employed in various ways for many years, however, the breadth and magnitude of its applications have grown significantly during the last decade. Much of this growth has been facilitated by the development and spread of rapid and reliable surface characterization techniques. And, as would be expected of a maturing field, the bulk of investigations are now turning to applications rather than a pure understanding. Publications in both the scientific literature and patents describe research on a diverse range of polymeric substrates and potential applications using a wide range of modification techniques. Methods include chemical, photochemical, and high-energy physical techniques to modify polymer surfaces. Searches were made of these methods as applied to the surface modification of polymeric materials of particular interest to the rubber industry. Chemical methods include reactions such as halogenation, addition, etching, and oxidation. Photochemical techniques include surface reactions such as oxidative and nonoxidative degradation, halogenation, and photografting. Physical methods include corona discharge, plasma, electron and ion beam treatments. The 1980's literature on these subjects is published in a variety of languages, including a number of informative review articles and books printed in English on various aspects of this subject. The subject of this review concentrates on the surface modification of polymeric materials of particular interest to the rubber industry by focussing largely on scientific literature published in English and patent literature published during this time period that describe interesting and useful surface chemistry on elastomer substrates and rubber articles containing polymers such as natural rubber, cis-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer, nitrile rubber, silicone, etc, and fibers and fabric made from fiber-forming polymer materials such as aramid, nylon, polyester, and carbon fiber, and those techniques reported successful in altering their surfaces. For organizational simplicity, three basic categories are used: elastomers, fibers and others. The latter category refers to those substrates without specific, current application in the rubber industry, but which have interesting or novel scientific features. Restriction of interest to rubber-relevant materials greatly reduced the scope of this work, and the interested reader should be aware that a great deal of activity is to be found in the rigid plastic and, to a lesser extent, biopolymer industries.