Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Élatéridés – Conservation des ressources (biologie)'
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Gouix, Nicolas. "Gestion forestière et biodiversité, les enjeux de conservation d'une espèce parapluie : Limoniscus violaceus (Coleoptera)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824627.
Full textNicolè, Florence. "Biologie de la conservation appliquée aux plantes menacées des Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10127.
Full textThrough concrete examples of endangered plants chosen in the flora of the French Alps, this work presents the application of three main aspects classically used in conservation biology: the study of genetic variation, the study of reproductive performance and reproductive system and the study of population dynamics. First, we show that molecular markers are a useful tool to resolve taxonomic ambiguities and verify the status of conservation unit in the case of Potentilla delphinensis Gren. And Godron. They also allowed us to establish a strategy for population reinforcement of Dracocephalum austriacum L. Then, we show that the reproductive performances and the reproductive system are good indicators of population viability (Androsace septentrionalis L. And Cypripedium calceolus L. ). We also demonstrate the relevance of population matrix models and population viability analyses to understand better the biology and the ecology of an endangered species and to estimate its vulnerability (Cypripedium calceolus L. And Astragalus alopecurus Pallas). The combination of the different approaches on Dracocephalum austriacum indicate that genetic and demographic aspects interact and should be considered together to predict the viability of the populations. Finally, we propose theoretical and methodological recommendations, especially on the application of demographic approaches to endangered plants. Pragmatic applied management guidelines are proposed to enhance the protection of the flora
Chansigaud, Valérie. "Des facteurs sociaux et culturels influençant la biologie de la conservation : l'exemple des invertébrés." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE1040.
Full textCheylan, Marc. "Les Reptiles du paléarctique occidental : diversité et conservation." Paris, EPHE, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EPHE3034.
Full textSarthou, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude systématique, biogéographique et agroécocénotique des Syrphidae (Insecta. Diptera) du Sud-Ouest de la France." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT021A.
Full textJacquet, Karine. "Biodiversité et perturbations : dynamique de l'avifaune après incendie et ses relations avec la dynamique végétale." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20142.
Full textFire is a key mechanism influencing the composition and evolution of the Mediterranean ecosystems. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the post-fire dynamics of vegetation and its associate avifauna, by monitoring 126 plots in the Albera massif (Pyrénées-Orientales). These plots can be divided into six vegetal formations ranging from grasslands to holm oak forests representing formations found along a natural gradient. Two other formations are caracterized by the presence of the cork oak. Our results show growing recovery times as a function of the vegetal volume. The resilience to the prefire state is very short in grasslands, but is estimated at 40 years for the vegetation structure and 30 years for the avifauna of the holm oak forests. These recovery times are shorter in the cork oak forests, six and 16 years respectively, due to the particular regeneration of this tree. After a second fire, we found a significant decrease in the regeneration speed of vegetation and avifauna in the cork oak formations and perhaps in the tall maquis, but not in the low maquis. A study of landscape dynamics of the Albera for 41 years using aerial photographs has shown that, in spite of the occurrence of large wildfires in this country, the landscape tends to close up due to a high rural depopulation , with an encroachment of forest to the detriment of open habitats. Consequences of this closure are negative for a set of rare and endangered bird species linked to open habitats. Our work show that wildfires, by opening some habitats, create temporarily favourable conditions for these species. The possible role of fire in habitat management of these species is therefore considered
Gangloff, Benoît. "Systematics and phylogeography in gadfly petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes) and implications for conservation." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Gangloff-Benoit/2010-Gangloff-Benoit-These.pdf.
Full textProcellariiformes are seabirds showing a set of characters rendering them particularly attractive to research. They are the most diverse seabird group, and probably also the most threatened, with 44. 7% species classified Vulnerable or worse under IUCN criteria. As many seabirds, they are fascinating models to study patterns and processes of population and species differentiation, being under contradictory evolutionary forces: on the one hand being extremely vagile allow them to disperse very far, which is supposed to enhance gene flow between populations, thus reducing their differentiation and diversification ; on the other hand, being extremely philopatric, they often return to breed in their natal colony, a pattern supposed to enhance population differentiation. Living in the ocean, they also constitute good models to investigate differentiation processes in the absence of physical barrier to gene flow. In addition, partly as a result of the opposite evolutionary forces just described, their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are complex, have proved very frustrating over the decades and have therefore been in a state of flux over the years. The development of molecular ecology in the last two decades have provided some new powerful tools to elucidate some of the phylogenetic uncertainties, to understand the observed phylogeographic patterns and have a better grasp at the underlying processes promoting diversification in these birds. These tools also allow a better understanding of population structure and relationships and can greatly help to the prioritisation and design of conservation actions directed at conserving these organisms. In this thesis, by means of molecular ecology tools, I investigated the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of several taxa belonging to family Procellariidae, the most speciose in order Procellariiformes. I studied these at two levels: first at the genus level by describing phylogenetic relationships in genus Pseudobulweria, probably the most endangered seabird genus in the world; and second at the taxon and population level I focused on the Macaronesian group of gadfly petrels and on the Gould’s petrel complex, in particular regarding the relationships between its Australian and New Caledonian subspecies. Using a multiloci approach for each of these investigations provided a mean to improve our understandings : in Pseudobulweria the species tree approach used allowed inferring the phylogenetic relationships between all the taxa in the genus for the first time and to solve a taxonomic issue regarding the status of Beck’s petrel ; in Northeast Atlantic gadfly petrels, I showed that the divergence of the three taxa living in that region is much more recent than previously thought and that the three populations deserve at least the status of Evolutionary Significant Units ; in Gould’s petrel I showed that the two population currently recognised as subspecies are not structured genetically and the lineages have not diverged. These investigations underline the necessity to incorporate new methods and multiple loci when investigating the phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns in organisms to fully capture their complexity
Courquin, Betty. "Prise en compte de l’adaptation locale et de la dépression hybride en biologie de la conservation : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca, endémique de Haute Normandie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10129/document.
Full textIn conservation management of threatened populations or species, reintroduction and reinforcement procedures constitute essential tools. However, transplanted individuals may either establish in the introduction site or be poorly adapted to it. Moreover outcrosses may either increase or decrease outbred progeny fitness, by heterosis or outbreeding depression respectively. In this context, understanding the pattern of genetic and adaptive differentiation between populations is essential for the elaboration of conservation strategies. The objective of the present study is to apply this proposition in the context of the conservation program of Biscutella neustriaca, a declining species. First, we investigated progeny fitness from crosses between populations at distinct geographic scales. Second, we examined ecological differences between habitats, genetic differences in life-history traits between populations and the pattern of local adaptation in greenhouse and in introduction sites. Third, we compared the efficiency of two conservative reinforcement strategies. Finally after a synthesis of these three parts we developed a protocol for the conservation of B. neustriaca and more widely we identified the parameters to include for a successful transfer of individuals in threatened species or for a better understanding of failed attempts
Fontaine, Benoît. "La connaissance taxonomique des espèces rares : outil ou handicap pour la conservation de la biodiversité ?" Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0028.
Full textThe abundance of rare and small species is a characteristic of biodiversity, and these species are the least known. Moreover, ca. 1. 75 million species are known, but the global magnitude of biodiversity is probably over 10 million species, maybe many more. Last but not least, we are experiencing a major extinction crisis. Documenting biodiversity is thus a priority, if only to preserve it. Taxonomists are responsible for this documentation, as these are the ones who discover and describe species, but they suffer from a lack of manpower and infrastructure. Considering these facts (lack of knowledge on biodiversity, extinction crisis, taxonomic impediment), we examine the role taxonomists could play in conservation. The core of taxonomical work is double: discriminating species, and naming them. Discriminating species, before naming, gives data on species richness, rarity and size patterns, and could help the choice of conservation areas. When species are named, assessing endemism and threat status is possible, which also allows to orientate conservation actions. We illustrate these contributions to conservation with papers presenting results of terrestrial mollusc inventories in Gabon and French Polynesia. We then analyze the Fauna Europaea database, compiled by taxonomists, which shows that the indicators usually used to measure the state of biodiversity are missing most species and give a partial image of the situation. This thesis ends with an assessment of the interest and possibility of having a French scientific nomenclature for the molluscs of France, to facilitate conservation of poorly-known threatened species. Only taxonomists can deliver data on specific richness and patterns of endemism for the most numerous and least known species. Their contribution allows to take into account all biodiversity, and not only large vertebrates and flowering plants. In this framework, their role is crucial in conservation biology, together with population biologists, geneticists and ecologists
Bourgeois, Karen. "Ecologie, biologie et conservation d’un oiseau marin endémique de Méditerranée, Puffinus yelkouan." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30057.
Full textThe purpose was to study Puffinus yelkouan, a pelagic seabird remaining poorly known, in order to fill the knowledge gaps for this species ecology and biology, and to provide tangible data for its management and conservation. The review of its world status and threats emphasized that this is a threatened species. We evaluated morphometric and acoustic sexing methods and identified parameters to be considered for monitoring and census planning. The breeding habitat selection analysis highlighted a particularly low occupation rate of the suitable habitat. The analysis of feral cat predation impact showed that this predation constitutes a major threat for the species and revealed an unexpected population structure. These results prioritized cat eradication on our study site (Hyères islands) in order to enhance the breeding population dynamics and to avoid its extinction, the abundance of suitable and available breeding habitat allowing an increase in the species population
Laurent, Luc. "Une Approche de biologie de la conservation appliquée à la population de tortue marine caretta caretta de Méditerranée." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066143.
Full textFréville, Véronique. "La centaurée de la Clape : biologie d'une espèce rare et réflexions méthodologiques." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20046.
Full textValière, Nathaniel. "Amélioration et optimisation des méthodes non-invasives et des marqueurs microsatellites en biologie des populations et de la conservation." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10075.
Full textGlémin, Sylvain. "Dépression de consanguinité, systèmes de reproduction et biologie de la conservation. Approches théoriques et expérimentales chez Brassica insularis Moris." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20171.
Full textDrira, Sabrine. "Vers une meilleure prise en compte des incertitudes dans le processus de la planification systémique de la conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG074.
Full textSystemic conservation planning attempts to identify priority conservation areas. Bringing together tools and theories of several fields of research in ecology, the outcomes of the systemic planning of the conservation reflect the uncertainties inherent to the different stages of its process. This thesis proposes new approaches to address several methodological challenges related to various sources of uncertainty in systemic conservation planning.First, we propose a new conceptual framework for integrating uncertainties related to species distribution data into the systemic conservation planning process. The optimal conservation solutions, relative to the distribution scenarios, are identified through integers linear programming in, and take into account, through a post-selection approach, the variability of the species distribution models predictions throughout the process. This approach avoids the tacit trade-off between flexibility and efficiency of conservation solutions.Secondly, we provided a methodological background for optimizing three measures of functional richness in a set of reserves, thanks to integer linear programming. The differences between the corresponding conservation solutions highlight a source of uncertainty related to the definition and operationalization of the functional richness. At the origin of this uncertainty, a functional space built on different assumptions as to the calculations of functional distances between species.Third, we identified a source of uncertainty inherent to the species-area model fitting, and its impact along the systemic conservation planning process. We have shown that the application of one particular model may not provide reliable predictions for all habitats, which affects the estimation of conservation targets. Depending on the model used, the set of reserves selected is either ineffective or overestimated for habitat protection, resulting in a waste of conservation resources or inefficiencies in protecting biological resources. We then suggest performing a multi-model inference to provide robust habitat-specific conservation targets
Kiema, Sébastien. "Elevage extensif et conservation de la diversité biologique dans les aires protégées de l’Ouest burkinabé : arrêt sur leur histoire, épreuves de la gestion actuelle, état et dynamique de la végétation." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2031.
Full textBonnaud, Elsa. "Ecologie trophique et impact d'un prédateur introduit (Felis silvestris catus) dans les écosystèmes insulaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30080.
Full textBiological invasions are the first threat for the island biodiversity. Cats predators introduced on islands, feed on a wide range species. Cats are assumed to have an impact on at least 167 vertebrates on 123 different islands and contributed to the extinction of at least 32 taxa. On Hyeres archipelago, the diet of this predatorwas mainly constituted by introduced mammals and birds. The ship rat, the rabbit and the Mediterranean endemic yelkouan shearwater, represented more than 90% of the biomass ingested by cats. The cat predation on the yelkouan shearwater was strong and recurrent. Cat impact was evaluated by using demographic matrix models. Under such cat predation pressure, the small shearwater population of Port-Cros needs to be sustained by immigrant birds Face to this strong threat of shearwater extirpation, cat eradication was conducted on Port-Cros Island leading to an increase of the shearwater population without any sign of mesopredator release
Danancher, Delphine. "Apports de l'écologie comportementale à la conservation d'un poisson en voie de disparition : l'apron du Rhône (Zingel Asper)." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10228.
Full textGonzalo-Turpin, Héloïse Hazard Laurent Couix Nathalie. "Produire des connaissances pertinentes pour l'action en sciences de la conservation cas de la gestion de la diversité génétique intraspécifique en restauration écologique /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2009. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000815.
Full textGonzalo-Turpin, Héloïse. "Produire des connaissances pertinentes pour l'action en sciences de la conservation : cas de la gestion de la diversité génétique intraspécifique en restauration écologique." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7805/1/gonzalo_turpin.pdf.
Full textLe, Cuziat Joseph. "Contraintes environnementales et anthropiques influençant la répartition spatiale de l'outarde houbara Chlamydotis u. Undulata. Perspectives de conservation." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30032.
Full textThe objectives of this study was the identification and the assessment of environmental and human-induced constraints acting on the spatial distribution of a wild population of houbara bustards, an endangered flagship species of desert range-lands of North Africa. This will allow the definition of comprehensive conservation strategy for the species on its whole distribution area. This work focused on a 600 Km² study area located within semi-arid steppe-lands of the Eastern Morocco representative of North-Africa sub-sahelian environmental conditions. The study area was largely exploited by extensive pastoralism. The relevancy of the different suitable modelling techniques was assessed, relevant predictive variables were identified, environmental influences driving the spatial distribution of bustards on the study area have been put into a hierarchy, and existing functional links between factors and some life history traits of the species have been put into evidence
Kazakou, Elena. "Vie, mort et décomposition des feuilles d'espèces de succession secondaire méditerranéenne : vers une intégration de la gestion des éléments minéraux par les végétaux." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20041.
Full textThe main aim of this work is to determine the links between the processes occurring before, during and after leaf senescence. Two experiments were set up: one in a gradient of an old-field succession and a second one in a common garden experiment, where 18 species characterising the three stages of this succession were transplanted in two fertilisation levels. Our results demonstrate that leaf life span and nutrient resorption efficiency are two important and alternative strategies of nutrient conservation. Litter decomposability is successfully predicted by some traits of green leaves, especially those describing leaf robustness (leaf dry matter content, leaf tensile strength and leaf resistance to fracture). The leaf economic spectrum describing nutrient use in plants was found across species differing in successional stage. Species from early succession with high resource acquisition rates are replaced during succession by species which tend to conserve resources efficiently, the latter tending to produce leaves with low decomposition rates. Finally, in order to scale up from species to the ecosystem functioning, we propose to use leaf dry matter content as a functional marker of litter decomposability
Becker, Laetitia. "Étude du relâcher de loups (Canis lupus lupus) en Russie : méthodes d’élevage, modélisation d’habitat, dispersion et survie." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6120.
Full textFor a long time, human beings have made animal reintroductions and translocations into the wild, often for game reasons, sometimes by accident. With the species‟ extinction, these methods, with the ultimate goal of populations‟ reinforcement, became an attracting subject in conservation biology. They were successfully used with various mammal and bird species. However, concerning the large carnivores, potentially dangerous for human and livestock, few studies inquired about the feasibility of reintroduction of captive-raised predators. So as to test the effectiveness of grey wolf reintroduction, I studied 64 individuals raised and released at the Biological Station “Chisty Les” since 1993. The study of behaviour of wolves during the raising in captivity allowed setting up behavioural profiles of successful individuals. The satellite monitoring of released wolves only gave short-term results, but sufficient to see a trend of adaptation to the wild. Diet assessed by excrements analysis showed that wolves mainly feed on wild prey, with a great diversity, from insects to ungulates, as well as much vegetation. The results of this thesis thus proved the feasibility of captive-raised wolves‟ reintroduction: released individuals display behaviours in accordance to their social status, they are able to find food, and they keep a distance to humans and disperse to new territories
Andrieu, Émilie. "Impact de la progression forestière sur les espèces rares de milieu ouvert : écologie et dynamique des populations de la Pivoine officinale (Paeonia Officinalis L.)." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20084.
Full textRedon, de Colombier Louis de. "Intérêts écologiques des bords de route en milieu agricole intensif." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0029.
Full textRoads are essential components of our landscapes and they have important negative effects on biodiversity. However studies have shown that their verges may provide a positive effect for biodiversity in agrarian landscape where management intensification of the last sixty years leaded to the high rarefaction of biodiversity. We studied the possible functions of “habitat” and “corridor” of roadside verges for small mammals and plant communities in this agrarian context. First we rediscovered numbers of negative road effects as biotic homogenization of adjacent habitats, pollution of environment and barrier effects for some mammal species. We then showed that “refuge” and “corridor” effects associated to verges were a reality in agrarian landscapes. We also showed that number of anthropogenic parameters could impact those effects: roadside management (cutting), verge widths and hedgerows. We found that biodiversity of roadsides was able to maintain some local ecosystem services. Ecological interests of roadsides have been demonstrated with evidences that management policies could protect biodiversity of such marginal areas representing more than 2% of the landcover
Podeur, Gaëtan. "Quantification des bactéries histaminogénes et maîtrise de la formation d'histamine dans les produits marins par biopréservation." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=1f7697ee-4a5d-4374-98ee-47fb21ec5d43.
Full textHistamine-producing bacteria were isolated from naturally contaminated seafood, some of responsible for histamine-poisoning. At the same time, lactic acid bacteria were isolated on the same products and clustered according to their inhibitory activity against 4 histamine-producing species. Most of the strains were identified as Lactobacillus fuchuensis or Lactobacillus sakei. Twelve lactic acid bacteria were selected for challenge-test on canned, cooked or smoked tuna. Challenge-test combined with sensory analysis performed on cooked vacuum-packed tuna against Morganella psychrotolerans and Morganella morganii, demonstrated an important inhibitory effect on growth and production of histamine with L. Sakei CNCM I-4707. Bacterial count was reduced by 3 to 5 log CFU/g and histamine production was reduced under 50 mg/kg by L. Sakei after 4 days of storage at 15°C and 11 days at 4°C (for M. Psychrotolerans). Based on sensory evaluation, biopreservation performed with L. Sakei also extended the shelf-life of cooked tuna up to 8 days at 15°C. A real-time PCR method specific of M. Psychrotolerans and M. Morganii with a selective enrichment step was developed. After enrichment, this method allowed to quantify M. Psychrotolerans and M. Morganii between 50 CFU/g to 104 CFU/g, while direct amplification quantified these bacteria between 104 CFU/g to 109 CFU/g. Finally, the development of a new RT-qPCR method was initiated to demonstrate an over-expression of the genes involved in the reduction of histidine into histamine under acidic stress
Leroy, Boris. "Utilisation des bases de données biodiversité pour la conservation des taxons d’invertébrés : indices de rareté des assemblages d’espèces et modèles de prédiction de répartition d’espèces." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0033.
Full textInvertebrate taxa are underrepresented in conservation biology. To improve their inclusion, we aimed at providing principles and tools for their conservation. We analysed biodiversity database —defined as databases compiling species occurrences in space and time— which are the only sources of data for most invertebrate taxa. We applied important principles of data quality, and used a metric to quantify the completeness of biodiversity databases. We first developed a new tool at the assemblage level on the basis of databases of spiders and marine invertebrates: the Index of Relative Rarity. This index integrates a flexible parameter (the rarity cutoff) which allows fitting the index with respect to the considered taxon, geographic area and spatial scale. We then improved this index by including multiple scales or multiple phyla to assess the rarity of assemblages. We then developed tools at the species level: species distribution models. Using spiders as an example, we proposed an appropriate application for conservation purposes, to (1) define conservation priorities for species and (2) identify where conservation actions are most likely to succeed. The principles and methods that we developed allow an appropriate use of available biodiversity databases for conservation, are transferable to other invertebrate taxa and are innovative tools for conservation programs across multiple spatial scales
Maurice, Anne-Claire. "Dynamiques des liens entre plantes rares, hommes et espaces : socio-anthropologie des pratiques de (ré)introductions végétales." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02063716.
Full textDuring the 70’s, a new type of approaches gained popularity among specialists of living organisms: “reinforcements”, “introductions” and “reintroductions” of rare or threatened plants. Associated with the development of conservation biology, these approaches aim at reestablishing individuals in nature. Applied to animals, they sometimes appeared at the core of conflicts of national concern. Applied to plants, often considered to have less in common and hold lesser ties with humans, they appear mainly unnoticed. Behind this seemingly quiet appearance, what meaning and importance did they acquire for specialists? From which knowledge and during which dynamic of scientific ideas were they built? This thesis investigates the relationships between rare plants, humans and space through the socioanthropological study of (re)introduction projects carried out during the 80’s and 90’s and targeting three plant taxa: Cistus psilosepalus Sweet in Bretagne, Centaurea corymbosa Pourr. In Languedoc- Roussillon, and Arenaria grandiflora L. In Île-de-France. This thesis reveals changes of paradigms during which reintroduction projects in France were promoted: from the convergence of agronomical genetics and unique French institutions emerging from local impulsions – Botanical conservatories – to the organization and territorialisation of plant conservation in France. As collective projects, studied (re)introductions resulted from varying motivations, often related to the construction of an identity and a territory. Considered with distinct spatio-temporal and taxonomic frames of reference, (re)introductions resulted in the attribution of hybrid statuses to targeted plants. These marginal statuses were reinforced by the contingency of these projects. Beyond the approaches, the importance of the locations – of wild plants, of laboratory environment, of naturalist prospects, or of authority territory of Botanical Conservatories – appears critical as it allows various specialists gathering on the same object, though the latter is continuously questioned and redefined by each specialist
Berthier, Pauline. "Conservation animale : utilisation des parasites comme marqueurs de l’écologie évolutive des amphibiens." Perpignan, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PERP1090.
Full textIn the very current context of biodiversity, conservation stakeholders will need to gather as much information on the biology and ecology of endangered species. Unfortunately, those data being not always available, even from extensive studies on the species of interest, the objectives of the managers of natural areas are all the more difficult to achieve. As part of this thesis, we focused on a poorly studied group of organisms in the context of conservation, namely parasites. Indeed, because hosts and parasites are often old enemies who have co-evolved over long time periods, the parasites can save a great deal of information on their hosts that, when decoded, can be used for the development of best suited management plans. The association polystomes (Monogenea) - anuran amphibians, particularly couples Madapolystoma - Mantellidae and Metapolystoma - Ptychadenidae / Mantellidae, have been studied to explore Madagascar, biodiversity hotspot threatened by habitat destruction, environmental history and scalable guest endemic. From morphometric and molecular approaches, a variety of unsuspected polystomes could be detected, which was the subject of two new descriptions, Madapolystoma ramilijaonae and M. Cryptica. These results placed in a context of systematic hosts suggest the existence of complexes of cryptic species in two species of Malagasy amphibians, namely Guibemantis liber and Ptychadena mascareniensis. Through phylogenetic approaches and molecular dating, settlement patterns were also identified, suggesting different origins of the Malagasy polystomes. In conclusion of this work, the information conveyed by polystomes could afford, now, to act on certain species of amphibians. Indeed, the description of complexes of cryptic species tends to increase the already very high, microendemic species. Thus, because the ranges of taxonomic entities are much smaller than previously estimated, it is necessary to quickly rethink the areas to be protected
Bour, William. "Biologie, écologie, exploitation et gestion rationnelle des trocas (Trochus niloticus L. ) de Nouvelle Calédonie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20022.
Full textRascle, Pauline. "Biologie et écologie d'une population isolée : exemple d'Eryngium viviparum et perspectives pour sa conservation en France." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0075/document.
Full textThe geographical isolation is an important threat for the long term preservation of populations. It is crucial to understand how the viability of populations is affected in such context, in particular to define conservation priorities. Eryngium viviparum J.Gay (Apiaceae) is one of the most endangered plant in Europe, with a fragmented distribution between the NW of the Iberian peninsula and Brittany. ln France, the species is maintained only on a single locality, after the destruction of its habitat by human activities during 1980s. Despite a conservation program and an attentive management within a protected area, the strong isolation experimented by this population bring up questions about its long-term viability. In this context, through a multidisciplinary approach, this thesis aims to improve the biological and ecological knowledge of E. viviparum, and more particularly within its last French population. This thesis is organized according three main axes : (1) The study of large-scale E. viviparum ecological amplitude, and the characterization of its fine scale ecological preferences within the last french population. (2) The viability evaluation of the isolated population according to its demographic modalities, and to its genetic structure in comparison with Iberian populations. (3) The experiment of its reintroduction modalities in France.The results of this study will contribute to define the long-term conservation priorities of E. viviparum in France. Finally, the case of E. viviparum is a good model to study the effect of the isolation on an isolated population dynamic, and to apply adapted conservation for species in a similar context
Cucherousset, Julien. "Rôle fonctionnel des milieux temporairement inondés pour l’ichtyofaune dans un écosystème sous contraintes anthropiques : approches communautaire, populationnelle et individuelle." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S139.
Full textTemporary waters, transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are key habitats for many organisms. In the present study, the use of these habitats by fish has been investigated in the Brière marsh (Northwest, France). The results demonstrate that fish a restricted use, in time and space, of these habitats by fish and the role of several environmental parameters and fish individual characteristics. Regarding three crucial species of the community, the results demonstrate that temporary waters play an important role in their population functioning, and more particularly with regards to management policies. Nevertheless, the current management tools are not sufficient to efficiently manage the fish community of this threatened ecosystem. Complementary management prospects are discussed
Vanthomme, Hadrien. "L'exploitation durable de la faune dans un village forestier de la République Centrafricaine : une approche interdisciplinaire." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0004.
Full textThis manuscript presents the results of an interdisciplinary study of wildlife exploitation in Banga, a bofi forest village of 300 persons in Central African Republic. In the first part of this work, operating modes and worldviews of the four main local stakeholders of wildlife management are confronted: the Central African State, the local peoples (Pygmies and Bantus), a forester and a conservation-development project. This analysis shows marked differences between actors in terms of internal organization, influence networks, means available, knowledge of the resource and its exploitations, values, goals, strategies and vision of the future. Basically, there is a major conceptual divide between local people and the others stakeholders. The second part of this work summarizes the methods developed by the Conservation Biology to assess the sustainability of wildlife harvesting, applying them to our study site. We distinguished sustainability indices that can be classified as empirical or theoretical, and site-specific modeling exercises. This review identifies many approximations, uncertainties, questionable assumptions and errors that limit the relevance of sustainability indices. Furthermore, our analysis shows that these methods carry implicit values (environmentalism, fixism and neo-liberalism) that influence their results. Thus, the third part of this thesis proposes a synthesis of the wildlife management problem in Banga using the Panarchy framework, which gives a new definition of sustainability, of the role of science and of the practice of interdisciplinarity for complex problems solving. Four scenarios of prospective change and action are constructed, which clarify the values they promote, the beneficiaries of the actions engaged, the probability of success and their expected results
Deschamps-Cottin, Magali. "Facteurs écologiques de la distribution de Parnassius Apollo L. (Lepidoptera : papillionidae), du maintien et de l'extinction des populations en France. Conséquences pour l'établissement d'une politique de conservation efficace." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11081.
Full textBlambert, Laury. "Biologie et chimie des jumellea aromatiques de la Réunion : application à la conservation et à la valorisation des espèces." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0034/document.
Full textReunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions
Rozier, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude de la biologie de la conservation de Maculinea sp (lepidoptera, lycaenidae) dans les zones humides de la vallée du haut-Rhône." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10173.
Full textFall, Papa Abdoulaye. "Etudes des interactions entre une bactérie bioprotectrice, Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031, et Brochotrix thermosphacta et Listeria monocytogenes dans la crevette tropicale." Nantes, 2011. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=100f2572-2505-4343-a011-5eb62308370f.
Full textThe bioprotective potential of Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031 towards a specific spoilage organism, Brochothrix thermosphacta, was studied on tropical cooked peeled shrimp packed under modified atmosphere. In co-culture, the growth of this spoilage bacterium was inhibited by 4 log ufc/g by L. Piscium and the sensory quality of the product was improved during 31 days. The inhibition could not be attributed to lactic acid or nutritional competition for amino acids. The growth modelling of L. Piscium and B. Thermosphacta was performed in different conditions of temperature, pH and NaCl concentrations. The optimal growth values of these two bacteria are quite similar, however L. Piscium seemed to be more psychrotolerant than B. Thermosphacta but twice less tolerant to salt. The effect of the inoculation level of L. Piscium in combination with temperature and salt on the interaction with B. Thermosphacta was modelled. A high concentration (6-7 log ufc/g) was necessary to maintain the number of B. Thermosphacta lower than 4 log ufc/g. However sensory improvement of shrimp was obtained with lower inoculation level. Lastly, the interaction between L. Piscium and Listeria monocytogenes was studied on cooked peeled shrimp showing a 4 log cfu/g inhibition. The mechanisms involved in this inhibition were studied on a chemically defined medium (MSMA) allowing to obtain a similar inhibition. The inhibitory activity was not linked to glucose consumption, lactic acid production or competition for amino acids, bases or vitamins. However, cellular contact is necessary to obtain the inhibition
Berquier, Cyril. "Etude écologique et patrimoniale du peuplement des odonates de Corse appliquée à la conservation des espèces et des zones humides à enjeux." Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0011/document.
Full textCorsica is home to a great diversity of wetland subject to anthropogenic pressures and threats which have continued to grow and diversify in recent decades. The conservation of these environments with high heritage value and of the original Odonata community that develops in it, today represents significant environmental and societal challenges in order to preserve essential ecological services provided by these key elements of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The applied research project developed as part of this thesis is focused on improving the knowledge available on the corsican dragonfly’s community, to propose concrete conservation and management measures for this group and its main insular natural habitats.In this objective, the first part of this work has sought to fill principal knowledge gaps identified by previous studies on the situation of listed species, including by greatly intensifying exploration effort at the regional level. The special features, distribution, habitat requirements and ecological of many dragonflies growing in Corsica have been described with great precision. The information available on some taxa with high heritage value increased as illustrated by the comprehensive definition of eco-bio-geographical situation of Chalcolestes parvidens.The second part of this work has sought to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the main sampling methods commonly used for the study of dragonfly’s populations. In this context, the informations collected on the spatial organization and dynamics of the populations studied were especially used to propose appropriate methods for evaluation and monitoring the species to high conservation issue to main managers of natural areas of the island (County Councils, PNRC, municipalities ...), including the emblematic and threatened Lestes macrostigma.The third part of this work is devoted to the development of tools for monitoring the quality of the main Odonata habitats. It lead to the development of a new biological index adapted to assess the ecological status of corsican rivers: "Odonata Community Index - Corsica '(OCIC). This innovative tool, based on the study of characteristics of Odonata community of watercourses, was particularly effective during its confrontation with other biological indicators currently used on the island. The OCIC index today appear clearly as an alternative solution to improve the efficiency of the ecological quality assessment system of the Corsican rivers, given the representativeness vulnerabilities which have been highlighted by the tests performed.The final part of this thesis, based on heritage and environmental assessments of the insular dragonfly’s community made with all the information produced, ended with the development and the proposal of several regional conservation devices whose implementation is encouraged by the state services: a first regional actions plan, a first red list of threatened species and an updated list of species determinative for natural areas of ecological, flora and fauna interest. These important features are intended to contribute to improve the overall state of conservation of Corsican dragonflies and main wetlands that support them. They should enable the implementation of truly operational management actions and ensure better consideration of the main regional conservation and valuation issues identified.In the end, the thesis work that increased more than triple the previously available data on dragonflies of Corsica, will provide a new framework to developpe the isular odonatology
Thevenon, Sophie. "Dépression de consanguinité et caractérisation génétique de taxons menacés : application au cerf d'Eld (Cervus eldi) et au cerf sika du Vietnam (Cervus nippon pseudaxis)." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066530.
Full textPauwels, Julie. "Light pollution & biodiversity : What are the levers of action to limit the impact of artificial lighting on nocturnal fauna ?" Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0023/document.
Full textThe spatial extent of artificial light is increasing rapidly and significantly on Earth surface hence changing the nocturnal lightscape and threatening an important part of ecosystems. The rise in nighttime light levels induces a perturbation of the circadian rhythm and thus a modification of nocturnal, but also some diurnal, species behavior and interactions between species. Despite the spread of light pollution being of major concern, the knowledge gaps in this field limit the creation of regulations to reduce the impact of nighttime lighting on biodiversity. Therefore it is urgent to produce clear and practical information to build tools and define recommendations for land managers. In this context, the aim of the PhD thesis is to study the impact of light pollution on nocturnal fauna through two spatial scales in order to propose methods to evaluate and manage artificial light. We used bats as a model species as they are long-lived and nocturnal and thus highly impacted by light pollution. In addition, it has been shown that their population trends tend to reflect those of species lower in the trophic chain which makes them even more sensitive to anthropic pressures. First, we studied the effect of light pollution within cities. This spatial scale is both coherent with bats distance of movement and with the reality of public lighting management. Although some urban-adapted species living within large cities are considered to benefit from artificial light, this work showed that, at a scale including all aspects of bats daily travels, light has a negative effect on bats activity level. Also, even if a large part of light pollution is due to public lighting, the results show that private lighting should not be neglected. Beyond the impact on bat activity, artificial light can have a barrier effect when individuals are transiting and thus reduce the landscape connectivity. Whereas environmental policies are promoting the development of ecological corridors, not considering light pollution could significantly reduce their efficiency for nocturnal species. Modelling the link between biological data and landscape variables including light level allowed us to build adapted corridors for nocturnal species. This lead to the development of a tool to evaluate lighting scenarios that could be used prior to the implementation of a lighting plan in order to predict the impact it would have and hence adapt it to the local biodiversity issues. At a finer scale, it is necessary to understand which light characteristics are the most relevant levers of actions to formulate recommendations to limit light pollution impact on biodiversity. We carried a field work experiment in a protected area where conservation issues on bat species are even higher as the species most sensitive to light are protected there, together with their habitat, at the EU level. We worked at the interface between urban and semi-natural areas and showed that the illuminance was the most important light characteristic. Hence it is on this parameters that regulations should be applied in priority to limit the impact of light on areas that could potentially be used as corridors or dark refuges for sensitive species
Vitalis, Renaud. "Génétique des populations subdivisées : théorie et applications." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00535513.
Full textEggert, Christophe. "Le déclin du pelobate brun (Pelobates fuscus, amphibien anoure) : apport de la phylogéographie et de la dynamique de population à sa compréhension." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAMS025.
Full textGallard, Anthony. "Etude de la cryoconservation d'apex en vue d'une conservation à long terme de collections de ressources génétiques végétales : compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu et évaluation de la qualité du matériel régénéré sur le modèle pelargonium." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00448693.
Full textLouvrier, Julie. "Modélisation statistique de la distribution des grands carnivores en Europe." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG036/document.
Full textLarge carnivores are recovering in Europe, due to an increasing forest cover, ungulate population and conservation measures. Tthis return poses challenges as carnivores can interact with livestock farming. Assessing their distributions can help to predict and mitigate conflicts with human activities. Because large carnivores are highly mobile, elusive and live at very low density, modeling their distributions presents several challenges due to 1) their imperfect detectability, 2) their dynamic ranges over time and 3) their monitoring at large scales consisting of opportunistic data without a formal measure of the sampling effort. In this thesis, we focused on two carnivore species, wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), to develop the methodological aspects related to the modelling of species distributions. We considered the application of occupancy models in the context of monitoring large carnivores in Europe. These models allow the establishment of a link between the species’ presence and environmental covariates while accounting for imperfect detectability, in order to establish the proportion of a study area occupied by the species.We first assessed wolf range dynamics in France from 1994 to 2016, while accounting for species imperfect detection and showed the importance of accounting for time- and space-varying sampling effort using dynamic site-occupancy models.Second, acknowledging that false positives may occur when monitoring rare species, we showcased a dynamic occupancy model that simultaneously accounts for false negatives and positives to jointly analyze data that include both unambiguous detections and ambiguous detections. The analysis of data on the Eurasian lynx in Alpine countries suggested that incorporating ambiguous detections produced more precise estimates of the ecological parameters.Third, we developed a model accounting for heterogeneity in detection while dealing with false positives. Applying our new approach to a case study with grey wolves in France, we demonstrated that heterogeneity in wolf detection was due to a heterogeneous sampling effort across space.Fourth, to deal with multiple data sources, we developed a Poisson point process approach which allows the inclusion of different data sources when building SDMs. By doing so, we also answered the question about which source(s) of information would provide most of the information when monitoring the lynx in Norway.Fifth and finally, to understand the underlying mechanisms of the colonization of wolves in France, we developed a statistical framework for estimating spatiotemporal occupancy and abundance dynamics using the ecological diffusion framework. We demonstrated the potential of our approach to predict the potential future distribution of wolves in the short term, an element that could contribute to target management areas or focus on areas of potential conflict.Overall our work shows that opportunistic data can be analyzed with species distribution models that control for issues linked to the type of monitoring used to produce the data. Our approaches have the potential for being used by decision-makers to optimize the monitoring of large carnivores and to target sites where carnivores are likely to occur and mitigate conflicts
Bech, Nicolas. "Génétique de la conservation et du paysage : étude des populations de lagopède alpin et de perdrix grise en France." Phd thesis, Université de Perpignan, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939356.
Full textLedoux, Jean-Baptiste. "Biologie de la conservation du corail rouge, Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) : impact du changement global sur l'évolution des populations infralittorales en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22096/document.
Full textAnthropic pressures act synergistically from gene to ecosystems and from polar to tropical regions, inducing a strong biological loss, which is considered by many as the sixth mass extinction. The evolution of biodiversity facing the ongoing global change is thus an open question.The present study is focused on the shallow populations (5 - 60 m) of Corallium rubrum (Octocorallia,Coralliidae) in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. The red coral is a sessile and long-lived species with a larval phase, a slow population dynamics and an important structuring role in the Mediterranean hard substrates communities. This species faces a strong harvesting pressure, and recently underwent two massmortality events linked to positive thermal anomalies putatively due to ongoing climate change. These two pressures may have deep implications on the evolution of the shallow populations of this species. Using population genetics and field ecology, the main objective of this study was to define microevolutionary processes acting between and within red coral populations, to enhance our knowledge on the biology of this species facing the environmental changes. This work extends our knowledge concerning the ecology of Corallium rubrum, and provides new toolsand data for its conservation in the context of the ongoing global change. Moreover, this work improves our understanding in the biology of sessile marine organisms with a larval phase, illustrating for example the relevance of approaches conducted at fine geographical scales to address questions regarding the evolution of these organisms
Niyongabo, Ferdinand. "Diversité, biogéographie, écologie et conservation des Rubioideae-Rubiaceae en Afrique centrale, Burundi, R.D.Congo, Rwanda." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209721.
Full textles récoltes. Des taxons nouveaux pour le territoire étudié ont été découverts, révélant le caractère incomplet de la ‘World check-list of Rubiaceae’. Des taxons nouveaux pour la science ont été mis en évidence. Une espèce nouvelle (avec deux variétés) a été décrite. Les analyses de distribution ont utilisé deux niveaux de résolution: le système d’information géographique (SIG) pour la production des cartes de la distribution des espèces et le système de maillage pour calculer la densité et l’effort d’échantillonnage. La richesse floristique apparente est fortement biaisée par l’intensité d’échantillonnage. Après correction de ces biais, la diversité reste inégalement répartie.
Des régions de plus haute diversité peuvent être expliquées à la fois par des processus déterministes (régions à haute diversité ’habitats), et, probablement aussi par des contingences historiques (refuges). Elles correspondent à des zones de spéciation active ou de moindre extinction. De plus, cette diversité varie selon les phytochories considérées.
La distribution des taxons a été utilisée pour tenter de redéfinir sur une base objective des subdivisions phytogéographiques du territoire étudié. L’approche basée sur la similarité floristique et la distribution potentielle a démontré le rôle déterminant des taxons indicateurs et des variables environnementales
dans l’établissement d’un système cohérent de phytochories pour l’Afrique centrale. Un nouveau
système de trois territoires floristiques défini sur base des Rubioideae est comparativement proche de celui de White (1979, 1983) mais ne comprend pas des zones de transition.
Enfin, la caractérisation de l’état de conservation des Rubioideae de la zone d’étude, sur base de la méthodologie de l’UICN, a porté sur cinquante-six taxons (sub-)endémiques d’Afrique centrale. L’évaluation paramétrique a été largement utilisée. Elle est basée sur la détermination de la zone d’occupation (AOO) et de la zone d’occurrence (EOO). La proportion des Rubioideae menacés et coïncide avec celles des autres groupes déjà évalués. Cette analyse a démontré qu’il existe une corrélation entre les taxons menacés et les zones de forte concentration humaine.
This study is a contribution to the knowledge of biodiversity, geographic distribution and conservation of Rubioideae (Rubiaceae), a group of flowering plants in Central Africa (D.R.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi). The work is based on the critical evaluation of the rich herbarium collections conserved in Belgium and Burundi (> 10,000 specimens). A critical check-list of Rubioideae in Central Africa has been produced, comprising 291 taxa. A distribution map has been obtained for each of them. A number of taxa are new to the area, highlighting the gaps of knowledge in the ‘World check-list of Rubiaceae’. Species new to science have been detected, one of which has been formally described (with two varieties) in this study. The analysis of distribution patterns has been performed at two levels of resolution. Grid-maps have been used to analyse patterns of species diversity. Floristic richness appears strongly correlated with
sampling effort. After correction for sampling effort, species diversity remains heterogeneous.
Regions of higher diversity correspond either to areas of more active speciation, in relation to a high diversity of habitats, or to forest refuges where extinction rates have been lower. Additionally, this diversity varies between the different phytochoria recognized. The distribution of species has been used in an attempt to redefine phytochoria based only on floristic criteria. Floristic similarity, and potential distribution (based on climatic parameters), has shown that phytochoria can be effectively defined and characterized by the method of indicator taxa. Three major
phytochoria show a reasonably match with phytochoria previously proposed by White (1979, 1983), but White’s transition zones are not highlighted. Finally, distribution data have been used to critically evaluate the conservation status of 56 taxa, using the methodology and criteria of IUCN. The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) were calculated and used as main criteria to evaluate the species. A relatively high proportion of taxa appear to be threatened, especially in relation to urbanization and deforestation in the most
highly populated parts of the study area.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Blanc, Laetitia. "Dynamique des populations d’espèces rares et élusives : le lynx boréal en Europe." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS045.
Full textRare, discrete, fascinating and bloodthirsty are all adjectives used in Europe to describe the large carnivores that roam our forests. Degradation of their habitat and depletion of their prey, combined with these wild and "bloodthirsty" aspects, have led to numerous conflicts with humans and led them to disappear from most of their historical range. Since then, most of them have a protected status in most European countries. This status is guaranteed for most of these countries by the Habitats Directive and the Berne Convention. These laws created a favorable context for a gradual return of these species in our ecosystems. To fulfill the requirements established by these laws, it was necessary to improve scientific knowledge of the ecology of these species and to develop methodological tools to understand the dynamics of their populations. European countries then made considerable efforts to contribute to global knowledge and sustainable management of large carnivores. These efforts, in the case of the bear, wolf and lynx, are clearly not homogenous within Europe. The first challenge of this thesis was to evaluate the factors that might explain the heterogeneity of investment in the conservation of large carnivores in Europe. This chapter is based both on ecological criteria of local species and economic criteria of the countries of interest. The first strong result of this study revealed that the bear and lynx have the same profile and receive the same interest from European scientists, wolf differing from the two other species. The second convincing result revealed that the research would be more oriented towards abundant populations rather than small populations as previously assumed by the scientific community. The scientific investment in this first chapter is partly quantified by the amount of effort invested in monitoring populations. It turns out to be a real challenge for large carnivores. The secretive behavior of these species, their low density and their need for large spaces are all constraints to monitoring requiring substantial human and financial resources. Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) monitoring in France is a typical example of these constraints. Until now, monitoring was based on the collection of indirect presence signs. Recently, a non-invasive but expensive camera-trapping protocol has been settled in the French Jura Mountains. We then evaluated in a second chapter a new method for estimating the size of this population. This method has provided the first reliable estimate of the abundance of lynx in France. This estimate, however, came with a relative precision given the limited quantity of data collected during this session. The gap between the needs for a census of the population and the budget available for the monitoring of the species is huge so we had to develop a new modeling tool to achieve our goal. In the third chapter, the objective was to improve these estimates, optimizing the use of the available data. The combination of presence-absence data and camera trapping data has greatly improved the French Jura population estimates that go rising in recent years. The situation is not as favorable for the species on the Vosges part. This population, after reintroduction, appears to be declining drastically over the last 5 years. In a fourth chapter, we therefore investigated the effectiveness of two conservation strategies: the first one was to instate some connectivity between the Vosges and Jura populations and the second one to reintroduce individuals in the German Palatinate Forest, situated in continuity with the Vosges
Devoucoux, Pierrick. "Conséquences et impacts prévisibles d'une perte d'habitat majeure sur une espèce menacée aux exigences écologiques complexes : effets de la mise en place du contournement ferroviaire à grande vitesse Nîmes-Montpellier sur la dynamique de la population d'Outarde canepetière des Costières de Nîmes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2285/document.
Full textUrbanization and increasing transport infrastructure construction are known as the main cause of biodiversity loss. By habitat loss and landscape fragmentation they cause, these structures impact populations. Our work sought to assess, on a case of complex ecological requirements, foreseeable impacts of the establishment of a High Speed Line (HSL) and their consequences. We studied the population of Little Bustard Tetrax Tetrax of the Costières nîmoise area. Within its own range scale, this population is an exception: it reaches locally unusually high densities and develops distributions patterns never met previously. We sought to identify local variations in distribution and their correlation with habitat parameters in a wide range of spatial scales, to model the expected distribution patterns and expected impacts of future infrastructure
Guériau, Pierre. "La Faune continentale d'arthropodes aquatiques du Famennien (Dévonien supérieur) de Strud, Belgique : taxonimie, paléoécologie et tapohnomie par imagerie 2D synchrotron." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0034.
Full textThe continental deposits of Strud locality (late Devonian, Belgium) are well known for their highly diversified flora and vertebrate fauna, bu they have also yielded outstandingly well-preserved arthropod fauna. The latter includes a putative insect, but also a rare assemblage of continental aquatic crustaceans. This dissertation describes the earliest continental decapod crustacean, a new eucarid crustacean that gives insights into the origin of decapoda, and a modern-like community of branchiopod crustaceans. Finally, chemical taphonomy studies have been performed in order to decipher the fossilization processes at the locality. The dissertation presents new methodological developments regarding trace elemental imaging, in particular from the rare earth elements, which open new avenues for the future palaeoenvironmental and taphonomic studies