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Journal articles on the topic 'Elbow movement'
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1
Morrison, Craig S., Colby Clayburn, Duane Knudson, and Philip Haywood. "Accuracy of Visual Estimates of Joint Angle and Angular Velocity Using Criterion Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3 (June 2005): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.599-606.
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A descriptive study to document undergraduate physical education majors' (22.8 ± 2.4 yr. old) estimates of sagittal plane elbow angle and angular velocity of elbow flexion visually was performed. 42 subjects rated videotape replays of 30 movements organized into three speeds of movement and two criterion elbow angles. Video images of the movements were analyzed with Peak Motus™ to measure actual values of elbow angles and peak angular velocity. Of the subjects 85.7% had speed ratings significantly correlated with true peak elbow angular velocity in all three angular velocity conditions. Few (16.7%) subjects' ratings of elbow angle correlated significantly with actual angles. Analysis of the subjects with good ratings showed the accuracy of visual ratings was significantly related to speed, with decreasing accuracy for slower speeds of movement. The use of criterion movements did not improve the small percentage of novice observers who could accurately estimate body angles during movement.
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Gribble, Paul L., and David J. Ostry. "Compensation for Interaction Torques During Single- and Multijoint Limb Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2310.
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During multijoint limb movements such as reaching, rotational forces arise at one joint due to the motions of limb segments about other joints. We report the results of three experiments in which we assessed the extent to which control signals to muscles are adjusted to counteract these “interaction torques.” Human subjects performed single- and multijoint pointing movements involving shoulder and elbow motion, and movement parameters related to the magnitude and direction of interaction torques were manipulated systematically. We examined electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder and elbow muscles and, specifically, the relationship between EMG activity and joint interaction torque. A first set of experiments examined single-joint movements. During both single-joint elbow ( experiment 1) and shoulder ( experiment 2) movements, phasic EMG activity was observed in muscles spanning the stationary joint (shoulder muscles in experiment 1 and elbow muscles in experiment 2). This muscle activity preceded movement and varied in amplitude with the magnitude of upcoming interaction torque (the load resulting from motion of the nonstationary limb segment). In a third experiment, subjects performed multijoint movements involving simultaneous motion at the shoulder and elbow. Movement amplitude and velocity at one joint were held constant, while the direction of movement about the other joint was varied. When the direction of elbow motion was varied (flexion vs. extension) and shoulder kinematics were held constant, EMG activity in shoulder muscles varied depending on the direction of elbow motion (and hence the sign of the interaction torque arising at the shoulder). Similarly, EMG activity in elbow muscles varied depending on the direction of shoulder motion for movements in which elbow kinematics were held constant. The results from all three experiments support the idea that central control signals to muscles are adjusted, in a predictive manner, to compensate for interaction torques—loads arising at one joint that depend on motion about other joints.
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Zheng, Bin, and Christine L. MacKenzie. "The Control Strategy for Degrees of Freedom in Remote Prehension with a Tool." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 19 (October 2007): 1358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101918.
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Constructing movement couplings is essential for decreasing degrees-of-freedom for a compound movement that requires coordination over a multiple segments. Angular movements of joints in the upper limbs are examined, the pattern of movement couplings between prehension performed with the hands (natural prehension) and with a simple grasper held in the hands (remote prehension). In remote prehension, the shoulder and elbow joint are tightly associated with a clear in-phase joint to joint movement; the elbow and wrist display both anti- and in-phase movements due to the change of initial configuration of the upper limb when holding a tool. In contrast, the shoulder-elbow bond is mixed in natural prehension, but the elbow and wrist bond is predominant with an anti-phase pattern. With diversity for joint couplings, the movement consistency of the hinge is preserved with relatively smaller path variability. Results support the end-point control notion, i.e. movement is controlled by extrinsic coordinates close to the end-effectors of the movement system.
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Maeda, Rodrigo S., Tyler Cluff, Paul L. Gribble, and J. Andrew Pruszynski. "Compensating for intersegmental dynamics across the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints during feedforward and feedback control." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 1984–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00178.2017.
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Moving the arm is complicated by mechanical interactions that arise between limb segments. Such intersegmental dynamics cause torques applied at one joint to produce movement at multiple joints, and in turn, the only way to create single joint movement is by applying torques at multiple joints. We investigated whether the nervous system accounts for intersegmental limb dynamics across the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints during self-initiated planar reaching and when countering external mechanical perturbations. Our first experiment tested whether the timing and amplitude of shoulder muscle activity account for interaction torques produced during single-joint elbow movements from different elbow initial orientations and over a range of movement speeds. We found that shoulder muscle activity reliably preceded movement onset and elbow agonist activity, and was scaled to compensate for the magnitude of interaction torques arising because of forearm rotation. Our second experiment tested whether elbow muscles compensate for interaction torques introduced by single-joint wrist movements. We found that elbow muscle activity preceded movement onset and wrist agonist muscle activity, and thus the nervous system predicted interaction torques arising because of hand rotation. Our third and fourth experiments tested whether shoulder muscles compensate for interaction torques introduced by different hand orientations during self-initiated elbow movements and to counter mechanical perturbations that caused pure elbow motion. We found that the nervous system predicted the amplitude and direction of interaction torques, appropriately scaling the amplitude of shoulder muscle activity during self-initiated elbow movements and rapid feedback control. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the nervous system robustly accounts for intersegmental dynamics and that the process is similar across the proximal to distal musculature of the arm as well as between feedforward (i.e., self-initiated) and feedback (i.e., reflexive) control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intersegmental dynamics complicate the mapping between applied joint torques and the resulting joint motions. We provide evidence that the nervous system robustly predicts these intersegmental limb dynamics across the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints during reaching and when countering external perturbations.
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Lee, Goo Joo, and Donghwi Park. "Ultrasonographic Findings of the Ulnar Nerve Following Elbow Flexion in Patients with Cubital Tunnel Syndrome." Pain Medicine 21, no. 11 (June 28, 2020): 2684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa169.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the ultrasonographic findings obtained following various degrees of elbow flexion in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS). Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Setting General teaching hospital, rehabilitation unit. Subjects Electrophysiological and ultrasonographic assessments were performed on 11 elbows of healthy controls and 21 elbows of 17 patients with CuTS. Methods Dynamic movement of the ulnar nerve during elbow motion was measured. To measure ulnar nerve dynamic movement during elbow motion, the distance from the medial epicondyle (ME) to the nearest surface of the ulnar nerve toward the ME was measured at the cubital tunnel inlet at elbow extension (0°), elbow flexion to 60°, and elbow flexion to 90°. Results The distance between the ME and ulnar nerve was lower in CuTS patients than in healthy patients at all elbow flexion angles. This difference was statistically significant at 0° and 60° elbow flexion (P < 0.05). When calculating the cutoff value, the distance between the ME and ulnar nerve at full elbow extension for CuTS diagnosis was 0.53 cm (sensitivity = 71.4%, specificity = 90.7%). The distance ratio between the ME and ulnar nerve for diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow was 24.4% (sensitivity = 76.2%, specificity = 100%). Conclusion Measurement of the distance between the ME and ulnar nerve in full elbow extension may facilitate the diagnosis of patients with CuTS. These findings may be important for CuTS diagnosis, as they were also observed in patients with mild-stage CuTS.
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Scott, Stephen H. "Comparison of Onset Time and Magnitude of Activity for Proximal Arm Muscles and Motor Cortical Cells Before Reaching Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 1016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.2.1016.
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Scott, Stephen H. Comparison of onset time and magnitude of activity for proximal arm muscles and motor cortical cells before reaching movements. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1016–1022, 1997. The activity of motor cortical cells and proximal arm muscles during the initiation of planar reaching movements were analyzed to identify whether features of coordinated motor patterns of muscles spanning the elbow and shoulder were evident in the discharge patterns of motor cortical cells. Shoulder and elbow muscles were divided into four groups, flexors and extensors at each joint. Features of the initial agonist activity, onset time and magnitude, at the shoulder and elbow were compared for movements in different spatial directions. As observed for human movements, differences in the onset time and the relative magnitude of electromyographic activity (EMG) of muscles acting about the shoulder and elbow were dependent on the direction of movement. Motor cortical cells were categorized as elbow or shoulder related on the basis of their response to passive movement of the joints. Differences in the onset time and the relative magnitude of activity of cells related to the shoulder and elbow were both dependent on the direction of movement and were similar to those observed for muscles spanning these joints. There was a modest, but significant correlation between the onset time and magnitude of EMG for individual muscles. A similar magnitude-time coupling was observed for individual motor cortical cells. Variations in the discharge pattern of motor cortical cells before movement that mirror those observed for muscles spanning the shoulder and elbow support the potential role of primary motor cortex in the selection, timing, and magnitude of agonist motor patterns at the shoulder and elbow to initiate reaching movements.
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Ilic, Dusko B., Dragan M. Mirkov, and Slobodan Jaric. "Learning Transfer from Flexion to Extension Movements: Importance of the Final Position." Motor Control 2, no. 3 (July 1998): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mcj.2.3.221.
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Nine subjects (experimental group) were tested on rapid elbow flexion and extension movements performed in the same final position, before and after extensive practice of the movements. Nine additional subjects (control group) were also tested, but without any practice between the tests. Comparison of the pretest and posttest results suggested that the experimental group decreased their variable error (i.e., standard deviation of the final movement position) in both practiced (elbow flexion) and nonpracticed (elbow extension) movements. The control group, however, did not improve in either of tested movements. The experimental group demonstrated lower variable error in the nonpracticed elbow extensions than the control group, while the same difference for practiced elbow flexion movements was slightly below the level of significance. The results support the importance of the final position in programming of rapid, self-terminated movements; however, they do not rule out the role of other kinetic and kinematic variables (such as movement distance).
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Park, Sangbum. "Effect of Task Difficulty on Muscle Activation Patterns during Rapid Single-Joint Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3_suppl (June 2002): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3c.1157.
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This study investigated the effect of spatial accuracy demands on movement organization by analyzing the amplitude of the agonist and antagonist muscle activities emerging during horizontal elbow-flexion movements toward spatial targets of varying difficulties. 8 subjects performed elbow-flexion movements toward targets of 3 sizes, located at 2 distances, as rapidly and accurately as possible. For each movement, the elbow angles and the activities of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and lateral and long heads of triceps brachii were measured. Analysis on the kinematic variables indicated that final elbow angle and peak velocity decreased with increasing index of difficulty of the task in both movement-amplitude conditions. However, movement time increased with increasing index of difficulty. The amplitude of agonist and antagonist muscle activities measured for 100 msec. before movement initiation was also shown to decrease with increasing index of difficulty. Agonist and antagonist muscle activities measured during acceleration phase displayed similar patterns with those of premovement. These results suggest that the task difficulty affects movement organization, and the control system decreases the amplitude of agonist and antagonist muscle activities with an increase in the index of difficulty to enhance the controllability of the limb.
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Sainburg, R. L., M. F. Ghilardi, H. Poizner, and C. Ghez. "Control of limb dynamics in normal subjects and patients without proprioception." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 820–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.820.
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1. We recently showed that patients lacking proprioceptive input from their limbs have particular difficulty performing multijoint movements. In a pantomimed slicing gesture requiring sharp reversals in hand path direction, patients showed large hand path distortions at movement reversals because of failure to coordinate the timing of the separate reversals at the shoulder and elbow joints. We hypothesized that these reversal errors resulted from uncompensated effects of inertial interactions produced by changes in shoulder joint acceleration that were transferred to the elbow. We now test this hypothesis and examine the role of proprioceptive input by comparing the motor performance of five normal subjects with that of two patients with large-fiber sensory neuropathy. 2. Subjects were to trace each of six template lines presented randomly on a computer screen by straight overlapping out-and-back movements of the hand on a digitizing tablet. The lines originated from a common starting position but were in different directions and had different lengths. Directions and lengths were adjusted so that tracing movements would all require the same elbow excursion, whereas shoulder excursion would vary. The effects of varying interaction torques on elbow kinematics were then studied. The subject's dominant arm was supported in the horizontal plane by a low-inertia brace equipped with ball bearing joints and potentiometers under the elbow and shoulder. Hand position was monitored by a magnetic pen attached to the brace 1 cm above a digitizing tablet and could be displayed as a screen cursor. Vision of the subject's arm was blocked and the screen cursor was blanked at movement onset to prevent visual feedback during movement. Elbow joint torques were calculated from joint angle recordings and compared with electromyographic recordings of elbow joint musculature. 3. In control subjects, outward and inward paths were straight and overlapped the template lines regardless of their direction. As prescribed by the task, elbow kinematics remained the same across movement directions, whereas interaction torques varied substantially. The timing of the onsets of biceps activity and the offsets of triceps activity during elbow flexion varied systematically with direction-dependent changes in interaction torques. Controls exploited or dampened these interaction torques as needed to meet the kinematic demands of the task. 4. In contrast, the patients made characteristic errors at movement reversals that increased systematically across movement directions. These reversal errors resulted from improper timing of elbow and shoulder joint reversals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Mel’nichouk, Alexander P., Natalia V. Bulgakova, Arkadij N. Tal’nov, Fredrik Hellström, Uwe Windhorst, and Alexander I. Kostyukov. "Movement-dependent positioning errors in human elbow joint movements." Experimental Brain Research 176, no. 2 (July 19, 2006): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0612-6.
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Sainburg, R. L., H. Poizner, and C. Ghez. "Loss of proprioception produces deficits in interjoint coordination." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 2136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.5.2136.
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1. We analyzed the performance of a simple pantomimed gesture in 2 patients with large-fiber sensory neuropathy and 11 control subjects to determine how proprioceptive deafferentation disrupts unconstrained multijoint movements. Both patients had near-total loss of joint position, vibration, and discriminative touch sensation in the upper extremities. Muscle strength remained intact. 2. Subjects performed a gesture similar to slicing a loaf of bread. In this gesture, the hand first moves outward from the body, reverses direction sharply, and then moves back toward the body. Accurate performance requires precise coordination between the shoulder and elbow joints during movement reversals. Movements were performed under two conditions: with eyes open and with eyes closed. Three dimensional shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand trajectories were recorded on a WATSMART system. 3. When control subjects performed the gesture with their eyes closed, their wrist trajectories were relatively straight and individual cycles of motion were planar. Movements reversed direction sharply, such that outward and inward portions of the wrist path were closely aligned. Corresponding to this spatial profile, the reversals in movement direction at the shoulder joint, from flexion to extension, and at the elbow joint, from extension to flexion, were synchronous. 4. In contrast, when deafferented patients performed the gesture with their eyes closed, their wrist trajectories were highly curved and individual cycles were severely nonplanar. The wrist paths showed a characteristic anomaly during the reversal in movement direction, when elbow joint movement became transiently locked. Correspondingly, the movement reversals at the shoulder and elbow joints were severely temporally decoupled. 5. When patients were able to view their limbs during performance of this gesture there was significant improvement in the linearity and planarity of movements. However, the patients remained unable to synchronize the movements at the shoulder and elbow joints to produce spatially precise wrist paths. 6. We conclude that loss of proprioception disrupts interjoint coordination and discuss the hypothesis that this interjoint coordination deficit results from a failure to control the interaction forces that arise between limb segments during multijoint movements.
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Kasai, T., M. Kawanishi, and S. Yahagi. "Effects of Upper Limb Muscle Vibration on Human Voluntary Wrist Flexion-Extension Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.43.
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The effect of upper limb muscle tendon vibration during alternating step flexion-extension movements about the wrist was studied in 6 normal humans. A vibrator was mounted over either the wrist flexor muscle or the elbow flexor and extensor muscles. Vibration was applied either to a single muscle or simultaneously to both muscles during wrist flexion-extension movements. After a period of practice, subjects learned the required movements and were able to make them with their eyes closed. Simultaneous application of subthreshold vibration to the wrist flexor and the elbow extensor or flexor muscles during extension movements produced an undershooting of the required end-movement position. The observed results indicated the pattern of transjoint projections from elbow extensor and flexor muscles to motoneurons supplying wrist extensor and flexor muscles. It is also suggested that those transjoint projections play an important role in coordinated movement of wrist and elbow joints.
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Ando, Takeshi, Masaki Watanabe, Keigo Nishimoto, Yuya Matsumoto, Masatoshi Seki, and Masakatsu G. Fujie. "Myoelectric-Controlled Exoskeletal Elbow Robot to Suppress Essential Tremor: Extraction of Elbow Flexion Movement Using STFTs and TDNN." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2012): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p0141.
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Essential tremor is the most common of all involuntary movements. Many patients with an upper-limb tremor have serious difficulties in performing daily activities. We developed a myoelectric-controlled exoskeletal robot to suppress tremor. In this article, we focus on developing a signal processing method to extract voluntary movement from a myoelectric in which the voluntary movement and tremor were mixed. First, a Low-Pass Filter (LPF) and Neural Network (NN) were used to recognize the tremor patient’s movement. Using these techniques, it was difficult to recognize the movement accurately because the myoelectric signal of the tremor patient periodically oscillated. Then, Short-Time Fourier Transformation (STFT) and NN were used to recognize the movement. This method was more suitable than LPF and NN. However, the recognition timing at the start of the movement was late. Finally, a hybrid algorithm for using both short and long windows’ STFTs, which is a kind of “mixture of experts,” was proposed and developed. With this type of signal processing, elbow flexion was accurately recognized without the time delay in starting the movement.
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Widiyatmoko, Fajar, Buyung Kusumawardhana, and Muhammad Nur Ali Imran. "Perbandingan Gerak Elbow Extension dan Elbow Flexion Terhadap Akurasi Forehand Tenis Lapangan." Journal Sport Area 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(1).4229.
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Some of the beginner athletes in UKM of court tennis in UPGRIS conduct swing on the forehand striking in a slightly different way. Some when swinging with fully straight arms, some are slightly bent. The aim of the study is to investigate the differences between elbow extension and elbow flexion toward the accuracy level of forehand striking of court tennist. This research method uses comparative design. The sample of this study is the tennis players of the students in Universitas PGRI Semarang, the total are 7 people. The Hewiit Tennis Achievement Test is used for forehand striking instruments and dartfish software to find out the differences between the elbow movements and the analysis. Independent t-test is used to find out the differences of the striking accuracy result. The results show the significant differencs between elbow extension and elbow flexion with an average score of 22 and 63, with the significance value of a difference of 0.001. The conclusion of this research is that the elbow flexion movement in forwardswing step is better than elbow extension movement.
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Seth, Ajay, John J. McPhee, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Multi-Joint Coordination of Vertical Arm Movement." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 1, no. 1 (2003): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/685307.
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A model of the human arm was developed to study coordination of multi-joint movement in the vertical plane. The arm was represented as a two-segment, two-degree of freedom dynamic system with net muscle torques acting at the shoulder and elbow. Kinematic data were collected from a subject who performed unrestrained vertical movements with only the initial and final hand elevations prescribed. Movements were performed with and without a hand-held load. The method of computed torques was implemented to obtain net muscle torques, which enables position and velocity feedback to be used to estimate joint angular accelerations that produce a more stable simulation of arm movement. The model simulation was then used to calculate the contributions of the net muscle torques, gravitational torques and velocity-interaction torques to the angular accelerations of the shoulder and elbow and also to the vertical acceleration of the hand. The net muscle torques and gravity were the prime movers of the arm. The velocity-dependent effects contributed little to the dynamics of arm movement and were, in fact, insignificant when the hand was loaded. The muscles of the shoulder and elbow acted synergistically to elevate the arm in the sagittal plane. The hand was accelerated upward by the elbow first, until the point of maximum elbow flexion, after which the shoulder became the prime mover. Gravity acted consistently to accelerate the hand downward. Coordination was notably invariant to changes in external load. Some compensation for load was observed in the control, and these differences were attributed mainly to an increase in system inertia.
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Cordo, P. J. "Kinesthetic control of a multijoint movement sequence." Journal of Neurophysiology 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.1.161.
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1. The individual joint rotations of a movement sequence might be controlled either by a central motor plan or by motion-dependent (i.e., kinesthetic) sensory input. Most previous research has focused on how the nervous system uses central motor plans to control movement sequences. This study examined how the nervous system uses kinesthetic input to control a multijoint movement sequence. 2. Human subjects were trained to extend the elbow horizontally at 22 degrees/s and to open the hand as the elbow passed through a 2 degrees-wide target zone. Different distances to the target zone were used to examine a wide range of movement times of the elbow to target zone (i.e., 150-1,500 ms). 3. A hydraulic apparatus simulated a spring resistance to the elbow extension. In some trials, the spring constant was unexpectedly increased or decreased just before the subject initiated the elbow extension, causing the elbow to slow down or speed up. Because these changes in spring constant were randomly imposed and because no visual feedback was available, subjects had to use kinesthetic input to control this motor task. 4. The experimental subjects employed two different strategies for the use of kinesthetic input to control this motor task. In the first strategy, the subjects used kinesthetic input related to the elbow rotation to detect and correct velocity errors caused by the changes in spring constant. The onset of error correction varied between 92 and 196 ms after the appearance of velocity errors. The proportion of the error corrected by the time the elbow reached the target zone varied between 31 and 78%, depending on the movement time to the target zone. However, because this correction for velocity errors was neither instantaneous nor complete, the changes in spring constant caused leads and lags in the time that the elbow reached the target zone. 5. In the second strategy, subjects used kinesthetic input related to the elbow rotation to advance or delay the onset of the hand movement, thereby compensating for leads and lags in the arrival of the elbow at the target zone. These adjustments in the triggering time of the hand movement allowed subjects to open the hand while the elbow was in the target zone. This kinesthetic triggering mechanism was effective for elbow rotations reaching the target zone within 150-1,500 ms. 6. These results suggest that, to fully understand how multijoint movement sequences are controlled by the nervous system, sensory mechanisms must be considered in addition to central mechanisms.
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Salmond, Layne H., Andrew D. Davidson, and Steven K. Charles. "Proximal-distal differences in movement smoothness reflect differences in biomechanics." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 1239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00712.2015.
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Smoothness is a hallmark of healthy movement. Past research indicates that smoothness may be a side product of a control strategy that minimizes error. However, this is not the only reason for smooth movements. Our musculoskeletal system itself contributes to movement smoothness: the mechanical impedance (inertia, damping, and stiffness) of our limbs and joints resists sudden change, resulting in a natural smoothing effect. How the biomechanics and neural control interact to result in an observed level of smoothness is not clear. The purpose of this study is to 1) characterize the smoothness of wrist rotations, 2) compare it with the smoothness of planar shoulder-elbow (reaching) movements, and 3) determine the cause of observed differences in smoothness. Ten healthy subjects performed wrist and reaching movements involving different targets, directions, and speeds. We found wrist movements to be significantly less smooth than reaching movements and to vary in smoothness with movement direction. To identify the causes underlying these observations, we tested a number of hypotheses involving differences in bandwidth, signal-dependent noise, speed, impedance anisotropy, and movement duration. Our simulations revealed that proximal-distal differences in smoothness reflect proximal-distal differences in biomechanics: the greater impedance of the shoulder-elbow filters neural noise more than the wrist. In contrast, differences in signal-dependent noise and speed were not sufficiently large to recreate the observed differences in smoothness. We also found that the variation in wrist movement smoothness with direction appear to be caused by, or at least correlated with, differences in movement duration, not impedance anisotropy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article presents the first thorough characterization of the smoothness of wrist rotations (flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation) and comparison with the smoothness of reaching (shoulder-elbow) movements. We found wrist rotations to be significantly less smooth than reaching movements and determined that this difference reflects proximal-distal differences in biomechanics: the greater impedance (inertia, damping, stiffness) of the shoulder-elbow filters noise in the command signal more than the impedance of the wrist.
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Feng, Jie, Tsung-Min Hung, Rui Huang, Shuang Hou, and Jie Ren. "Role of Proprioception in Slow and Rapid Movements." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519895632.
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This study aimed to compare the contributions of sources of proprioception to the reproduction accuracy of relatively slower and more rapid arm movements. We recruited 34 volunteers and gave them dart throwing tasks under two different durations followed by joint position sense (JPS) tests and force sense (FS) tests at the elbow and the wrist. We found moderately positive correlations between slow movement performance and proprioceptive acuity with FS (wrist) and JPS (elbow), accounting for 52% of the absolute errors ( p < .001), and, with FS (wrist), accounting for 50% of the variable error ( p < .001). Moreover, we observed a smaller correlation between rapid movement performance and proprioceptive acuity, accounting for 17% of absolute errors with JPS (elbow; p = .008) and 11% of variable error ( p = .033). These results suggest that relatively slow movement performance is partly determined by performers’ proprioceptive acuity of the movement-related limbs. Relatively rapid movement performance is also affected by correctional proprioceptive feedback, though to a lesser degree.
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Shih, K. S., T. W. Lu, Y. C. Fu, S. M. Hou, J. S. Sun, and C. Y. Cheng. "Biomechanical Analysis of Nonconstrained and Semiconstrained Total Elbow Replacements: A Preliminary Report." Journal of Mechanics 24, no. 1 (March 2008): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s172771910000160x.
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ABSTRACTThe development of elbow arthroplasties has significantly improved the quality of life for many patients suffering from disabling elbow disorders. However, the high complication rate such as loosening and instability limits the long term use of total elbow replacement (TER). In the present study, biomechanical analyses on patients with unilateral nonconstrained (Souter-Strathclyde) and semiconstrained (Coonard-Morrey) TER subjects were performed to investigate differences of their motion patterns under unloaded and loaded conditions. In a biomechanical laboratory, each subject performed vertical and horizontal elbow flexion/extension first without and then with external loading (5 lb). The kinematic data were measured using 3D motion analysis system and the motion axis of the elbow was calculated by a well-defined mathematic model. During these tests, the upperarm was fixed with a special fixation device and their forearms fully supinated. The elbow motion patterns of the affected sides were compared with those of the normal sides and between different conditions. The results revealed that the elbows moved about a relatively fixed axis both in the semiconstrained and nonconstrained groups in the vertical flexion/extension with or without external loading, compatible with the normal elbows. However, the nonconstrained elbows were less stable during horizontal flexion/externsion motion with or without external loading and the elbow axis moved significantly, indicating of less stability. We conclude that this methodology of elbow motion analysis is acceptable and can be widely recommended for total elbow study. Moreover, the nonconstrained TER is less stable than the semiconstrained TER during the horizontal movement, which was compatible with previous clinical results. The patients with nonconstrained TER are suggested to avoid using their elbows in horizontal motion, especially in loaded conditions.
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Kadivar, Zahra, Christopher E. Beck, Roger N. Rovekamp, and Marcia K. O’Malley. "Single limb cable driven wearable robotic device for upper extremity movement support after traumatic brain injury." Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 8 (January 2021): 205566832110024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20556683211002448.
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Introduction Recently, soft exosuits have been proposed for upper limb movement assistance, most supporting single joint movements. We describe the design of a portable wearable robotic device (WRD), “Armstrong,” able to support three degrees-of-freedom of arm movements, and report on its feasibility for movement support of individuals with hemiparesis after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods We introduce Armstrong and report on a pilot evaluation with two male individuals post-TBI (T1 and T2) and two healthy individuals. Testing involved elbow flexion/extension with and without robotic-assisted shoulder stabilization; shoulder abduction with and without robotic-assisted elbow stabilization; and assisted shoulder abduction and flexion. Outcome measures included range of motion and root mean square trajectory and velocity errors. Results TBI subjects performed active, passive, hybrid and active assistive movements with Armstrong. Subjects showed improvements in movement trajectory and velocity. T1 benefited from hybrid, active, and assistive modes due to upper extremity weakness and muscle tone. T2 benefited from hybrid and assistive modes due to impaired coordination. Healthy subjects performed isolated movements of shoulder and elbow with minimal trajectory and velocity errors. Conclusions This study demonstrates the safety and feasibility of Armstrong for upper extremity movement assistance for individuals with TBI, with therapist supervision.
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Kim, Young-Kwan, Richard N. Hinrichs, and Natalia Dounskaia. "Multicomponent Control Strategy Underlying Production of Maximal Hand Velocity During Horizontal Arm Swing." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 5 (November 2009): 2889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00579.2009.
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Movement control responsible for generation of maximal hand velocity was studied on the example of horizontal arm swing that is a component of various sports activities. The movement was performed with the nondominant arm in similarity with the baseball bat swing. The task was to generate maximum hand velocity at a target. The movement included trunk long-axis rotation and horizontal shoulder and elbow extension. Kinematics and torque analyses were performed to study the organization of fastest movements and to compare trials representing the best and worst performance in each subject. Results revealed complex control strategy, with the trunk, shoulder, and elbow playing unique roles in generation of maximal hand velocity. The trunk provided a crucial contribution, directly, rotating the entire arm, and indirectly, exerting interaction torque that caused swift elbow extension. The major role of the shoulder was to transfer the mechanical effect of trunk motion to the elbow. However, the shoulder became the primary motion generator when the trunk reached its limits of rotation, revealing sequential organization of control. The role of the elbow was to maximally comply with passive influence of proximal joints. The findings are discussed in light of the leading joint hypothesis that offers a straightforward interpretation of control of horizontal arm swing as well as practically efficient recommendations for increases in movement speed. The revealed role of intersegmental dynamics in production of high movement speed suggests that movement slowness characteristic for some motor disorders may be partially a compensatory strategy that facilitates regulation of interaction torque.
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Beltran Jr., Angelo A., Roselito E. Tolentino, Nicomedes C. Javier, and Haihang Zhang. "MCU—based Robotic Elbow Movement Control." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijset/v4s8/807.
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Yamazaki, Yoshihiko, Masataka Suzuki, and Tadaaki Mano. "Control of rapid elbow extension movement." Brain Research Bulletin 30, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90034-9.
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Cordo, P., V. S. Gurfinkel, L. Bevan, and G. K. Kerr. "Proprioceptive consequences of tendon vibration during movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 1675–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1675.
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1. Previous studies have used tendon vibration to investigate kinesthetic illusions in the isometric limb and end point control in the moving limb. These previous studies have shown that vibration distorts the perceptions of static joint angle and movement and causes systematic errors in the end point of movement. In this paper we describe the effects of tendon vibration during movement while human subjects performed a proprioceptively coordinated motor task. In an earlier study we showed that the CNS coordinates this motor task-a movement sequence-with proprioceptive information related to the dynamic position and velocity of the limb. 2. When performing this movement sequence, each subject sat at a table and opened the right hand as the right elbow was passively rotated in the extension direction through a prescribed target angle. Vision of the arm was prevented, and the movement velocity was changed randomly from trial to trial, leaving proprioception as the only useful source of kinematic information with which to perform the task. 3. In randomly occurring trials, vibration was applied to the tendon of the biceps brachii, a muscle that lengthens during elbow extension. In some experiments the timing of tendon vibration was varied with respect to the onset of elbow rotation, and in other experiments the frequency of vibration was varied. In each experiment we compared the accuracy of the subject's response (i.e., the elbow angle at which the subject opened the hand) in trials with tendon vibration with the accuracy in trials without tendon vibration. 4. The effect of tendon vibration depended on the frequency of vibration. When the biceps tendon was vibrated at 20 Hz, subjects opened the hand after the elbow passed through the target angle ("overshooting"). Overshooting is consistent with an underestimate of the actual displacement or velocity of the elbow. Vibration at 30 Hz had little or no effect on the elbow angle at hand opening. Vibration at 40 Hz caused subjects to open the hand before the elbow reached the target angle (“undershooting”). Undershooting is consistent with an overestimate of the actual displacement or velocity of the elbow. The size of the error depended on the velocity of the passively imposed elbow rotation. 5. The effect of tendon vibration also depended on the timing of vibration. If 40-Hz vibration began at the onset of movement, the subject undershot the target. If 40-Hz vibration started 5 s before movement onset and continued throughout the movement, the undershoot error increased in magnitude. However, if 40-Hz vibration started 5 s before movement onset and then stopped at movement onset, the subject overshot the target. When vibration was shut off during movement, a transition occurred from an over-shooting error to an undershooting error at a time that depended on the velocity of elbow rotation. 6. In a separate experiment, subjects were instructed to match either the perceived dynamic position or the perceived velocity of rotation imposed on the right elbow by actively rotating the left elbow. In both matching tasks, tendon vibration produced oppositely directed errors depending on the frequency of vibration. Vibration at 20 Hz produced a perception of decreased elbow velocity and a bias in dynamic position in the flexion direction, and vibration at 40 Hz produced the opposite perceptions. 7. We conclude that muscle spindle afferents, which are activated by tendon vibration, are an important source of the dynamic position and velocity information that the CNS uses to coordinate this movement sequence task. The observed effects of vibration timing and frequency suggest that perceptual changes evoked by vibration cannot be explained by the simple summation of sensory input evoked by movement and by vibration. Rather, the bias in perception produced by vibration appears to be related to the difference between vibration- and movement-evoked activity in muscle spindle afferents.
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Fujita, Masaaki, and Ryuichi Nakamura. "Choice Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Extension during Passive Elbow Motions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (December 1988): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.905.
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The effect of passive elbow motions on electromyographic reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the biceps brachii for elbow flexion and the triceps for elbow extension was investigated in 8 normal subjects, using a choice-RT task, in which the subject was uncertain about the response direction to perform until the arrival of response signal after the passive motion started. Compared to the static condition, choice EMG-RTs shortened only when the direction of passive and response movements was the same. It seems that passive motions act as prior information on direction of movement in the choice-RT task.
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Gritsenko, V., N. I. Krouchev, and J. F. Kalaska. "Afferent Input, Efference Copy, Signal Noise, and Biases in Perception of Joint Angle During Active Versus Passive Elbow Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 3 (September 2007): 1140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00162.2007.
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Psychophysical studies have reported an overestimation of limb position in the direction of movement during the early part of active movements. The main hypothesis tested in this study is that the overestimation results from a process of forward prediction of limb state driven by an efference copy of the outgoing motor command. This hypothesis predicts that position overestimation should decrease or disappear during passive movements, for which there should be no efference copy. Seven subjects were asked to remember and to report the perceived angle of their elbow joint at different times during active and passive movements. They showed a highly velocity-dependent overestimation of the elbow joint angle near the beginning of the movement in both active and passive trials. Toward the end of the movement, subjects showed a relatively velocity-independent underestimation of their elbow angle in all trials. Contrary to the prediction of the efference copy hypothesis, the amplitude and the velocity-dependent slope of the elbow angle overestimation were both greater during the early part of passive movements than active movements. This indicates that psychophysical evidence of early overestimation of arm position on its own is not a sufficient proof of forward prediction based on an efference copy, at least under the conditions of this study. Decreased errors during active movements suggest that an efference copy can improve the accuracy of state estimation during active movements. Error patterns seem to parallel the likely level of sensorimotor noise, suggesting a probabilistic mechanism for position estimation.
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Bondar, A. "Features of the spatial organization of the body in athletes of various qualifications when hitting the ball in football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(126) (July 20, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.6(126).04.
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The article analyzes the angular characteristics of football players of different qualifications in the extreme phases of the impact of the middle part of the foot on a stationary ball. The angles of the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow joints involved in the impact are considered. Their quantitative values, changes and differences between them are determined. Analyzing the quantitative characteristics of the angles at different moments of the phases when performing a shot on the ball is established. Highly qualified football players have a pronounced coordination of movements in the corners of the lower extremities. In the first phase, the blow is performed due to movement in the hip joint, ending in the knee. In this case, athletes effectively use the movement in the shoulder joint in the initial phase of the impact to increase its strength. Movement in the elbow joint in the final phase to maintain balance. In low-skilled players, the coordination of movements is disturbed, both joints of the legs are equally involved in the first phase of the blow. The movement of the hands does not occur, the shoulder and elbow joints are connected only in the final phase of the movement. It is established that the angular characteristics of the knee, hip and elbow joints in the micro-phase of the support leg of the preparation phase have statistically significant differences. Also in the micro-phase shock motion of the working phase there are statistically significant differences in all four angles analyzed by us.
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Goodkin, H. P., J. G. keating, T. A. Martin, and W. T. Thach. "Preserved Simple and Impaired Compound Movement After Infarction in the Territory of the Superior Cerebellar Artery." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, S3 (May 1993): S93—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100048599.
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ABSTRACT:A patient with an infarct in the distribution of the right superior cerebellar artery was studied with regard to his ability to make simple movements (visually triggered, self-terminated ballistic wrist movements), and compound movements (reaching to a visual target and precision pinch of a seen object). Movements on the right side of the body alone were affected. Control movements were made by the normal left upper extremity. Wrist movement on the right side was normal in reaction time, direction, peak velocity, and end-point position control ascompared to the left. By contrast, both reaching and pinching movements on the right were impaired. Reaching movements showed marked decomposition of the compound elbow-shoulder movement into seriatim simple movements madealternately at elbow and shoulder. Pinching movements were not made, and instead winkling movements (a movement of index alone) were substituted. These results are compared to similar results of controlled inactivation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys. We conclude that one function of the cerebellum may be to combine elements in the movement repertoires of downstream movement generators. When that ability is lost, a strategy may be voluntarily adopted of using the preserved simple movements in place of the impaired compound movements.
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Sherwood, David E. "Electromyographic Control of Movement Time in a Rapid Aiming Movement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 107, no. 2 (October 2008): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.2.353-364.
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One of the major issues to emerge from research on human-limb movement is the manner in which the central nervous system regulates electromyographic (EMG) activity to produce movements that differ in duration and distance. Different models of control predict different relations between EMC characteristics and movement kinematics, particularly with regard to the role of EMC burst duration and movement time. However, models have been evaluated with means averaged over individuals and across large numbers of practice trials. The goal of this study was to assess how well individual subjects' data conform to the predictions of the control models. Participants ( n = 4) performed an elbow flexion and extension task over 45° in movement times between 90 and 260 msec. EMG amplitude and EMG burst duration from the right elbow flexors were correlated with movement time for each individual. As expected, movement time was positively correlated with EMG burst duration and negatively correlated with EMG amplitude, with wider ranges in the EMG burst duration–movement time correlations across participants. Data from all participants supported predictions of the impulse-timing control model, but the slopes of the studied relations varied across participants.
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Stofer, Virginia P., Scott McLean, and Jimmy Smith. "Do wrist orthoses cause compensatory elbow and shoulder movements when performing drinking and hammering tasks?" Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy 46, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijot-11-2017-0024.
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Purpose Wrist orthoses are used by occupational therapists to decrease pain, support weak muscles and protect tissues during healing. However, use of wrist orthoses has been observed to produce compensatory movements in other upper extremity joints. This paper aims to determine whether wearing wrist orthoses produced compensatory movements of the elbow in addition to the shoulder when performing drinking and hammering tasks. Design/methodology/approach Two twin-axis electrogoniometers were positioned on the elbow and shoulder to track joint movement. The four conditions were drink with orthosis, hammer with orthosis, drink without orthosis and hammer without orthosis. Joint movement was defined as total angular excursion of the joint throughout the performance of the task. Separate 2 × 2 (joint × orthosis) repeated measures analyzes of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate differences in joint excursion of the elbow and shoulder joints between orthosis conditions for each task. Findings Wearing a wrist orthosis did not change the amount of joint excursion compared to not wearing an orthosis during the drinking and hammering tasks. Originality/value Findings suggest that wrist orthoses do not result in statistically significant changes in elbow and shoulder joint movements during simulated drinking and hammering tasks.
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Maheshwari, R., S. Vaziri, and RH Helm. "Total elbow replacement with the Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis: our medium to long-term results." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 3 (April 2012): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588412x13171221589775.
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INTRODUCTION Semiconstrained total elbow replacement is now a well recognised and reliable surgical option for advanced elbow disease, mainly rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS We report a retrospective analysis of 31 primary total elbow replacements in 28 patients with a mean follow-up duration of 55 months. The mean age of the patients was 65 years. The indications included 27 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 3 fractures and 1 case of osteoarthritis. Twenty-one elbows in nineteen patients were assessed using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) in a special follow-up clinic. In the other nine patients (ten elbows), the assessment was carried out with case notes and x-rays. RESULTS The mean pre-operative MEPS in the 21 elbows recalled was 40. This improved to 89 post-operatively (range: 55-100). Sixteen of the twenty-one elbows were considered excellent, two good, two fair and one poor. The range of movement was recorded in eight of the other ten elbows and the mean was 98°. At the last follow-up visit, x-rays were normal in 23 elbows although the ulnar component was loose in 3, the humeral component loose in 2. There were also two cases of nonunion of the medial epicondyle and one patient had mild heterotopic ossification. Complications included one infection, which needed irrigation and debridement with a satisfactory final result, and two cases of ulnar nerve palsy/neurapraxia. Two elbows were considered failures due to severe pain caused by prosthetic loosening. These were referred for revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS Excellent pain relief and good function can be achieved in the medium and long term with the Coonrad-Morrey semiconstrained total elbow replacement prosthesis in patients with severe destructive elbow arthropathy.
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Almeida, Gil Lúcio, Daniel M. Corcos, and Ziaul Hasan. "Horizontal-Plane Arm Movements With Direction Reversals Performed by Normal Individuals and Individuals With Down Syndrome." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 1949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.4.1949.
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We examined the systematic variation in shoulder and elbow torque, as well as movement kinematics, for horizontal-plane arm movements with direction reversals performed by normal individuals and individuals with Down syndrome. Eight neurologically normal individuals and eight individuals with Down syndrome performed horizontal, planar reversal movements to four different target locations. The four locations of the targets were chosen such that there is a systematic increase in elbow interaction torque for each of the four different target locations. This systematic increase in interaction torque has previously been shown to lead to progressively larger movement reversal errors, and trajectories that do not show a sharp reversal of direction, for movements to and from the target in patients who have proprioceptive abnormalities. We computed joint torques at the elbow and shoulder and found a high correlation between elbow and shoulder torque for the neurologically normal subjects. The ratio of joint torques varied systematically with target location. These findings extend previously reported findings of a linear synergy between shoulder and elbow joints for a variety of point-to-point movements. There was also a correlation between elbow and shoulder torque in individuals with Down syndrome, but the magnitude of the correlation was less. The ratio of joint torques changed systematically with target direction in individuals with Down syndrome but was slightly different from the ratio observed for neurologically normal individuals. The difference in the ratio was caused by the generation of proportionately more elbow torque than shoulder torque. The fingertip path of individuals with Down syndrome showed a sharp reversal in moving toward and then away from the target. In this respect, they were similar to neurologically normal individuals but dissimilar to individuals with proprioceptive deficits. Finally, we observed that individuals with Down syndrome spend proportionately more time in the vicinity of the target than normal individuals. Collectively these results show that there is a systematic relationship between joint torques at the elbow and shoulder. This relationship is present for reversal movements and is also present in individuals with Down syndrome.
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Maeda, Rodrigo S., Julia M. Zdybal, Paul L. Gribble, and J. Andrew Pruszynski. "Generalizing movement patterns following shoulder fixation." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00696.2019.
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Generalizing newly learned movement patterns beyond the training context is challenging for most motor learning situations. Here we tested whether learning of a new physical property of the arm during self-initiated reaching generalizes to new arm configurations. Human participants performed a single-joint elbow reaching task and/or countered mechanical perturbations that created pure elbow motion with the shoulder joint free to rotate or locked by the manipulandum. With the shoulder free, we found activation of shoulder extensor muscles for pure elbow extension trials, appropriate for countering torques that arise at the shoulder due to forearm rotation. After locking the shoulder joint, we found a partial reduction in shoulder muscle activity, appropriate because locking the shoulder joint cancels the torques that arise at the shoulder due to forearm rotation. In our first three experiments, we tested whether and to what extent this partial reduction in shoulder muscle activity generalizes when reaching in different situations: 1) different initial shoulder orientation, 2) different initial elbow orientation, and 3) different reach distance/speed. We found generalization for the different shoulder orientation and reach distance/speed as measured by a reliable reduction in shoulder activity in these situations but no generalization for the different elbow orientation. In our fourth experiment, we found that generalization is also transferred to feedback control by applying mechanical perturbations and observing reflex responses in a distinct shoulder orientation. These results indicate that partial learning of new intersegmental dynamics is not sufficient for modifying a general internal model of arm dynamics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we show that partially learning to reduce shoulder muscle activity following shoulder fixation generalizes to other movement conditions, but it does not generalize globally. These findings suggest that the partial learning of new intersegmental dynamics is not sufficient for modifying a general internal model of the arm’s dynamics.
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Dickstein, Ruth, Yael Heffes, Yocheved Laufer, Nir Abulaffio, and Esther L. Shabtai. "Repetitive Practice of a Single Joint Movement for Enhancing Elbow Function in Hemiparetic Patients." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3 (December 1997): 771–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.771.
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The primary goal of this study was to assess whether repetitive practice of flexion-extension movements of the affected elbow in hemiparetic patients enhances performance and to compare the effects of this practice mode to the effects of the physical therapy variable exercise program which is routinely applied during sessions. Subjects were 27 poststroke hemiparetic patients, residents of a rehabilitation institute, divided into an experimental ( n= 15) and a control group ( n = 12). The former were treated with 800 repeated elbow movements in a maximal predetermined amplitude of 80°, provided in 8 equal sessions every other day. The latter received 10 min. of conventional physical therapy for the paretic upper extremity at similar time intervals. Pre- and posttreatment assessments included the bilateral measurements of kinematic variables and activation latencies of the biceps and triceps brachi muscles as well as motor and functional tests. For all criterion variables, the findings pointed to comparable improvement in both groups. It was concluded that repetitive elbow movements had no unique training effect on the kinematics of movement and on activation latencies of the primary muscles controlling elbow function in hemiparetic patients. Further, transfer of the effects of training to execution of movements towards and from the mouth was also comparable in both groups, pointing again to there being no particular advantage in using repetitive movements as a training mode for enhancement of elbow function in hemiparetic patients.
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Jayasinghe, Shanie A. L., Rui Wang, Rani Gebara, Subir Biswas, and Rajiv Ranganathan. "Compensatory Trunk Movements in Naturalistic Reaching and Manipulation Tasks in Chronic Stroke Survivors." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0090.
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Impairment of arm movements poststroke often results in the use of compensatory trunk movements to complete motor tasks. These compensatory movements have been mostly observed in tightly controlled conditions, with very few studies examining them in more naturalistic settings. In this study, the authors quantified the presence of compensatory movements during a set of continuous reaching and manipulation tasks performed with both the paretic and nonparetic arm (in 9 chronic stroke survivors) or the dominant arm (in 20 neurologically unimpaired control participants). Kinematic data were collected using motion capture to assess trunk and elbow movement. The authors found that trunk displacement and rotation were significantly higher when using the paretic versus nonparetic arm (P = .03). In contrast, elbow angular displacement was significantly lower in the paretic versus nonparetic arm (P = .01). The reaching tasks required significantly higher trunk compensation and elbow movement than the manipulation tasks. These results reflect increased reliance on compensatory trunk movements poststroke, even in everyday functional tasks, which may be a target for home rehabilitation programs. This study provides a novel contribution to the rehabilitation literature by examining the presence of compensatory movements in naturalistic reaching and manipulation tasks.
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WANG, WEI, DONGMEI WANG, and CHENGHUI LAI. "THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOVEMENT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ELBOW AND WRIST JOINT AND ANTHROPOMETRIC DETERMINANTS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 02 (March 2018): 1850013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418500136.
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This study aimed to investigate three-dimensional (3D) kinematic characteristics of elbow and wrist motions, the relationship between them, and the anthropometric factors affecting them. Using motion capture system, this study measured and calculated the 3D angles of elbow flexion/extension, elbow pronation/supination, wrist flexion/extension, and wrist adduction/abduction of 40 healthy young adults. The study measured nine anthropometric variables and used unpaired [Formula: see text]-tests to assess gender difference. Also, bivariate correlation tests and step-wise multiple regression analyses were performed between joint ranges and anthropometric variables, as well as different joint motions. Results showed two opposite patterns occurred during elbow flexion/extension. The study found a correlation between the range of elbow flexion/extension and the range of elbow pronation/supination that occurred during elbow flexion/extension. Additionally, the study tested joint correlations between the four joint motions. Finally, the study established bivariate and multiple regression relationships between range of elbow motions and anthropometric factors. This research presented an unrecognized pattern of 3D elbow flexion/extension, and associations between various anthropometric factors and different joint motions. These findings can contribute to the design of orthosis of upper extremities and the rehabilitation of joint mobility.
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Sainburg, R. L., and D. Kalakanis. "Differences in Control of Limb Dynamics During Dominant and Nondominant Arm Reaching." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2661.
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This study compares the coordination patterns employed for the left and right arms during rapid targeted reaching movements. Six right-handed subjects reached to each of three targets, designed to elicit progressively greater amplitude interaction torques at the elbow joint. All targets required the same elbow excursion (20°), but different shoulder excursions (5, 10, and 15°, respectively). Movements were restricted to the shoulder and elbow and supported on a horizontal plane by a frictionless air-jet system. Subjects received visual feedback only of the final hand position with respect to the start and target locations. For motivation, points were awarded based on final position accuracy for movements completed within an interval of 400–600 ms. For all subjects, the right and left hands showed a similar time course of improvement in final position accuracy over repeated trials. After task adaptation, final position accuracy was similar for both hands; however, the hand trajectories and joint coordination patterns during the movements were systematically different. Right hand paths showed medial to lateral curvatures that were consistent in magnitude for all target directions, whereas the left hand paths had lateral to medial curvatures that increased in magnitude across the three target directions. Inverse dynamic analysis revealed substantial differences in the coordination of muscle and intersegmental torques for the left and right arms. Although left elbow muscle torque contributed largely to elbow acceleration, right arm coordination was characterized by a proximal control strategy, in which movement of both joints was primarily driven by the effects of shoulder muscles. In addition, right hand path direction changes were independent of elbow interaction torque impulse, indicating skillful coordination of muscle actions with intersegmental dynamics. In contrast, left hand path direction changes varied directly with elbow interaction torque impulse. These findings strongly suggest that distinct neural control mechanisms are employed for dominant and non dominant arm movements. However, whether interlimb differences in neural strategies are a consequence of asymmetric use of the two arms, or vice versa, is not yet understood. The implications for neural organization of voluntary movement control are discussed.
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Jiang, Mengqi, Vijayakumar Nanjappan, Martijn ten Bhömer, and Hai-Ning Liang. "On the Use of Movement-Based Interaction with Smart Textiles for Emotion Regulation." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030990.
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Research from psychology has suggested that body movement may directly activate emotional experiences. Movement-based emotion regulation is the most readily available but often underutilized strategy for emotion regulation. This research aims to investigate the emotional effects of movement-based interaction and its sensory feedback mechanisms. To this end, we developed a smart clothing prototype, E-motionWear, which reacts to four movements (elbow flexion/extension, shoulder flexion/extension, open and closed arms, neck flexion/extension), fabric-based detection sensors, and three-movement feedback mechanisms (audio, visual and vibrotactile). An experiment was conducted using a combined qualitative and quantitative approach to collect participants’ objective and subjective emotional feelings. Results indicate that there was no interaction effect between movement and feedback mechanism on the final emotional results. Participants preferred vibrotactile and audio feedback rather than visual feedback when performing these four kinds of upper body movements. Shoulder flexion/extension and open-closed arm movements were more effective for improving positive emotion than elbow flexion/extension movements. Participants thought that the E-motionWear prototype were comfortable to wear and brought them new emotional experiences. From these results, a set of guidelines were derived that can help frame the design and use of smart clothing to support users’ emotional regulation.
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Drew, T., and S. Rossignol. "Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of intact unanesthetized cat. I. Movements evoked by microstimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 767–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.3.767.
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1. The present article described the various patterns of movement evoked in the limbs and neck by microstimulation (33-ms trains, 330 Hz, 0.2-ms pulses at less than or equal to 35 microA) of the medullary reticular formation (MRF) of seven chronically implanted, unanesthetized, intact cats. Altogether 878 loci were stimulated in 83 penetrations. However, as stimulation in the more lateral regions of the MRF was less effective, the results are based on stimulation in 592 loci made in 56 penetrations at distances of between 0.5 and 2.5 mm lateral to the midline. 2. Of these 592 loci, movement of one or more parts of the body was evoked from a total of 539 (91%) sites. Most of these movements were compound in nature, involving movement of one or more limbs as well as the head. Discrete movements were observed only with respect to the head; limb movements were always accompanied by head movement. In addition, hindlimb movements were always accompanied by forelimb movements, although the inverse was generally not true. 3. The most common effects of the stimulation were as follows: a turning of the head to the ipsilateral side (79% of stimulated sites); flexion of the ipsilateral elbow (41%); and extension of the contralateral elbow (45%). Effects in the hindlimbs were more variable and less frequent, with the majority of the effective loci causing flexion of the ipsilateral knee (9%) together with extension of the contralateral knee (8%). In total, including both flexion and extension, 18% of the stimulated sites caused movement of the ipsilateral hindlimb and 11% of the contralateral hindlimb. 4. Although movements of the head were obtained from the whole extent of the brain stem, movements of the forelimbs showed a dorsoventral organization with flexion of the ipsilateral elbow being evoked from the more dorsal regions of the brain stem, whereas contralateral elbow extension was evoked more frequently from the ventral regions. There was a large area of overlap from which movements of both limbs could be obtained simultaneously. Movements of the hindlimbs were more frequently evoked from central and ventral areas of the brain stem and from the most rostral aspect of the explored region. 5. In examining the combinations of movements evoked by the MRF stimulation, it was found that the most commonly evoked pattern was movement of the head to the stimulated side together with flexion of the ipsilateral forelimb and extension of the contralateral forelimb (26.5% of sites).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Nagashima, Mitsuyuki, Shohei Omokawa, Yasuaki Nakanishi, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh, Hideo Hasegawa, and Yasuhito Tanaka. "A Cadaveric Study of Ulnar Nerve Movement and Strain around the Elbow Joint." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 6487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146487.
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There is a lack of data on how ulnar nerve strain varies according to the location around the elbow joint. Therefore, we measured the longitudinal movement of the ulnar nerve around the elbow joint. Four fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities were used. A linear displacement sensor was attached to the ulnar nerve at eight measurement points at 20-mm intervals. At each point, the longitudinal movement of the ulnar nerve was measured during elbow flexion. We calculated the strain on the ulnar nerve based on the change in movement between neighboring points. Ulnar nerve movement with elbow flexion had a maximum value (mean, 10.5 mm; p < 0.001) at 2 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle. In the site distal to the medial epicondyle, the movement was small and demonstrated no significant difference between points (p = 0.1). The change in strain between mild flexion (0–60°) and deep flexion (60–120°) significantly differed at 2–4 cm and 6–8 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle (15% versus 3%, p < 0.01; 5% versus 9%, p < 0.05, respectively). The longitudinal movement of the ulnar nerve during elbow flexion occurred mainly at the site proximal to the medial epicondyle and became smaller away from the medial epicondyle.
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Neda, Fezaa Sh. "Short-term effect of ultrasound therapy on stiffness elbow joint." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 12, no. 25 (February 12, 2019): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v12i25.308.
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Elbow stiffness is hard to treat and commonly resulted from trauma or degenerative arthritis. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of using ultrasound therapy in management of stiff elbow joint resulted from several etiological factors. A total number of 42 patients (35 male and 7 female) allocated randomly from the Department of Physiotherapy at Al-yarmouk Teaching Hospital during 2013. Each patient examined physically by physiotherapist taking in consideration the measurement of the joint movement angle using goniometer in flexion and the extension, and the pain score using visual analogue scale (VAS). Ultrasound therapy initiated thrice weekly for two weeks. At the time of entry, the means degree of flexion and extension movements were 148.45 and 113.33º. Ultrasound therapy significantly reduced the pain from of 1.238±0.932 to 0.38± 0.538score. Significant improvement observed in patients aged more than 20 years and the improvement in flexion elbow significantly correlated with the frequency of ultrasound. In Conclusions ultrasound therapy is safe, effective and provided pain relieve as well as wide range of movement in post-traumatic elbow stiffness.
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Doeringer, Joseph A., and Neville Hogan. "Intermittency in Preplanned Elbow Movements Persists in the Absence of Visual Feedback." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 1787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1787.
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Doeringer, Joseph A. and Neville Hogan. Intermittency in preplanned elbow movements persists in the absence of visual feedback. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1787–1799, 1998. It has been observed for nearly 100 years that visually guided human movements appear to be composed of submovements, intermittently executed overlapping segments. This paper presents experiments to investigate the pervasiveness of movement intermittency and, in particular, whether it is exclusively due to visual feedback. With and without visual feedback, human subjects were asked to 1) move with constant velocity and 2) draw elliptical figures on a phase-plane display (showing velocity vs. position) that required cyclic movements at different frequencies. In both tasks, we found that removal of visual feedback did not significantly change movement intermittency. Subjects were unable to generate movements at constant speed. In addition, subjects moved less smoothly when drawing slower phase-plane ellipses. Furthermore, elliptical phase-plane figures were not always drawn at the frequency suggested by the center of the display. Instead, subjects moved more slowly than the tall (fast) ellipse displays suggested, and faster than the wide (slow) displays suggested. These results show that 1) movement intermittency is not exclusively due to visual feedback and 2) may in fact be a fundamental feature of movement behavior.
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Prange, G. B., M. J. A. Jannink, A. H. A. Stienen, H. van der Kooij, M. J. IJzerman, and H. J. Hermens. "Influence of Gravity Compensation on Muscle Activation Patterns During Different Temporal Phases of Arm Movements of Stroke Patients." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 23, no. 5 (February 3, 2009): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968308328720.
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Background. Arm support to help compensate for the effects of gravity may improve functional use of the shoulder and elbow during therapy after stroke, but gravity compensation may alter motor control. Objective. To obtain quantitative information on how gravity compensation influences muscle activation patterns during functional, 3-dimensional reaching movements. Methods. Eight patients with mild hemiparesis performed 2 sets of repeated reach and retrieval movements, with and without unloading the arm, using a device that acted at the elbow and forearm to compensate for gravity. Electromyographic (EMG) patterns of 6 upper extremity muscles were compared during elbow and shoulder joint excursions with and without gravity compensation. Results. Movement performance was similar with and without gravity compensation. Smooth rectified EMG (SRE) values were decreased from 25% to 50% during movements with gravity compensation in 5 out of 6 muscles. The variation of SRE values across movement phases did not differ across conditions. Conclusions. Gravity compensation did not affect general patterns of muscle activation in this sample of stroke patients, probably since they had adequate function to complete the task without arm support. Gravity compensation did facilitate active arm movement excursions without impairing motor control. Gravity compensation may be a valuable modality in conventional or robot-aided therapy to increase the intensity of training for mildly impaired patients.
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Kawano, Yui, and Mayumi Kuno-Mizumura. "Intra- and Inter-individual Movement Variability of Upper Limb Movements of Ballet Dancers." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2019.3023.
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OBJECTIVE: This study examined intra- and inter-individual variability in upper limb movements of ballet dancers when performing flapping swan-wing movements, and it assessed differences in joint angles of upper limbs between dancers of different skill levels. METHODS: 23 female ballet dancers (3 professional, 6 advanced, and 14 intermediate dancers) and 21 age-matched females without previous dance experience participated in this study. Thirty-three reflective markers were attached to each participant’s trunk and upper limbs, and the flapping upper limb motions from Swan Lake were subsequently captured with eight optical cameras. Peak values of upper limb joint angles (shoulder, elbow, and wrist joint) were obtained, and intra- and inter-individual movement variability of each joint angle were compared between groups. RESULTS: In joint angles of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, there were few differences among professional, advanced, and intermediate groups. The intra-individual movement variability in upward arm movements was significantly larger for professional and control groups than for advanced and intermediate groups, while in downward arm movement, variability became significantly smaller as technical level increased. Moreover, inter-individual movement variability was larger in the upward arm movement as technical level increased, and smaller in the downward arm movement for the professional group. The results suggested that the upward arm movements reflect dancers’ individual expression, while the downward arm movements reflect their technical competence at this swan-like movement. CONCLUSION: The complicated swan-like movements performed by skilled dancers in this study indicate that they execute expressive and technical components in sequence.
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Matsumoto, Yuya, Masatoshi Seki, Takeshi Ando, Yo Kobayashi, Yasutaka Nakashima, Hiroshi Iijima, Masanori Nagaoka, and Masakatsu G. Fujie. "Development of an Exoskeleton to Support Eating Movements in Patients with Essential Tremor." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 25, no. 6 (December 20, 2013): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2013.p0949.
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Essential tremor is a disorder that causes involuntary oscillations in patients both while they are engaged in actions and when maintaining a posture. Such patients face serious difficulties in performing such daily living activities as eating, drinking, and writing. We have been developing an electromyogram-controlled exoskeleton to suppress tremors and support the eating movements of these patients. This exoskeleton is designed to suppress tremors and support voluntary movement at the elbow in terms of flexion and extension: movement of the elbow is essential in eating movements. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of our prototype exoskeleton at suppressing tremors. Our goal was to answer two questions: To what extent are the oscillations suppressed when wearing the exoskeleton? Is the exoskeleton able to suppress the oscillations sufficiently to allow eating movements? We were able to confirm experimentally that our exoskeleton can effectively suppress tremors to support eating movements.
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Williams, Jay H., and William S. Barnes. "Temporal Pattern of Agonist-Antagonist EMG Activity during Rapid Limb Movements in Man." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 3 (December 1987): 933–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.933.
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Analysis of elbow-extension movements, executed at maximal velocity, show positive correlations of timing of agonist-antagonist EMG activity with both movement velocity and displacement. Results indirectly support the notion that the antagonist musculature provides a braking force to arrest rapid limb movements.
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Debicki, D. B., and P. L. Gribble. "Inter-Joint Coupling Strategy During Adaptation to Novel Viscous Loads in Human Arm Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 2 (August 2004): 754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00119.2004.
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When arm movements are perturbed by a load, how does the nervous system adjust control signals to reduce error? While it has been shown that the nervous system is capable of compensating for the effects of limb dynamics and external forces, the strategies used to adapt to novel loads are not well understood. We used a robotic exoskeleton [kinesiological instrument for normal and altered reaching movements (KINARM)] to apply novel loads to the arm during single-joint elbow flexions in the horizontal plane (shoulder rotation was allowed). Loads varied in magnitude with the instantaneous velocity of elbow flexion, and were applied to the shoulder in experiment 1 (interaction loads) and the elbow in experiment 2 (direct loads). Initial exposure to both interaction and direct loads resulted in perturbations at both joints, even though the load was applied to only a single joint. Subjects tended to correct for the kinematics of the elbow joint while perturbations at the shoulder persisted. Electromyograms (EMGs) and computed muscle torque showed that subjects modified muscle activity at the elbow to reduce elbow positional deviations. Shoulder muscle activity was also modified; however, these changes were always in the same direction as those at the elbow. Current models of motor control based on inverse-dynamics calculations and force-control, as well as models based on positional control, predict an uncoupling of shoulder and elbow muscle torques for adaptation to these loads. In contrast, subjects in this study adopted a simple strategy of modulating the natural coupling that exists between elbow and shoulder muscle torque during single-joint elbow movements.
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Kukke, Sahana N., and Terence D. Sanger. "Contributors to excess antagonist activity during movement in children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (May 2011): 2100–2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00998.2009.
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Children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy exhibit abnormal upper extremity postures and slow voluntary movement. However, the interaction between abnormal postures and abnormal movement in dystonia is still unclear. Some mechanisms by which postures are maintained in dystonia include stretch reflexes, overflow of muscle activation to other muscles, and direct coactivation of antagonist muscles. This study explored the independent contributions of each of these postural mechanisms to abnormal biceps brachii (antagonist) activity during elbow extension, which slows movement. A linear model of biceps activation as a function of velocity-dependent reflexes, triceps-dependent overflow, and direct drive to the biceps was fitted to experimental data from 11 children and young adults with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy and 11 age-matched control subjects. Subjects performed elbow extension movements against each of four levels of resistance without perturbations or in each of two perturbation conditions. Results show that biceps activity in children with dystonia consists of significant contributions of reflex activation, overflow from triceps, and direct muscular drive. Additionally, stretch reflexes during movement are shown to be elevated at three latencies after stretch. These findings suggest that there are postural mechanisms involved in stabilizing the elbow along its slow trajectory during movement and provide a quantitative basis for the selection of treatments targeting specific impairments in children with secondary dystonia due to cerebral palsy.
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Kiene, Johannes, Robert Wendlandt, Marcus Heinritz, Angelika Schall, and Arndt-Peter Schulz. "A Physiological Dynamic Testing Machine for the Elbow Joint." Open Orthopaedics Journal 7, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001307010078.
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Background: The aim of our study was to develop a test setup combining realistic force transmission with physiological movement patterns at a frequency that mimicked daily use of the elbow, to assess implants in orthopedic joint reconstruction and trauma surgery. Methods: In a multidisciplinary approach, an in vitro biomechanical testing machine was developed and manufactured that could simulate the repetitive forceful movement of the human elbow joint. The construction involved pneumatic actuators. An aluminum forearm module enabled movements in 3 degrees of freedom, while motions and forces were replicated via force and angular sensors that were similar to in vivo measurements. Results: In the initial testing, 16 human elbow joint specimens were tested at 35 Nm in up to 5000 cycles at a range of 10° extension to 110° flexion. The transmitted forces led to failure in 9 out of the 16 tested specimens, significantly more often in females and small specimens. Conclusions: It is possible to construct a testing machine to simulate nearly physiological repetitive elbow motions. The prototype has a number of technical deficiencies that could be modified. When testing implants for the human elbow with cadaver specimens, the specimen has to be chosen according to the intended use of the implant under investigation.
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Watkins, C. E. L., D. W. Elson, J. W. K. Harrison, and J. Pooley. "Long-term results of the lateral resurfacing elbow arthroplasty." Bone & Joint Journal 100-B, no. 3 (March 2018): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.100b3.bjj-2017-0865.r1.
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Aim The aim of this study was to report the long-term outcome and implant survival of the lateral resurfacing elbow (LRE) arthroplasty in the treatment of elbow arthritis. Patients and Methods We reviewed a consecutive series of 27 patients (30 elbows) who underwent LRE arthroplasty between December 2005 and January 2008. There were 15 women and 12 men, with a mean age of 61 years (25 to 82). The diagnosis was primary hypotrophic osteoarthritis (OA) in 12 patients (14 elbows), post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in five (five elbows) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in ten patients (11 elbows). The mean clinical outcome scores including the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons elbow score (ASES-e), the mean range of movement and the radiological outcome were recorded at three, six and 12 months and at a mean final follow-up of 8.3 years (7.3 to 9.4). A one sample t-test comparing pre and postoperative values, and survival analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method were undertaken. Results A statistically significantly increased outcome score was noted for the whole group at each time interval. This was also significantly increased at each time in each of the subgroups (OA, RA, and PTOA). Implant survivorship was 100%. Conclusion We found that the LRE arthroplasty, which was initially developed for younger patients with osteoarthritis, is an effective form of surgical treatment for a wider range of patients with more severe degenerative changes, irrespective of their cause. It is therefore a satisfactory alternative to total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) and has lower rates of complications in the subgroups of patients we have studied. It does not require activities to be restricted to the same extent as following TEA. Based on this experience, we now recommend LRE arthroplasty rather than TEA as the primary form of implant for the treatment of patients with OA of the elbow. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:338–45.