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Journal articles on the topic 'Elderly depression'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Kao, Senyeong, Yun-Chang Wang, Ya-Mei Tzeng, Chang-Kuo Liang, and Fu-Gong Lin. "Interactive effect between depression and chronic medical conditions on fall risk in community-dwelling elders." International Psychogeriatrics 24, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610212000646.

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ABSTRACTBackground: It is well documented that fall risk among elderly people is associated with poor health and depression. In this study, we set out to examine the combined effects of medical condition and depression status on fall incidents among community-dwelling elderly people.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the fall history of community-dwelling elders involving 360 participants. Those who had experienced at least two falls over the previous year, or one injurious fall, were defined as “fallers.” The Geriatric Depression Scale-15 was used as a screening instrument for depression status.Results: Based on a multivariate logistic regression and stratification analysis, depression was found to interact with various medical conditions on fall risk. In comparison with the non-depressive reference group, a six-fold fall risk was discernible among depressed elders with polypharmacy, while a five-fold risk was found among depressive elders using ancillary devices, along with a four-fold risk among depressive elders with diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Finally, arthritis was found to produce a nine-fold risk of falls among such populations.Conclusions: These findings suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on the integration of depression screening as an element of fall risk assessment in elderly people.

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Sutiyarsih, Emy, and Sr Felisitas A Sri S. "Efektifitas Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Depresi Pada Lansia." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 6, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.32831/jik.v6i1.145.

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Depression in eldery couldn’t be easily detected because physical complaint was more often than emotional complaint. In severe case, depression could cause suicidal behaviour (Irawan, 2013). Therefore, elderly need assistance to deal with depression, and Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) is one of the solution. Research design is pre-experimental design, using pre-test and post-test design. Before intervention, Geriatric Depression Scale test were given to one group of elder people. EFT intervention were given two times for four weeks, and Geriatric Depression Scale test were tested after intervention. Population was elder people who fulfill inclusion criterias, and 30 elderly were obatained. The significancy result was 0,000 (α = 0,05), it could be inferred that EFT has a strong relationship to depression scale. EFT could significantly reduce depression scale in elderly, so it can bes used effectively.

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Drevinja, F., S. Haxhibeqiri, G. Halilaj, A. Bunjaku, V. Haxhibeqiri, and N. Fanaj. "Elderly Depression." European Psychiatry 30 (March 2015): 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(15)31035-x.

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Batistoni, Samila Sathler Tavares, Tiago Nascimento Ordonez, Thaís Bento Lima da Silva, Priscila Pascarelli Pedrico do Nascimento, Priscilla Tiemi Kissaki, and Meire Cachioni. "Depressive symptoms in elderly participants of an open university for elderly." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 5, no. 2 (June 2011): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642011dn05020005.

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Abstract Although the prevalence of depressive disorders among the elderly is lower than among the younger population, the presence of significant symptoms of depression is common in this group. Studies report that participation in social, educational and leisure activities is related to fewer depressive symptoms in this population. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of depression among elderly participants of an Open University for the Third Age, in terms of the time studying. Methods: The study had a cross-sectional design and the participation of 95.2% (n=184) of total enrollers in the first half of 2010 on the activities of the Third Age Open University's School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities of the University of São Paulo. All participants answered a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Results: An association between studying time of over one semester at the University of the Third Age and a lower rate of depressive symptoms, was observed. Conclusion: Study time of over one semester was associated with less depressive symptoms, acting as a possible protective factor against depression.

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Devanand, D. P. "Dysthymic disorder in the elderly population." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 1 (October 23, 2013): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021300166x.

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ABSTRACTThe diagnosis of dysthymic disorder was created in DSM-III and maintained in DSM-IV to describe a depressive syndrome of mild to moderate severity of at least two years’ duration that did not meet criteria for major depressive disorder. The prevalence of dysthymic disorder is approximately 2% in the elderly population where subsyndromal depressions of lesser severity are more common. Dysthymic disorder was replaced in DSM-V by the diagnosis of “persistent depressive disorder” that includes chronic major depression and dysthymic disorder. In older adults, epidemiological and clinical evidence supports the use of the term “dysthymic disorder.” In contrast to young adults with dysthymic disorder, older adults with dysthymic disorder commonly present with late age of onset, without major depression and other psychiatric disorders, and with a low rate of family history of mood disorders. They often have stressors such as loss of social support and bereavement, and some have cerebrovascular or neurodegenerative pathology. A minority has chronic depression dating from youth with psychiatric comorbidity similar to young adults with dysthymic disorder. In older adults, both dysthymic disorder and subsyndromal depression increase disability and lead to poor medical outcomes. Elderly patients with dysthymic disorder are seen mainly in primary care where identification and treatment are often inadequate. Treatment with antidepressant medication shows marginal superiority over placebo in controlled trials, and problem-solving therapy shows similar efficacy. Combined treatment and collaborative care models show slightly better results, but cost effectiveness is a concern. Further work is needed to clarify optimal approaches to the treatment of dysthymic disorder in elderly patients.

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Lampert, Melissa Agostini, and Ana Luiza Pereira Rosso. "Depression in elderly women resident in a long-stay nursing home." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 9, no. 1 (March 2015): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642015dn91000012.

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Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among the elderly: it is present in 23-40% of community-dwelling elderly and in 25-80% of institutionalized elderly. Depressive symptoms are most prevalent in elderly women because they more readily seek healthcare services, are more vulnerable to stress and live longer than men. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of depression and its comorbidities in a long-stay nursing home (NH). METHODS: This retrospective, descriptive, epidemiological study was performed at a NH in southern Brazil and comprised the first part of a larger project to determine depression and its relationship with psychosocial factors in NH residents. Sociodemographic and medical data were obtained through the examination of medical files from November 2012 to January 2013. Depression was defined as the diagnosis reported by physicians in medical files and scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (15-item version) above 5. Other clinical and psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from medical files. RESULTS: Out of a total of 142 elderly women, 51.4% had at least one psychiatric disorder, the most common being depression, affective bipolar disorder and mental retardation. Almost one third (32.3%) of the elderly women were depressed. The ward containing the highest number of cognitively and physically independent women contained 41.3% of the total depressed elderly. A total of 52.1% of all depressed elderly had other associated clinical or psychiatric disorders, with mental retardation and hypothyroidism being the most frequent. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dementia was high in this NH. Further studies evaluating the psychosocial factors involved in depressed elders should be conducted in an effort to prevent depression and promote mental health in institutionalized elders.

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Kurdi, Fauziah Nuraini, and Rostika Flora. "Physical Exercise Increased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Elderly Population with Depression." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 13 (July 20, 2019): 2057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.574.

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BACKGROUND: Depression is very common in the elderly population. Physical exercise is one of the non-pharmacological procedures that promise to be a solution to improve the severity of depression. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) plays a role in maintaining the survival of neuronal cells and in the regulation of synapse plasticity, affecting serotonin production in the hippocampus and thus the depressive symptoms. AIM: This study aimed to assess the role of physical exercise in affecting BDNF levels in elderly with depression. METHODS: Thirty-five elderly women (age ≥ 50 years) with depressive episodes based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-V criteria were enrolled as treatment group, and 35 elderly women without depressive episodes were enrolled as control group, and underwent physical exercise in the form of treadmill with a speed of 6 km/h for 15 minutes. Physical exercise was carried out once a day for 28 days. As much as 1 ml of blood from the study, subjects were obtained from the cubital vein before the exercise commenced. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) serum level was assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data were presented in the form of mean ± SD. An independent T-test was used to test levels after exercise in the depression group compared to the non-depression group. RESULTS: Pre-exercise BDNF levels in the depression group were lower than the group of elderly without depression. Physical exercise increased BDNF production in both elderly groups with and without depression. In the depression group, the increasing percentage of BDNF level was higher compared to non-depressive elderly. CONCLUSION: The increasing percentage of BDNF level was found to be higher in depressive elderly performing physical exercise. Physical exercise may be beneficial in supporting the therapy of elderly with depression.

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Ozpulat, Funda. "Depression Frequency Among Turkish Elders and Influent Factors." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, no. 8 (December 9, 2017): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjapas.v0i8.2783.

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Elderly population in the world gradually increases both numerically and proportionally due to reasons like decrease in fertility and deaths. Elders generally have a respectable position in the Turkish family structure. However, there is a gradual increase in the number of elder individuals living in nursing homes due to reasons like the changes brought along modern life and participation of women in business life at higher rates, family bonds are gradually weakening especially in cities, and the social support factors, which are known to have an effect upon the depression risk of elder individuals, are gradually decreasing. Making interventions aimed at reviving the cultural features that would strengthen family relations and bonds, developing national action plans that would enable elder individuals to be physically active and the society to grow old healthfully and bringing various social activities and hobbies in elders will be considerably effective upon decreasing depressions that may be encountered in elder individuals. Keywords: Elder individual, depression, social support

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Guo, Yingqi, Shu Sen Chang, Chee Hon Chan, Qingsong Chang, Chia-Yueh Hsu, and Paul S. F. Yip. "Association of neighbourhood social and physical attributes with depression in older adults in Hong Kong: a multilevel analysis." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212977.

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BackgroundPrevious studies investigating the independent effects of neighbourhood-level factors on depression are rare within the Asian context, especially in the elderly population.MethodsData for 29 099 older adults aged 65 years or above who have received health examinations at elderly health centres in Hong Kong in 2008–2011 were analysed. Using multilevel regression modelling, the cross-sectional associations of neighbourhood social attributes (neighbourhood poverty, ethnic minority, residential stability and elderly concentration) and physical (built) attributes (recreational services and walkability) with depression outcomes (depressive symptoms and depression) after adjusting for individual-level characteristics were investigated. Gender interaction effects were also examined.ResultsNeighbourhood poverty was associated with both depressive symptoms and depression in the elderly. Neighbourhood elderly concentration, recreational services and walkability were associated with fewer depressive symptoms. The association between neighbourhood poverty and elderly depressive symptoms was found in women only and not in men.ConclusionPolicies aimed at reducing neighbourhood poverty, increasing access to recreational services and enhancing walkability might be effective strategies to prevent depression in older adults in the urban settings.

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Pradhan, SN. "Depression in Elderly." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 1, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v1i1.9921.

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Heun, Reinhard, and Sandra Hein. "Risk factors of major depression in the elderly." European Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (May 2005): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.036.

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AbstractBackgroundSeveral risk factors of depression have been identified in retrospective as well as some prospective studies in the elderly. Confirmation in independent samples is needed. The present follow-up study prospectively investigated risk factors of depression in an elderly German sample.MethodsOne thousand four hundred and thirty-one subjects from a family study were re-investigated after 4.7 ± 2.5 years. Bivariate and multivariate forward logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors of the development of new depression in the elderly.ResultsRisk factors of a new depressive episode in 1408 elderly without current depression were age, female gender, a previous depression, subjective memory impairment, previous anxiety and somatoform disorders. The presence of dementia or mild cognitive impairment were significant risk factors in bivariate, but not multivariate analysis controlling for possible confounding. Risk factors of a first geriatric depressive episode were age, gender and subjective memory impairment; age remained the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThis investigation confirms previous studies from other countries concerning the relevance of risk factors for depression in the elderly. The knowledge of risk factors might help identify subjects at increased risk of depression for early intervention approaches. Elderly with a history of previous depression carry the highest risk.

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Linka, Emese, György Bartkó, Tamás Agárdi, and Katalin Kemény. "Dementia and Depression in Elderly Medical Inpatients." International Psychogeriatrics 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610200006207.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlation of cognitive impairments, major depression, and depressive symptoms among elderly medical inpatients, and to compare the degree of depressive symptomatology as well as cognitive deterioration in possible vascular dementia and possible Alzheimer's disease. In a department of internal medicine, 100 (36 male, 64 female) 65-year-old or older patients were examined by a semistructured interview, and assessed by the Hachinski Ischemic Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDS), and the Modified Mini-Mental State (MMMS) Examination. In our total sample, the MMMS total score was (±SD) 76.0 ± 15.5 and the HDS total score was (±SD) 12.0 ± 6.1. Based on DSM-IV criteria, major depression was established in 11 patients. Deterioration of cognitive functions was seen in 66 patients; cognitive impairment was mild in 30 patients, moderate in 19, and severe in 17. Forty-six patients had mild depressive symptoms and 27 had severe depressive symptoms. In summary, a high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and depressive symptomatology was detected in our study, illustrating the importance of psychiatric care in elderly medical inpatients.

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O’Connor, Patrick J., Louis E. Aenchbacher, and Rod K. Dishman. "Physical Activity and Depression in the Elderly." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1, no. 1 (October 1993): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.1.1.34.

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Exercise is often recommended to elderly persons for enhancing both physical and mental health. This paper reviews the scientific evidence relating physical activity and reduced depression in the elderly. Population based studies and experimental investigations are summarized and critically evaluated. Included is a discussion of some unique challenges that must be met in order for the relationship between depression and physical activity in the elderly to be adequately studied. The weight of the available population based survey evidence, on noninstitutionalized elderly only, suggests a moderate relationship between self-reported physical inactivity and symptoms of depression. However, there is no compelling experimental evidence that exercise per se is effective in preventing or treating depressive disorders in the elderly. Suggestions aimed at improving future research in this area are offered.

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Mumulati, Safitri Burhan, Susanti Niman, and Maria Yunita Indriarini. "Relationship of Education, Age, Gender, Marital Status and Long Stay at Nursing Homes with Depression Events in Elderly." Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jkj.8.3.2020.329-336.

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The prevalence of depression in the elderly in the world with an average age of 60 years is estimated there are 500 million people. The prevalence of depression in Indonesia based on the Information Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, elderly who experience depression by 11.6%. The effects of depression are decreased concentration and suicidal ideation. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between education level, age, sex, marital status and length of stay in nursing homes with the incidence of depression in the elderly. Research using quantitative methods with cross-sectional design. 101 elderly research respondents obtained by purposive sampling. The instrument used was a questionnaire and geriatric depression scale (GDS-15). Analysis of the data with chi-square test, the results obtained there is a relationship between the last education with the incidence of depression (p-value 0.014) and there is no relationship between age and the incidence of depression (p-value 0.132), there is no relationship between sex with the incidence of depression (p-value 0.273), there was no relationship between marital status and depressive events (p-value 0.187), there was no association of length of stay with depressive events (p-value 0.192), there was no relationship between family visits and depressive events (p-value 0.879).

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Costa, Amanda Lucas da, Juliana Santos Varela, Osmar Mazetti, Luciane Restelatto, Andry Fitterman Costa, Claudia Godinho, Ana Luiza Camozzato, Paulo D. Picon, and Márcia L. Chaves. "Comparison of the Mini Mental State Examination and depressive symptoms between high cardiovascular risk and healthy community elderly groups." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20400011.

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Abstract The aging of the population is a universal phenomenon with direct consequences upon the public health system. One of the main repercussions of the growth in this sector of the population is the increased prevalence of disorders such as dementia and depression which are very frequent among the elderly. The relationship between cardiovascular risk factors, dementia and depression have been addressed in many recent investigations. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship of cognitive performance and depressive symptoms with cardiovascular risk in the elderly. Methods: 94 high cardiovascular risk elderly patients and 160 healthy community elderly were evaluated cross-sectionally. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) were used as the main measures. The cutoff for presence of depression was 6 on the GDS. Results: The high cardiovascular risk elderly group showed significantly lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.001) and was significantly associated to depression (p<0.001), independently of education. The logistic regression analysis for depression as the dependent variable, age and group (healthy community or high cardiovascular risk elderly) were kept in the final equation. Higher age (Odds Ratio=0.92; 95% CI 0.86-0.98) and high cardiovascular risk elderly (OR=2.99; 95% CI 1.36-6.59) were associated to depression. Conclusions: The present findings corroborate the different cognitive performance of elderly with high cardiovascular risk factors and the association of depressive symptoms with this group.

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Kim, Kye Y., and Linda A. Hershey. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in the Elderly." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 18, no. 3 (September 1989): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fu3d-eku1-4wxx-jvc9.

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Depression and suicide are significant problems in the elderly, both in terms of their severity and their prevalence. It is particularly difficult to distinguish depression from early dementia, since elderly depressed patients often deny mood disorder and focus on their memory problems. This differential diagnostic dilemma is further complicated by the fact that 20 percent of Alzheimer-type dementia patients have moderate to severe depression. An even higher prevalence of depression can be seen in elderly patients with stroke or Parkinson's disease. Most all of the depressive disorders of the elderly are amenable to one form or combination of therapies: pharmacologic, electro-convulsive, or psychotherapy. Tricyclic antidepressants are often associated with adverse drug reactions in the elderly, so alternatives such as MAO inhibitors, alprazolam, bupropion and psychostimulants are currently being explored in this patient population.

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Matias, Amanda Gilvani Cordeiro, Marília de Andrade Fonsêca, Maria de Lourdes de Freitas Gomes, and Marcos Antonio Almeida Matos. "Indicators of depression in elderly and different screening methods." Einstein (São Paulo) 14, no. 1 (March 2016): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082016ao3447.

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among elderly and correlate the agreement between the screening methods used. Methods A cross-section study of 137 elderly attending the Programa Vivendo a Terceira Idade [Living for the Elderly Program]. Depressive symptoms were screened by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, by Yesavage. Cohen´s kappa analyzed the degree of agreement of these scales. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms screened by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was 62.8% and, by the Geriatric Depression Scale, 52.6%. The Spearman correlation between the results of scales obtained rho=0.387, p<0.000. The Kappa reliability coefficient was 0.41 and significance level of p<0.001. The screening methods showed sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 44%. Conclusion Both scales showed moderate agreement and were useful for detecting a relevant prevalence of the target outcome of depression among the elderly.

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Pereira, Joana Alegria, Felismina Mendes, Tatiana Mestre, Maria Otília Zangão, and Catarina Pereira. "The Relationship Between Depression and Violence Risk Predictors on Elderly." International Journal of Studies in Nursing 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v4i1.536.

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The purpose of this study was to understand the correlation between the elderly with depressive symptomatology and the predictors of the risk of violence against them. The method used was a quantitative approach using the Statistical Package program for Social Sciences. There was a participation of 237 elderly people aged 65-96 years, of the project “Aging in Safety in Alentejo-Understanding to Act”, at the University of Évora. The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Predictors of Risk of Violence (an adaptation of the Elder Abuse and Neglect-Risk Assessment Tool and Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale) were applied. About the results, 50 elderly (21.1%) had mild depressive symptomatology, and 14 (5.9%) had severe depressive symptomatology. Of the 64 elderly individuals who presented depressive symptomatology 55 were female. In the relationship between the severity of depressive symptomatology and predictors of risk of violence, significant results were found in three dimensions: current supports and relationships, family context and cognitive/emotional difficulties. The main conclusion of the study is that factors like no social support networks, complex family context and cognitive and emotional changes, contribute to greater physical and mental vulnerability of the elderly, resulting in cases of anxiety and stress, which present a depressive symptomatology and the risk of violence.

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Ghanmi, L., S. Aloulou, A. Mechri, K. Zitoun, A. Ben Hmida, L. Zouari, and M. Maalej. "Depression among elderly cancer patients." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.711.

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IntroductionDepression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the elderly and its consequences are severe.AimsTo measure the prevalence of depression in elderly cancer patients and subsequently determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors correlated with this disorder.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of patients aged over than 65 years old, suffering from cancer and who had no cognitive impairment, admitted in 2013 in the Oncology and palliative care unit of Gabes regional Hospital (Tunisia). We used a self-rating questionnaire to detect sociodemographics and clinical variables, the Geriatric depression scale (GDS) to assess depressive symptoms, and the Activity of Daily Living to determine the degree of autonomy.ResultsAt the end of our investigation, we included 60 patients. The prevalence of depression was 48%. Depression was significantly correlated with: marital status (widower subjects were more depressed (74% vs. 34%, P = 0.007)), less degree of autonomy (80% vs. 38%, P = 0.04), fatigue (62% vs. 26%, P = 0.007), pain (59% vs. 26%, P = 0.02), family psychiatric history (80% vs. 20%, P = 0.02), family history of death by cancer (72% vs. 38%, P = 0.01), WHO condition (67% vs. 34%, P = 0.04) and the presence of co morbidity in particularly diabetes (69% vs. 41%, P = 0.05).ConclusionDepression is prevalent in oncogeriatric environments. This could compromise quality of support and care of these patients. Close collaboration between oncologist and psychiatrist is needed to support and relieve these patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Barcelos-Ferreira, Ricardo, Rafael Izbicki, David C. Steffens, and Cássio M. C. Bottino. "Depressive morbidity and gender in community-dwelling Brazilian elderly: systematic review and meta-analysis." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 5 (May 18, 2010): 712–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000463.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Although studies indicate that community-dwelling elderly have a lower prevalence of major depression compared with younger age groups, prevalence estimates in Brazil show that clinically significant depressive symptoms (CSDS) and depression are frequent in the older population. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of and factors associated with depressive disorders and symptoms in elderly Brazilians has not previously been reported. The aims were (i) to perform a survey of studies dating from 1991 to 2009 on the prevalence of depressive disorders and CSDS in elderly Brazilians residing in the community; (ii) to determine depression prevalence and identify associated factors; and (iii) develop a meta-analysis to indicate the combined prevalence and the influence of gender on depressive morbidity in this population.Methods: Studies were selected from articles dated between January 1991 and May 2009, extracted from Medline, LILACS and SciELO databases.Results: A total of 17 studies were found, 13 with CSDS, 1 with major depression alone and 3 with major depression and dysthymia, involving the evaluation of 15,491 elderly people. The average age of participants varied between 66.5 and 84.0 years. Prevalence rates of 7.0% for major depression, 26.0% for CSDS, and 3.3% for dysthymia were found. The odds ratios for major depression and CSDS were greater among women. There was a significant association between major depression or CSDS and cardiovascular diseases.Conclusion: The review indicates greater prevalence of both major depression and CSDS compared to rates reported in the international literature, while the prevalence of dysthymia was found to be similar. The high prevalence of CSDS and its significant association with cardiovascular diseases reinforces the importance of evaluating subthreshold depressive symptoms in the elderly in the community.

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Ranjan, S., A. Bhattarai, and M. Dutta. "Prevalence of depression among elderly people living in old age home in the capital city Kathmandu." Health Renaissance 11, no. 3 (January 17, 2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9634.

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Background: There has been a considerable increase in the numbers of older people in the world population of both developed and developing countries. These populations are thought to be at greater risk for depression. Many researches are conducted on physical wellbeing of elderly but studies regarding depression among elderly, especially in old age home is lesser in the developing countries. Objectives: To assess depression among elderly residing in an old age home in Kathmandu and its association with some of the socio-demographic variables. Methods: One hundred fifty elderly people residing in social welfare centre elderly home, Pashupatinath, Gaushala, Kathmandu, Nepal were selected randomly. Geriatric depression scale (GDS) was applied in all the individuals to assess the prevalence and degree of depression. Results: This study showed that, 47.33% of population had depression. Among the depressed population, 70.42% had mild depression and 29.58% had severe depression. There was significant association between the prevalence of depression and history of physical illness. Conclusion: Depressive disorder is highly prevalent among the elderly population residing in the old age home in Kathmandu with history of physical illness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9634 Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):213-218

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Luck-Sikorski, Claudia, Janine Stein, Katharina Heilmann, Wolfgang Maier, Hanna Kaduszkiewicz, Martin Scherer, Siegfried Weyerer, et al. "Treatment preferences for depression in the elderly." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 3 (November 28, 2016): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216001885.

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ABSTRACTBackground:If patients are treated according to their personal preferences, depression treatment success is higher. It is not known which treatment options for late-life depression are preferred by patients aged 75 years and over and whether there are determinants of these preferences.Methods:The data were derived from the German “Late-life depression in primary care: needs, health care utilization, and costs (AgeMooDe)” study. Patients aged 75+ years (N = 1,230) were recruited from primary care practices. Depressive symptoms were determined using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Support for eight treatment options was determined.Results:Medication, psychotherapy, talking to friends and family, and exercise were the preferred treatment options. Having a GDS score ≥ 6 significantly lowered the endorsement of some treatment options. For each treatment option, the probability of choosing the indecisive category “I do not know” was significantly increased in participants with moderate depressive symptoms.Conclusions:Depressive symptoms influence the preference for certain treatment options and also increase indecision in patients. The high preference for psychotherapy suggests a much higher demand for late-life psychotherapy in the future. Healthcare systems should begin to prepare to meet this anticipated need. Future studies should include previous experience with treatment methods as a confounding variable.

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Cooke, Stephen C., and Melissa L. Tucker. "Geriatric Depression." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, no. 6 (December 2001): 498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719001129040991.

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Depression in the elderly is more common than once thought, especially in nursing home settings, where as many as 25% of residents can exhibit signs and symptoms of depression. Depression in the elderly can have a significant impact on overall health and desired outcome. The depressed elderly patient has been shown to have worsened prognosis of concomitant medical conditions, increased use of health care, decreased recovery time, and more likelihood to experience accelerated physical deterioration. Suicide represents the most serious complication of depression of the older depressed individual. The elderly are at a disproportionate risk for suicide attempts and are more likely to be successful. Diagnosis should be made using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed.) (DSMIV) criteria, and clinicians should use standardized rating scales such as the Geriatric Depression Scale to assist in monitoring the severity of depressive symptoms and the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. Several treatment options are available to the clinician and include psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, older antidepressants such as the tricyclics, and newer more tolerable therapies such as the serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drug therapy should be individualized and should take into account the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that are associated with normal aging.

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24

Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Bärbel Knäuper, and Ronald C. Kessler. "Lifetime Risk of Depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, S26 (December 1994): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293240.

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Over the past decade, major epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of depressive syndromes, primarily major depression or dysthymia. The highest prevalences occur in younger cohorts (18–29 years); considerably lower prevalences are found in older individuals (45 years and above), with the lowest in those aged 65 and older. Several studies have confirmed an increase in the cumulative lifetime estimates of major depression in successively younger birth cohorts during this century. At the same time, questions have been raised about the low prevalence of depression in the elderly, including the role of confounding factors (e.g. differential morbidity and response-biased memory). Standardised diagnostic assessment procedures may be insufficiently adapted for use in the elderly. It has also been recognised that a substantial number of elderly individuals suffer from clinically relevant symptoms of depression but do not meet the criteria for major depression. Future research will be required to elucidate fully the apparently changing rates of depression.

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Kafle, B., V. D. Sharma, S. P. Ojha, M. Chapagain, P. Tulachan, and S. Dhungana. "Prevalence of Depression among elderly living in old age homes of Kathmandu Valley and its association with Sociodemographic variants." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v4i1.16742.

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Introduction: There has been a considerable increase in the numbers of older people in the world population of both developed and developing countries. The increasing elderly populations are prone to depression. Studies regarding depression among elderly, especially in old age homes is lesser in the developing countries.Objectives: To estimate prevalence of depression among elderly living in old age homes in Kathmandu valley and its association with the socio-demographic variables, individual factors and environmental factors.Method: It is a cross sectional study where 203 elderly people residing in old age homes of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal were selected randomly. Interview was carried out using socio-demographic tool, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), ICD-10 DCR, Duke social support scale, UCLA loneliness scale, and Barthel index was used.Results: This study showed that, 47.3% of population had depression. Among them, 34.0% had mild depression and 13.3% had severe depression. There was significant association between the prevalence of depression, health problems, satisfaction with old age home, loneliness, social support and functional disability.Conclusion: Depressive disorder is highly prevalent among the elderly population residing in old age homes in Kathmandu Valley. This results in lowering their productivity and places burden to family and society. For this reason, concerned authorities should timely address depression in elderly people.

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26

Raj, Ashok. "Depression in the elderly." Postgraduate Medicine 115, no. 6 (June 2004): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2004.06.1534.

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Gomez, Gerda E., and Efrain A. Gomez. "Depression IN THE ELDERLY." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 31, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19930501-08.

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28

Hanchett, Marilyn. "Depression and the Elderly." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 24, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19980901-16.

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29

Takeda, Masatoshi. "Depression of the elderly." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 47, no. 5 (2010): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.47.399.

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Mitchell, Gordon. "Depression in elderly people." Elderly Care 9, no. 1 (February 1997): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/eldc.9.1.12.s11.

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Blazer, Dan G. "DEPRESSION IN THE ELDERLY." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 20, no. 1 (March 1997): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70396-8.

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Lewin-Fetter, Victoria. "Depression in elderly people." Lancet 366, no. 9485 (August 2005): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67091-2.

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Sahin, Derya, Adeviye Aydin, Nuray Simsek, and H. Demet Cabar. "Elderly, Depression, and Nursing." Journal of Psychiatric Nursing 3, no. 1 (2012): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/phd.2012.43153.

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&NA;. "Depression in the elderly." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1197 (July 1999): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911970-00030.

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Ohara, Kenshiro. "Depression in the Elderly." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 32, no. 1 (1995): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.32.9.

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Alexopoulos, George S. "Depression in the elderly." Lancet 365, no. 9475 (June 2005): 1961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66665-2.

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Runcan, Patricia Luciana. "Elderly institutionalization and depression." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 33 (2012): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.093.

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Lexchin, Joel. "Depression in the elderly." Annals of Emergency Medicine 33, no. 6 (June 1999): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(99)80019-5.

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Pigg, Bonnie M. "The Elderly and Depression." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 113, no. 3 (March 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000427859.67484.3a.

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Renard, Faride, and Faride Renard. "The Elderly and Depression." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 113, no. 3 (March 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000427860.44613.e0.

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41

Taylor, Warren D. "Depression in the Elderly." New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 13 (September 25, 2014): 1228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp1402180.

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Comfort, Alex. "DEPRESSION IN THE ELDERLY." Lancet 328, no. 8502 (August 1986): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90023-1.

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Dunner, David L. "Depression in the Elderly." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 5 (May 2005): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900022707.

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Takeda, Masatoshi, and Toshihisa Tanaka. "Depression in the elderly." Geriatrics & Gerontology International 10, no. 4 (September 24, 2010): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00644.x.

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Vu, Nicholas Q., and Howard J. Aizenstein. "Depression in the elderly." Current Opinion in Neurology 26, no. 6 (December 2013): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000028.

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Nevins, A., and G. Costello-Kramer. "Depression and the Elderly." Gerontologist 33, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/33.5.701a.

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Funnell, Emma. "Depression in the Elderly." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 3, no. 4 (March 19, 2010): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inp231.

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Jolley, D. "Depression in the elderly." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1, no. 4 (July 1988): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-198807000-00015.

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Rosenberg, David R., Bruce Wright, and Samuel Gershon. "Depression in the Elderly." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 3, no. 3 (1992): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000107012.

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Cowen, P. J. "Depression in the elderly." Journal of Psychopharmacology 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026988119400800116.

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