Journal articles on the topic 'Elderly Malay people'

The Carers' Fall Concern Instrument (CFC-I) is a tool used to measure the level of concern caregivers have when caring for older people who may be at risk of falling. However, it has not been determined whether this tool is valid for use among caregivers of elderly persons in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and to establish the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the CFC-I for use among caregivers of elderly persons. The researchers used the "forward-backwards" procedure to translate the CFC-I into Malay and then conducted a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of the translated version. The study included 86 caregivers of elderly persons who analysed the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the CFC-I. The results indicated that the content validity of the 16-item CFC-I Malay version was excellent, as evidenced by I-CVI and k* values is 1.0. Moreover, experts agreed that the items were relevant, as shown by S-CVI/Ave and S-CVI/UA values of 1.0. Concurrent validity was established by a strong, positive correlation between the total scores of the Malay and original English versions (r = 0.762, p < 0.001). The instrument's internal consistency was also high, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89. Overall, participants rated their understanding of the instructions and questions of the CFC-I Malay version as level 4 or 5 (agree or strongly agree). The mean inter-item correlation was 0.51, ranging from 0.18 to 0.79. In conclusion, the Malay version of the Carers' Fall Concern Instrument is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the level of fall concern among caregivers of elderly persons in Malaysia. Healthcare professionals can use this instrument to strengthen fall prevention strategies for older people in the country.

Introduction: The place of death of the elderly has implications on the overall healthcare delivery system. The aim of this study is to describe where deaths of elderly occur in Singapore and to determine the association of socio-demographic characteristics and the causes of death on dying at home. Materials and Methods: Data of 10,399 Singapore resident decedents aged 65 years and above in 2006 were obtained from the national Registry of Births and Deaths. Distributions of socio-demographic characteristics and causes of death by place of death were analysed, and associations between socio-demographic characteristics and home death for major causes of death were assessed by logistic regression models controlling for age, gender and ethnic group. Results: Most elderly deaths occurred in hospitals (57%), followed by deaths at home (31%). The proportion of deaths at home increased with age while deaths in hospital declined with age. Significantly more elderly women died at home compared to men. Malay elderly had the highest proportion of home deaths (49%), and the lowest proportion of hospital deaths (47%). Elderly persons who died from stroke were most likely to die at home [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.3-3.3] while those who died from lung and respiratory system diseases were less likely to die at home (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.8). Conclusion: Elderly people in Singapore die mainly in hospitals. About a third of them die at home. The proportion of decedents dying at home increased with age. Home deaths among the elderly are most likely in those aged 85 years and above, females, Malays, and those who die of stroke. Key words: Ethnicity, Gender, Hospital, Place of death, Singapore

Introduction. Anaemia is common among the elderly, yet it remains an underresearched clinical condition. This study investigates ethnic differences in prevalence of anaemia and identifies potential factors associated with anaemia in the elderly. Methods. Data from the National Health & Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015 conducted by Ministry of Health was analyzed. Haemoglobin levels were measured using point-of-care testing, HemoCue® Hb 201+ System©, from consenting individuals. Demographic information and other clinical information were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted and significant results were presented as adjusted odds ratio. Results. A total of 3794 participants aged 60 years and older responded to the anaemia module with a response rate of 93.7%. 64.0% of respondents were of Malay ethnicity, 21.6% were Chinese, 6.1% were Indians, and 8.3% were of other ethnicities. The overall prevalence of anaemia among older people was 35.3%. The highest prevalence of anaemia was found among respondents of Indian ethnicity (45.5%). The Indian (aOR: 1.72; 95% CI 1.26–2.34) and Malay (aOR: 1.25; 95% CI 1.04–1.49) ethnic groups were more likely to be anaemic in comparison to those of Chinese ethnicity. Anaemia in older people was also associated with increasing age, history of hospital admission, and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion. Anaemia in the elderly is associated with Indian and Malay ethnicities, increasing age, hospitalization, and diabetes. Our study has identified important information on a common condition which will guide and assist future studies in reducing the burden of anaemia.

The Malay community considers herbs to be essential components of their daily life, using them as food ingredients and much more so for medicinal purposes. But it was discovered that only the elderly continued to utilise and believe in the benefits of this herb, while generation Z was the opposite. Allowing this condition to persist will undoubtedly affect the image and identity of Malays. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the types and meanings of herbal plants used in Malay traditional medicine as well as to analyse the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of the herb among Generation Z. This study is conducted through library research method to obtain information about the types and meanings of herbal plants; semi-structured interview with 40 respondents, comprising 10 traditional medicine practitioners and 30 generation Z. Findings have found that Malay people use herbal plants as medicines in three situations: as food ingredients, as external medicinal substances, and as juice or drinking medicine. Generation Z, on the other hand, was found to be the majority not only have no belief that herbal plants may cure illness, but also found to lack awareness and knowledge about their meanings, types and uses. Findings also show that generation Z lacks interest and motivation to learn about herbal plants in addition to experiencing popular culture syndrome in their chosen dietary practices. It is hoped that this study will be able to provide value to herbal plants which are increasingly being overlooked by the younger generation thus broaden the knowledge and awareness of the community so that they continue to appreciate and preserve herbal plants as an element of Malay traditional medicine across the ages.

The increase in the number of elderly individuals and a decrease in the birth rate has caused significant worry about the availability of future labor force in Malaysia. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the participation of elderly individuals in the workforce. Based on the literature review, few gaps have been identified. According to Husain (2019), the modernization process will affect the traditional view of family and community support, leading to a decrease in financial support for older people as the filial piety custom fades away. Vaghefi et al. (2016) found that a significant number of elderly people have lower retirement income, and they are likely to use up their financial resources within three years of retirement. Abdullah's study (2019) shows that Malay and Indian elderly individuals are more financially vulnerable than Chinese elderly individuals. Loneliness is a common issue among the aging population, and approximately one out of four elderly individuals in developed nations experience loneliness (Guthmuller, 2022; Chawla et al., 2021). Loneliness has an indirect influence on the labor force participation of elderly individuals, as it is linked to poor health (Wang, 2022), which could limit their ability to work. There is a lack of research on the relationship between intergenerational cash transfers, financial status, loneliness status, and labor force participation of elderly individuals in Malaysia. Thus, further investigation is needed to examine the impact of intergenerational transfers, financial status, and loneliness status on the labor force participation of elderly individuals in Malaysia. Keywords: Elderly People, Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Financial Status, Labour Force Participation, Loneliness Status

Introduction: We investigated sex and ethnic differences in the incidence, clinical characteristics and 1-year mortality of patients with newly diagnosed AF in a multi-ethnic population. Method: This retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with AF from 2008 to 2015 was based on medical claims, casemix and subvention data submitted to the Ministry of Health. Patients with AF were matched with controls without AF for age (3-year bands), sex and ethnicity, and categorised as middle-aged (45–64 years) or elderly (≥65 years) among major ethnic groups in Singapore (Chinese, Malay and Indian). Results: Among 40,602 adults with AF (elderly 74%), Malays had the highest age-standardised incidence rate of AF, followed by Chinese and Indians; and the rate was higher in men. Despite having the worst cardiovascular risk profile, Indians had the lowest prevalence and incidence of AF. The 1-year mortality rate after newly diagnosed AF was 22–26 deaths per 100 people. Newly diagnosed AF was independently associated with increased 1-year all-cause mortality among middle-aged (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 9.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.36–11.20) and elderly adults (AOR 3.60, 95% CI 3.40–3.80) compared with those without AF. Sex differences in mortality among patients with AF were limited to elderly adults (men: AOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11–1.24), while Indians were associated with a 30% increased odds of mortality compared with Chinese regardless of age (middle-aged: AOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09–1.548 elderly: AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.22–1.45). Conclusion: Variations in incidence, clinical profile and 1-year mortality of patients with AF in a nationwide cohort were influenced by sex and ethnicity. Newly diagnosed AF portends a worse prognosis and is a marker of high mortality within the first year. Keywords: Atrial fibrillation, ethnic differences, one-year mortality, sex differences

Herba tidak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Melayu, iaitu sebagai ramuan dalam makanan malah paling penting untuk tujuan perubatan. Namun, didapati hanya golongan lama yang masih percaya dan mengamalkan penggunaan herba ini; sebaliknya pula bagi Generasi Z. Jika dibiarkan situasi ini berlanjutan pasti mengimplikasikan kesan ke atas imej dan jati diri orang Melayu. Maka, kajian ini dilakukan bertujuan meneroka definisi, ciri-ciri dan kegunaan tumbuhan herba dalam perubatan tradisional orang Melayu serta menganalisis persepsi, pengetahuan dan pengamalannya dalam kalangan Generasi Z. Analisis ini mengaplikasikan metod rujukan sumber dan pembacaan bagi mendapatkan maklumat tentang jenis dan makna tumbuhan herba; metod temu bual separa struktur terhadap 40 responden iaitu 10 pengamal perubatan tradisional dan 30 Generasi Z. Dapatan memperlihatkan tumbuhan herba digunakan sebagai elemen kesihatan dan perubatan tradisional dalam tiga situasi, iaitu i) Ramuan/ aroma makanan; ii) Ramuan ubat untuk kegunaan luar; dan iii) Ramuan jus/tonik/ubat untuk diminum/makan. Generasi Z pula secara majoritinya didapati kurang mempercayai tumbuhan herba boleh merawat penyakit malah didapati kurang kesedaran dan pengetahuan tentang bentuk, jenis dan maknanya. Dapatan turut memperlihatkan Generasi Z tidak berminat dan tiada motivasi untuk mengetahui tentang tumbuhan herba selain mengalami sindrom budaya popular dalam amalan atau pola pemakanan yang dipilih. Kajian ini diharap akan dapat memberi nilai terhadap tumbuhan herba yang semakin dilupakan oleh generasi muda sekali gus meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesedaran masyarakat supaya terus menghargai serta melestarikan tumbuhan herba ini sebagai unsur perubatan tradisional Melayu merentas zaman. The Malay community considers herbs to be essential components of their daily life, using them as food ingredients and much more so for medicinal purposes. But it was discovered that only the elderly continued to utilise and believe in the benefits of this herb, while generation Z was the opposite. Allowing this condition to persist will undoubtedly affect the image and identity of Malays. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the types and meanings of herbal plants used in Malay traditional medicine as well as to analyse the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of the herb among Generation Z. This study is conducted through library research method to obtain information about the types and meanings of herbal plants; semi-structured interview with 40 respondents, comprising 10 traditional medicine practitioners and 30 generation Z. Findings have found that Malay people use herbal plants as medicines in three situations: as food ingredients, as external medicinal substances, and as juice or drinking medicine. Generation Z, on the other hand, was found to be the majority not only have no belief that herbal plants may cure illness, but also found to lack awareness and knowledge about their meanings, types and uses. Findings also show that generation Z lacks interest and motivation to learn about herbal plants in addition to experiencing popular culture syndrome in their chosen dietary practices. It is hoped that this study will be able to provide value to herbal plants which are increasingly being overlooked by the younger generation thus broaden the knowledge and awareness of the community so that they continue to appreciate and preserve herbal plants as an element of Malay traditional medicine across the ages.

The spread of osteoarthritis is more common in the elderly, one caused by lifestyle. This study aims to identify the lifestyle picture of elderly osteoarthritis sufferers in the elderly at the Rejosari Health Center. Methods: This study uses a descriptive research design. The sample in this study were 75 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. The measuring tool used is a lifestyle questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability and obtained a Crombach Alpha value of 0.925 >0.6 which was widely disseminated. Results: The study showed that the majority of osteoarthritis respondents are aged 60-69 years (73.3%), female (56.0%), elementary school education level (32.0%), housewife (44.0%), and ethnic Malay (40.0%). The results of the lifestyle of the respondents were physical activity in the inactive category 42 respondents (56.0%), the category of bad eating patterns 48 respondents (64.0%) and the category of smoking habits 46 respondents (61.3%) high exposure to cigarette smoke. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that some of the elderly are not active in their physical activities, have a poor diet and are passive smokers. Suggestion: Elderly people with osteoarthritis to pay attention to their lifestyle, especially in physical activities in order to prevent and reduce the impact of osteoarthritis suffered.

Abstract The World Population Prospects 2019 reports that the proportion of people who aged 65 and above takes up 9 per cent globally in 2019, reaching up to 16 per cent by 2050. Asia has the fastest rise: from 1 in 9 people aged 65 and above to 1 in 4 in 2050. Rapid growth in older adults has strong implications for diseases and healthcare expenditure. For Singapore, the transition from ‘ageing society’ (7% seniors) in 1999 to ‘super-aged society’ (20% seniors) in 2026 is projected to take 27 years, much faster than Japan’s 36 years. We used the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort (MEC) of 14,465 subjects aged 21 to 94, and the Future Elderly Model (FEM) microsimulation model to project disease burden and hospitalization expenditures to 2050. We found that Chinese females had the highest life expectancy of 86.0 years, followed by Indian and Malay females with 80.4 and 75.6 years respectively. In all racial groups, women lived longer than men by 5-7 years. Cumulative hospitalization expenditures of older adults aged 51+ was US$69,500 for Chinese, US$67,600 for Malays and US$86,100 for Indians; US$71,200 for males and US$70,700 for females. The increased hospitalization spending for all three ethnic groups was due to the underlying manifestation of chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and stroke. Variations in environmental risk factors such as diet, cigarette smoking and physical activity across ethnic groups may contribute to racial differences in chronic diseases and disability. Therefore, targeted interventions are needed to reduce racial disparities.

The creation of Malay drama is getting a place in the hearts of the people, and almost everybody is watching the drama from childhood until the elderly. Various genres and works are presented to the public until they are mesmerized and play with their emotions. In this regard, this article analyses the scene in the Malay drama that presents the issue of building a magnificent and beautiful Mosque. This issue is rarely discussed by the scholar, while there is a specific hadith that deals with the ban on the construction of a decorated mosque with the purpose of riya’ (insincerity and pretentiousness). By applying the qualitative method, this article reviews on the hadiths used as a supporting argument in the Malay drama. The description includes an analysis of the status of the hadith and the debate of Islamic scholars. The study found that the medium of drama performance was recognised because of its ability to contribute good messages to the Muslim community. In addition, three hadiths representing the discussion are authentic.
 ABSTRAK
 Pembikinan drama Melayu semakin mendapat tempat di hati masyarakat, bahkan hampir semua golongan menonton drama bermula dari kanak-kanak sehingga warga emas. Pelbagai genre dan karya dipersembahkan dan dipertontonkan kepada masyarakat sehingga terpukau lalu bermain dengan emosi mereka. Sehubungan dengan itu, artikel ini menganalisis babak dalam drama Melayu yang mempersembahkan isu pembinaan masjid yang megah dan cantik. Isu ini agak jarang dibincangkan oleh sarjana, sedangkan terdapat hadis khusus yang membicarakan berkaitan larangan pembinaan masjid berhias dengan tujuan riyak. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, artikel ini menganalisis hadis yang digunakan sebagai hujah penyokong dalam drama Melayu. Huraiannya merangkumi analisis status hadis serta perbahasan pandangan sarjana Islam. Kajian mendapati keberkesanan medium drama diiktiraf kerana kemampuannya dalam menyumbang mesej yang baik dan bermanfaat kepada masyarakat Islam. Selain itu, tiga buah hadis yang menjadi perbincangan adalah berstatus sahih.

ABSTRACTObjective: This cross-sectional study examined the clinical significance and impact of subsyndromal depression in a sample of elderly people living in the community in Singapore.Method: Data were analyzed from a population survey (the Singapore National Mental Health Survey of the Elderly). A total of 1092 respondents from a nationally representative multi-ethnic (Chinese, Malay and Indian) stratified random sample of older adults aged 60 and above were examined for depression using the Geriatric Mental State Examination (GMS). Diagnostic confidence levels of 3–5 indicated a DSM-IV diagnosis of syndromal depression, and 1–2 indicated subsyndromal depression. Other variables included sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, MMSE, health awareness, health and functional status.Results: Subjects with subsyndromal depression were more likely to have poor socioeconomic status, cognitive impairment, anxiety, and measures of poor mental, physical and functional status compared with non-depressed subjects, and were similar to or worse than syndromal cases. In multivariate analyses that controlled for age, gender, ethnicity, education and several other sociodemographic factors, both subsyndromal and syndromal depression were significantly associated with higher numbers of medical comorbidities, diagnoses of comorbid dementia and anxiety, lower MMSE scores, self-reported mental health problem, functional disability and poor health status.Conclusion: In this Asian population, subsydromal depression had the same clinical significance and health impact as syndromal depression, similar to findings in the West.

Introduction: Functional disabilities are common in community-dwelling older people, endangering their well-being and ultimately leading to deterioration in health and loss of ability to work. The ageing process and chronic diseases have been found to have a greater impact on physical or mental disabilities. This study examined functional disability in community-dwelling older people and the identified associated factors. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study of 305 community-dwelling older people was conducted within FELDA schemes in Pahang. To complete the Malay version of the Barthel Index and provide information on socio-demographic and health status, face-to-face interviews were conducted. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive factors. Results: The average age of participants was 69.61 years (SD = 6.30). Approximately 90.5% of participants had a functional disability. Age (-0.1 [-0.2, -0.1], P < 0.001), BMI (-0.1 [-0.2, -0.0], P = 0.015), number of chronic conditions (-0.5 [-0.7, -0.3], P < 0.001), and renal disease (-2.1 [-3.7, -0.5]), P = 0.010) were significantly associated with functional disability. Meanwhile, stroke (-5.8 [95% CI: -7.2, -4.4], P < 0.001), knee pain (-0.8 [95% CI: -1.4, -0.1], P = 0.016), and vision problems (-1.8 [95% CI: -2.8, -0.8], P = 0.001) were independent predictors, with stroke being the largest contributor. Conclusion: Our results suggested that functional disability among elderly people in Malaysia was very severe and mainly related to chronic diseases. A health promotion program should aim to help older people delay the onset of disability while optimizing their functional autonomy.

This student mentoring activity was carried out for one day in Singapore and aimed to enrich knowledge, cultural understanding and educational and technological development in Singapore through, “One Day Trip Singapore activity”. Students are given basic English assistance and understanding of cultural knowledge while in Singapore. The result of this mentoring are the students could increase their confidence in speaking English with the tourists and Singaporean citizens, Participants can comply with the culture of queuing in public places, Participants understand the use of escalators for users who walk fast and elderly users, Participants understand the differences in currency and value, as they spent when they make transactions at the cashier, Participants understand the culture of fast walking and are motivated to participate when walking together in public places, participants maintain cleanliness while in public places and in all places in Singapore, along with understanding the use of restrooms and participants understand the lion statue The fish tail in Singapore is an icon of the country of Singapore which is based on the native Malay people who work as fishermen.

This article builds on a research project examining news values, journalistic practices, and media power in Australia and Malaysia. These two countries differ from each other in socio-cultural, religious, regional, political perspectives, and journalistic practices but share the presence of indigenous people, appreciation for multiculturalism, and increasing numbers of older people. The comparison of journalistic practices – Asian-based development journalism and Western journalism practices – along with other differences, especially socio-cultural values, provides the rationale for the selection of these two countries. The study draws on Fairclough’s three-dimensional critical discourse analysis and Caple and Bednarek’s discursive news values analysis to explore the discursive practices of journalists in providing voices and prioritising different actors in news stories. 99 news articles from 8 mainstream Australian newspapers – The Age, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Australian, The Advertiser, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, The Herald Sun, and The Canberra Times – and 5 English-language Malaysian newspapers – New Straits Times, The Malay Mail, The Star, The Borneo Post, and The Sun – published between January 2011 and December 2013 are selected as the dataset in this study. The study finds that reference to elite persons remains a uniform news value in both Australian and Malaysian newspapers, indicating the role of journalists in reflecting and reinforcing the status quo, and the imbalance of power in society. This dominant news value amongst journalists tends to silence those who are not conceived as newsworthy or seen as less newsworthy, such as older people. While the dominance of elites can be linked to social norms in Malaysia that prevent challenges to the social hierarchy and the maintenance of a high regard for people in authority such as political leaders, the discursive practices of Australian journalists do not align with their role to provide a uniform forum for the exchange of ideas, as elderly Australians are given limited opportunities to be active participants.

Indonesia has 718 regional languages. Bantik is one of the regional languages used by people in North Sulawesi. However, the results of expert research show that the Bantik language is in an endangered status. The threat of extinction of a language is a serious problem that needs attention from various parties, including the government, education practitioners, researchers and the user community itself. The rapid development of the era of globalization and modernization threatens the existence of minority languages, including the Bantik language. Then how are the efforts to maintain it to prevent or even solve this problem? The purpose of this study is to identify and explore how the existence of the Bantik language is through the efforts of the user community itself. The data for this study were collected using survey techniques with research instruments in the form of questionnaires, interviews, and direct observation. Data were analyzed qualitatively. The research location at this stage includes 4 sub-districts in the Malalayang area. The results of the study show that the Bantik people in the Malalayang area are concentrated in one community living side by side and still maintaining their culture. But in terms of the use of Bantik language in everyday life, only among the elderly, while among young people and children no longer use Bantik language. The results of observations on the use of Bantik language in groups that are still active show that the use of Bantik language is mixed with Manado Malay. Judging from the structure of society, 85% are Christian, and many religious activities are carried out every day. This can be used as a facility to foster motivation to use Bantik language through these activities. If these potentials are utilized properly, it will be one solution to revive the use of Bantik language.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterised by elevation of blood glucose level which leads to serious damage to the blood vessels, eyes, heart, kidney, and nerves affecting about 830 million people worldwide. The most common diabetes is type 2 which usually happened in adults when the body becomes resistant to insulin, or the body does not produce enough insulin. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is dependent on insulin which required accessible and affordable insulin (Diabetes, 2025). In Malaysia, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), depends on factors such as gender, age, and ethnicity, with women, the elderly, and the Indian community having the highest prevalence of DM. In the 103,063 participants that made up the study's sample, the combined prevalence of diabetes by gender in the population-based studies was 13.80% for men and 14.54% for women, while the combined prevalence of prediabetes was 11.40% for women and 10.98% for men (Akhtar et al., 2022). For age, from this study, it can be observed that the prevalence of diabetes showed a notable upward trend as people aged, rising from 3.16% in the 20–29 age group to 13.71% in the 30-45 age group, 25.66% in the 46–59 age group, and 33.45% in the 60 and older age group (Akhtar et al., 2022). Ethnicity and races can also affect the prevalence of DM. The subpopulation of Indian had the greatest prevalence of diabetes which is 25.10%, among all ethnic groups, followed by Malay with 15.25%, Chinese with 12.87%, Bumiputera with 8.62%, and others with 6.91%. The prevalence demands oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) market size in Malaysia at USD282.22 million in 2025 with a CAGR of greater than 3% during forecast period (2025-2030). The drugs are mainly fall under the following segment: biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, dopamine-d2 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransport-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sulfonylureas, and meglitinides (Malaysia Oral Anti-Diabetic Drug Market Size | Mordor Intelligence, 2025).

In the cosmopolitan city of Singapore the annual suicide rates in the general population from 1985 to 1991 remained fairly constant, with a mean of 15.3 per 100,000. It was highest among Indians (19.5 per 100,000), followed by Chinese (16.2 per 100,000) and Malays (2.3 per 100,000). The suicide rates were higher in elderly people (aged 65 years and over) than in younger age groups (10 to 64 years) and in males than in females. For the elderly, the mean annual suicide rate for this period was 52.0 per 100,000. However, it was highest among Chinese, with 59.3 per 100,000, followed by Indians at 33.9 per 100,000, and, again, lowest among Malays, with 3.0 per 100,000. Possible sociocultural factors are proposed to account for differences in suicide rates among these ethnic groups.

<strong>Background</strong>: Prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia among the indigenous population were noted by previous studies to be exceptionally high at 66.7% and 32.2, respectively. <strong>Objectives</strong>: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dementia and identify the associated risk factors among elderly Melanau, an indigenous population in Sarawak. <strong>Methods</strong>: All eligible and available elderly Melanau in 8 out of 32 villages in Mukah district were screened with ECAQ. Clinical interview by a trained researcher was conducted on subjects with score 5 and below to ascertain the dementia diagnosis. <strong>Results</strong>: A total of 344 subjects, which constituted about 28% of the elderly Melanau population (mean age 70.4 &plusmn; 6.7) were screened. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia among elderly Melanau was 27.3% and 10.5%, respectively. Dementia was independently associated with age (OR 1.19), no education (OR 7.56) and multiple CVS illnesses (OR 3.76). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The prevalence of dementia among elderly Melanau is higher compared to Malays. It is important to promote mental health and healthy lifestyle. Particular attention should be given to vascular risk factors to reduced risk of dementia.

Background. Although pain is experienced among people of all ages, there is a need to study its risk factors and impact among older adults.Aims. The study sought to determine the prevalence, sociodemographics, and clinical correlates of pain along with association of pain with disability among older adults in Singapore.Methods. The WiSE study was a comprehensive cross-sectional, single phase, epidemiological survey conducted among the elderly aged 60 years and above and used a nationally representative sample of three main ethnic groups in Singapore: Chinese, Malays, and Indians. The survey administered 10/66 protocol pain questionnaire, sociodemographic questionnaire, health status questionnaire, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS 2.0), and Geriatric Mental State (GMS) examination.Results. A total of 2565 respondents completed the study giving a response rate of 65.5%. The prevalence of pain among the elderly aged 60 years and above is 19.5 %. Females, incomplete primary education Indians, and those diagnosed with any chronic health condition were associated with risk of pain and disability.Conclusion. Study findings showed that disability related to pain among the elderly is considerable making it a priority to reduce the morbidity and disability among the elderly with pain.

This study investigates factors affecting older persons’ state of loneliness in multiethnic Malaysia using data from the 2004 Malaysian Population and Family Survey, the first nationally representative sample in Malaysia. The study sample was extracted to include Malays, Chinese, Indians and other Indigenous groups aged 60 and above, and who had children (n= 1791). Cross tabulations and ordinal logistic regression methods were used in the analysis. Among the ethnic groups, older Malays were more likely than their Chinese and Indian counterparts to experience loneliness. Loneliness was found to be associated with age, marital status, education level, sources of income, health status, and physical limitations. Among older people, feelings of loneliness were inversely related with coresidence with adult children and participation in religious activities. Sociodemographic changes have eroded the traditional family support system for the elderly, while social security remains inadequate. This study shows the important role of family in alleviating loneliness among older people. Hence the need to promote and facilitate coresidence, as well as participation in religious activities, and a healthy lifestyle as a priority strategy is in line with the objectives of the National Policy for the Older People.

Keluhan tentang masalah kesulitan tidur di waktu malam hari sering terjadi pada lansia. Kesulitan tidur dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tidur lansia ditandai dengan masih banyaknya lansia yang sering mengalami terbangun dimalam hari. Guide imagery merupakan salah satu terapi non farmakologi yang sering digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah gangguan tidur dan dapat bermamfaat untuk menurunkan kecemasan, nyeri, dan memfasilitasi kualitas tidur yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Teknik relaksasi guide imagery terhadap kualitas tidur pada lansia di wilayah kerja puskesmas Jatijajar kota Depok. Metode penelitian ini mengunakan one group pretest-post test design. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Teknik Purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel 10 lansia. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah kuesioner PSQI. Hasil tes statistik uji paired sample t-tes didapatkan hasil kualitas tidur sebelum diberikan intervensi pada 10 lansia dengan nilai mean 8,50, dan setelah diberikan intervensi mean 4,50. Perbedaan nilai dari kedua variabel (mean difference) menunjukkan bahwa p-value &lt;0,05. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah ada pengaruh pemberian teknik relaksasi guide imagery terhadap kualitas tidur pada lansia. Saran bagi masyarakat agar dapat memberi dukungan pada keluarga untuk melakukan terapi relaksasi guide imageri agar dapat membantu dan memperbaiki kualitas tidur pada lansia. Complaints about difficulty sleeping at night often occur in the elderly. Difficulty sleeping can affect the sleep quality of the elderly, as indicated by the fact that many elderly people often wake up at night. Guided imagery is a non-pharmacological therapy that is often used to treat sleep disorders and can be useful for reducing anxiety, pain and facilitating good quality sleep. This study aims to determine the effect of guided imagery relaxation techniques on sleep quality in the elderly in the Jatijajar health center working area, Depok city. This research method uses a one group pretest-post test design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 20 elderly people. The measuring instrument used is the PSQI questionnaire. The results of the statistical test of the paired sample t-test showed that the quality of sleep before the intervention was given to 20 elderly people with a mean value of 8.50, and after being given the intervention the mean was 4.50. The difference in the values ​​of the two variables (mean difference) shows that the p-value is &lt;0.05. The conclusion of this research is that there is an influence of providing guided imagery relaxation techniques on sleep quality in the elderly. Suggestions for the community to provide support to families to carry out guided imagery relaxation therapy in order to help and improve sleep quality in the elderly.

Keluhan tentang masalah kesulitan tidur di waktu malam hari sering terjadi pada lansia. Kesulitan tidur dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas tidur lansia ditandai dengan masih banyaknya lansia yang sering mengalami terbangun dimalam hari. Guide imagery merupakan salah satu terapi non farmakologi yang sering digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah gangguan tidur dan dapat bermamfaat untuk menurunkan kecemasan, nyeri, dan memfasilitasi kualitas tidur yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Teknik relaksasi guide imagery terhadap kualitas tidur pada lansia di wilayah kerja puskesmas Jatijajar kota Depok. Metode penelitian ini mengunakan one group pretest-post test design. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Teknik Purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel 10 lansia. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah kuesioner PSQI. Hasil tes statistik uji paired sample t-tes didapatkan hasil kualitas tidur sebelum diberikan intervensi pada 10 lansia dengan nilai mean 8,50, dan setelah diberikan intervensi mean 4,50. Perbedaan nilai dari kedua variabel (mean difference) menunjukkan bahwa p-value &lt;0,05. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah ada pengaruh pemberian teknik relaksasi guide imagery terhadap kualitas tidur pada lansia. Saran bagi masyarakat agar dapat memberi dukungan pada keluarga untuk melakukan terapi relaksasi guide imageri agar dapat membantu dan memperbaiki kualitas tidur pada lansia. Complaints about difficulty sleeping at night often occur in the elderly. Difficulty sleeping can affect the sleep quality of the elderly, as indicated by the fact that many elderly people often wake up at night. Guided imagery is a non-pharmacological therapy that is often used to treat sleep disorders and can be useful for reducing anxiety, pain and facilitating good quality sleep. This study aims to determine the effect of guided imagery relaxation techniques on sleep quality in the elderly in the Jatijajar health center working area, Depok city. This research method uses a one group pretest-post test design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 20 elderly people. The measuring instrument used is the PSQI questionnaire. The results of the statistical test of the paired sample t-test showed that the quality of sleep before the intervention was given to 20 elderly people with a mean value of 8.50, and after being given the intervention the mean was 4.50. The difference in the values ​​of the two variables (mean difference) shows that the p-value is &lt;0.05. The conclusion of this research is that there is an influence of providing guided imagery relaxation techniques on sleep quality in the elderly. Suggestions for the community to provide support to families to carry out guided imagery relaxation therapy in order to help and improve sleep quality in the elderly.

Eczema is a common skin condition that causes itchiness, rashes, dry patches and infection. Some people only have small patches of dry skin, but others may experience widespread inflamed skin all over the body. In modern medicines steroids and topical applications are used which suppress the local condition arousing the internal malady and other symptoms which previously existed in latent state side by side. The classical homoeopathic approach makes sure that medicine is prescribed after careful consideration of the whole picture of the person. In this case Kali ars, was given after individualisation to an elderly women with widespread eczema on both hands and legs. &nbsp;She had intense itching, burning and bleeding after scratching. All of her symptoms improved remarkably showing effectiveness of homoeopathic interventions in cases of eczema.

The effectiveness of foot massage and lavender aromaterapy towards the treatment of insomnia in elderlyBackground : Elderly people with insomnia tend to be easily stressed and depressed. When other people are asleep, they are not sleepy, their eyes cannot be closed all night, and sometimes they can make frustrations to force themselves to sleep. Causing various things that interfere with the activity of the next day, such as difficulty concentrating, loss of mood, lack of enthusiasm, and the occurrence of emotional disturbances that are difficult to control.Purpose: To find out alternative therapies using the method (foot massage and lavender essential oil) in the treaty of insomnia in the elderlyMethod: A quasi pre and post-experimental design with intervention and control groups. The samples were taken using purposive sampling with 48 participants. The research instrument used SOP massage and aromatherapy and insomnia IRS questionnaire.Results: The effectiveness of foot massage and lavender aromatherapy on reducing insomnia in the elderly at Tresna Werdha nursing home, Natar with p-value = 0.060.Conclusion : The evidence in effectiveness of alternative therapies using the method (foot massage and lavender essential oil) in the treaty of insomnia in the elderly. I recommend it for caring in the elderly at nursing homes, which is to improve sleep quality in the elderly by providing foot massage therapy and lavender aromatherapy.Keywords : Foot massage; Essential oil lavender; Aromatherapy, InsomniaPendahuluan : Lansia dengan insomnia cenderung mudah stress dan depresi. Pada saat orang lain sudah tidur, merekatidak mengantuk, mata tidak dapat terpejam sepanjang malam, dan terkadang dapat membuat frustasi untuk memaksakan diri untuk tidur.Sehingga menyebabkan berbagai hal yangmenganggu aktivitas esok harinya, seperti sulit untuk berkonsentrasi, hilang mood, kurang bersemangat,dan terjadinya gangguan emosi yang sulitdikendalikan.Tujuan :Diketahui Perbedaan Efektifitas Pijat Kaki Dan Aromaterapi LavenderMetode :Design penelitian menggunakan desain quasi ekperimen pre dan post dengan kelompok intervensi yang berbeda. Sampel diambil menggunakan purposive sampling dengan jumlah 48 partisipan. Yang dibagi 2 kelompok masing-masing 24 pada kelompok terapi pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender. Sebelum diberikan IRS dilakukan pemeriksaaan MMSE. Untuk mengetahui gangguan kesehatan mental dan dijadikan partisipan. Instrument penelitian ini ada 11 pertanyaan IRS menggunakan SOP pijat dan aromaterapi lavender.Hasil :Terdapat perbedaan efektifitas pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender terhadap penurunan insomnia pada lansia di Panti TresnaWerdha Daerah Natar Tahun 2019 dengan (p value = 0.060).Simpulan :Disarankan bagi pelayanan di posyandu lansia dan panti jompo, yaitu untuk meningkatkan kualitas tidur pada lansia dengan memberikan terapi pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender.

The effectiveness of foot massage and lavender aromaterapy towards the treatment of insomnia in elderlyBackground : Elderly people with insomnia tend to be easily stressed and depressed. When other people are asleep, they are not sleepy, their eyes cannot be closed all night, and sometimes they can make frustrations to force themselves to sleep. Causing various things that interfere with the activity of the next day, such as difficulty concentrating, loss of mood, lack of enthusiasm, and the occurrence of emotional disturbances that are difficult to control.Purpose: To find out alternative therapies using the method (foot massage and lavender essential oil) in the treaty of insomnia in the elderlyMethod: A quasi pre and post-experimental design with intervention and control groups. The samples were taken using purposive sampling with 48 participants. The research instrument used SOP massage and aromatherapy and insomnia IRS questionnaire.Results: The effectiveness of foot massage and lavender aromatherapy on reducing insomnia in the elderly at Tresna Werdha nursing home, Natar with p-value = 0.060.Conclusion : The evidence in effectiveness of alternative therapies using the method (foot massage and lavender essential oil) in the treaty of insomnia in the elderly. I recommend it for caring in the elderly at nursing homes, which is to improve sleep quality in the elderly by providing foot massage therapy and lavender aromatherapy.Keywords : Foot massage; Essential oil lavender; Aromatherapy, InsomniaPendahuluan : Lansia dengan insomnia cenderung mudah stress dan depresi. Pada saat orang lain sudah tidur, merekatidak mengantuk, mata tidak dapat terpejam sepanjang malam, dan terkadang dapat membuat frustasi untuk memaksakan diri untuk tidur.Sehingga menyebabkan berbagai hal yangmenganggu aktivitas esok harinya, seperti sulit untuk berkonsentrasi, hilang mood, kurang bersemangat,dan terjadinya gangguan emosi yang sulitdikendalikan.Tujuan :Diketahui Perbedaan Efektifitas Pijat Kaki Dan Aromaterapi LavenderMetode :Design penelitian menggunakan desain quasi ekperimen pre dan post dengan kelompok intervensi yang berbeda. Sampel diambil menggunakan purposive sampling dengan jumlah 48 partisipan. Yang dibagi 2 kelompok masing-masing 24 pada kelompok terapi pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender. Sebelum diberikan IRS dilakukan pemeriksaaan MMSE. Untuk mengetahui gangguan kesehatan mental dan dijadikan partisipan. Instrument penelitian ini ada 11 pertanyaan IRS menggunakan SOP pijat dan aromaterapi lavender.Hasil :Terdapat perbedaan efektifitas pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender terhadap penurunan insomnia pada lansia di Panti TresnaWerdha Daerah Natar Tahun 2019 dengan (p value = 0.060).Simpulan :Disarankan bagi pelayanan di posyandu lansia dan panti jompo, yaitu untuk meningkatkan kualitas tidur pada lansia dengan memberikan terapi pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender.

The effectiveness of foot massage and lavender aromaterapy towards the treatment of insomnia in elderlyBackground : Elderly people with insomnia tend to be easily stressed and depressed. When other people are asleep, they are not sleepy, their eyes cannot be closed all night, and sometimes they can make frustrations to force themselves to sleep. Causing various things that interfere with the activity of the next day, such as difficulty concentrating, loss of mood, lack of enthusiasm, and the occurrence of emotional disturbances that are difficult to control.Purpose: To find out alternative therapies using the method (foot massage and lavender essential oil) in the treaty of insomnia in the elderlyMethod: A quasi pre and post-experimental design with intervention and control groups. The samples were taken using purposive sampling with 48 participants. The research instrument used SOP massage and aromatherapy and insomnia IRS questionnaire.Results: The effectiveness of foot massage and lavender aromatherapy on reducing insomnia in the elderly at Tresna Werdha nursing home, Natar with p-value = 0.060.Conclusion : The evidence in effectiveness of alternative therapies using the method (foot massage and lavender essential oil) in the treaty of insomnia in the elderly. I recommend it for caring in the elderly at nursing homes, which is to improve sleep quality in the elderly by providing foot massage therapy and lavender aromatherapy.Keywords : Foot massage; Essential oil lavender; Aromatherapy, InsomniaPendahuluan : Lansia dengan insomnia cenderung mudah stress dan depresi. Pada saat orang lain sudah tidur, merekatidak mengantuk, mata tidak dapat terpejam sepanjang malam, dan terkadang dapat membuat frustasi untuk memaksakan diri untuk tidur.Sehingga menyebabkan berbagai hal yangmenganggu aktivitas esok harinya, seperti sulit untuk berkonsentrasi, hilang mood, kurang bersemangat,dan terjadinya gangguan emosi yang sulitdikendalikan.Tujuan :Diketahui Perbedaan Efektifitas Pijat Kaki Dan Aromaterapi LavenderMetode :Design penelitian menggunakan desain quasi ekperimen pre dan post dengan kelompok intervensi yang berbeda. Sampel diambil menggunakan purposive sampling dengan jumlah 48 partisipan. Yang dibagi 2 kelompok masing-masing 24 pada kelompok terapi pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender. Sebelum diberikan IRS dilakukan pemeriksaaan MMSE. Untuk mengetahui gangguan kesehatan mental dan dijadikan partisipan. Instrument penelitian ini ada 11 pertanyaan IRS menggunakan SOP pijat dan aromaterapi lavender.Hasil :Terdapat perbedaan efektifitas pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender terhadap penurunan insomnia pada lansia di Panti TresnaWerdha Daerah Natar Tahun 2019 dengan (p value = 0.060).Simpulan :Disarankan bagi pelayanan di posyandu lansia dan panti jompo, yaitu untuk meningkatkan kualitas tidur pada lansia dengan memberikan terapi pijat kaki dan aromaterapi lavender.

Abstract. This research discusses the integration of Maqashid Sharia in the economic empowerment system of the elderly in Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Budi Pertiwi. Maqashid Sharia is a fundamental Islamic philosophy that combines law with human rights, development and welfare. It aims to improve environmental protection, health and social welfare. Elderly people who should be enjoying the rest of their lives are instead being employed, and the question is whether this economic empowerment is in line with the principles of Maqashid Sharia. This research uses a qualitative research method with normative analysis, focusing on the integration of Maqashid principles in the practice of economic empowerment of the elderly. The study uses systematic and comprehensive data analysis to understand and interpret the data collected through observation and observation. The findings show that Maqashid principles have been integrated into the economic empowerment of older people, focusing on aspects such as faith, ethics, law and justice. The study also identifies the challenges and implications of applying Maqashid principles in elderly economic empowerment, suggesting the need for a holistic and community-based approach to enhance the integration of Maqashid Shariah in socio-economic education programmes. Abstrak. Penelitian ini membahas integrasi Maqashid Syariah dalam sistem pemberdayaan ekonomi lanjut usia di Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Budi Pertiwi. Maqashid Syariah adalah filsafat Islam fundamental yang menghubungkan hukum dengan hak asasi manusia, pembangunan, dan kesejahteraan. Tujuannya adalah untuk meningkatkan perlindungan lingkungan, kesehatan, dan kesejahteraan sosial. Lansia yang seharusnya menikmati sisa hidupnya malah dipekerjakan, hal ini menjadi pertanyaan apakah pemberdayaan ekonomi ini telah sesuai dengan prinsip maqashid syariah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis normatif, berfokus pada integrasi prinsip-prinsip Maqashid dalam praktik pemberdayaan ekonomi lansia. Studi ini menggunakan analisis data yang sistematis dan komprehensif untuk memahami dan menafsirkan data yang dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan dan observasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa prinsip-prinsip Maqashid telah diintegrasikan ke dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi lanjut usia, dengan fokus pada aspek-aspek seperti iman, etika, hukum, dan hukum. Studi ini juga mengidentifikasi tantangan dan implikasi dari menerapkan prinsip-prinsip Maqashid dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi lanjut usia, yang menyarankan kebutuhan untuk pendekatan holistik dan berbasis komunitas untuk meningkatkan integrasi Syariah Maqashid ke dalam program pendidikan sosial ekonomi.

Hipertensi sering disebut “Silent Killer” (Pembunuh Siluman), karena pada penderita seringkali merasakan suatu gangguan/gejala tanpa diketahui penyebabnya. Semakin tua seseorang pengaturan metabolisme zat kapur (kalsium) didalam tubuh terganggu, sehingga banyak zat kapur yang mengalir bersama darahmenyebabkan elastisitas arteri berkurang. Arteri tidak dapat lentur dan cenderung kaku, sehingga volume darah yang mengalir sedikit dan kurang lancar. Salah satu terapi non farmakologi untuk lansia penderita hipertensi adalah pisang ambon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menegtahui pengaruh pemberian pisang ambon terhadap tekanan darah pada lansia penderita hipertensi di Dusun Mojogeneng Desa Mojokarang Kecamatan Dlanggu Kabupaten Mojokerto. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan one group pre test-post test design. Teknik sampling yang digunakan yaitu non probability, dengan populasi penderita hipertensi di Dusun Mojogeneng Desa Mojokarang Kecamatan Dlanggu Kabupaten Mojokerto dan besar sampel 31 orang sesuai kriteria.pengumpulan data menggunakan skala ordinal dan instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi. Pemberian pisang ambon di berikan selama 7 hari pada pagi sebelum sarapan dan sebelum makan malam. Hasil uji Wilcoxon diketahui bahwa nilai ρ (0.000) &lt; α (0,05) serta didapatkan hasil bahwa pisang ambon berpengaruh terhadap tekanan darah lansia penderita hipertensi di Dusun Mojogeneng Desa Mojokarang Kecamatan Dlanggu Kabupaten Mojokerto. Pisang ambon merupakan salah satu terapi yang efektif dan bermanfaat. Karena pisang ambon dapat membuat tubuh menjadi rileks dan pembuluh darah menjadi vasodilatasi sehingga aliran darah dan suplai oksigen menjadi lancar. Hypertension is a disease that often attacks the elderly due to the regula- tion of lime metabolism (calcium) in the body is disturbed, resulting in arteriosclerosis. Hypertension sufferers need to get hypertension drug therapy to prevent arteriosclerosis. But the fact is that people who are bored take medication for hypertension due to the high dependency and price of drugs, so change determiner more economical and have minimal side effects, one of which is using Ambon banana. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Ambon banana to blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension. The design of this study used Pre-Experi- ment with a one group pre test -post test design approach. The population in this study were all patients with hypertension in Mojogeneng- Mojokarang Hamlet, Dlanggu-Mojokerto, 31 of whom were a large sample of 31 elderly. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Indepen- dent variable giving Ambon banana and blood pressure dependent vari- able. The instrument used was the pre-post observation sheet given Ambon banana. From the results of the study showed that 31 respondents before given Ambon bananas did not have normal blood pressure but after giving Ambon banana there were 11 respondents who had normal blood pres- sure, whereas in patients with moderate hypertension before giving Am- bon banana there were 23 respondents and after administration of banana ambon there are 4 patients with moderate hypertension. The Wilcoxon test results show that the value of  (0.000) &lt;(0.05) then H0 is rejected, meaning that there is an effect of consumption of Ambon banana on elderly blood pressure. The conclusion of this study is Banana Ambon can reduce blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension, so it is expected that health workers can socialize the use of Ambon banana in elderly people with hypertension.

Abstract: This research and development was motivated by the state of the covid-19 pandemic which required everyone to keep their distance and it was better to stay at home, so many people were still afraid to leave the house and caused people to be lazy to exercise and lack of movement. The purpose of this study is to develop learning media Senam Sepuh Covid-19 for the elderly based on applications for Android that are effective and flexible to carry so that the elderly always cultivate a culture of motion, and it is still rare to develop application-based gymnastics for the elderly which is very useful during a pandemic. The development method used in this study uses the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method or Sugiyono 2019 development research. The results of data analysis showed that 89.52 percent of motion learning experts, 90 percent of rhythmic gymnastics experts, and 97.50 percent of media experts stated that application products are very good and worth using. The total number of assessments with trial subjects for small groups involving 8 elderly members of the Indonesian Health Gymnastics Club, Kediri Regency, obtained 96 percent results and the large group trial involving 20 elderly members of the Indonesian Health Gymnastics Club, Kediri Regency, obtaining 98.45 percent results. From the results of the assessment, it can be concluded that the Senam Sepuh Covid-19 application product is very valid, which means that it is suitable for use by the elderly in the Indonesian healthy gymnastics center, Kediri district. Abstrak: Penelitian dan pengembangan ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keadaan pandemi covid-19 yang mengharuskan semua orang untuk menjaga jarak dan lebih baik berada di rumah, sehingga banyak orang yang masih takut untuk keluar rumah dan menyebabkan orang malas untuk berolahraga dan kurangnya aktivitas gerak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengembangkan media belajar Senam Sepuh Covid-19 untuk lansia yang berbasis aplikasi untuk android yang efektif dan fleksibel untuk dibawa agar lansia senantiasa membudayakan gerak, serta masih jarang yang mengembangkan senam untuk lansia dengan berbasis aplikasi yang sangat bermanfaat pada saat pandemi. Metode pengembangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development (R&amp;D) atau penelitian pengembangan Sugiyono 2019. Diperoleh hasil analisis data yang menunjukkan 89,52 persen ahli pembelajaran gerak, 90 persen ahli senam irama, 97,50 persen ahli media menyatakan produk aplikasi sangat baik dan layak digunakan. Jumlah penilaian secara keseluruhan dengan subjek uji coba untuk kelompok kecil melibatkan 8 orang lansia anggota sasana Senam Sehat Indonesia Kabupaten Kediri memperoleh hasil 96 persen dan uji coba kelompok besar melibatkan 20 orang lansia anggota sasana Senam Sehat Indonesia Kabupaten Kediri Kecamatan Pare memperoleh hasil 98,45 persen. Dari hasil penilaian maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa produk aplikasi senam sepuh covid-19 sangat valid yang bermakna layak digunakan oleh para lansia di sasana Senam Sehat Indonesia Kabupaten Kediri.

The purpose of this study was to describe the profile of the demographic segmentation of the ‘Mas Freddy Kebaya’ boutique in Malang City. The researcher used descriptive research using qualitative methods. Data collection is obtained from the process of observation, interviews, and documentation. Checking the validity of the data using source triangulation and technique triangulation. Based on the findings in the boutique field 'Mas Freddy Kebaya' divided by the market which requires a product or marketing mix that is specifically designed with demographic variables that include: (1) age obtained data on late adulthood: 1 person, early adulthood: 7 people, late adulthood : 1 person, initial elderly period: 1 person (2) sex obtained male data: 2 people, female: 8 people, (3) young life-cycle data obtained: 1 person, married: 1 person, married- have children: 4, married - no children: 2 people, old-unmarried: 1 person. Ever married - no children: 1 person (4) family size data obtained family size 1-3: 7 people, family size 3-4: 2 people, family size 5: 1 person (5) education obtained high school data: 1 person , S1: 9 people, (6) jobs obtained by private employee data: 7 people, entrepreneurs: 3 people (7) income obtained data of more than 5 million: 10 people (8) religion obtained Islamic data: 9 people, Catholics: 1 person (9) race obtained data from Mongoloid Malays, Young Malays: 10 people (10) generations obtained data from babyboomer generation: 1 person, generation X: 1 person, generation Y: 8 people (11) Citizenship obtained data of Indonesian citizens: 10 people.&#x0D; &#x0D; Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan profil segmentasi demografis butik‘Mas Freddy Kebaya’ di Kota Malang. Peneliti menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dari proses observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi teknik.Berdasarkan temuan di lapangan butik ‘Mas Freddy Kebaya’ membagi pasar yang membutuhkan produk atau bauran pemasaran tersendiri berdasarkan variabel demografis yang meliputi: (1) usia diperoleh data masa dewasa akhir: 1 orang, masa dewasa awal: 7 orang, masa dewasa akhir: 1 orang, masa lansia awal: 1 orang (2) jenis kelamin diperoleh data laki-laki: 2 orang, perempuan: 8 orang, (3) siklus hidup diperoleh data muda-tunggal: 1 orang, menikah: 1 orang, menikah-punya anak: 4, menikah-tidak punya anak: 2 orang, tua-tidak menikah: 1 orang. Pernah menikah-tidak punya anak: 1 orang (4) ukuran keluarga diperoleh data ukuran keluarga 1-3: 7 orang, ukuran keluarga 3-4: 2 orang, ukuran keluarga 5: 1 orang (5) pendidikan diperoleh data SMA: 1 orang, S1: 9 orang, (6) pekerjaan diperoleh data pegawai swasta: 7 orang, wiraswasta: 3 orang (7) pendapatan diperoleh data lebih dari 5 juta: 10 orang (8) agama diperoleh data Islam: 9 orang, Katholik: 1 orang (9) ras diperoleh data Mongoloid Melayu, Melayu Muda : 10 orang (10) generasi diperoleh data generasi babyboomer: 1 orang, generasi X: 1 orang, generasi Y: 8 orang (11) Kewarganegaraan diperoleh data WNI: 10 orang

Introduction: One of the menopausal problems is hot flashes or chest burning with symptoms of night sweats, fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety, memory disorders, and urogenital symptoms, in some people experiencing different symptoms, and often causes impaired quality of life. If this condition cannot be overcome, it will develop into anxiety to stress which has a negative impact on women's social life which will stimulate the brain so that it can disrupt the hormonal balance and ultimately adversely affect the health of the body. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of elderly exercise on reducing hot flashes in menopause. Methods: The type of research is Quasi Experiment with a one group pretest posttest design approach with the dependent variable is elderly exercise and the independent variable is hot flashes. Samples were all 66 menopausal people, analyzed using the Paired t test. Results: The results of the study after being tested, the mean pre-test value was 13.98 and the mean post-test was 21.00. The higher the mean value, there was a decrease in hot flashes before and after elderly exercise, meaning that there was a difference before and after treatment, the greater the mean value, the more means that the resulting test is evidenced by a p-value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05. Conclusion: it means that there is an effect of elderly exercise on reducing hot flashes in menopause. The conclusion is that there is a decrease in hot flushes in menopause before and after elderly exercise. ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Salah satunya masalah menopause adalah hot flashes atau rasa panas didada dengan gejala berkeringat malam, fatigue, insomnia, depresi, ansietas, gangguan daya ingat, dan gejala urogenital, pada beberapa orang mengalami gejala berbeda, dan sering menyebabkan gangguan kualitas hidup. Jika kondisi ini tidak bisa diatasi akan berkembang menjadi cemas sampai dengan stres yang berdampak buruk pada kehidupan sosial perempuan yang akan merangsang otak sehingga dapat mengganggu keseimbangan hormon dan akhirnya berakibat buruk pada kesehatan tubuh. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis pengaruh senam lansia terhadap penurunan hot flashes pada menopause. Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah Quasi Eksperiment dengan pendekatan one group pretest posttest design dengan variable terikat adalah senam lansia dan variable bebas adalah hot flashes. Sampel adalah semua menopause berjumlah 66 orang, dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired t test. Hasil: Hasil penelitian setelah diuji didapatkan nilai mean pre test 13,98 dan nilai mean post test 21,00 makin tinggi nilai mean maka ada penurunan hot flashes sebelum dan sesudah senam lansia, artinya ada perbedaan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan makin besar nilai mean maka makin bermakna uji yang dihasilkan dibuktikan dengan nilai p-value 0,000 lebih kecil dari 0,05. Kesimpulan: artinya ada pengaruh senam lansia terhadap penurunan hot flashes pada menopause. Kesimpulan ada penurunan hot flushes pada menopause sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan senam lansia.

In Indonesia, about 238 million total Indonesian population, there are about 23 million people experiencing insomnia, meaning that insomnia sufferers are estimated to reach 10% of the total population. Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, feeling sleepy during the day so that you often wake up at night are part of the less than optimal quality of sleep. Lavender aromatherapy which is best known by the Indonesian people contains a better sedative effect than other aromatherapy. Linalool (C10H18O) in lavender is the main ingredient, which is able to relax the body and improve sleep quality. To determine the decrease in insomnia in the elderly due to the influence of lavender aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) is the purpose of this study. Literature review contained in this research method by collecting various literature sources from several national articles. 3 (three) articles contained in this study are national articles. 0.000 &lt; 0.05 is the value of value from the results of 3 (three) articles which means that there is a significant effect on giving lavender aromatherapy to reducing insomnia sufferers so that it can maximize sleep quality in the elderly after giving lavender aromatherapy. expressed as a description of the level of insomnia.ABSTRAKDi Indonesia, sekitar 238 juta total penduduk Indonesia terdapat sekitar 23 juta manusia mengalami insomnia artinya penderita insomnia diperkirakan mencapai 10% dari total . Kelelahan, sulit berkonsentrasi, rasa kantuk pada siang hari sehingga pada malam hari sering terbangun merupakan bagian dari kurang maksimalnya kualitas tidur. Aromaterapi lavender yang paling diketahui oleh masyarakat Indonesia mengandung efek sedatif yang lebih baik dari pada aromaterapi lainnya. Linalool (C10H18O) pada bunga lavender merupakan kandungan utama yaitu yang mampu merileksasikan tubuh dan meningkatkan kualitas tidur. Untuk mengetahui penurunan insomnia pada lanjut usia karena pengaruh aromaterapi lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini . Literature review yang terdapat dalam metode penelitian ini dengan mengumpulkan berbagai sumber pustaka dari beberapa artikel nasional. 3 (tiga) artikel yang terdapat dalam penelitian ini adalah artikel nasional. 0,000 &lt; α 0,05 merupakan nilai ρ value dari hasil penelitian 3 (tiga) artikel yang berarti terdapat efek signifikan pada pemberian aromaterapi lavender terhadap pengurangan penderita insomnia sehingga dapat memaksimalkan kualitas tidur pada lanjut usia setelah pemberian aromaterapi lavender sebagian besar responden mengalami insomnia ringan dapat dinyatakan sebagai gambaran tingkat insomnia.

ABSTRAK Data World Health Organization (2016) dilaporkan prevalensi gout arthritis di dunia adalah 13,6% pria dan 6,4% perempuan. Pada tahun 2015 jumlah penderita arthritis sudah mencapai 66 juta atau hampir 1 dari 3 orang menderita gangguan sendi (WHO, 2016). Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2017, prevalensi arthritis gout tiga tertinggi yaitu di Bali mencapai 22,8%, Aceh 21,3%, dan Lampung 14,5%, sedangkan untuk kota Palembang pada tahun 2016 di bulan JanuariFebruari penyakit pada sistem otot dan jaringan pengikat di urutan ke 4 dari 10 penyakit terbesar sebanyak 7.304 orang, dan pada bulan Maret meningkat sebesar 3.357 orang, sedangkan pada bulan April meningkat sebanyak 5.328 (Dinkes Palembang, 2016). Sedangkan di Desa Padan Arang Kabupaten Lahat, terdapat sedikitnya 30 lansia dan kurang lebih 20 (66,67%) diantaranya mengalami masalah asam urat dengan tanda gejala nyeri pada setiap sendi-sendi baik pagi atau pun malam hari, namun terapi yang digunakan hanya sebatas melakukan kompres hangat saja.Kata Kunci: Kompres jahe merah, Nyeri Gout Atritis (Asam Urat) ABSTRACTData from World Health Organization (2016) reported that the prevalence of gout arthritis in the world is 13.6% of men and 6.4% of women. In 2015 the number of arthritis sufferers reached 66 million or almost 1 in 3 people suffer from joint disorders (WHO, 2016). The results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2017, the highest prevalence of arthritis of gout three, namely in Bali reached 22.8%, Aceh 21.3%, and Lampung 14.5%, while for the city of Palembang in 2016 in January February the disease in the system muscle and connective tissue ranked 4th out of the 10 largest diseases of 7,304 people, and in March it increased by 3,357 people, while in April it increased by 5,328 (Palembang Health Office, 2016). Whereas in Padan Arang Village, Lahat Regency, there are at least 30 elderly people, and approximately 20 (66.67%) of them experience gout problems with signs of pain in every joint either morning or night, but the therapy used is only limited to conducting just warm compresses. Keywords: compress red ginger, gout arthritis pain (gout)

Insomnia adalah suatu keadaan dimana seseorang mengalami kesulitan tidur, terutama tidur malam hari. Insomnia sering terjadi pada Lansia akibat penurunan jumlah neuron. Di dunia diperkirakan 40-50% orang menderita insomnia, salah satu cara untuk mengatasinya adalah dengan terapi musik klasik.Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan efektifitas pemberian terapi musik klasik terhadap penurunan gejala insomnia pada Lansia di Posbindu Dahlia dan Karang Mekar Puskesmas Pisangan tahun 2017.Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Quasi Eksperiment dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 60 responden dibagi ke dalam 2 kelompok, yaitu 30 responden kelompok kontrol dan 30 responden kelompok intervensi. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen pengukuran insomnia yang berupa kuesioner Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Data dianalisa menggunakan uji wilcoxon test.Hasil dari analisa univariat menunjukkan bahwa usia kelompok kontrol adalah 60-74 (86,7%), 75-90 (13,3%), sedangkan usia kelompok intervensi adalah 60-74 (83,3%), 75-90 (16,7%) dan jenis kelamin kelompok kontrol adalah 6,7% laki-laki, 93,3% perempuan dan kelompok intervensi adalah 20% laki-laki, 80% perempuan. Hasil dari analisa bivariat uji wilcoxon test, pretest pada kedua kelompok ɑ &gt; 0.05 dan posttest pada kedua kelompok ɑ &lt;0,05. Terapi musik klasik dibutuhkan untuk menurunkan gejala insomnia pada Lansia.Kata kunci : Lansia, Insomnia, Terapi music ABSTRACT Insomnia is a condition where a person has difficulty falling asleep, especially at night. Insomnia often occurs in the elderly due to a decrease in the number of neurons. It is estimated there are 40-50% of people around the world suffering from insomnia, one way to overcome it is to do classical music therapy. Research aims to determine the effectiveness of classical music therapy to decreased symptoms of insomnia in elderly in Posbindu Dahlia and Karang Mekar Puskesmas Pisangan in 2017. This research uses Quasi Experiment using purposive sampling. Sample in this research there are 60 respondents divide into 2 groups, 30 in the experiment group and 30 in the control group, Data collection using measuing instruments insomnia in the form of Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires. Data were analized using wixolcom test. The result of the univariate analysis showed that the age of the control group is 60-74(86,7%), 75-90(13,3%), experiment group 60-74 (83,3%), 75-90(16,7%) and gender of control group is6,7% man, 93,3% woman while in the experiment group is 20% man and 80% woman. The result of bivariat wilcoxon test, pretest in both group ɑ &gt; 0.05 and the posttest ɑ &lt; 0,05. Classical music therapy is needed to reduce symptoms of insomnia in the elderly. Ederly should learn more about how to cope with insomnia with classical music therapyKeywoard : Elderly, Insomnia, Music Therapy

Kolesterol merupakan senyawa lemak berlilin yang diproduksi oleh tubuh organ hati dan sebagian lainnya didapatkan dari makanan. Namun, bila berlebihan akan menimbulkan risiko penyakit, seperti diabetes mellitus, stroke, aterosklerosis, dan penyakit jantung koroner. Kadar kolesterol total dapat dikategorikan menjadi normal dibawah 200mg/dl, batas tinggi 200-239 mg/dl. Kolesterol banyak diderita oleh para lansia dikarenakan factor usia yang semakin lama badan akan semakin malas digerakkan. Studi pendahuluan menunjukkan data terdapat 156 lansia yang terkena kolesterol. Terapi non farmakologi dengan pemberian jus buah alpukat dipercaya dapat menurunkan kolesterol. Kebaruan penelitian ini karena peneliti ingin melihat pengaruh pemberian jus alpukat terhadap penurunan kolesterol pada lansia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh jus alpukat terhadap penurunan kolesterol. Pemberian jus alpukat dengan takaran 1 buah alpukat ukuran sedang (300 gr) ditambah air 100 cc dan jus diberikan kepada lansia yang tidak mengkomunikasikan obat penurunan kolesterol diberikan 1 kali/hari setelah makan pagi selama 7 hari berturut-turut kemudian di observasi pengamatan kolesterol pre-test dan kolesterol post-test. Desain penelitian menggunakan quasi eksperimen dengan pre and posttest without control pada jumlah sampel sebanyak 20 orang yang dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling dan sudah mendapatkan persetujuan etik. Hasil penelitian uji wilcoxon menunjukkan adanya perbedaan nilai pretest kadar kolesterol ≥200 mg/dl sebanyak 20 lansia (100%) dan nilai posttest 17 orang (85%) mengalami penurunan kadar kolesterol, pvalue 0,001 (0,05). Kesimpulan bahwa ada pengaruh jus alpukat terhadap penurunan kadar kolesterol pada lansia. Kata Kunci : Jus Alpukat; Kadar Kolesterol; Lansia. AbstractCholesterol is a waxy fat compound produced by the body of the liver; some of it is obtained from food. However, if it is excessive, it will pose a risk of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, stroke, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Total cholesterol levels can be categorized into a standard below 200mg/dl and a high limit of 200-239 mg/dl. Cholesterol is suffered by many older adults because of the age factor that the longer the body will be lazy to move. Preliminary studies showed data on 156 older adults affected by cholesterol. Non-pharmacological therapy with the administration of avocado fruit juice is believed to lower cholesterol. The novelty of this study is that researchers want to see the effect of avocado juice administration on cholesterol reduction in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of avocado juice on cholesterol reduction. Avocado juice with a dose of 1 medium-sized avocado (300 gr) plus 100 cc water and juice was given to the elderly who did not communicate cholesterol reduction drugs given 1 time/day after breakfast for 7 consecutive days, then observed observation of pretest cholesterol and post-test cholesterol. The research design used quasi-experiments with pre and post-test without control on a total sample of 20 people who were selected based on purposive sampling techniques and had obtained ethical approval. The results of the Wilcoxon test study showed that there was a difference in the pretest value of cholesterol levels ≥200 mg/dl in as many as 20 elderly (100%), and the post-test value of 17 people (85%) experienced a decrease in cholesterol levels, pvalue 0.001 (0.05). The conclusion is that there is an influence of avocado juice on the reduction of cholesterol levels in the elderly.Keywords: Avocado Juice; cholesterol levels; Elderly.

Background: Elderly is a condition characterized by a person's failure to maintain balance against physiological stress conditions. One of the organ systems changes in the aging process, namely in the nervous system of the elderly, insomnia can occur and it is easy to wake up at night. Factors that can affect a person's ability to sleep and sleep quality include age, eating and drinking (diet), psychosocial influences, environmental conditions, health deviations, medical interventions, lifestyle, and exercise. One of the physical activities that is easy for the elderly to do is walking, the elderly themselves are highly recommended to do physical activities such as walking, especially in the morning to fill their spare time. Regular activity can be an effective way to improve blood circulation.Purpose: To determine the effect of walking on sleep quality in the elderlyMethod: Quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design. Subjects consisted of two groups, namely the intervention, the group that was given the treatment, and the control group, the group that was not given the treatment. The population in this study were all elderly people who were targeted for health service coverage in the work area of the RW 09 Posbindu Mawar Putih Cigugur Tengah Cimahi City Health Center in April 2019 with a total of 20 participants, namely 10 participants in the intervention group and 10 participants in the control group. The intervention group was given treatment in the form of walking activities in the morning with a duration of 30 minutes 3 times for 1 week on 24, 26, and 28 April 2019 and their pulse would be counted. Data analysis techniques using univariate and bivariate.Results: There is a difference in the average quality of sleep in the elderly before and after walking in the intervention group with p-value = 0.001 (ɑ &lt;0.05). There is no difference in the average quality of sleep in the elderly before and after walking in the control group p-value = 0.173 (ɑ &lt;0.05). There is a difference in the average quality of sleep in the elderly after walking in the intervention group and the control group p-value = 0.001 (ɑ &lt;0.05) with a difference of 4.1.Conclusion: There was a statistically significant decrease in the quality of sleep in the elderly after walking in the intervention group and not statistically significant in the quality of sleep in the elderly after walking in the control group.Keywords: Elderly; Sleep Quality; Exercise; WalkingPendahuluan: Lansia merupakan keadaan yang ditandai oleh kegagalan seseorang untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan terhadap kondisi stres fisiologis. Salah satu dari perubahan sistem organ pada proses penuaan yaitu dalam sistem persarafan lansia dapat terjadi insomnia dan mudah terbangun di malam hari. Faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan seseorang untuk tidur dan kualitas tidur antara lain usia, makan dan minuman (diet), pengaruh psikososial, kondisi lingkungan, penyimpangan kesehatan, intervensi medis, gaya hidup dan latihan. Salah satu aktivitas fisik yang mudah dilakukan lansia yaitu jalan kaki, lansia sendiri sangat dianjurkan untuk melakukan aktivitas fisik seperti jalan kaki terutama pada pagi hari untuk mengisi waktu luang. aktivitas teratur bisa menjadi cara yang efektif untuk melancarkan sirkulasi darah.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh jalan kaki terhadap kualitas tidur pada lansia di RW 09 Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Cigugur Tengah.Metode: Quasi eksperimental non equivalent control group design. Subjek terdiri atas dua kelompok yakni intervensi, kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan dan kontrol, kelompok yang tidak diberikan perlakuan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh lansia yang menjadi sasaran cakupan layanan kesehatan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas RW 09 Posbindu Mawar Putih Cigugur Tengah Kota Cimahi pada bulan April 2019 dengan jumlah 20 partisipan yaitu 10 partisipan kelompok intervensi dan 10 partisipan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok intervensi diberikan perlakuan berupa aktivitas jalan kaki pada pagi hari dengan durasi 30 menit sebanyak 3 kali selama 1 minggu pada tanggal 24, 26, 28 April 2019 dan akan dihitung denyut nadinya. Teknik analisis data memakai univariat dan bivariat.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan rerata kualitas tidur pada lansia sebelum dan setelah melakukan jalan kaki pada kelompok intervensi dengan p value = 0.001 (ɑ &lt; 0.05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata kualitas tidur pada lansia sebelum dan setelah melakukan jalan kaki pada kelompok kontrol p value = 0.173 (ɑ &lt; 0.05). Terdapat perpedaan rerata kualitas tidur pada lansia setelah melakukan jalan kaki pada kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol p value = 0.001 (ɑ &lt; 0.05) dengan selisih 4.1.Simpulan: Terjadi penurunan bermakna secara statistik kualitas tidur pada lansia setelah jalan kaki pada kelompok intervensi dan tidak bermakna secara statistik kualitas tidur pada lansia setelah jalan kaki pada kelompok kontrol.

Antecedentes y objetivo. El síndrome de fragilidad conlleva un deterioro en la capacidad física del adulto mayor queincrementa su vulnerabilidad y el riesgo a sufrir eventos adversos. La sarcopenia es considerada como un paso intermedio hacia lafragilidad y comparte criterios diagnósticos con la misma, como la evaluación de la fuerza muscular y del rendimiento físico. La detecciónprecoz del deterioro de estas capacidades serviría como predictor de estados de fragilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el gradode deterioro funcional y los factores relacionados de un grupo de adultos mayores participantes en un programa de gimnasia municipalpara la tercera edad utilizando la propuesta de valoración del SNS en 2014. Material y método. Se valoró a una población de 74 sujetos(edad=72.34 ± 6.15) a través de la batería de pruebas de la Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), el Test Up and Go (TUG) yel Stair Climb Power Test (SCPT) determinando el grado de fragilidad según la clasificación del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) y lospuntos de corte propuestos por el European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) en 2010 y 2019. Resultados.El 13.51% de los sujetos presenta deterioro funcional según la puntuación de SPPB y el 5.4% según la velocidad de la marcha. Noencontramos diferencias relacionadas con valores antropométricos entre sexos que determinen un mejor desempeño funcional. Todos lossujetos con fragilidad obtuvieron malas puntuaciones en la prueba de fuerza de miembros inferiores. Conclusiones. No hallamosdiferencias significativas en el grado de deterioro funcional entre sexos, aunque existe una tendencia ligeramente superior en el grupofemenino. Las personas sin deterioro funcional llevan más tiempo practicando la actividad. Se objetiva una correlación elevada entre lasdiferentes pruebas de evaluación.Abstract. Introduction. Fragility syndrome carries a risk in the physical capacity of the elderly that increases their risk and the risk ofadverse events. Sarcopenia is considered as an intermediate step towards fragility and both share disgnostic criteria, such as the evaluationof muscular strength and physical performance The early detection of the deterioration of these capacities would be useful as a predictorof states of fragility. The aim of this work is to analyze the degree of functional change and related factors of a group of older adultsparticipating in a municipal gymnastics program for the elderly using the valuation proposal of the National Health System in 2014.Material and method. A population of 74 subjects (age = 72.34 ± 6.15) was assessed through the Short Physical PerformanceBattery (SPPB), Test Up and Go (TUG) and the Stair Climb Power (SCPT) tests, determining the degree of fragility according to theclassification of the SNS and the cut-off points proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)in 2010 and 2019. Results. 13.51% of the subjects present functional problems according to the SPPB score and 5.4% according to thegait speed. We did not find differences related to anthropometric values between sexes that determine a better functional performance. Allsubjects with fragility obtained bad relationships in the lower limb strength test. Conclusions. There are no differences in the degree offunctional change between sexes, although there is a slightly higher trend in the female group. People without functional problems havebeen practicing the activity for more time. A high correlation between the different evaluation tests is observed.

Background: The prevalence and mortality rates of cervical cancer differ by region with the highest rates found in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. In Indonesia, cervical cancer is the second-largest contributor to the latest cases in 2020. In West Kalimantan, over 20,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2014. This study aims to describe the characteristics of cervical cancer patients in West Kalimantan. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted on patients from 2017 to 2019 according to the Soedarso Hospital database. All medical records were reviewed and analyzed to obtain the variable data; they were age, ethnics, origin, stage of cervical cancer, histopathology types, and hemoglobin (Hb) level. Results: Cervical cancer patients for the 2017–2019 period totaled 147 people with 30 deaths. In this study, 97 patients from 2017 to 2019 met the inclusion criteria. Cervical cancer was found from the age of 27 years with a peak at the age of 41–60 years. Most patients came from Pontianak and Kubu Raya cities (45.4% and 14.4%, respectively) with the most ethnic groups being Malays (41.2%). A total of 43.3% of patients had a parity amount of more than five times. Most patients came at stage IIIb (45.4%). The patients present with moderate to severe anemia with the lowest Hb level of around 2.3 g/dL. Based on histopathology, the type of squamous cell carcinoma ranks the highest (70.1%). Conclusions: Cervical cancer incidence reaches the peak at adults to elderly. The amount of parity seems to contribute to the incidence of cervical cancer in West Kalimantan. Most patients came at an advanced stage and the type of squamous cell carcinoma with moderate to severe anemia

Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) merupakan dana yang diberikan oleh pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota dalam pembangunan fisik ataupun non fisik kepada desa. Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) non fisik berupa pemberdayaan masyarakat yang tujuannya mensejahterahkan baik dari segi perekonomian ataupun peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang pada awalnya kurang sejahtera menjadi sejahtera dan dapat berkembang dalam sumber daya manusia. Desa Kacaribu mempunyai program pemberdayaan masyarakat yaitu program-program yang menggunakan Alokasi Dana Desa meliputi program-program yang telah direncanakan seperti Bantuan langsung kepada Balita dan lansia, kegiatan Gotong-Royong, Pelatihan Karang Taruna dan Pelatihan Adat-Istiadat di Desa Kacaribu. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, ) dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Desa Kacaribu belum efektif dilihat pencapaian tujuan yaitu transparansi dan sasaran kebijakan dimana transparansi kepada masyarakat kurang terbuka dan masyarakat yang seharusnya mendapatkan bantuan malah tidak mendapatkan bantuan tersebut.Kata kunci: Efektivitas, Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD), Masyarakat, PemberdayaanThe Village Fund Allocation (ADD) is a fund provided by the district/city government in physical or non-physical development to the village. Non-physical Village Fund Allocation (ADD) is in the form of community empowerment with the aim of prospering both in terms of the economy or improving the quality of human resources who were initially less prosperous to become prosperous and able to develop in human resources. Kacaribu Village has community empowerment programs, namely programs that use Village Fund Allocations including planned programs such as direct assistance to toddlers and the elderly, mutual assistance activities, Youth Organization Training and Customs Training in Kacaribu Village. The method used is descriptive qualitative research method, in Community Empowerment in Kacaribu Village has not been effective in terms of achieving the goals, namely transparency and policy targets where transparency to the community is less open and people who should receive assistance do not receive the assistance.Keywords: Effectiveness, Village Fund Allocation (ADD), Community, Empowerment

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Pandemi COVID-19 telah menciptakan tatanan sosial-budaya baru dari proses meaning-making yang bernegosiasi dengan realitas-realitas baru. Ia juga juga melahirkan istilah paradoks, yaitu remaja jompo: remaja yang identik dengan masa-masa pertumbuhan yang aktif, kreatif dan energik dan kelompok lansia (lanjut usia) atau jompo yang berkonotasi tua renta, lemah, penuh derita dan sakit-sakitan. Artikel ini mendiskusikan fenomena remaja jompo yang marak berkembang di tengah pandemi COVID-19: tentang artikulasi, diskursus, faktor dan bentuk praktiknya di kalangan mahasiswa di Yogyakarta. Terma-terma lain seperti kemalasan, penundaan, mager (malas gerak atau sedentary behavior) dan rebahan dapat memperluas diskusi terkait dinamika sosial budaya yang diproduksi oleh pandemi. Fenomena bermalas-malasan dan rebahan mempunyai konsekuensi terbentuknya “kultur” remaja jompo, karena anak muda cenderung merasa nyaman berlama-lama rebahan dengan gawai mereka. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, artikel ini didesain untuk mendapatkan kedalaman makna dan pemahaman berdasarkan pengalaman anak-anak muda yang menjadi subjek penelitian. Para informan adalah mahasiswa yang sedang berkuliah di Yogyakarta. Selain penegasan tentang lahirnya diskursus remaja jompo, artikel ini juga menemukan bahwa (1) pengalaman pembelajaran daring telah menciptakan budaya mager dan rebahan di kalangan mahasiswa, sehingga (2) berakibat pada terciptanya praktik remaja jompo seperti menurunnya kesehatan tubuh mereka karena berlama-lama memakai gawai, tidak cukup bergerak dan jarang berolahraga yang akhirnya merasa cepat kelelahan, pusing, pegal-pegal, dan rentan sakit, seperti jompo. The COVID-19 pandemic has created the new socio-cultural orders imposed by meaning-making processes which continues to negotiate with new realities. It also generated a paradox term, namely elderly youth: youth which is active, creative and energetic and elder which is associated with old body and prone to sickness. This article discusses the phenomena of old adolescents (remaja jompo) massively emerging in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic by disclosing its understandings, factors, and forms of practice among university students in Yogyakarta. Other terms such as mager and rebahan (both may fit with a term of sedentary behavior) can broaden a discussion about the socio-cultural phenomena produced by the pandemic. As a consequence of laziness and excessive use of gadgets, the emergence of both terms has inevitably created an interesting term and social meaning called remaja jompo or “old adolescents”. Using a qualitative approach, this article is designed to gain depth of meaning and understanding based on the experiences of young people studying at university. In addition to affirming the emergence of discourse of old adolescents, this article also found that (1) the experience of online learning classes has created forms of culture such as mager and rebahan among university students, and thus (2) it obviously generated the practice of old adolescents shown by, for instance, decreasing physical health due to long-term use of gadgets, and barriers to physical activity like sports so eventually that they feel tired quickly, dizzy, fatigued, and prone to illness.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;List of abstracts and authors:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified -overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Allers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. The prognosis of major depression untreated and treated: Does the data reflect the true picture of the prognosis of this very common disorder?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Allers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Can we prolong our patients' life expectancy? Providing a better quality of life for patients with severe mental illness&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;O A Betencourt&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. The scope of ECT practice in South Africa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;J Benson-Martin, P Milligan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. Biomarkers for schizophrenia: Can we evolve like cancer therapeutics?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Buckley&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. Relapse in schizophrenis: Major challenges in prediction and prevention&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Buckley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7. Informed consent in biological treatments: The right to know the duty to inform&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;I Chetty&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8. Effectiveness of a long-acting injectable antipsychotic plus an assertive monitoring programme in first-episode schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;B Chiliza, L Asmal, O Esan, A Ojagbemi, O Gureje, R Emsley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9. Name, shame, fame&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Cilliers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10. Can we manage the increasing incidence of violent raging children? We have to!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H Clark&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;11. Serotonin, depression and antidepressant action&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Cowen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;12. Prevalence and correlates of comorbid psychiatris illness in patients with heroin use disorder admitted to Stikland Opioid Detoxification Unit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L Dannatt, K J Cloete, M Kidd, L Weich&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;13. Investigating the association between diabetes mellitus, depression and psychological distress in a cohort of South African teachers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A K Domingo, S Seedat, T M Esterhuizen, C Laurence, J Volmink, L Asmal&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;14. Neuropeptide S -emerging evidence for a role in anxiety&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;K Domschke&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;15. Pathogenetics of anxiety&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;K Domschke&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;16. The effects of HIV on the fronto-striatal system&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S du Plessis, M Vink, J Joska, E Koutsilieri, C Scheller, B Spottiswoode, D Stein, R Emsley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;17. Effects of acute antipsychotic treatment on brain morphology in schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;R Emsley, L Asmal, B Chiliza, S du Plessis, J Carr, A Goosen, M Kidd, M Vink, R Kahn&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;18. Development of a genetic database resource for monitoring of breast cancer patients at risk of physical and psychological complications&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;K Grant, F J Cronje, K Botha, J P Apffelstaedt, M J Kotze&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;19. Unipolar mania reconsidered: Evidence from a South African study&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;C Grobler&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;20. Antipsychotic-induced movement disorders: Occurence and management&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Haddad&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;21. The place of observational studies in assessing the effectiveness of long-acting injectable antipsychotics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Haddad&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;22. Molecular mechanisms of d-cycloserine in fear extinction: Insights from RNS sequencing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Hemmings, S Malan-Muller, L Fairbairn, M Jalali, E J Oakeley, J Gamieldien, M Kidd, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;23. Schizophrenia: The role of inflammation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;DC Henderson&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;24. Addictions: Emergent trends and innovations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;V Hitzeroth&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;25. The socio-cultural-religious context of biological psychiatric practice&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;B Janse van Rensburg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;26. Biochemical markers for identifying risk factors for disability progression in multiple sclerosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;S Janse van Rensburg, M J Kotze, F J Cronje, W Davis, K Moremi, M Jalali Sefid Dashti, J Gamieldien, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R van Toorn, M J de Klerk, G M Hon, T Matsha, S Hassan, R T Erasmus&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;27. Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: Brain perfusion and psychopathology - before and after antipsychotic treatment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;G Jordaan, J M Warwick, D G Nel, R Hewlett, R Emsley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;28.'Pump and dump': Harm reduction strategies for breastfeeding while using substances&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L Kramer&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;29. Adolescent neuropsychiatry - an emerging field in South African adolescent psychiatric services&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Lachman&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;30. Recovery versus remission, or what it means to be healthy for a psychiatric patient?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;B Latecki&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;31. Holistic methods utilised to normalise behaviours in youth diagnosed with neuro-biochemical disorders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P Macqueen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;32. Candidate genes and novel polymorphisms for anxiety disorder in a South African cohort&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;N McGregor, J Dimatelis, S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, D Stein, V Russel, C Lochner&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;33. Higher visual functioning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Moodley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;34. The effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure on trace element and antioxidant levels in rat offspring following 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal insult&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Z M Moosa, W M U Daniels, M V Mabandla&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;35. Paediatric neuropsychiatric movement disorders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L Mubaiwa&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;36. The South African national female offenders study&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Nagdee, L Artz, C de Clercq, P de Wet, H Erlacher, S Kaliski, C Kotze, L Kowalski, J Naidoo, S Naidoo, J Pretorius, M Roffey, F Sokudela, U Subramaney&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;37. Neurobiological consequences of child abuse&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;C Nemeroff&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;38. What do Stellenbosch Unviversity medical students think about psychiatry - and why should we care?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;G Nortje, S Suliman, K Seed, G Lydall, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;39. Neurological soft skins in Nigerian Africans with first episode schizophrenia: Factor structure and clinical correlates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;A Ojagbemi, O Esan, O Gureje, R Emsley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;40. Should psychiatric patients know their MTHFR status?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Peter&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;41. Clinical and functional outcome of treatment refractory first-episode schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L Phahladira, R Emsley, L Asmal, B Chiliza&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;42. Bioethics by case discussion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;W Pienaar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;43. Reviewing our social contract pertaining to psychiatric research in children, research in developing countries and distributive justice in pharmacy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;W Pienaar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;44. The performance of the MMSE in a heterogenous elderly South African population&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Ramlall, J Chipps, A I Bhigjee, B J Pillay&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;45. Biological basis addiction (alocohol and drug addiction)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Rataemane&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;46. Volumetric brain changes in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed children compared with healthy unexposed controls&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;A Roos, K Donald, G Jones, D J Stein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;47. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the amygdala in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;D Rosenstein, A Hess, S Seedat, E Meintjies&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;48. Discussion of HDAC inhibitors, with specific reference to supliride and its use during breastfeeding&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;J Roux&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;49. Prevalence and clinical correlates of police contact prior to a first diagnosis of schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;C Schumann, L Asmal, K Cloete, B Chiliza, R Emsley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;50. Are dreams meaningless?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Solms&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;51. The conscious id&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Solms&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;52. Depression and resilience in HIV-infected women with early life stress: Does trauma play a mediating role?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;G Spies, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;53. State of affairs analysis for forensic psychiatry in SA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;U Subramaney&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;54. Escitalopram in the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomised controlled trial&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Suliman, S Seedat, J Pingo, T Sutherland, J Zohar, D J Stein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;55. Epigenetic consequences of adverse early social experiences in primates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Suomi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;56. Risk, resilience, and gene x environment interactions in primates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Suomi&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;57. Biological aspects of anorexia nervosa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;C Szabo&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;58. Agents used and profiles of non-fatal suicidal behaviour in East London&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H Uys&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;59. The contributions of G-protein coupled receptor signalling to opioid dependence&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;J van Tonder&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;60. Emerging trend and innovation in PTSD and OCD&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;J Zohar&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;61. Making the SASOP treatment guidelines operational&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Allers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Poster Presentations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;62. Neuropsychological deficits in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;S Bakelaar, D Rosenstein, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;63.Social anxiety disorder in patients with or without early childhood trauma: Relationship to behavioral inhibition and activation and quality of life&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;S Bakelaar, C Bruijnen, A Sambeth, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;64. Exploring altered affective processing in obssessive compulsive disorder symptom subtypes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Breet, J Ipser, D Stein, C Lochner&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;65. To investigate the bias toward recognising the facial expression of disgust in obsessive compulsive disorder as well as the effect of escitalopram&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Breet, J Ipser, D Stein, C Lochner&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;66. A fatal-case of nevirapine-induced Stevens-Johnson's syndrome in HIV mania&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Bronkhorst, Z Zingela, W M Qwesha, B P Magigaba&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;67. Association of the COMT G472A (met/met) genotype with lower disability in people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;W Davis, S J van Rensburg, L Fisher, F J Cronje, D Geiger, M J Kotze&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;68. Homocycsteine levels are associated with the fat mass and obesity associated gene FTO(intron 1 T&amp;gt;A) polymorphism in MS patients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;W Davis, S J Van Rensburg, M J Kotze, L Fisher, M Jalali, F J Cronje, K Moremi, J Gamieldien, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R van Toorn, M J de Klerk, G M Hon, T Matsha, S Hassan, R T Erasmus&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;69. Analysis of the COMT 472 G&amp;gt;A (rs4680) polymorphism in relation to environmental influences as contributing factors in patients with schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;D de Klerk, S J van Rensburg, R A Emsley, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R T Erasmus, M J Kotze&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;70. Dietary folate intake, homocysteine levels and MTHFR mutation detection in South African patients with depression: Test development for clinical application &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;D Delport, N vand der Merwe, R Schoeman, M J Kotze&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;71. The use ofexome sequencing for antipsychotic pharmacogenomic applications in South African schizophrenia patients&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;B Drogmoller, D Niehaus, G Wright, B Chiliza, L Asmal, R Emsley, L Warnich&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;72. The effects of HIV on the ventral-striatal reward system&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S du Plessis, M Vink, J Joska, E Koutsilieri, C Scheller, B Spottiswoode, D Stein, R Emsley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;73. Xenomelia relates to asymmetrical insular activity: A case study of fMRI&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S du Plessis, M Vink, L Asmal&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;74. Maternal mental helath: A prospective naturalistic study of the outcome of pregancy in women with major psychiatric disorders in an African country&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E du Toit, L Koen, D Niehaus, B Vythilingum, E Jordaan, J Leppanen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;75. Prefrontal cortical thinning and subcortical volume decrease in HIV-positive children with encephalopathy&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;J P Fouche, B Spottiswoode, K Donald, D Stein, J Hoare&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;76. H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites in schizophrenia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;F Howells, J Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;77. Hypothesis for the development of persistent methamphetamine-induced psychosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; J Hsieh, D J Stein, F M Howells&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;78. Culture, religion, spirituality and psychiatric practice: The SASOP Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group Action Plan for 2012-2014&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;B Janse van Rensburg&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;79. Cocaine reduces the efficiency of dopamine uptake in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; electrochemical study&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;L Kellaway, J S Womersley, D J Stein, G A Gerhardt, V A Russell&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;80. Kleine-Levin syndrome: Case in an adolescent psychiatric unit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A Lachman&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;81. Increased inflammatory stress specific clinical, lifestyle and therapeutic variables in patients receiving treatment for stress, anxiety or depressive symptoms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H Luckhoff, M Kotze, S Janse van Rensburg, D Geiger&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;82. Catatonia: An eight-case series report&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Mabenge, Z Zingela, S van Wyk&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;83. Relationship between anxiety sensitivity and childhood trauma in a random sample of adolescents from secondary schools in Cape Town&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L Martin, M Viljoen, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;84. 'Making ethics real'. An overview of an ethics course presented by Fraser Health Ethics Services, BC, Canada&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;JJ McCallaghan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;85. Clozapine discontinuation rates in a public healthcare setting&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Moolman, W Esterhuysen, R Joubert, J C Lamprecht, M S Lubbe&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;86. Retrospective review of clozapine monitoring in a publica sector psychiatric hospital and associated clinics&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Moolman, W Esterhuysen, R Joubert, J C Lamprecht, M S Lubbe&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;87. Association of an iron-related TMPRSS6 genetic variant c.2007 C&amp;gt;7 (rs855791) with functional iron deficiency and its effect on multiple sclerosis risk in the South African population&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;K Moremi, S J van Rensburg, L R Fisher, W Davis, F J Cronje, M Jalali Sefid Dashti, J Gamieldien, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R van Toorn, M J de Klerk, G M Hon, T Matsha, S Hassan, R T Erasmus, M Kidd, M J Kotze&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;88. Identifying molecular mechanisms of apormophine-induced addictive behaviours&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Z Ndlazi, W Daniels, M Mabandla&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;89. Effects of lifestyle factors and biochemistry on the major neck blood vessels in patients with mutiple sclerosis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;M Nelson, S J van Rensburg, M J Kotze, F Isaacs, S Hassan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;90. Nicotine protects against dopamine neurodegenration and improves motor deficits in a Parkinsonian rat model&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;N Ngema, P Ngema, M Mabandla, W Daniels&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;91. Cognition: Probing anatomical substrates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;H Nowbath&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;92. Chronic exposure to light reverses the effects of maternal separation on the rat prefrontal cortex&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;V Russel, J Dimatelis&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;93. Evaluating a new drug to combat Alzheimer's disease&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Sibiya, W M U Daniels, M V Mabandla&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;94. Structural brain changes in HIV-infected women with and without childhood trauma&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;G Spies, F Ahmed, C Fennema-Notestine, S Archibald, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;95. Nicotine-stimulated release of hippocampal norepinephrine is reduced in an animal model of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: the spontaneously hypertensive rat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;T Sterley&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;96. Brain-derive neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Suliman, S M J Hemmings, S Seedat&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;97. A 12-month retrospective audit of the demographic and clinical profile of mental healthcare users admitted to a district level hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E Thomas, K J Cloete, M Kidd, H Lategan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;98. Magnesium recurarization: A comparison between reversal of neuromuscular block with sugammadex v. neostigmine/ glycopyrrolate in an &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; rat model&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;M van den Berg, M F M James, L A Kellaway&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;99. Identification of breast cancer patients at increased risk of 'chemobrain': Case study and review of the literature&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;N van der Merwe, R Pienaar, S J van Rensburg, J Bezuidenhout, M J Kotze&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;100. The protective role of HAART and NAZA in HIV Tat protein-induced hippocampal cell death&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;S Zulu, W M U Daniels, M V Mabandla&lt;/p&gt;

Abstract Background Ethnicity/race and poverty are among determinants of health in older persons. However, studies involving intersectional effects of ethnicity/race and poverty on health of older adults within multi-ethnic Asian populace is limited. Hence, this study aimed to examine the intersectional effects of ethnicity/race and poverty on cognitive function, depressive symptoms, and multimorbidity among community-dwelling older adults in Malaysia. Methods Data were obtained from the first wave of a Peninsular Malaysia national survey - “Identifying Psychosocial and Identifying Economic Risk Factor of Cognitive Impairment among Elderly”. Log-binomial regression was used to identify intersectional effects and associations between control variables and health outcomes. A comparison between Malay and non-Malay older adults within the same poverty group, as well as hardcore poor and non-hardcore poor older people within the same ethnicity groups, were conducted to understand the intersectional effects of ethnicity/race and poverty on health. Results Prevalence of cognitive impairment was highest among hardcore poor Malay group, while the risk of depression and multimorbidity were highest among hardcore poor non-Malays. In the hardcore poor group, Malay ethnicity was associated with higher prevalence of cognitive impairment but lower prevalence of depression risk and multimorbidity. In the Malay group, hardcore poor was associated with higher prevalence of cognitive impairment; however, no association was found between hardcore poor with depression risk and multimorbidity after controlling for covariates. Conclusions Health outcomes of Malaysian older adults differ according to ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Given the importance of demographic characteristics on health outcomes, design of interventions targeting older adults within multi-ethnic settings must address specific characteristics, especially that of ethnicity and sociodemographic status so as to fulfil their needs. Several implications for future practice were discussed.

Social relationship with children and relatives is very important for the life of older people. At old age, family is becoming increasingly important to the individuals as a place where they can find support. Indeed, social relationship between older people with their adult children is particularly important to analyze. This paper is intended to examine various aspects of the relationships, examined from the perspective of elderly parents. Utilizing data from a face-to-face interview with 214 Malay rural residents in Kelantan aged 60 years and older, this study investigated patterns, frequency of visit, and quality of relationships between elderly parents and their adult children who live separately. Results revealed that adult children are important sources of social relationships; while nearly half of the adult children have frequently visited their elderly parents; and both elderly parents and their adult children perceived they were very important for each other.

The increase in proportion of older people in Malaysia has led to a significant growth of health care demands. The aim of this study is to explore how perceived health care needs influence on quality of life among elderly Malay residents who reside in a Malaysian residential home. This study employed a method known as ethnographic research from May 2011 to January 2012. Four data collection strategies were selected as the main data-collecting tools including participant observation, field notes, in-depth interviews, and review of related documents. The nine knowledgeable participants for the present study were selected using the purposive sampling method. Two themes were identified: (1) Medical concerns: Feeling secure, lack of information, inadequate medical staff; and (2) Health promotion: Body condition, health education, physiotherapy and rehabilitation. These results could evoke the attention of policy-makers and care providers to better meet elderly residents' health care needs.

Nowadays more and more people can reach old age. When individuals reaching old age, issues of relationship with their spouses is particularly important to be discussed. This article aims at discussing the relationship between the elderly people with their spouses. Utilizing data from a face-to-face interview with 214 Malay residents in rural Kelantan aged 60 years and older, this study investigated patterns, harmonious relationship, intimacy, closeness, as well as understanding between them. Results revealed that, (a) more than half of the elderly felt that any important decision is a family decision; works outside the house are husbands’ responsibility whereas house chores are the responsibility of the wives; (b) they have a harmonious relationship, having a mutual understanding, caring and compromising, as well as no complict arises; (c) they have a deep intimacy between them; (d) 53.8 percent of the respondents said they have a very close relationship, while another 46.2 percent have an intimate relationship; and (e) not many elderly couples reported that they do not have an understanding. It can be concluded that as someone gets older, they will likely to have a more intimate relationship with their other half.

The Malay community represents the largest majority group in Malaysia and is rich in traditional wisdom and practices that are a part of the social fabric and shared in communal life. These traditional wisdom and practices are manifested through various old adages and taboos believed to have an impact on life. Therefore, an analysis of the book 'Ta’lim wal Muta’llim' specifically focuses on the chapter of adages and taboos that hinder one's livelihood, which can be associated with the discussion of hadith analogy and the analysis of the elderly population in Kuala Lipis, Pahang. The use of this book is seen as closely related to the Malay community. From the research, it was found that 34 adages and taboos that invite poverty listed through the work of al-Zarnuji are closely related to elements within the Malay community in Kuala Lipis, Pahang. The results show that out of these 34 adages, 31 are commonly heard among the people of Kuala Lipis, and they can be linked to 21 Hadiths. The remaining ones are not related to Hadith sources. Furthermore, these adages and taboos are seen as beneficial guidance and advice for the community in navigating the course of life, and some are still practiced to this day.

Introduction: Cerebral white matter lesions (WML) increase the risk of stroke and dementia. WML burden is highly heritable, but few genetic variants have been identified to date, which explain a small proportion of the trait variance. To identify novel genetic loci for cerebral white matter lesions, we conducted a trans-ethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Methods: We included 21,079 people of European (N=17,936), Afro-American (N=1,943), Hispanic (N=795), Chinese (N=204) and Malay (N=201) descent from 22 population-based cohorts in the middle-aged and elderly. People with dementia or stroke were excluded. WML burden was quantified on MRI either by a validated automated segmentation method or a validated visual grading scale. Genotype data in each study was imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference panel. We investigated the relationship between each SNP and WML burden with linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex and intracranial volume. A fixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted using a z-score based method for each ethnicity separately and for the total sample. Results: In the European sample, we confirmed a previously known locus on chr17q25 (p=3.9E-19) and identified two novel loci: on chr2p21 (p=4.1E-08) and chr10q24 (p=9.4E-10). Two additional loci, on chr1q22 (p=4.6E-08) and chr2p16 (p=1.6E-08), were identified in the trans-ethnic meta-analysis. The novel loci contain genes that are involved in the extracellular matrix (chr2p16), ubiquitination (chr1q22) and apoptosis (chr10q24) and have been implicated in Huntington’s disease (chr2p21), multiple sclerosis (chr2p21), medulloblastoma (chr10q24) and glioma (chr10q24, chr2p16). Suggestive associations (p&lt;10-6) include loci on chr2q33 containing a gene involved in gliomas, and chr7q31 containing a gene implicated in autism and schizophrenia. Conclusions: We identified four novel loci for WML burden in a trans-ethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies and confirmed a previously identified locus.

Mantera sinonim kepada sesuatu pemujaan yang berkaitan dengan benda ghaib. Lazimnya, mantera sangat dipercayai oleh masyarakat Melayu dahulu dan juga Orang Asli. Mantera merupakan ungkapan atau kata-kata yang diucapkan oleh pawang atau bomoh bagi tujuan tertentu. Mantera juga turut mempunyai nilai estetikanya yang tersendiri terutamanya dalam kehidupan seharian seperti membuka penempatan baharu, bercucuk tanam, membina rumah dan menjaga kesihatan. Ada juga yang percaya bahawa mantera boleh digunakan untuk menganiayai dan mengkhianati orang lain. Matlamat utama kajian ini ialah untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis jenis mantera pakaian diri Orang Asli di Kampung Sungai Rual, Jeli, Kelantan menggunakan Teori Sastera Budaya. 8 buah mantera berkaitan pakaian diri yang diperoleh hasil daripada temubual dengan Tok Batin Orang Asli, Kampung Sungai Rual, Jeli, Kelantan telah dikenal pasti dan dianalisis secara kualitatif yang merangkumi kaedah kepustakaan dan lapangan. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat Orang Asli Sungai Rual khususnya orang-orang tua masih mengamalkan mantera pakaian diri demi keharmonian dan kesejahteraan seharian. Mantras are synonymous with orations in worshipping supernatural entities. The use of mantras is habitually known and trusted by some traditional Malay and indigenous people (orang asli). It is an expression or spoken words by a magician or shaman for a specific purpose. It also has its own aesthetic value, especially in daily life such as in the opening of new settlements, during cultivation, building houses and maintaining health and well-being. There are those who believe that mantras can be used to deceive and persecute others. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the types of Orang Asli clothing mantras in Kampung Sungai Rual, Jeli, Kelantan deductively, using the cultural studies theory. Eight spells related to personal clothings were obtained as a result of the interviews with two shamans of the indigenous (Tok Batin) in Kampung Sungai Rual, Jeli, Kelantan. The findings were qualitatively analysed which include library search and field works. The results found that the Sungai Rual Orang Asli community, especially the elderly, are still practicing the mantras of personal clothing for their daily comfort and harmony.

Kajian ini secara umumnya bertujuan menganalisis penggunaan kata sapaan dan rujukan dalam kalangan masyarakat Banjar yang menjadi majoriti penduduk di daerah Kerian, Perak. Kehidupan masyarakat Banjar di kawasan ini, didapati telah mengalami banyak perubahan dari segi sosial dan budaya. Perubahan seperti perkahwinan campur, penghijrahan tempat tinggal, pekerjaan dan sistem pendidikan misalnya, telah menyebabkan bahasa Banjar termasuk penggunaan kata sapaan dan rujukan yang menjadi warisan mereka turut terkesan. Fokus utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti bentuk kata sapaan dan rujukan yang sering diungkapkan secara lisan oleh masyarakat Banjar terpilih di daerah Kerian, Perak. Pengkaji menggunakan tiga peraturan penggunaan kata sapaan yang dikemukakan oleh Ervin-Tripp iaitu Alternation rules (Peraturan Alternasi), Co-occurrence rules (Peraturan Kejadian Bersama) dan Sequencing rules (Peraturan Perurutan). Peraturan ini juga disokong dengan Sistem Panggilan dalam Bahasa Melayu oleh Amat Juhari Moain untuk disesuaikan dengan kebudayaan masyarakat Melayu di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif, iaitu kaedah pemerhatian dan kajian lapangan. Data dikumpulkan di mukim Bagan Serai dan mukim Parit Buntar. Pengkaji membahagikan masyarakat Banjar kepada dua kumpulan kajian iaitu masyarakat KBB (Keluarga Berketurunan Banjar) dan KBBC (Keluarga Berketurunan Banjar Campuran). Kajian ini mendapati bentuk kata sapaan dan rujukan masyarakat Banjar boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga bentuk utama, iaitu kata ganti nama diri, kekeluargaan dan masyarakat. Kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa penggunaan kata sapaan dan rujukan masyarakat Banjar hanya digunakan dalam kalangan golongan tua KBB dan KBBC. Penggunaan kata sapaan dan rujukan ini kebanyakannya sudah tidak digunakan lagi dalam kalangan golongan muda, khususnya remaja KBBC. This study generally aims to analyze the use of greetings and references among the Banjar community which made up the majority of the population in Kerian, Perak. The life of the community has undergone many changes in terms of social and cultural. Changes such as intermarriage, migration, employment and education, to some extent have affected the Banjar language, including the use of greetings and references. The main focus of this study is to identify the forms of greetings and references that are often expressed orally by selected Banjar communities in Kerian, Perak. The researcher used three rules for greetings as presented by Ervin-Tripp (1986), namely Alternation rules, Co-occurrence rules and Sequencing rules. This rule is also supported by References in Malay by Amat Mario Moain to suit the culture of the Malay community in Malaysia. This study uses qualitative methods, namely observation methods and field studies. Data were collected in the sub-districts of Bagan Serai and Parit Buntar. The researcher divided the Banjar community into two study groups, namely the KBB community (Banjar Descent Family) and KBBC (Mixed Banjar Descent Family). This study found that the greeting and reference forms of the Banjar community can be divided into three main forms, namely personal pronouns, family and community. This study also found that the use of greetings and references of the Banjar community is only used among the elderly KBB and KBBC. These greetings and references are mostly no longer used among young people, especially KBBC teenagers.