Journal articles: 'Élections – Côte d'Ivoire – 2000-'

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Assepo, Eugène Assi. "Les modes extrajudiciaires de règlement des litiges en Côte d'Ivoire." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 33, no. 3 (2000): 304–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2000-3-304.

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Shakya, Evaniya, Nan Dou, Raphia Ngoutane, Anne-Sophie Le Dain, Aashima Garg, Stephen Kodish, Laura Caulfield, Laura Murray-Kolb, Muzi Na, and Denis Garnier. "Promising Trends of Complementary Feeding Practices in Côte D'lvoire: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Survey Data Between 1994–2016." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_069.

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Abstract Objectives Poor complementary feeding practices pose a major challenge for early childhood growth and development in Côte d'Ivoire, where more than 20% children under five suffer from stunting. We aimed to examine the trends and risk factors of suboptimal complementary feeding among children aged 6–23 months in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods We estimated the country-level prevalence, trends, and risk factors of four complementary feeding indicators: introduction of complementary foods (INTRO), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Data was extracted from Demographic and Health Surveys (1994 to 2011) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2000–2016) to estimate the complementary feeding indicators for children between 6 to 23 months in Côte d'Ivoire. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with these complementary feeding indicators in 2016. Results On average, 59.2% of children aged 6–8 months achieved INTRO between 1994–2016. In 2016, the proportion of children aged 6–8 months meeting INTRO was 65.5% showing an increase of around 15 percentage points from 2006. Between 2011 – 2016, the proportion of children aged 6–23 months meeting MMF, MDD, and MAD also increased from 40.2% to 47.7%, 11.3% to 26.0%, and 4.6% to 12.5%, respectively. Child age (MDD, MAD), maternal education (INTRO), and breastfeeding status (MMF, MAD) were significantly and positively associated with achieving at least one of the complementary feeding practices: INTRO, MMF, MDD, and MAD. Higher household wealth was significantly associated with greater odds of achieving all four complementary feeding criteria compared to poorer households Conclusions Suboptimal complementary feeding practices remain a problem and disparities in complementary feeding still exist in Côte d'Ivoire. However, complementary feeding practices have improved in the past decade. Additional research is needed to understand the policy and programmatic efforts that may explain the promising trends of complementary feeding practices in Côte d'Ivoire. Funding Sources UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant # 43279190).

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Salamon, Roger, Catherine Marimoutou, Daniel Ekra, Albert Minga, Eric Nerrienet, Catherine Huët, Gwenola Gourvellec, et al. "Clinical and Biological Evolution of HIV-1 Seroconverters in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1997–2000." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 29, no. 2 (February 2002): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200202010-00007.

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Salamon, Roger, Catherine Marimoutou, Daniel Ekra, Albert Minga, Eric Nerrienet, Catherine Huët, Gwenola Gourvellec, et al. "Clinical and Biological Evolution of HIV-1 Seroconverters in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1997–2000." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 29, no. 2 (February 2002): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-200202010-00007.

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KOFFI, Marina, Aline N'CHO, and Hendersonn NGUESSAN. "Qualité de l'éducation dans le secondaire public général en Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Quality in Education 9, no. 13 (April 4, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37870/joqie.v4i5.58.

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Depuis la conférence de Dakar en 2000, la recherche d'une éducation de qualité est au coeur de nombreux programmes de gouvernements de pays africains. Ce besoin de qualité dans l'éducation est aujourd'hui plus que hier présent et pressant pour tous les cycles d'enseignement en Côte d'Ivoire. Dans le secondaire particuliêrement, le problême de qualité est perçu à travers les taux élevés d'abandon, les faibles taux de promotion et les faibles taux de réussite aux différents examens du BAC et du BEPC. Ce constat général, contraste cependant avec les résultats individuels de quelques établissements qui réalisent de bons résultats. Ce sont: les établissements d'excellence et certains de statut commun. Pourquoi alors, dans cette crise de dépréciation de la qualité de l'enseignement secondaire, ces établissements se distinguent-ils par la production de bons résultats? Nous avons donc dans sept établissements situés dans deux villes que sont Abidjan et Yamoussoukro analyser l'influence des facteurs de politiques d'efficacité interne des établissements d'excellence et de statut commun sur leurs performances. Les résultats de l'enquête montrent que les différences de performances entre établissements s'expliquent par les différences dans la manipulation de mêmes facteurs tels que : l'assiduité, le mode de gestion du temps d'apprentissage, l'encadrement des élêves, le matériel pédagogique et les équipements. Il ressort que les dispositions telles que l'internat, les cars écoles, l'intégration d'heures d'études surveillées dans les emplois du temps des élêves, les ratios élêves-classe et élêves-enseignant faibles et la disponibilité en quantité suffisante du matériel pédagogique sont les éléments de ces facteurs qui concourent à l'amélioration des performances des établissements et partant de leur efficacité interne.

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Bassett, Thomas J. "Dangerous Pursuits: Hunter Associations (Donzo Ton) and National Politics in Côte D'Ivoire." Africa 73, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.1.1.

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AbstractThis article examines the resurgence of hunter associations (donzo ton) in Côte d'Ivoire during the 1990s in the context of game depletion, rising crime rates, and a dysfunctional state. Initiated hunters (donzow) are widely respected by the general public for their mystical powers and potent amulets which protect them from malevolent forces in the natural and social worlds. The donzow's success in reducing crime in northern rural areas led to an expansion of the dozon ton to the national level, as donzow were increasingly employed as private security guards in the country's major cities. The government and political parties also employed donzow to complement the police and gendarmes in maintaining order during the 1995 presidential elections. The attempt by politicians to manipulate the donzo ton during re-election campaigns was frustrated by the decentralised structure of the hunters' organisation and the diversity of its membership. Fearing that the donzo ton would become a politically destabilising force, successive governments have attempted to restrict its activities to the northern savanna region. The policy of containing the donzo ton to its so-called ‘original cultural hearth’ is discussed in the framework of the national cultural identity ideology of ivoirité and its xenophobic political manifestations around the 2000 presidential elections.

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Boone, Catherine, Arsene Brice Bado, Aristide Mah Dion, and Zibo Irigo. "Push, pull and push-back to land certification: regional dynamics in pilot certification projects in Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000124.

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AbstractSince 2000, many African countries have adopted land tenure reforms that aim at comprehensive land registration (or certification) and titling. Much work in political science and in the advocacy literature identifies recipients of land certificates or titles as ‘programme beneficiaries’, and political scientists have modelled titling programmes as a form of distributive politics. In practice, however, rural land registration programmes are often divisive and difficult to implement. This paper tackles the apparent puzzle of friction around rural land certification. We study Côte d'Ivoire's rocky history of land certification from 2004 to 2017 to identify political economy variables that may give rise to heterogeneous and even conflicting preferences around certification. Regional inequalities, social inequalities, and regional variation in pre-existing land tenure institutions are factors that help account for friction or even resistance around land titling, and thus the difficult politics that may arise around land tenure reform. Land certification is not a public good or a private good for everyone.

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Datro. "Le conflit foncier entre les Guébié et les Lobi a Gnagbodougnoa (Gagnoa) en Côte d'Ivoire de 2000 à 2015." Mande Studies 22 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/mande.22.1.07.

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Mamadou, Touré, Ané Niamien Jean N., Tiémélé Jacques André, Kassi A. Jean-Baptiste, and Djagoua Eric M. Valère. "Etude De L’évolution Du Trait De Côte À L’aide De L’outil Mobitc : Cas Du Littoral De Grand-Bassam." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 18 (June 30, 2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n18p79.

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This study proposes an assessment of the historical coastline (TDC) mobility of the Ivorian coastline, specifically the Grand-Bassam coastline (Côte d'Ivoire), and suggests reflections on the sustainable management of the coastal environment in Côte d'Ivoire, taking into account coastal erosion. The objective is to evaluate, using the MobiTC software, the spatio-temporal and statistical evolution of the morphology of the Grand-Bassam coastal zone in order to plan appropriate coastal developments. Specifically, it is to extract images on google earth, to treat them under MobiTC and to analyze the rate of spatio-temporary and statistical evolution of coastlines. To do this, data from QuickBird images provided by Google Earth from 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 in the study area were used. Different software was used for image processing. The ENVI 5.1 software allowed georeferencing and thresholding to make the images superimposable and highlight the baseline. The digitization of the images was done with ArcGis software. The QGIS 2.18 software was used to convert the .shp files to the mid / mif format of the MobiTC software. The latter makes it possible to understand the statistical evolution of the coastline dynamics from the creation of a baseline, the skeleton of envelopes and traces. The variations observed between 1984 and 2016 show a fattening of 0.23 m / year in some sectors and an erosion rate of 0.34 m / year in other sectors. It is noted that 62.79% of the coastline is accretion and 37.21% is eroding.

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Emmanuel Joël, Abrou N’Gouan, Kpangui Kouassi Bruno, Vroh Bi Tra Aimé, and Adou Yao Constant Yves. "Déterminismes De La Dynamique De La Forêt Des Marais Tanoé-Ehy (Sud-Est, Côte d'Ivoire)v." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 27 (September 30, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n27p301.

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Objective: The Tanoé-Ehy Forest (FMTE) has been identified as a top priority site for primate conservation in West Africa. Pending the completion of the measures of its final classification in protected area, anthropic pressures are constantly nibbling the types of habitat that the FMTE contains. The objective of the present study was to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of this forest from 1986 to 2016. The study consisted in mapping and following through Landsat satellite images from 1986, 2000, and 2016 the dynamics of the land use that constitute the FMTE. To better understand the underpinnings of this evolution, based on anthropogenic threats, surveys were carried out in the five villages closest to the forest. Treatments show a 10% degradation of swamp forest area to degraded forests in 30 years. The habitats temporarily flooded forests remained intact during this 30 years period, reflecting efforts to maintain the integrity of the FMTE. Surveys have shown that the types of pressure and their intensity vary from peripheral villages. Overall, this involves wood harvesting and hunting. In view of the importance of the FMTE in terms of a particular ecosystem and the conservation of biodiversity, it is desirable and urgent that, in addition to awareness-raising campaigns for local populations, the process of its final ranking be accelerated to end its degradation.

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Barima, Yao Sadaiou Sabas, Nicolas Barbier, Issouf Bamba, Dossahoua Traoré, Jean Lejoly, and Jan Bogaert. "Dynamique paysagère en milieu de transition forêt-savane ivoirienne." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 299, no. 299 (March 1, 2009): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.299.a20419.

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La dynamique temporelle des forêts d'une zone de transition forêt-savane, située dans le département de Tanda, à l'est de la Côte d'Ivoire, a été déterminée à partir de l'analyse diachronique de deux images satellitaires de type Landsat TM 1986 et Landsat ETM+ 2000, et de missions de vérification sur le terrain. Les résultats indiquent que les surfaces forestières en 2000 couvraient 29 % de la zone d'étude au lieu de 73 % en 1986. Cette régression forestière a été compensée par une augmentation des zones occupées par les savanes. Les forêts denses sont les plus affectées par cette perte d'habitat, leur superficie ayant diminué de 83 % pendant la période d'étude. La dynamique spatiale du paysage, caractérisée par des indices structuraux, a montré un processus de création de taches de savanes par opposition à la suppression de celles des formations boisées. D'une façon générale, la région d'étude a subi une transformation importante liée essentiellement aux activités agricoles et à la pression démographique. (Résumé d'auteur)

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Connell, Bruce, Firmin Ahoua, and Dafydd Gibbon. "Ega." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32, no. 1 (June 2002): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510030200018x.

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Ega is an endangered language spoken in the south-central region of Côte d'Ivoire, in Divo Department. The precise number of speakers is not known at present; the 14th Ethnologue (Grimes 2000) reports 291 to 3,000, and notes that ‘the ethnic group is growing, but they are shifting to the Dida language because of intermarriage and other influences’. Our own preliminary and impressionistic work suggests the number of Ega speakers to be closer to the upper end of this range, perhaps around 2,000, but we note that Ega now serves a decreasing number of sociolinguistic functions, to the extent that in at least some villages Dida has replaced Ega as the primary language of daily use. It is also clear that the degree of intergenerational transmission is low in many, if not all, Ega villages.

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WALTERT, MATTHIAS, CHARLOTTE SEIFERT, GERHARD RADL, and BERND HOPPE-DOMINIK. "Population size and habitat of the White-breasted Guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides in the Taï region, Côte d'Ivoire." Bird Conservation International 20, no. 1 (October 16, 2009): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270909990189.

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SummaryThe White-breasted Guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides is one of 15 bird species endemic to the Upper Guinea Forests of West Africa. The Taï region in southwestern Côte d'Ivoire probably holds one of the largest remaining populations of this species. We assessed population density in two different sectors in the southern part of Taï National Park and one sector in the N'Zo Faunal Reserve, north of the National Park. The sectors differ in rainfall patterns and hence vegetation type, as well as in previous and past levels of logging and hunting. Line transect surveys were undertaken between 2000 and 2001 with an overall survey effort of 2,883 km. Abundance was highest in the sector with the driest forest type, the N'Zo Faunal Reserve (encounter rate: 0.02 detections km−1, density: 32.9 ind. km−2), where we also observed the largest group recorded for the species so far (38 individuals). The species was almost absent in the southeast of Taï National Park (encounter rate: <0.002 detections km−1), where the impact of poaching on wildlife is strongest. The study confirms that the species reaches highest densities in drier forests and only occurs in smaller numbers in the wetter south of the Taï region. Our data also suggest that past disturbance from logging does not constitute an obstacle for its persistence. The population size in Taï National Park and N'Zo Faunal Reserve should be between 42,000 and 120,000 individuals.

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Martin, Kouassi Kan, Kouassi Kouakou Lazare, Yao Koffi Blaise, Meledje N'diaye Hermann, Biemi Jean, Lasm Théophile, and Nathalie Rouché. "Variabilite Des Extremes Pluviometriques Sur Le Bassin Versant De La Riviere Bia (Sud-Est, Cote d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n2p134.

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Climate change is a reality which affects many climatic variables, including precipitation. The objective of this article is to study the extreme rain variability from a historical database (1941 - 2000). For this purpose, eleven (11) rainfall indices were calculated at the Adiaké, Bianouan, Ayamé, and Agnibilekro rainfall stations in Côte d'Ivoire. Due to lack of data on daily rainfall on the Ghanaian section of watershed, nine (9) monthly precipitations indices were estimated from monthly rainfall at the Enshi and Buakuc stations. The trend analysis of the precipitations indices show that a generalized downward was most significant in Adiaké compared to other stations. Furthermore, indices extreme thresholding (P99, P99p, P99,5 and P99,5p) have experienced a stable trend and a stationary evolution. All steps were detected in the non-stationary indices mostly observed after 1980 (late break) and before 1960 (precocious break).

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Djohan, G., A. Kouakoussui, and Philippe Msellati. "Coût direct de la prise en charge des enfants infectés par le VIH au stade asymptomatique Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) 2000-2003." Santé Publique 17, no. 4 (2005): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/spub.054.0627.

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Domenech, Joseph, and Pierre Formenty. "Le syndrome nerveux des ovins en Côte-d'Ivoire. II. Importance économique, essais et analyse coûts-bénéfices de plans de prophylaxie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 46, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9460.

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Le syndrome nerveux des ovins en Côte d'Ivoire a été présenté pour ses aspects cliniques et épidémiologiques, dans un premier article et il a été assimilé à la nécrose du cortex cérébral liée à une carence en vitamine B1. Les pertes économiques dues à cette maladie s'élèvent de 1500 à 2000 F CFA (30 à 40 FF) par animal entretenu et par an, ce qui justifiait que l'on se penche sur le problème de la prophylaxie. Un programme d'injection hebdomadaire de 100 mg de chlorhydrate de thiamine, pendant toute la durée de la saison sèche, s'est révélé très efficace. De plus, ce programme s'avère rentable pour l'éleveur, si le coût de l'acte (injection) proprement dit n'est pas compté. Si on inclut uniquement le prix du produit, le calcul montre un taux de rémunération des investissements (rapport des bénéfices sur les coûts du programme) de 4,8 (coût de la thiamine à 400 F CFA) à 30,6 (Coût de la thiamine à 66 F CFA). Les autres critères de rentabilité (valeur actualisée nette différentielle et gains induits) etudiés démontrent le même effet positif du schéma de prophylaxie testé.

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Kakou, N., and Tatyana Bezrukova. "ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAW MATERIALS SECTOR: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-2-62-75.

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The study reflects the management aspects of innovation and investment development of the commodity sector on the example of the African Republic. The key problems of African countries are problems caused by dependence on world commodity prices. When examining the dynamics of the development of the commodity sector (production of cashew nuts) in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, the need to increase the country's resilience to the volatilization of world prices and global demand has been identified. The authors noted that to achieve this goal it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of cashew products on the world market and to steadily increase processing. The novelty of the study is to consider changing the vector of development of the cashew sector in order to intensify processing in the country and minimize dependence on world prices for raw cashews. The relevance of the research results on the creation of value added in the agro-industrial complex is based on its importance and the need to make innovative and investment decisions for conducting in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, as well as in Russia and other foreign countries. The authors analyzed the dynamics of the development of the cashew sector in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire and noted its stability since the 1990s and during 2000–20019, and conducted a comparative analysis to increase the share of the country's cashew products in world production. Innovation and investment trends in the development of the cashew sector in the African Republic are considered with the help of World Bank investments, public and private investments. For the development of processing enterprises, the government needs to effectively use innovative solutions and investment resources. Proposed measures to ensure the steady growth of cashew nuts processing. The work includes examples from the World Bank, the government, the National Cotton and Cashew Council (CCA), foreign companies in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire on innovative and investment development, industrialization of the cashew sector and the creation of new jobs in this sector to increase employment of the population.

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Yao, Kouassi. "The Chances for Success of the Francophone Centers for Distance Education of the GDLN Network: The Case of the Centre d'Education à Distance de Côte d'Ivoire." African and Asian Studies 2, no. 4 (2003): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920903773004040.

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AbstractThe Centers of Distance Education of francophone Africa in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal were set up under a financial and educational agreement with the World Bank. They were inaugurated on June 21, 2000, at the same time as four other centers in English-speaking Africa and eight others on other continents (Appendix 1). Since September 2003, Mauritania has had its own center, thus increasing the number of centers in French-speaking African countries to four. As of November 2003, more than 60 centers were affiliated with the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN). It has known start-up difficulties because of the socioeconomic environment caused the sociopolitical crisis from December 1999 to the civil war in September 2002. It needs a re-adaptation of its missions by public authorities in order to realize its first mission, which is to improve the capabilities of a large number of government executives and decision-makers at a minimal cost. The strategies and educational approach used at the Center are new methods and tools, precursors of what will be used in the education of tomorrow. In this article, we will briefly present the history of the creation of the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN), and then I will draw up a diagnostic account of the two years' functioning of the CED-CI. Finally, I will give an outline for its future growth.

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Hélèna Epse Tra, Djessou Flore Marie. "Impact Des Conflits Armes Sur La Sante Maternelle En Cote d’Ivoire: Cas Des Conflits Armes De 2002 Et De 2010." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 8 (March 31, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n8p119.

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The "new conflict" that emerged in the 90s, mainly in developing countries, is a major obstacle to improving health. Quantitative studies of the impact of armed conflict on maternal health indicators are still fragmentary and scarce. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the 2002 and the 2010 conflicts on maternal health in Côte d'Ivoire. In this study, we choose a particular type of health care service with assisted delivery in a health center. We use the parametric difference using the difference method to estimate our parameter of interest. Also, we use the propensity score technique and the standard error bootstrap technique to regulate some double difference hypotheses. In making our estimates, we use survey data including the MICS 2000 and 2006 and EDSCI 2012. Our results show that, globally, the crisis of 2002 had a negative effect on the use of assisted delivery in the CNO zone (Center North and West) (-0,708). The same is true for the post-election crisis (-0,514). On the other hand, in South and Abidjan zone, the 2002 crisis had no significant effect, while that of the 2010 crisis had a positive effect (+0,628). The conflicts of 2002 and 2010 therefore constituted a major impediment to access to maternal health care services for households living in CNO zone.

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Meyer, Matt. "Climate Change, Security Risks and Conflict Reduction in Africa: A Case Study of Farmer-Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Burkina Faso 1960–2000." Peace Review 29, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1344762.

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Desgrées-du-Loû, Annabel, Philippe Msellati, Ida Viho, Angèle Yao, Delphine Yapi, Pierrette Kassi, Christiane Welffens-Ekra, Laurent Mandelbrot, and François Dabis. "Contraceptive use, protected sexual intercourse and incidence of pregnancies among African HIV-infected women. DITRAME ANRS 049 Project, Abidjan 1995–2000." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/09564620260079617.

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The aim of this paper is to describe the adherence of African HIV+ women to the counselling provided after announcement of the result of the HIV test during pregnancy, focusing on early weaning to reduce post-natal transmission, protected sexual intercourse to avoid sexual transmission, and contraceptive use to avoid unexpected pregnancies. In 1999-2000, a questionnaire on sexual and reproductive behaviours was administered to 149 HIV+ women followed in post-partum, informed and counselled in the ANRS 049 DITRAME project in Abidjan. Côte d'Ivoire. Duration of breastfeeding, post-partum amenorrhea and abstinence, contraceptive use and condom use were measured. Incidence of pregnancies during the first 24 months post partum was estimated and modelled by a Cox regression model. Average duration of breastfeeding was 7.9 months, average duration of post partum abstinence was 12.0 months, and 39% of women used contraceptives at the time of the survey. Frequency of condom use was 13%. Incidence of pregnancies was 16.5 per 100 women-years at risk. Half of these pregnancies were not desired and a third were terminated by induced abortion. The significant determinants of the pregnancy occurrence were the death of the previous child, the cessation of breastfeeding, the cessation of the post partum abstinence, and higher education. In conclusion, if counselling on early weaning can be followed by the HIV+ women, it is not easily the case for condom and contraceptive use. Hence, pregnancy incidence in the post-partum follow-up was high. The main strategy of these HIV+ women to avoid unexpected pregnancies as well as sexual transmission of HIV seems to be an increase of the duration of post-partum abstinence. The most educated women who cannot easily adopt this strategy are particularly exposed to unwanted pregnancies.

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Sere, Y., F. Sorho, A. Onasanya, L. Jobe, S. Darboe, Y. Bojang, M. L. Touray, A. Pinel-Galzi, and D. Fargette. "First Report of Rice yellow mottle virus in Rice in The Gambia." Plant Disease 92, no. 2 (February 2008): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-2-0316b.

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Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) of the genus Sobemovirus is a major biotic constraint to rice (Oryza sativa) production in Africa. First reported in Kenya during 1966, RYMV was later found in most countries in Africa where rice is grown (1). In countries in westernmost Africa (The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, and Senegal), plants with leaf yellowing and mottling symptoms were observed, but RYMV was never isolated. Rice is the staple food in The Gambia. In 2006, four samples were collected from local rice varieties in the Kuntaur Region in the center of The Gambia. Mechanical inoculation with leaf extracts from all samples caused typical yellow mottle symptoms on the susceptible rice varieties BG90-2, Bouaké 189, and IR64. RYMV was detected in the four samples collected by ELISA with polyclonal antisera (2). The 720-nt coat protein gene was amplified for each isolate by reverse-transcriptase-PCR with primers 5′-CAAAGATGGCCAGGAA-3′ (sense) and 5′-CTCCCCCACCCATCCCGAGAATT-3′ (antisense) (2). The RT-PCR products were directly sequenced (EMBL Accession Nos. AM765810, AM765811, AM765812, and AM765813) and then aligned using ClustalW with a pool of RYMV coat protein sequences from West African isolates (EMBL Accession Nos. AJ279905, AJ279901, AJ885137, AJ885124, and AJ279935). Phylogenetic reconstruction by maximum-likelihood with PAUP indicated that the isolates from The Gambia formed a monophyletic group with over 97% nucleotide identity and are closely related to isolates of other countries in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, and Sierra-Leone) with 91 to 94% identity. Detection of RYMV in The Gambia indicates that RYMV is present in westernmost Africa, which is referred to as the ‘rice belt’ of Africa, and shows that RYMV is widely distributed from eastern Africa (Tanzania) to the western part of the continent. References: (1) N. K. Kouassi et al. Plant Dis. 89:124, 2005. (2) A. Pinel et al. Arch. Virol. 145:1621, 2000.

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Allsworth-Jones, Philip. "V.P. Liubin & F.Y. Guédé. Paleolit Respubliki Kot d'Ivuar (Zapadnaya Afrika) (English summary: The Palaeolithic of Republic Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa)) (Proceedings of the Institute of the History of Material Culture vol. 3 (in Russian)). 160 pages, 82 figures, 10 tables. 2000, St Petersburg: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk 5-85803-150-1 paperback." Antiquity 76, no. 292 (June 2002): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090724.

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Brito, Joel, Evelyn Freney, Pamela Dominutti, Agnes Borbon, Sophie L. Haslett, Anneke M. Batenburg, Aurelie Colomb, et al. "Assessing the role of anthropogenic and biogenic sources on PM1 over southern West Africa using aircraft measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-757-2018.

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Abstract. As part of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, an airborne campaign was designed to measure a large range of atmospheric constituents, focusing on the effect of anthropogenic emissions on regional climate. The presented study details results of the French ATR42 research aircraft, which aimed to characterize gas-phase, aerosol and cloud properties in the region during the field campaign carried out in June/July 2016 in combination with the German Falcon 20 and the British Twin Otter aircraft. The aircraft flight paths covered large areas of Benin, Togo, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, focusing on emissions from large urban conurbations such as Abidjan, Accra and Lomé, as well as remote continental areas and the Gulf of Guinea. This paper focuses on aerosol particle measurements within the boundary layer (< 2000 m), in particular their sources and chemical composition in view of the complex mix of both biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, based on measurements from a compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS) and ancillary instrumentation. Background concentrations (i.e. outside urban plumes) observed from the ATR42 indicate a fairly polluted region during the time of the campaign, with average concentrations of carbon monoxide of 131 ppb, ozone of 32 ppb, and aerosol particle number concentration (> 15 nm) of 735 cm−3 stp. Regarding submicron aerosol composition (considering non-refractory species and black carbon, BC), organic aerosol (OA) is the most abundant species contributing 53 %, followed by SO4 (27 %), NH4 (11 %), BC (6 %), NO3 (2 %) and minor contribution of Cl (< 0.5 %). Average background PM1 in the region was 5.9 µg m−3 stp. During measurements of urban pollution plumes, mainly focusing on the outflow of Abidjan, Accra and Lomé, pollutants are significantly enhanced (e.g. average concentration of CO of 176 ppb, and aerosol particle number concentration of 6500 cm−3 stp), as well as PM1 concentration (11.9 µg m−3 stp). Two classes of organic aerosols were estimated based on C-ToF-AMS: particulate organic nitrates (pONs) and isoprene epoxydiols secondary organic aerosols (IEPOX–SOA). Both classes are usually associated with the formation of particulate matter through complex interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic sources. During DACCIWA, pONs have a fairly small contribution to OA (around 5 %) and are more associated with long-range transport from central Africa than local formation. Conversely, IEPOX–SOA provides a significant contribution to OA (around 24 and 28 % under background and in-plume conditions). Furthermore, the fractional contribution of IEPOX–SOA is largely unaffected by changes in the aerosol composition (particularly the SO4 concentration), which suggests that IEPOX–SOA concentration is mainly driven by pre-existing aerosol surface, instead of aerosol chemical properties. At times of large in-plume SO4 enhancements (above 5 µg m−3), the fractional contribution of IEPOX–SOA to OA increases above 50 %, suggesting only then a change in the IEPOX–SOA-controlling mechanism. It is important to note that IEPOX–SOA constitutes a lower limit to the contribution of biogenic OA, given that other processes (e.g. non-IEPOX isoprene, monoterpene SOA) are likely in the region. Given the significant contribution to aerosol concentration, it is crucial that such complex biogenic–anthropogenic interactions are taken into account in both present-day and future scenario models of this fast-changing, highly sensitive region.

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Jean, KOFFI Kouao. "THE PRESENT STATE OF BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE." Biodiversity Informatics 10, no. 2 (October 3, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/bi.v10i2.5007.

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The aim of this present study is to summarize the current state of research on the flora of the Côte d’Ivoire from the SIG IVOIRE database to better direct future collection efforts. Herbarium specimen data used for this study covered the period from 1894 to 2000, and were assembled by 226 collectors. This database comprises 15,228 samples, grouped in 3621 species, 1371 genera, and 198 families. A grid system was used to cover the Ivorian territory at spatial resolution of 0.75° x 0.75°. Indices of evenness and completeness were calculated to characterize sampling and identify floristically well-known regions. The exploration of the Ivorian territory is far from uniform, such that some areas were more densely surveyed, but others partially or not at all. The regions of Grands Ponts, Agnéby-Tiassa, Loh-Djiboua, part of Gbèkè, Boukani, San Pedro and Cavally were floristically well known; environmentally, the largest gaps in coverge were in the mountains in western Côte d'Ivoire.

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Carine, N’guessan Aya, Kouamé Konan Didier, Kassi Koffi Fernand Jean-martial, Kouamé Koffi Gaston, Konan Dawa Richard, Yao Kouadio Jacques-Edouard, and Koné Daouda. "Sugarcane Leaf Scald Disease in Côte d'Ivoire: Pathogenicity and Biocontrol of Xanthomonas albilineans Isolates." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, October 1, 2019, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2019/v41i130388.

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Aims: The present investigations describes bactericidal potential of essential oil for management of Xanthomonas albilineans (Ashby. 1929) Dowson 1943, pathogen responsible for sugarcane Leaf scald disease in Côte d'Ivoire. Study Design: the study was conducted at the Ferké 1 sugar mill and the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of Felix Houphouët BOIGNY University. Methodology: Diseased leaves specimens showing signs of X. albilineans presence were collected from sugarcane industrial plantations in Côte d'Ivoire. Pathogenicity was confirmed by observing Koch’s postulates under semi-controlled conditions. Asymptomatic leaves, obtained after 60 days of culture, were inoculated at three points by infiltration with bacterial suspension calibrated at 108 bacteria/ml. Apparition of small tan-brown necrotic lesions on the leaf blade, parallel to the veins and prolonged to the ends by a discolored vascular bundle confirmed that disease is caused by Xanthomonas albilineans. Three essential oils of aromatic plants whose antibacterial properties are recognized were used at 100; 300; 500; 1000 and 2000 ppm in comparison with Callicuivre (56% copper oxychloride) used as reference product. Results: The aqueous solutions based on these essential oils induced an inhibition zone of bacterial growth proportional to the dose applied and the incubation period. Thus, on day 5 of incubation, the essential oil solution of Ocimum gratissimum L. at 100 ppm induced an average inhibition zone diameter not significantly different from the one induced by the Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf solution at 300 ppm and the one of copper oxychloride at 1000 ppm. At 1000 ppm, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Ocimum gratissimum L essential oils induced equivalent inhibition rates (6 mm) that were higher than that of the control (3.5 mm). Conclusion: sugarcane varieties cultivated at the Ferké 1 sugar mill complex, despite the selection for resistance are threatened by Leaf Scald Disease, which is significantly expressed on variety R585. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Ocimum gratissimum L oils have the strongest antibacterial activity and may be useful to control Leaf Scald Disease.

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Kouassi, Kouakou Hervé, Yao Alexis N’go, Kouao Armand Anoh, Tanoh Jean-Jacque Koua, and Cristian Constantin Stoleriu. "Contribution of Sentinel 1 Radar Data to Flood Mapping in the San-Pédro River Basin (South-west Côte d’Ivoire)." Asian Journal of Geographical Research, April 8, 2020, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2020/v3i230101.

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Floods result from the overflow of water which submerges the surrounding land. They are frequent on the coast of Côte d'Ivoire during the rainy season and have more or less serious consequences on the populations, property and the environment. The study site is the San Pedro river basin. It is a coastal catchment area characterized by an average annual rainfall of up to 2000 mm and subject to recurrent flooding. The objective of this study is to assess the risk of flooding during the great rainy season of 2017. The study aims to study flood hazard, assess vulnerability and map flood risk areas. The methodological approach is based on the use of C-band (5.6 cm) radar remote sensing data acquired by the Sentinel-1 sensor at 12-day intervals. These data are in GRD (Ground Range Detected) level 1 format and were used to calculate the radar backscatter coefficient. The results obtained allowed to map the extent of the flooded areas and showed that more than 6,000 ha of land is flooded for more than 3 days. Sentinel-1 has enormous potential to identify flooding risky areas and to continuously monitor them.

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Soumahoro, SI, DP Kouassi, M. Coulibaly, AD Kouamé, O. Irika, JM Ouaga, and Et .al. "Non-compliance aux messages de prévention de la maladie à virus Ebola en Côte d'ivoire dans un contexte de menace à l'épidémie." Revue Malienne d'Infectiologie et de Microbiologie 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.53597/remim.v2i2.1198.

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Introduction : La pandémie ouest-africaine de 2013-2016 de la maladie à virus Ebola a provoqué une psychose mondiale. Le gouvernement ivoirien, fort de la proximité géographique de la Côte d'Ivoire avec les pays touchés, a instauré plusieurs mesures. Il s'agissait entres autres d'un vaste programme d'éducation sanitaire de la population constitué de 20 mesures à observer par les populations. Nous avons mené cette étude pour apprécier les raisons de non compliance des populations aux mesures de prévention instituées et les déterminants sociodémographiques en rapport. Méthode: Nous avons mené une étude transversale à visée descriptive et analytique pendant 01 mois, du 11 mars 2017 au 10 avril 2017, dans les ménages de la ville de Bouaké. Nous avons interviewé 405 personnes grâce à un questionnaire. Les logiciels Epi Info 2000 et SPSS 17.0 ont été utilisés pour la saisie et l'analyse statistique des données recueillies. Résultats : Les adultes avaient une moyenne d'âge de 36,34±1,60 ans et les enfants de 13,1 4± 11,27 ans. Certains enfants étaient non-scolarisés (4,3%) et les adultes avaient un niveau d'instruction supérieur dans 31,3% des cas. Les mesures les moins observées étaient les mesures 3 (42,5%), 1 (8,6%), 5 (5,7%) et 7 (5,7%). Les raisons les plus évoquées étaient la courtoisie (27,4%), l'habitude (21,0%), le respect de la coutume (13,1%) et l'oubli (11,6%). Pour la mesure 1, toutes les caractéristiques sociodémographiques y étaient statistiquement associés (p<0,000). Conclusion :Il importe de cerner tous les contours des messages de sensibilisation et de prévention afin de s'assurer d'une totale adhésion des populations.

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Ehounou, Jean-Noël, Brou Kouamé, Mathias G. Tahi, Emmanuel K. Kassin, Charles S. Dékoula, Guy F. Yao, Hypolith K. Kouadio, Angelo E. B. N’guessan, and Nagnin Soro. "Impact of Local Global Warming on Rainfall and Annual Cocoa Water Requirements in the Regions of Lôh-Djiboua and Gôh in West-central Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, September 5, 2019, 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2019/v9i930135.

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Aims: To understand the role of the interannual variability of cumulative rainfall and maximum dry sequences in cocoa production in the Centre-Ouest, one of the cocoa basins in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to propose technical routes more adapted to current rainfall conditions. Study Design: Collection, analysis and processing of daily rainfall data collected by the rain gauges at Divo and Gagnoa stations. Location and Duration of Studies: Divo Cocoa Research Station of the National Center for Agricultural Research, between January 2017 and June 2019. Methodology: The rainfall regime of each locality was determined to assess the impact of rainfall changes on the seasonality of rainfall. The interannual variability of rainfall was studied from the reduced centred rainfall indices. The break years in the time series were detected at both stations from the Khrono Stat software. The interannual cumulative rainfall were analysed for each station and compared to the minimum threshold allowed for cocoa trees. The means of the maximum interannual dry sequences and their probabilities of occurrence were determined using the agrometeorological software called Instat + Version 3.37. Results: The rainfall regime in the area studied (west-central Côte d'Ivoire) has not been modified by the post-rupture rainfall recession as is the case in other parts of the country; it remains a bimodal system characterized by two rainy seasons and two dries during the year. The Divo and Gagnoa regions have been facing a general recession in rainfall since 1966 in Gagnoa and 1972 in Divo. However, the locality of Gagnoa has experienced an increase in rainfall since 2000. Most of the rupture detection tests identified rainfall rupture dates identical to those indicated by the interannual variability highlighted by the rainfall indices. In Gagnoa and Divo, the interannual cumulative rainfalls after the years of rainfall break are reduced compared to those before these rainfall accidents. This situation has led to an increase in the maximum interannual dry sequences in the departments studied. Conclusion: Local climate change has created difficult rainfall conditions after years of rainfall break for cocoa trees as their water needs are increasingly reduced, especially in Divo in Lôh-Djiboua where the downward trend in rainfall has been continuous since 1972. In Gagnoa since the beginning of this century, there has been a new wet period that allows rainfall to adequately meet the cocoa tree's water requirements.

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Bamba, Sira, Henri Marius Godi Biego, Assi Yolande Ake, and Adama Coulibaly. "Assessment of the Health Quality Related to the Presence of Ochratoxin A, Fumonisin B1 and Zearalenone in Maize (Zea mays l.) Produced in Côte D’ivoire." Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, September 12, 2020, 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2020/v5i330099.

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Aims : The aim of this work is to take stock of the level of ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and zearalenone (ZEA) contamination in maize produced in Cote d'Ivoire in order to help improve its quality. Study Design: Maize samples (375) were taken in five producing regions (Poro, Hambol, Gontougo, Gbêkê, Indénié-Djuablin). Place and Duration of Study: the collection was carried out on maize in grain, on the cob and in spathe from February 2016 to January 2017. Then, the analyzes were carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture and Development of Biological Resources of the Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY University. Methodology: The determination of ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone was carried out according to the methods of regulation No. 401/2006/EC, AFNOR, Miraglia and Brera. Results: The results indicate the presence of ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone in all forms of maize (grains, cob, spathes) and the five regions visited. However, the average concentrations of fumonisin B1 and zearalenone are respectively 27.46 µg/kg-1999.22 µg/kg and 8.48 µg/kg-341.84 µg/kg and are lower than the prescribed reference standards (2000 µg/kg ; 500 µg/kg). For ochratoxin A, the average concentrations vary from 0.83 µg/kg to 14.38 µg/kg ; 1.92 µg/kg to 18.60 µg/kg and 2.21 µg/kg to 134.89 µg/kg respectively for grains, cob and spathes. Samples from the Regions of Poro, Gbêkê and Hambol have mean concentrations below the maximum reference limit of 5µg/kg. Thus, variability in the sanitary quality of maize was demonstrated from one region to another, regardless of the form of the maize. Based on the principal component analysis, spathes represent the form of maize most prone to high contamination regardless of mycotoxin and région. Conclusion: The searching alternative storage methods and the right form of maize storage could be a solution to the high mycotoxin contamination of marketed maize.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Élections – Côte d'Ivoire – 2000-'

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