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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric-arc-furnace melt'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Agapitov, E. B., M. A. Lemeshko, and M. S. Sokolova. "Strategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnaceStrategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnaceStrategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnace." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 1 (2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-1-20-27.

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Prices hike for consumable materials and energy carriers, increase of requirements to steel quality stipulate the items of intensification of ladle treatment processes and decrease of their energy- and material capacity. Analysis of energy losses in ladlefurnace accomplished, as well as basic factors effecting the energy costs during treatment analyzed. A methodology elaborated for making thermal balance of ladle-furnace: it was proposed to present the melt treatment process in ladle-furnace as a series of separate operations, each having specific features of the process (heating, desulphuriza

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2

Kukharev, Alexsey, Vyacheslav Bilousov, Ecaterina Bilousov, and Vitaly Bondarenko. "The Peculiarities of Convective Heat Transfer in Melt of a Multiple-Electrode Arc Furnace." Metals 9, no. 11 (2019): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111174.

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The modern direction of improving the technology of steel production in high-power arc furnaces is the intensification of magnetohydrodynamic effects for mixing the melt. In this article, a furnace design is proposed that contains three roof arc and three bottom electrodes, which provides the formation of additional eddy currents in the melt when the furnace is supplied with direct current or a low-frequency current. For a numerical study of the features of heat transfer in the melt of this furnace, a three-dimensional mathematical model of magnetohydrodynamic and thermal processes was used. T

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3

Sivtsov, A. V., O. Yu Sheshukov, D. K. Egiazar’yan, M. M. Tsymbalist, and D. A. Lobanov. "Slag mode regulation in electric arc furnace based on electrical parameters control during melting oxidation period." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 9 (2022): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-619-628.

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The results of observation of steelmaking oxidation stage at EAF-135 were analyzed with automated control system of the electrical characteristics. There are three main zones in the furnace working space, which differ by the aggregate state of the materials in them: arc discharge, melt and foamed slag. The distribution data of electric power over the furnace zones is given. There is active powers asymmetry of the arcs under single electrodes affected by asymmetry of the short network. It is shown that the main factors impacting the melt and slag resistances are oxygen blow and electrode moveme

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4

Vrbek, K., J. Lamut, M. Marolt, and M. Knap. "Changes in Hydrogen Content During Steelmaking." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (2015): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0047.

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Abstract Štore Steel produces steel grades for spring, forging and engineering industry applications. Steelmaking technology consists of scrap melting in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), secondary metallurgy in Ladle Furnace (LF) and continuous casting of billets (CC). Hydrogen content during steelmaking of various steel grades and steelmaking technologies was measured. Samples of steel melt from EAF, LF and CC were collected and investigated. Sampling from Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Furnace was carried out using vacuum pin tubes. Regular measurements of hydrogen content in steel melt were made

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5

Kharlamov, Denis. "ELECTROSMELTING CONTROL IN ARC FURNACE AND LADLE FURNACE WITH CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF IRON RAW MATERIALS INTO THE WELD POOL." Transport engineering 2023, no. 3 (2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2023-3-30-36.

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The paper presents energy and technological indicators and designs of improved electric furnace units for melting steel from iron ore raw materials (IOR). A method of controlling an arc furnace with a continuous IOR supply is proposed, which gives the opportunity to control and regulate the active power of the furnace, thermal processes in the welding bath of the electric arc, as well as in the unit as a whole. The design of a ladle unit for out-of-furnace melt treatment is presented, which allows the melting of high-quality electrical steel and simultaneous treatment with inert gases. At the

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6

GREBNEV, YU V., V. F. ZHARKOVA, D. YU GREBNEV, N. I. GABELCHENKO, P. D. KISELEV, and S. S. MLINSKY. "SMELTING OF HIGH-QUALITY CAST IRON IN AN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE WITH ACID LINING." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 7(278) (July 2023): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2023-7-278-69-71.

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The possibility of reducing the cost of producing high-strength cast iron by smelting the initial low-carbon melt in an electric arc furnace with an acidic furnace with subsequent carburization and silicification by waste of the return charge of silicon carbide production was considered.

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7

Shapovalov, A. "The use of statistical modelling to justify a rational technology of steel production in the conditions of JSC Ural Steel." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 11 (November 14, 2017): 227–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048455.

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In the conditions of JSC Ural Steel, the most costly technological task in the production of high-quality steel is to provide the required sulfur content. The analysis of the sulfur removal in the production of high-quality steel in the technological conditions of JSC Ural Steel was performed. An increase in the sulfur content of the pig iron at 0,007-0,010% of the tapping from the blast furnace until used in an electric arc furnace was founded. The need for preliminary hot metal desulphurization before pouring in the electric arc furnace was justified. The method of calculating the cost of ho

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8

Gertsyk, S. I., M. R. Korolev та E. V. Shilnikov. "TECHNOLOGY PERFECTION OF Р6М5 STEEL-MAKING IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE". Electrical Metallurgy, № 9 (2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-5781-2019-0-9-12-19.

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A technology of Р6М5 steel-making by the method of remelting with oxygen blowing in electric arc furnace of capacity 20 t has been examined. To improve technical and economic characteristics of the furnace operation for a series of experimental-industrial melts a number of measures was proven. The measures resulted in a decrease in melt time, a reduction of melting loss and specific consumption of energy and oxygen.

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9

Kukharev, A. L. "Characteristics of convective heat transfer in the melt of multi-electrode arc furnace." Vestnik IGEU, no. 2 (2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2020.2.013-022.

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The modern direction of improving the technology of steel production in high-power arc furnaces is the intensification of magnetohydrodynamic effects for melt mixing. In this regard, it is relevant to study the characteristics of heat trans-fer in the melt of this furnace, taking into account the interaction of electrovortex and thermogravitational convection. The results were obtained using a three-dimensional mathematical model of magnetohydrodynamic and thermal pro-cesses, constructed using a non-inductive approximation, taking into account the k- turbulence model. As heat-generating sourc

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10

Hoffelner, F., M. A. Zarl, and J. Schenk. "Development of a new laboratory-scale reduction facility for the hydrogen plasma smelting reduction of iron ore based on a multi-electrode arc furnace concept." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1309, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012012.

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Abstract Steel production accounts for a significant share of industrial CO2 emissions. The HPSR process is a possible alternative to reduce these emissions massively if not completely negate them. In principle, Fe-ore is reduced at high temperatures in the plasma of a DC electric arc. hydrogen reacts with the oxidic melt at the gas-liquid interface. Various concepts for the hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ore have been investigated, but the process technology has not yet surpassed the demonstration scale (TRL5). Experimental setups for charging masses from a few grams to a few hundred kilog

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11

Sofilic, T., J. Jendričko, Z. Kovačevic, and M. Ćosić. "Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emission from EAF steel making proces." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 3 (2012): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0089-1.

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel manufacturing is an important recycling activity which contributes to the recovery of steel resources and steel scrap/waste minimization. Because of the content of plastics, coatings and paintings as well as other nonferrous materials in the charge during melting, a strong emission of pollutants, including polluting substance group consists of persistent organic pollutions (POPs) represented by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) occurs. Thi

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12

Srivastava, Ashutosh, and Amarjeet Singh. "Harmonics generated by Electric Arc Furnace in Electric Power System - A Review." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 11, no. 01 (2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v11i01.8.

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An electrical power system is designed to operate at the frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. But there are certain loads which generate voltage and current that are the integer multiple of 50 or 60 Hz. Those higher frequencies form electrical network pollution called as power system harmonics. An Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is one of such load when operated on AC affects the power quality of the power system. The power quality is degraded mainly due to the poor power factor, current and voltage harmonics and voltage fluctuation. The problems due the harmonics is getting worsen day by day due to the in

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13

Volokitin, O., and V. Shekhovtsov. "Technology for Producing Mineral Fiber Using Electric Arc Plasma." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 8 (2019): 93–99. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/45/10.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies of obtaining mineral fibers using electric arc air plasma. It has been established that with the optimal operation of the plasma generator (power P = 35.2–56 kW and specific heat fluxes q = 1.8–2.6 106 W/m2), the melt is homogenized in a melting furnace, which ensures the further formation of fibers with a minimum number of inhomogeneous inclusions, the specific energy expenditures upon receipt of the melt are 1.5–2.1 kW / kg, which is 2.0–2.5 times less than in the existing technologies.

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14

Serikov, V. A., R. A. Bikeev, M. V. Cherednichenko, and V. S. Cherednichenko. "Metal loss and charge heating in the melt in an electric arc furnace." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2015, no. 12 (2015): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029515120137.

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15

Ghiormez, Loredana, Manuela Panoiu, and Caius Panoiu. "Fuzzy Logic Controller for Power Control of an Electric Arc Furnace." Mathematics 12, no. 21 (2024): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12213445.

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Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) are widely used in the steel manufacturing industry to melt scrap steel by employing a large number of electric arcs. EAFs play an important role in ensuring the efficient production of steel. However, their nonlinear and variable load characteristics have a significant impact on power quality. Because the active power of an electric arc depends on its length, a system for controlling the electrode positions is necessary. This paper presents a control system based on a fuzzy logic controller for the active power control of an electric arc furnace. Individual simula

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16

Yang, Chao, Xue-feng She, Ru-yi Wang, Pei-fang Lin, Jing-song Wang, and Qing-guo Xue. "Analysis of the melting process of carbon-bearing pellets in iron bath, slag bath and graphite crucible." Materials Open Research 3 (May 16, 2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/materialsopenres.17650.1.

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Background With the increase in the amount of scrap steel in society, the proportion of electric furnace steelmaking is increasing year by year, especially in China. Due to the high Zn content, the electric furnace arc dust (EAFD) needs to be recovered by non-blast furnace process. Due to EAFD containing a large amount of zinc ferrite, it needs to be recovered by fire process. It is a promising process to melt the EAFD pellets to get the discount and zinc-rich secondary ash. Methods To clarify the melting behavior of pellets in the metallurgical process, the slag phase diagram and the effect o

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17

Abdrakhmanov, Yerkesh, Anara Yegzekova, and Zhansulu Ualieva. "Criterial dependencies of the movement of the melt refractory material in the bath of an ore thermal furnace under electromagnetic influence." Vibroengineering Procedia 54 (April 4, 2024): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2024.24002.

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In this work, for the first time, criterion dependencies of the speed of movement of the melt in the bath of an ore-thermal furnace during electric arc melting of oxide refractory materials under external electromagnetic influence were obtained. The initial quantitative characteristics for generalization in the form of the dependence of the speed in the zone of intense movement of the melt on the currents in the electrodes and the electromagnetic device were taken on the electrolyte and mercury physical models of an ore-smelting furnace with an electromagnetic device. Physical modeling was car

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18

Timoshenko, S. M., M. V. Gubinski, and E. M. Niemtsev. "Energy-efficient solutions of foundry class steelmaking electric arc furnace." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 3 (2021): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-3/081.

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Purpose. Substantiation of solutions aimed at reducing heat losses, mainly, by refractory lining during forced downtime and by steelmaking bath in conditions of traditionally low specific power of transformer. Methodology. Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer processes and numerical experiment. Findings. A mathematical model of energy-technological processes in arc furnace workspace has been developed to analyze and minimize energy consumption in daily production cycle. Geometrical and operating parameters are taken into account, in particular: variation in arcs energy efficiency at

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19

Zolotukhin, V. I., A. G. Golovko, E. I. Gordeev, and D. A. Provotorov. "MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR REFINING AND CASTING OF STEEL AND ALLOYS IN FOUNDRY PRODUCTION." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 6, 2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-1-28-33.

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The article deals with the issues of complex technology and equipment for refining and casting steel and alloys in the foundry industry. Solutions are given that make it possible to guarantee a reduction in nonmetallic inclusions in the melt, as well as to solve a number of other related problems of foundry production, such as the introduction of a bottom blowing melt system with an inert gas; the introduction of protection of the metal stream from secondary oxidation; lining the arch of an electric arc furnace, etc. Various types of products and equipment produced by NPP Vulkan-TM are shown:

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20

Pfeiffer, Andreas, Gerald Wimmer, and Johannes Schenk. "Investigations on the Interaction Behavior between Direct Reduced Iron and Various Melts." Materials 15, no. 16 (2022): 5691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165691.

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Since the European Union defined ambitious CO2 emission targets, low-carbon-emission alternatives to the widespread integrated blast furnace (BF)—basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking strategy—are demanded. Direct reduction (DR) with natural gas as the reducing agent, already an industrially applied technology, is such an alternative. Consequently, the melting behavior of its intermediate product, i.e., direct reduced iron (DRI), in either an electric arc furnace (EAF) or a submerged arc furnace (SAF), is of great interest. Based on the conditions in these aggregates, a test series to experim

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21

Janiszewski, Krystian, Ladislav Socha, and Karel Gryc. "Influence of the Steel Scrap Classes on the Liquid Steel Output Melt in Electric Arc Furnace." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.191.

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The paper analyses methods, the influence of use of charges of steel scrap of different qualities in the EAF on the index of liquid steel output from a melt using statistical analysing methods. The used research methodology consists of analytical simulation of variations in mass of liquid steel obtained from melts differing in steel scrap content in the metallic charge and of statistical analyses of industrial results acquired from the corresponding process documentation (so called melt cards). The obtained research results can be utilized in each steelmaking facility, which employs the Electr

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22

Chen, Pei-Xian, Shao-Jun Chu, and Guo-Hua Zhang. "A New Method to Produce Ni–Cr Ferroalloy Used for Stainless Steel Production." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 7 (2016): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0054.

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AbstractA new electrosilicothermic method has been proposed in the present paper to produce Ni–Cr ferroalloy, which can be used for the production of 300 series stainless steel. Based on this new process, the Ni–Si ferroalloy is first produced as the intermediate alloy, and then the desiliconization process of Ni–Si ferroalloy melt with chromium concentrate is carried out to generate Ni–Cr ferroalloy. The silicon content in the Ni–Si ferroalloy produced in the submerged arc furnace should be more than 15 mass% (for the propose of reducing dephosphorization), in order to make sure the phosphoru

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23

Abdrakhmanov, Yerkesh, and Galym Kalimbetov. "Influence of an external alternating electromagnetic field on convective flows in the bath of an ore-thermal furnace during the melting of oxide refractory materials." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 49 (May 18, 2023): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2023.23187.

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Electric arc melting of oxide materials under the influence of an external electromagnetic field is a high-current and high-temperature technological process, accompanied by powerful electric and magnetic fields and complex structural motion of the melt. In the general case, the movement of the melt in the bath of an electric arc installation is determined by a combination of thermocapillary, thermal concentration, thermal and electromagnetic convections. In this work, based on the analysis of convective flows and the calculation of the integral vortex field of Archimedes forces and electromag

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24

Kukharev, A. L. "Selecting the rational electrodes location in a DC multi-electrode arc furnace." Vestnik IGEU, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2020.3.023-031.

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One of the main design parameters of multi-electrode furnaces, which largely determines their heat and eco-nomic indicators, is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter of electrodes to the bath diameter Dp/Db. The existing methods for choosing rational design parameters are more relevant to arc furnaces operating on alternating current of industrial frequency. For multi-electrode direct current furnaces, which use magnetohydrodynamic effects to improve mixing conditions and temperature homogenization of the melt, there is no relationship between the heat transfer parameters and the pitch circle

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25

White, Richard S., Thomas J. Dionise, and Jeffrey A. Baron. "Design, Analysis, and Operation of the Electrical Distribution System for a Modern Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Melt Furnace." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 46, no. 6 (2010): 2267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2010.2074173.

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26

Pfeiffer, Andreas, Daniel Ernst, Heng Zheng, Gerald Wimmer, and Johannes Schenk. "The Behavior of Direct Reduced Iron in the Electric Arc Furnace Hotspot." Metals 13, no. 5 (2023): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050978.

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Hydrogen-based direct reduction is a promising technology for CO2 lean steelmaking. The electric arc furnace is the most relevant aggregate for processing direct reduced iron (DRI). As DRI is usually added into the arc, the behavior in this area is of great interest. A laboratory-scale hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) reactor was used to analyze that under inert conditions. Four cases were compared: carbon-free and carbon-containing DRI from DR-grade pellets as well as fines from a fluidized bed reactor were melted batch-wise. A slag layer’s influence was investigated using DRI from t

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27

D., Demin. "Synthesis of control systems of technological processes of electric arc melting of cast iron." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 10 (56) (2012): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2012.3881.

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The aim of research is to find a solution to the problem of optimal control of metallurgical processes of electric arc melting of cast iron. The object of research is the process of electric arc melting. The Pontryagin’s maximum principle os chosen as research methods. The formulation and principle of solving the problem of finding the optimal control in terms of speed of the bath heating process and the process of its carburization are described. A variant of the description of the final state is proposed for the problem of finding the optimal control of the carburization process, which

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28

Bodrova, L. E., E. Yu Goida, S. Yu Melchakov, A. B. Shubin та O. M. Fedorova. "Interaction of WС and Cr3С2 carbides during heat treatment of WС – Cr3С2 – Сu alloys". Perspektivnye Materialy 12 (2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2021-12-59-70.

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Composite alloys WC – Cr3C2 – Cu were obtained by infiltration of copper melt into uncompacted powders WC and Cr3C2 (reference alloys) and their mixtures with a weight ratio WC: Cr3C2 = 1:1. Impregnation of uncompacted carbide powders with copper melt was carried out at low frequency (~ 80 Hz) vertical vibration (LFV) of the crucible with alloy components for 10 min in a resistance furnace in an atmosphere of flowing argon. The effect of heat treatment of the obtained model composites on the interaction of carbides WC and Cr3C2 under isothermal and dynamic action of temperature, as well as dur

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29

Klimchik, Y. V., M. I. Gasik, and A. P. Gorobets. "THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLAG MODE FOR TREATMENT OF WHEEL STEEL ON THE INSTALLATION OF A BUCKET-OVEN WITH A PURPOSE TO REDUCE THE SPECIFIC ELECTRIC ENERGY." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №6, 2018, no. 6 (2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s0654231678.

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Purpose. Management of the formation of oxide fluoride slag at the stage of out-furnace treatment of the wheel metal. Methodology. Investigations of the energy technological regimes of out-of-furnace treatment of wheel steel were performed by analyzing the parameters of the basic metal processing technology at the ladle furnace. Results. The optimal input mode of the fluorspar is established when the ladle slag is formed at the ladle furnace installation. Scientific novelty. Analytical studies confirmed the absence in the structure of oxide fluoride slag structures containing fluorspar. Its ro

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Reiter, Viktoria, and Harald Harmuth. "Melt corrosion of refractories in the nonferrous industry and the electric arc furnace: A thermochemical approach." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 5 (2011): 1093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-10-05.

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A thermochemical approach was implemented to study the dissolution mechanisms of a wide range of refractory oxides and silicates in slags of the nonferrous metals industry and electric arc furnaces. First of all, the slags have been characterized regarding their working range, phase assemblage, and melting behavior. Subsequently, the interactions of different combinations of refractory and slag have been examined, and emphasis has been placed on the determination of possible reaction products formed during dissolution and the solubilities of the refractory oxides and silicates in various slags

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Singhal, Lokesh Kumar, and Sudipta Patra. "Energy Conservation Potential in Stainless Steel Making by use of Molten Pig Iron and Liquid Ferro-Chrome." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.124.

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Stainless steel is mostly manufactured by Electric Arc Furnace Argon Oxygen Decarburization route utilising 100% solid charge of steel scrap/DRI/stainless steel scrap and ferroalloys.The process consumes around 415/450 KWH of power per ton of stainless steel.In the state of Odisha, we are endowed with both iron and chromite ores,which offer opportunity for use of molten pig iron and liquid ferrochrome for energy efficient stainless steel making for a plant located there. This paper analyses potential for energy conservation in EAF for three different grades of stainless steel belonging to AISI

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32

Arzpeyma, Niloofar, Moudud Alam, Rutger Gyllenram, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Model Development to Study Uncertainties in Electric Arc Furnace Plants to Improve Their Economic and Environmental Performance." Metals 11, no. 6 (2021): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060892.

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A statistical model is developed in order to simulate the melt composition in electric arc furnaces (EAFs) with respect to uncertainties in (1) scrap composition, (2) scrap weighing and (3) element distribution factors. The tramp element Cu and alloying element Cr are taken into account. The model enables simulations of a charge program as well as backwards estimations of the element concentrations and their variance in scrap. In the backwards calculation, the maximum likelihood method is solved by considering three cases corresponding to the involved uncertainties. It is shown that the model

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33

Agapitov, Evgeniy B., Marina A. Lemeshko, and Margarita S. Sokolova. "Prospects for the Use of Hollow Electrodes for Deep Desulfurization of Steel in the Ladle-Furnace Unit." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.474.

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The article discusses the possibilities of intensifying the process of desulfurization of molten steel in the process of after-furnace treatment of molten steel in the ladle-kiln unit. As one of the techniques, it was proposed to heat the melt with the help of hollow electrodes with argon feed during the operation of the electric arc plant. Comparative thermal balances of the installation in the basic and experimental versions and on the basis of the proposed mathematical model for calculating the mass-average temperature of the melt are given, and graphs of temperature changes during processi

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Kleimt, Bernd, Waldemar Krieger, Diana Mier Vasallo, Asier Arteaga Ayarza, and Inigo Unamuno Iriondo. "Model-Based Decision Support System for Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Online Monitoring and Control." Metals 13, no. 8 (2023): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081332.

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In this work, a practical approach for a decision support system for the electric arc furnace (EAF) is presented, with real-time heat state monitoring and control set-point optimization, which has been developed within the EU-funded project REVaMP and applied at the EAF of Sidenor in Basauri, Spain. The system consists of a dynamic process model based on energy and mass balances, including thermodynamic calculations for the most important metallurgical reactions, with particular focus on the modelling of the dephosphorisation reaction, as this is a critical parameter for production of high-qua

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Nikolenko, A., V. Nezhurin, V. Kuvaev, et al. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FERROALLOY SMELTING PROCESS IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES BY IMPROVING CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL MODES." Modern Problems of Metalurgy, no. 28 (June 30, 2025): 44–70. https://doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2025.01.04.

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The article addresses the issues of improving the efficiency of ferroalloy smelting in electric arc furnaces by enhancing the control and management of technological regimes. Recent global trends, such as the increase in the production of high-quality alloy steels and semiconductor products, have led to a sharp rise in the demand for ferroalloys and crystalline silicon. In this context, the intensification of technological processes and the optimization of energy consumption in ferroalloy electric furnaces have become particularly relevant. The ferroalloy smelting process is based on the carbo

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Hoikkaniemi, E., P. Sulasalmi, V.-V. Visuri, and T. Fabritius. "Biochar as a slag foaming agent in EAF – A novel experimental setup." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1309, no. 1 (2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012010.

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Abstract Slag foaming practice is employed widely in electric arc furnace steelmaking to improve the energy efficiency, protect the furnace structures and reduce noise pollution. Slag foaming is typically launched by injecting fossil-based carbonaceous material (e.g. coke dust) into the melt. In this study, a novel laboratory-scale experimental setup was used for studying the substitution of fossil carbon by biochar as slag foaming agent. The setup was equipped with an injection device for feeding carbon and a camera system for observing the foaming phenomenon and recording the process. A set

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Zhuo, Quantum, Mansour N. Al-Harbi, and Petrus C. Pistorius. "Feature Engineering to Embed Process Knowledge: Analyzing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking." Metals 15, no. 1 (2024): 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15010013.

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The importance of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is expected to increase worldwide as parts of the industry transition to lower carbon dioxide emissions. This work analyzed one year’s operational data from an EAF plant that uses a large proportion of direct-reduced iron (DRI) in the furnace feed. The data were used to test different approaches to quantifying the effects of process conditions on specific electricity consumption (kWh per ton of crude steel). In previous work, inputs such as the proportion of DRI, fluxes, natural gas, and oxygen were linearly correlated with the specific

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Grachev, V. A., and N. D. Turakhodjaev. "Influence of High-Temperature Treatment of Melt on the Composition and Structure of Aluminum Alloy." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0131.

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Abstract The aim of the current study was to examine the structure of an alloy treated at various temperatures up to 2,000-2,100 °C. Among research techniques for studying alloy structure there were the electron and optical microstructure, X-ray structure, and spectral analysis, and for studying the developed furnace geometric parameters the authors employed mathematical modeling method. The research was performed using aluminum smelting gas-fired furnaces and electric arc furnaces. The objects of the study were aluminum alloys of the brand AK7p and AK6, as well as hydrogen and aluminum oxide

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Anil Kumar, V., R. K. Gupta, M. K. Karthikeyan, F. Gino Prakash, and P. Ramkumar. "Development of High Nitrogen Stainless Steel for Cryogenic Applications." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.23.

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Austenitic stainless steels are extensively used as structural materials for various aerospace systems. Nitrogen containing stainless steels have special role due to their austenite stabilization tendency down to subzero temperatures, improved strength and resistance to sensitization. Primary processing of nitrogen containing cryogenic grade stainless steel 202 has been carried out through two different melting routes viz. (1). conventional melt route of electric arc furnace (EAF) melting followed by vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) & vacuum degassing (VD) and other one through (2). vac

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Lin, Xiaoping, Bing Ni, Fangqin Shangguan, Xiuping Li, and Heping Liu. "Numerical simulation of DC arc characteristics by multiple physical field coupling." Metallurgical Research & Technology 122, no. 3 (2025): 310. https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025028.

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Short process electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking offers the advantages of high efficiency, low energy consumption, resource circulation, and carbon reduction. To address global climate challenges, short process EAF steelmaking is crucial for optimising the structure of the steel industry and achieving emission reductions. The EAF obtains its primary heat from the high-temperature arc established between the electrodes upon system energisation. Constructing an effective model that captures the arc’s internal mechanisms and the electrical properties of arc plasma is essential for a comprehen

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Mammadov, Arif, Agil Babaev, Nizami Ismailov, Mukhtar Huseinov та Faiq Guliyev. "Identifying regularities of the structure and properties of 13ХFА pipe steel smelted on different charges in electric arc furnace". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, № 12 (125) (2023): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.287043.

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The problem of increasing the efficiency of 13ХFА pipe steel for oil and gas wells by using selective selection of charges for smelting them in an electric arc furnace is considered. 4 batches of different chemical heterogeneity were studied. It was found that melt 1 from a purer charge 1 contains a smaller amount of harmful impurities in the form of surface-active substances (surfactants), which affect grain growth when samples are heated for quenching. Thus, melts 1 and 2, containing a smaller amount of surfactants in the charge, have a greater tendency to austenite grain growth and lower ha

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Protopopov, A. V., M. A. Protopopov, E. A. Suleimenov, Zh T. Aimenov, and R. F. Altynbekov. "Study of silicon production process in ore-smelting furnace and optimization of technological process." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 326, no. 3 (2023): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2023/6445.30.

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This article presents the results of production experiments to optimize the modes of silicon smelting in an industrial arc furnace. The main factors of the melting process are the size of the fractions of the charge components and the temperature regime of heating. The rate of charge heating in the reaction zone in the temperature range from 950 to 14100C has a special effect on productivity. In this temperature range, the formation of refractory silicon carbide on pieces of quartzite was established, which causes a drop in the magnitude of the electric current in the reaction zone and its fre

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Shatovsky, A. V., O. M. Grudnitskiy, S. V. Konovalenko, I. A. Kovaleva, A. A. Kovalev, and V. O. Morozov. "Deoxidation of steel with calcium carbide. Influence of calcium carbide addition on steel contamination by non‑metallic inclusions." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (September 17, 2024): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2024-3-29-34.

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One of the main factors determining the final properties of metal products is the quantity, morphology and distribution of non‑metallic inclusions in steel. The article deals with the issues related to the use of calcium carbide in steelmaking production, instead of secondary aluminum and other deoxidizing materials, in order to improve the quality of the products. During the experimental work on the use of calcium carbide in steelmaking production, instead of secondary aluminum and other deoxidizing materials, second grade calcium carbide according to GOST 1460–81 was used. To determine the c

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Dishwar, R. K., and O. P. Sinha. "Effect of partially reduced highly fluxed DRI pellets on impurities removal during steelmaking using a laboratory scale EAF." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 58, no. 1 (2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb210319050d.

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The present work represents a comparative study on the impurities removal from pig iron melt by addition of partially reduced highly fluxed direct reduced iron (DRI) to make steel in a 2 kg capacity electric arc furnace (EAF). Three types of fluxed DRI (30, 50, 80% Reduction (%R) with similar basicity-8) were used to maintain different level of oxidizing potential on the bath for studying the kinetic behavior of impurities removal from melt. Results showed that the rate of removal of impurities (i.e. C, Si, Mn, P, S etc.) increased initially up to 5 minutes of reaction time then decreased afte

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Farihin, Parikin, Bambang Suharno, Mohammad Dani, et al. "A Novel Processing Route in the Mechano-Synthesis of Austenitic 58Fe25Ni17Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Cast Alloy through Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Pre-Linking." Key Engineering Materials 975 (February 23, 2024): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1uiqtf.

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A powder metallurgical process has been applied to synthesize the FeNiCr+Y2O3 oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys. The composition of the reinforcing Y2O3 added into matrix was varied from zero to 2.0 percent weight. Raw powders were carefully weighed with a four-digit balance. Y2O3 powder was pre-linked into Fe powder as the dominant element in the matrix by manually ground for half an hour. Ni and Cr powders were then mixed evenly for the next a half hour to obtain FeNiCr+Y2O3 precursor. Avoiding agglomeration and grain coarsening, the precursor was uniformly homogenized by milling fo

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Mendoza, Laura Esmeralda, José Manuel Hernández, José Gonzalo González, Emilio Orgaz, Octavio Lozada, and Ignacio Alejandro Figueroa. "Crystallization Kinetics of Hypo, Hyper and Eutectic Ni–Nb Glassy Alloys." Metals 12, no. 5 (2022): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050808.

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This study presents the thermal and kinetic behavior of Ni58.5Nb41.5, Ni59.5Nb40.5, and Ni60.5Nb39.5 binary glassy alloys. The alloys ingots were obtained through an electric arc furnace and the ribbons using the melt-spinning technique at two different wheel speeds, 8 and 25 m/s. The non-isothermal study was carried out by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at five different heating rates: 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, and 22.5 K/min. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a fully glassy phase for all ribbons for all compositions. For both wheel speeds, the ribbons with higher Nb content

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Anil Kumar, V., M. K. Karthikeyan, R. K. Gupta, P. Ramkumar, and M. Uday Prakash. "Heat Treatment Studies on 50CrV4 Spring Steel." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.139.

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50CrV4 spring steel is a tough, shock resisting, shallow hardening chromium vanadium steel having high fatigue and impact resistance in the heat treated condition. It is used extensively in gears, pinions, springs, shafts, axles, pins, bolts, etc., which require high modulus of resilience. The alloy was realised through conventional melt route of electric arc furnace (EAF) followed by ESR. The application of the alloy is limited to a section thickness of 15mm [1]. Hence obtaining optimum mechanical properties becomes a challenging task. In this study, the hardening as well as tempering operati

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Куберский, С. В. "TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ARC DEEP RECOVERY OF USEFUL IMPURITIES OF METALLURGICAL WASTE FOR THE TREATMENT OF IRON-CARBON MELTS." Metallurg, no. 4 (April 29, 2024): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2024_4_100.

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Внепечная обработка железоуглеродистых расплавов является неотъемлемой частью современной технологии их производства, обеспечивающей высокое качество металлопродукции. Однако в условиях мини- и микрозаводов, использующих технологические агрегаты небольшого единичного объема, не всегда удается реализовать современные высокоэффективные схемы рафинирования, раскисления-легирования и нагрева, присущие агрегатам ковш-печь и вакууматорам. Кроме того, актуален вопрос широкого использования при выплавке чугуна и стали различных отходов производства с целью их рециклинга и сокращения расхода традиционн

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Reinicke, Alexander, Lilly Schulte, and Thomas Echterhof. "Application of a neural network for calculating the off-gas generation within an EAF under modified operating conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3050, no. 1 (2025): 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3050/1/012002.

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Abstract By design, the electric arc furnace (EAF) emits low carbon dioxide emissions when compared to other aggregates such as the blast furnace. For this reason, electric steelmaking is at the focus of the current industrial transformation towards a CO2 neutral steel production. In this context, the EAF is subject to further optimization of the energy and resource ef1iciency. Process models can be used to simulate and evaluate altered operating conditions within the EAF before conducting costly plant trails. With regards to these models, the off-gas generation plays a crucial role, as it dir

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Dishwar, Raj Kumar, Shavi Agrawal, Amit Kumar Singh, and O. P. Sinha. "Effect of Bath Environment and Charge Material on the Removal of Impurities from the Pig Iron Melt Using Laboratory Scale (2 kg) Electric Arc Furnace." Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 75, no. 3 (2022): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02493-2.

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