Journal articles: 'Electric arc welding'

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McDowell, C. S. "ELECTRIC ARC WELDING." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 27, no. 3 (2009): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1915.tb00546.x.

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KINKEAD, Robert E. "ELECTRIC ARC WELDING.*." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 30, no. 4 (2009): 898–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1918.tb01114.x.

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Grigoriev, N. D. "PERSEVERANCE CREATES RESILIENCE." World of Transport and Transportation 16, no. 5 (2018): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2018-16-5-22.

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For the English full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT The article is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the birth of Vasily Nikitin, the successor to the Russian inventors of electric arc welding. He became the founder of the theory of electric machines and apparatus for electric arc welding and contributed to creation of electric welding engineering and introduction of electric arc welding in railway transport and in the national economy. Keywords: history, electrical engineering, electric welding, Vasily Nikitin, Benardos, Slavyanov, theory of electric welding machines, Gosplan, electrothermia, railway, shipbuilding, electric motors.

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Ibragimov, Farhod, Ortiq Abzoirov, and Lola Zhamolova. "Tension testing of steel welded belts of the saw gaskets of a linter machine." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339006015.

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The results of tensile testing of steel welded belts of saw blades of a linter machine are presented in the article. A universal testing machine was used to find the tensile stability of steel welded belts of saw gaskets of a linter machine. The results of tensile tests on the study of steel welded belts of gaskets with a thickness of 1.5 mm and 2 mm using electric arc welding and kemppi welding (a carbon dioxide welding technology) showed that in order to stretch welded belts up to 5 mm, 2820 N is necessary for a thickness of belts of 1.5 mm for electric arc welding, and 2900 N for kemppi; with a thickness of 2 mm, 3260 N is necessary for electric arc welding and 4440 N for kemppi welding. The results of the tensile tests of welded belts showed that when welding the belts of steel gaskets, both electric arc and kemppi welding can be used. In the production of steel belts of gaskets, it is appropriate to use kemppi, because the minimum thermal stress is reached in the welding zone.

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Darakov, D. S., V. I. Vishnyakov, A. A. A. Ennan, and S. A. Kiro. "Fume emissions by electric arc during gas metal arc welding." Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, no. 60 (December 15, 2022): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2022.60.267071.

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The influence of welding arc regime on the welding fumes formation is studied by numerical modeling via description of separate processes inside the space charge regions near electrodes in the welding arc with consumable electrode. The modeling comprises the calculation of temperature profiles for electrons and heavy component, calculation of space distribution of gas components’ number densities, of gas particles’ mean free pathes, of electric potential and field, calculation of the heat transfer from electrode wire (anode) to molten pool (cathode). The formation of high temperature metal vapor from molten pool to environment as a function of arc current is demonstrated. The nucleation in the plasma of welding fumes is considered with taken into account ionization of vapor atoms via their interaction with nucleus surface. The growth of nucleus droplets via vapor condensation and coalescence is calculated. The coagulation of solid primary particles for various values of welding current is calculated and inhalable particle size distribution is demonstrated.

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Bakhori, Ahmad, Abdul Haris Nst, Muksin R. Harahap, Muslih Nasution, Suhardi Napid, and Bonar Harahap. "SOSIALISASI K-3 BAGI TEKNISI BENGKEL PENGELASAN SMAW DI KECAMATAN MEDAN TIMUR KOTA MEDAN." Jurnal Pengabdian Mitra Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/jurpammas.v1i2.5112.

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Electrode shielded arc welding or better known as Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is welding using an electric arc as a metal melt heater. An electric arc is formed between the shielded electrode and the base metal. Because of the heat from the electric arc, the base metal and the tip of the electrode melt and freeze together (Wryosumarto, 2004). With the ability of reason, humans are able to use metal as a very vital life aid. Various kinds of machine construction, buildings and others can be created in the presence of metal. The metal raises the need for assembly or joining technology. One such connection technology is by welding (welding). The purpose of the Occupational Health and Safety Counseling for SMAW Welding Workshop Operators in Gang Buntu Village, Medan Timur District, Medan City are: So that the welding company makes procedures and rules for occupational health and safety in the workplace. Welding industry companies provide Personal Protective Equipment (ADP) for welding operators. Because the issue of occupational health and safety is very important to get attention because it is directly related to the productivity and efficiency of workers.

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Toirov, M.Sh., K.A. Karimov, and B.T. Mardonov. "ELECTRIC ARC WELDING OF MAIN PIPELINES." Deutsche internationale Zeitschrift für zeitgenössische Wissenschaft 70 (December 18, 2023): 72–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10402175.

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This article describes the main processing methods, materials and equipment used in welding joints of pipelines in Russia. A comparison of various types of welding performance is given. The methods of non-destructive testing of welds, and promisingmethods used to eliminate the detected defects

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I., O. Vakulenko, O. Plitchenko S., and M. Makarevich D. "INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ON THE FORMING OF WELDING ARC." Science and Transport Progress, no. 5(53) (November 24, 2014): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.15802/stp2014/30824.

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Purpose. The purpose of work is a comparative analysis of chemical compounds influence on the process of forming arc welding and condition of its burning. Methodology. A wire with diameter 3 mm of low carbon steel with contain of carbon 0.15% was material for electrode. As chemical compounds, which determine the terms of arc welding forming the following compounds were used: kaolin; with admixtures of gypsum up to 60%;  and with the iron concentration up to 50%. Researches were conducted using the direct electric current and arc of reverse polarity. As a source of electric current a welding transformer of type PSO-500n was used. On the special stand initial gap between the electrode and metal plate was 1-1.5 mm. The inter electrode space was filled with the probed chemical compound and the electric arc was formed. At the moment of arc forming the values of electric current and arc voltage were determined. After the natural break of electric arc, the final gap value between electrodes was accepted as a maximal value of arc length. Findings. Experimentally the transfer of metal in interelectrode space corresponded to the tiny drop mechanism. According to external signs the relation between maximal arc length and the power of electric current has the form of exponential dependence. Specific power of electric arc at the moment of arc forming per unit of its length characterizes the environment in the interelectrode space. Originality. 1) Based on the analysis of influence of the studied chemical compounds on the formation processes of electric arc the inversely proportional relationship between the power of the electric current and the maximum arc length until the moment of its natural break is defined. 2) Ratio between the maximal arc length and the power of electric current, with the sufficiently high coefficient of correlation is submitted to the exponential dependence. Influence of the compounds under study on the process of electric arc forming is determined using the indexes of degree of the above mentioned correlation. 3) The value of specific power of electric current at the moment of electric arc forming per unit of arc length can be accepted as the parameter, which characterizes the state of interelectrode space environment. Practical value. In the conditions of identical adjusting force of electric current the sequence of location of the studied compounds in the order of increase of their influence on the process of arcing is determined. Minimum influence is observed from kaolin, and maximal one – from .

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Li, Kai, Hong Ming Gao, and Hai Chao Li. "Arc Behavior of Dry Hyperbaric Gas Metal Arc Welding." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.245.

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The arc behavior in dry hyperbaric Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process was investigated by using a high speed camera system and welding electric signal acquisition system. The arc shape in hyperbaric argon environment of 0.1-2MPa shows quite different characteristic from that at normal pressure. With the increase of ambient pressure, the arc length turns shorter, arc column is contracted, and the arc brightness increases. At elevated ambient pressure, the arc length increases with increasing welding voltage. Arc voltage has a good linear relation with arc length. The sum of the fall voltages at ambient pressure of 0.4MPa, 0.8MPa, and 2MPa is nearly constant which is about 20.2-21.7V. The values of electric field strength of arc column at different ambient pressure were gained through the linear fit, which are increased with increasing ambient pressure. The arc static characteristics at elevated ambient pressure are raising characteristics, and it is shifted upward with increasing ambient pressure.

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Guo, Lin, Tian Hui Zhang, Ren Ping Xu, and Hui He. "Properties Effect of 16MnR Steel Weld Joint by Different Welding Methods." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2639.

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Welding experiments were made with δ=14mm, 16MnR steel by three welding methods, manual electric arc welding, automatic submerged arc welding and semi-auto solid-core CO2 shielded arc welding, and weld joint test with samples from every welding specimen. The properties of welding joint were analyzed by three welding methods and in every position of welding, concluded that brittlement problems in heat affected zone arise from the CO2 shielded arc welding, it is because of the heat damage of alloy elements of weld joint metal while using CO2 shielded arc welding, but the strength of the weld joint is high because of its high fusion ratio. So for improving the mechanical properties of weld joints.it had better accelerate the cooling rate of weld bead and decrease the heat input of welding.

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Tsybulkin, G. A. "Effect of own magnetic fields on electric arcs in tandem-arc welding." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 3 (2018): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.03.02.

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Aryan, Govind. "Enhancing Weld Quality: A Review of Optimization Techniques for Electric Arc Welding Parameters in Mild Steel Grade Fe 500 Using Taguchi Method." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 4 (2024): 3309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.60612.

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Abstract: Electric arc welding stands as a cornerstone in various industries for its efficacy in joining metal components. The paramount importance of achieving impeccable welds cannot be overstated, as they are pivotal for maintaining structural integrity and performance. This review meticulously scrutinizes optimization techniques tailored for electric arc welding parameters, with a specific focus on mild steel grade Fe 500, leveraging the Taguchi method. Renowned for its efficiency in experimental design and optimization, the Taguchi method has been extensively harnessed to refine weld quality by mitigating defects such as porosity, cracks, and lack of fusion. Offering a comprehensive insight, this paper first delineates the pivotal parameters inherent to electric arc welding and elucidates their profound impact on weld quality.

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Chigarev, V. V., V. I. Shchetinina, and S. V. Shthetinin. "Magnetic field in electric arc welding." Welding International 30, no. 4 (2015): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1058008.

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RQNAY, BELA. "THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ARC WELDING." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 46, no. 1 (2009): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1934.tb03794.x.

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Lebedev, V. A., G. V. Zhuk, and I. V. Lendel. "Application of adjustable electric drives with brushless electric motors in arc welding." Paton Welding Journal 2017, no. 7 (2017): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2017.07.07.

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Baskoro, Ario Sunar, Tuparjono, Erwanto, S. Frisman, Adrian Yogi, and Winarto. "Improvement of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding Penetration Using the Effect of Electromagnetic Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.558.

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Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding is a process which an electric arc generated by the tungsten electrode to the workpiece and the welding area protected by a protective gas. Arc shape can be affected by electromagnetic force. In previous study, the use of some electromagnetic field around the arc has influenced the welding results. In this study, electromagnetic field generated from the solenoids was given to the welding arc. Welding process was conducted on Stainless Steel. The electromagnetic field made the arc becomes deflected. This deflection was controlled by the solenoid by activating it using a microcontroller. The results showed that the use of solenoid as a source of electromagnetic field has influenced the welding arc. Penetration produced by using a solenoid has deeper penetration than welding process without using solenoid. The increase of the welding power efficiency was 10.9% for arc current I = 80 A and 9.85% for arc current I = 90 A.

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Peng, Zheng, Ying Liang, Hongbing Liu, Fei Wang, Jin Yang, and Yanbo Song. "Research on Process Characteristics and Properties in Deep-Penetration Variable-Polarity Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of AA7075 Aluminum Alloy." Metals 14, no. 9 (2024): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14091068.

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In this study, a new deep-penetration variable-polarity tungsten inert gas (DP-VPTIG) welding process, which is performed by a triple-frequency-modulated pulse, was employed in the welding fabrication of 8 mm AA7075 aluminum plates. The electric signal, arc shape, and weld pool morphology of the welding process were obtained by means of high-speed photography and an electric signal acquisition system under varying parameters of the intermediate frequency (IF) pulse current. The principle of the arc characteristics and the dynamic mechanism of the weld melting during the process are explained. In addition, the macroforming, microstructure, and microhardness of the welded joints were investigated. The results indicate that, with an intermediate frequency pulse of 750 Hz, the arc displayed a higher energy density and a more effective arc contraction, which improved weld appearance and penetration. Moreover, the impact and stirring action of the arc refined the microstructure grains of the weld center. Therefore, this new welding method is feasible for welding medium-thickness aluminum alloy plates without a groove.

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Igbinovia, S. O., M. C. Onuoha, and O. K. Olaogun. "Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of a Low Cost Electric Arc Welding Machine." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.135.

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Apart from woodwork, brickwork, all other formworks are of metalwork. Thus engineering devices, equipment, machineries and infrastructures are made possible with the use of welding machines, be it carbide or arc – welding type. In Nigeria, where the cost of imported goods rises astronomically in accordance with the foreign exchange rates, the need to fabricate this very important equipment became of important necessity. In this paper, a single-phase 6KVA, 240VAC/30-70 VDC electric arc welding machine was designed and constructed using locally available materials. The different operating current required, arcing time, the heat generated by the arc, the minimum arc gap, the fluxite coated electrode, oxidation of the molten materials by the surrounding air where some of the designed parameters that determined the auto-transformer specific magnetic loading and specific electric loading. Cooling medium, integral switch, the rectifier circuits and the tanking of the transformer designed determined the equipment production. The locally fabricated AC/DC air cooled electric arc welding machine capable of withstanding 200A, when subjected to insulation resistance test, no – load test, short circuit test and on-load test to ascertain its performance characteristics were very satisfactory.

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Wilarso, Wilarso, Muhamad Farhan, Firmansyah Azharul, and Hilman Sholih. "Pengujian Pengelasan Plat Stainless Steel JIS SS304 Menggunakan Mikro Struktur." Creative Research in Engineering (CERIE) 3, no. 1 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/cerie.v3i1.14713.

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Failure in the welding process will result in a drop in quality and a risk to worker safety. Small cavities were frequently detected during welding. In order to identify the origin of the damage, the goal of this study is to investigate the presence of small circular cavities that are grouped in the welding region of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) welding outcomes. The research technique involves categorizing changes in electric current on JIS SS 304 stainless steel material with a thickness of 10 mm: GTAW 80 A root (low current), 100 A Filler (mid electric current), and 120 A Capping (high current). Based on investigations into the use of electric current for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) welding and the interpretation of discontinuity in the outcomes of welding on JIS SS 304 stainless steel material, on JIS SS 304 plate material with a thickness of 10 mm. learn about the welding methods GTAW and HAZ GTAW at the point of the microstructure as components that have thermal impacts

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Wibowo Sutarjo, Hendrikus Dwijayanto. "Corrosion Rate of Stainless Steel 304 in HNO3 Solution." Arkus 7, no. 1 (2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/arkus.v7i1.90.

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This literature review was aims to describe corrosion rate stainless steel 304 in sulfuric acid. Immerse process do in 700C temperature for 6 hours and than in 29oC temperature for 18 hours every day. This condition aim to get closer to the actual use in the manufacture of tubes of reactor SAMOP (sub critical assembly for Mo99Prad action). Specimen after TIG welding and electric arc welding cleaned from crust and than measured, drawing, balanced, and record the first weight. The survey findings show heavy shrinkage sample, it is well visible on the corrosion pH 0.5 in electric arc welding of 0.105 gram/dm2/month for corrosion 0.026 gram/dm2/month without welding and pH 0.2, arc welding of 0.045 gram/dm2/month, pH 0.2 no Las 0.02 gram/dm2/month. Specimen that has been welded have significant differences in corrosion rate compare to specimen that have not weld.

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Gao, Ying, Jing Hua Han, and Li Yan Lou. "Synchronized Diagnosis of Laser-Pulse MAG Hybrid Arc Based on Multi-Information." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.865.

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Laser-Arc Hybrid welding technology was first introduced by English scholar W.M.Steen in 20th century 70s, developed very rapidly. In order to study the effect mechanism of laser and arc,This paper presents a control strategy,the strategy can collect welding electric information, high speed photos and spectral information synchronously. By using the Labview software, industrial computer, data acquisition card, a high speed camera, spectrometer, synchronous multi-information acquisition system of welding has been established.the system has been used for the hybrid welding experiment, the peak value, base value and platform value of the laser-arc hybrid welding has been collected. Laid the foundation for further diagnosis of laser-arc in a variety of state.

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Zhang, Xin, Ning Guo, Changsheng Xu, Haoran Kan, Yanbo Tan, and Hao Chen. "Effect of Filling Rate on Underwater Wet Welding Process and Weld Appearance." Materials 13, no. 5 (2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051061.

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Real-time electric signal, matter transfer mode and welding pool behavior were obtained to investigate the effect of wires’ filling rate on arc stability and joints’ appearance during underwater wet flux-cored arc welding (FCAW). The electric signal results showed that arc stability first decreased and then increased rapidly because the raise of filling rate affected the number of charged particles and the electrical conductivity of welding arc atmosphere. Two typical transfer modes, globular repelled transfer mode and surface tension transfer mode, were observed in this study. The ratio of surface tension transition could be increased by adding wires’ filling rate. Meanwhile, the geometry of molten pool was changed and the distance between droplets to welding pool reduced as the filling rate increased. The fusion line became more regular and the radius of curvature increased under the effect of bubbles in the molten pool. As the filling rate improving, more slags on the welds surface were acquired and the welds were much flatter and smoother.

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Delgado, J. A., M. A. Ramírez Argáez, and P. F. Mendez. "Efecto de la Corriente y Longitud de Arco en Soldaduras con Arco Eléctrico Asistido por Modelado Matemático." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (2018): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1442.

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A 2D mathematical model was developed for the GTAW arc welding process (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding). Computational simulations were performed by using the commercial software PHOENICS based on mass and momentum conservation equations as well as on Maxwell equations. The model predicts the electric characteristics of the arc column, flow patterns, temperature profiles, heat flux, total heat flow and the electrical potential, by varying the arc length and the applied current. By increasing the current the arc jet is stronger, hotter and provides more heat to the weld pool, while by increasing the arc length the maximum temperature, maximum velocity and heat flow are unchanged, although a short arc focuses the heat in a small area and a long arc spreads the heat in a wider area of the work piece.Keywords: Electric arc, heat transfer, fluid flow, mathematical modeling.

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Afrifa, J. Y., E. A. Duodu, N. J. Amoanab, K. Dubik, C. Akasika, and F. Dery. "Impact of Electric-Arc Welding on The Mechanical Properties of AISI 1055 Medium Carbon Steel with Varied Gauge Diameters." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH 9, no. 2 (2023): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26437/ajar.v9i2.559.

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Purpose: This paper investigated through experimentation, the impact of electric-arc welding processes on the mechanical properties of AISI 1055 steel medium carbon steel material with varied gauge diameters. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used experimental and analytical methods to investigate the impact of electric arc welding on the mechanical properties of AISI 1055 Medium Carbon Steel. The test samples were prepared based on the standards of the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), with varied gauge diameters. Standard tensile tests were performed on the samples before welding and after welding, using a computer-interfaced Universal Tensile Testing Machine. Data obtained from the study was analyzed using graphs, tables and charts. Finally, the sets of results for both welded and unwelded specimens were compared to determine the impact that welding has on welded medium carbon steel components and structures. Findings: The data recorded by the computer-interfaced tensile test machine was used to plot and display, the stress-stain graphs for the various sets of samples. The results showed that the welding processes adversely affected the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), Yield Strength, Elastic Modulus and Impact Strength of the samples studied; since all the samples studied had their initial values dropped after undergoing welding and testing. However, the strain of the samples increased after welding. Research Limitation/Implication: Although there are other methods and techniques of welding metals, this study adopted electric arc welding to weld the samples used for the study due to resource constraints. Practical Implication: The findings of this study also bring to the fore, the need for industry regulators to promulgate standards to regulate the welding of medium carbon steel and by extension, other industrial materials to preserve the natural properties of the materials. Originality/Value: This study introduced an important perspective to the testing of engineering materials by varying the gauge diameters (a key determinant of the dimensional specifications of the specimen), to obtain a comprehensive insight into the impact of electric-arc welding on the mechanical properties of the material.

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Si, Yin, Zixiong Xia, Wei Liu, Kexin Zhang, and Xiangyu Song. "Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Double-Pulse MIG Welding Arc Signal Characteristics Based on Broadband Mode Decomposition." Journal of Electronic Research and Application 8, no. 4 (2024): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jera.v8i4.7933.

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Welding voltage and current in arc signals are directly related to arc stability and welding quality. Process experiments with different parameters were organized according to the orthogonal experimental design method by constructing an aluminum alloy double-pulse metal inert gas (MIG) welding arc electric signal test platform. The data acquisition system of the aluminum alloy MIG welding process was established to obtain real-time arc signal information reflecting the welding process. The aluminum alloy’s collected double-pulse arc current signals are decomposed adaptively by broadband mode decomposition (BMD). The direct current (DC) signal, pulse signal, distortion signal, ripple signal, and noise signal are separated and extracted, and the composite multiscale fuzzy entropy (CMFE) is calculated for the component set of the electrical signal. The experimental results show that the current waveform obtained by the double-pulse MIG welding current signal is consistent with the corresponding weld forming diagram. Simultaneously, the composite multiscale fuzzy entropy is calculated for the arc characteristic parameters. The rationality of matching process parameters and arc stability of aluminum alloy's double-pulse MIG welding were evaluated.

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DA SILVA, NILO NOGUEIRA, and WAGNER SADE. "The Effects of Preheating the Shielding Gas Used in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding." Welding Journal 103, no. 10 (2024): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2024.103.026.

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The shielding gas used in welding processes has properties that can affect the operating characteristics of electric welding arcs. Characteristics such as welding voltage, heat input, and thermal profile, which in turn affect weld geometry, are strongly influenced by the properties of the gas used. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate how preheating the shielding gas influences the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. For this, a heating system was developed that allowed the variation and control of the gas exit temperature during the tests. A methodology for studying the electric arc was proposed, evaluating the voltagecurrent, profile, and luminosity values. Autogenous welds were performed on carbon steel plates with different gas temperatures, and penetration and width were observed. The results showed that the use of gas preheating influenced the characteristics of the arc and, consequently, weld geometry.

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Dambrauskas, Algirdas, Bronius Karaliunas, and D. Shulskis. "Microprocessor Control System of an Electric Arc Welding Unit." Solid State Phenomena 113 (June 2006): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.113.29.

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The main flaws of electric arc welds and factors determining the quality of the welded seams are considered in this paper. In practice, welding tools and their control systems are affected by some external factors causing deviation of the weld’s quality from the specified values. Currently used control systems of welding tools do not always satisfy the requirements for quality of welded joints. Major principles of developing the adaptive control system of the welding tool are considered here and the developed functional and block diagrams of microprocessor system are presented. General equations describing the welding process are also provided and the obtained transfer function of a closed system is described.

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Qin, Rongshan. "Critical Assessment of the Electric Effect in Electric Arc Welding." Metals 11, no. 12 (2021): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121917.

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This work provides a critical assessment of electric effects on the microstructure evolution at the heat-affected zone in electric arc welding. Electric effects are the interactions between electromagnetic fields and materials’ microstructures. They differ from the arc effect and the Joule heating effect by providing an alternative contribution to nucleation, grain growth, recrystallisation and tempering. The influence of the electric effect on grain size, defects, anisotropic properties, precipitates and residual stress has been examined kinetically and thermodynamically. The use of adaptable electric current densities, pulse durations, pulse frequencies and electrode movements is suggested to achieve desirable microstructures and mechanical properties for the weldments.

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Li, Yan, Ze Yun, Xiang Zhou, and Chuansong Wu. "Fundamental understanding of open keyhole effect in plasma arc welding." Physics of Fluids 35, no. 4 (2023): 043316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144148.

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The keyhole arc welding technique has the advantage of improving welding efficiency by utilizing a stable keyhole mode. Accurate understanding of the keyhole effect is necessary to enhance the welding quality. Due to the high temperature and strong arc force involved, the complex gas–liquid–solid interactions in the complete keyhole process need to be explored. In order to fully demonstrate open keyhole mode welding, a three-tier sandwiched model based on multiphysics and multiphase effects was developed. The top layer of the model is filled with plasma arc, which gradually fuses and penetrates through the middle metal layer. Finally, it enters the third layer, resulting in an open keyhole mode. Multiphysics phenomena due to the plasma arc are fully included in the model, and the gas–liquid–solid interactions are calculated by combining the Volume of Fluid technique and the Enthalpy-porous technique. Arc ignition and dynamic open keyhole effect are demonstrated, and an arc discharge is shown from the open keyhole exit. The arc reflection phenomenon is observed as the arc is blocked by the weld pool frontier. The electric current path varies with the welding movement, and most of the current comes from the weld pool frontier. An experiment was conducted to obtain weld pool and keyhole images, which basically agree with the calculated results. Additionally, the calculated open keyhole time and electric potential drops also coincide well with experimental data.

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Pilarczyk, J., M. Banasik, and J. Dworak. "Hybrid welding with laser and electric arc." Welding International 22, no. 6 (2008): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507110802280954.

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Bissell, A. G. "ELECTRIC ARC WELDING APPLIED TO SHIP REPAIRING." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 37, no. 2 (2009): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1925.tb02534.x.

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Kamil . J. Ali. "MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS EMITTED FROM WELDING MACHINES." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, no. 1 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2011.04101.

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The electric arc welding process makes use of the heat produced by the electric arc to fusion weld metallic pieces. An electric arc is formed when an electric current passes between two electrodes separated by a short distance from each other. The aim of this work is to determine the electromagnetic field strength emitted by different electrical welding machines at different ranges and identify the safe ranges in order to avoid its negative health effects on the welder body. The research has been performed in two parts, mathematical calculations and practical measurements using (EMF-827) field tester. Both measurements indicate that these exposure levels lie within permissible international standard limits , but in some very close to the torch the values of magnetic filed are above the standard permissible values, so there is no harm to human health if the exposure is for an intermittent and discontinuous periods

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Kamil . J. Ali. "MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS EMITTED FROM WELDING MACHINES." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 5, no. 2 (2012): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2012.05209.

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The electric arc welding process makes use of the heat produced by the electric arc to fusion weld metallic pieces. An electric arc is formed when an electric current passes between two electrodes separated by a short distance from each other. The aim of this work is to determine the electromagnetic field strength emitted by different electrical welding machines at different ranges and identify the safe ranges in order to avoid its negative health effects on the welder body. The research has been performed in two parts, mathematical calculations and practical measurements using (EMF-827) field tester. Both measurements indicate that these exposure levels lie within permissible international standard limits , but in some very close to the torch the values of magnetic filed are above the standard permissible values, so there is no harm to human health if the exposure is for an intermittent and discontinuous periods.

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M, Asiwe Uchechukwu, Edema Anthony, and Edeafeadhe Godspower. "Design and Construction of an Electric Arc Welding Machine’s Transformer." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (2018): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18784.

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Ghosh, Aniruddha, and Somnath Chattopadhyaya. "Prediction of Temperature Distribution on Submerged Arc Welded Plates through Gaussian Heat Distribution Technique." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2477.

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Submerged Arc Welding process (SAW) is a high quality, very high deposition rate welding process. It has lot of social and economical implecations.This paper makes an attempt to uncover an important area on studies of temperature distribution during submerged arc welding because this may pave the way for application of microstructure modeling, thermal stress analysis, residual stress/distribution and welding process simulation. Prediction of temperature variation of entire plates during welding through an analytical solution is derived from the transient multi dimensional heat conduction of semi infinite plate. The heat input that is applied on the plate is exactly same amount of heat lost for electric arc, which is assumed to be a moving double conical heat source with Gaussian distribution for Submerged Arc Welding process. Good agreement between predicted and experimental results has been achieved.

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Antonov, A. A., Z. G. Kornilova, G. S. Ammosov, and A. L. Tereshkin. "Effect of the Weld Deposit Thickness on the Impact Strength of Heat-Affected Zone of the Welded Joint." Materials Science Forum 1084 (April 13, 2023): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-m63n13.

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The methodology has been developed to show the functional connection of the impact strength of the heat-affected zone metal of welded joints with weld deposit thickness and, accordingly, with the consumption of welding materials during electric arc welding while constructing and repairing various metal structures and pipeline systems operating in conditions of low climatic temperatures. To reach the objective of the paper, rational intervals of cooling rates of the HAZ metal during welding low-alloy pipe steels were used, and the calculated dependences from the existing works were modified. The methodology allows increasing cold resistance of welded joints of steels of mass use by regulating the weld deposit thickness and welding consumables during electric arc welding while constructing and repairing various metal structures and pipeline systems operating in extreme conditions of the North.

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Levchenko, Oleg H., Yury O. Polukarov, Olga M. Bezushko, Olga M. Goncharova, and Olena V. Zemlyanska. "Hygienic assessment of magnetic fields in different methods of arc welding." Environmental safety and natural resources 50, no. 2 (2024): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2024.2.88-101.

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The purpose of the work was to determine the hygienic characteristics of electromagnetic fields created by various methods of electric arc welding. For this purpose, an analysis of literature data on the electromagnetic safety of electric arc welding was performed. The levels and spectral composition of magnetic fields created by arc welding equipment in various ways were determined in order to assess their impact on the health of the welders. A description of the proposed methodical approaches to determining the level of magnetic fields, means of measuring them, and methods of assessing their impact on the welder's health is given. Modern regulations regarding the assessment of electromagnetic field effects on humans are characterized, as well as their difference from the regulations that were in force until recently. It is shown that new publications about the harmfulness of electromagnetic fields when using electrical production equipment began to appear. Therefore, there was a need to conduct new studies of electromagnetic fields, in particular their magnetic component (magnetic field strength, A/m) when using welding equipment. This is necessary for the hygienic assessment of magnetic fields and the development of appropriate methods and means of protection for welders. To do this, it was necessary to select new generation devices for determining the intensity of magnetic fields created by welding equipment. Based on the analysis of the obtained oscillograms and spectrograms of the magnetic fields, their levels were evaluated when using different methods of arc welding. It is shown that the spectral composition of the magnetic field signal is mainly determined by the welding method itself, the characteristics of the arc combustion and the nature of the transfer of the electrode metal in the arc gap, as well as the initial parameters of the welding arc power sources.

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Joni, Nicolae. "A New Approach to the Classic Structure for Robotic Arc Welding Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 162 (March 2012): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.162.429.

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Starting from the analysis of the modern robotic arc welding system from the kinematic point of view, the paper presents an original concept of the systems structure. Instead a combination of two open chains, as it is generally seen, the author proposes one single closed kinematic chain. The main element of this chain is the electric arc employed for welding, virtually seen as a vector which connects the two open chains, the robot and the part manipulator. This new approach could possibly change and simplify the way arc welding robots are programmed today.

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Kim, Min-Seok, Sang-Gil Lee, Jae Yun Kim, and Mo-Yeol Kang. "Maculopathy from an accidental exposure to welding arc." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 2 (2019): bcr—2018–227677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227677.

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Welding light can cause photic retinal injury. We report binocular maculopathy induced by a brief exposure to electric arc welding light in a patient who could not equipped with protective device because of narrow space. A 47-year-old man performed electric arc welding for approximately 10–15 min without wearing protective device because of narrow space and subsequently experienced eye discomfort and decreased visual acuity. At the initial visit, his best corrected visual acuity was 0.5. Fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) were performed. OCT showed disruption in the ellipsoid zone, and mfERG amplitudes in the central 10° were markedly reduced in both eyes. The decrease in visual acuity had been noted for at least 18 months. Using the proper protective device is essential in welding, despite short time periods of work. For patients with welding-induced photokeratitis, doctors should also consider the possibility of photic retinal injury.

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Savytsky, Oleksandr, Mychailo Savytsky, Darko Bajic, Yuriy Shkrabalyuk, and Tomaz Vuherer. "The influence of electric ARC activation on the speed of heating and the structure of metal in welds." Thermal Science 20, no. 1 (2016): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140530125s.

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This paper presents the results of a research related to the impact of electric arc activation onto drive welding energy and metal weld heating speed. It is confirmed that ATIG and AMIG methods, depending on metal thickness, single pass weldability and chemical composition of activating flux, enable the reduction of welding energy by 2-6 times when compared to conventional welding methods. Additionally, these procedures create conditions to increase metal weld heating speed up to 1,500-5,500?C/s-1. Steel which can be rapidly heated, allows for a hardened structure to form (with carbon content up to 0.4%), together with a released martensitic structure or a mixture of bainitic-martensitic structures. Results of the research of effectiveness of ATIG and AMIG welding showed that increase in the penetration capability of electric arc, which increases welding productivity, is the visible side of ATIG and AMIG welding capabilities.

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Petreski, Martin, Dobre Runchev, and Gligorche Vrtanoski. "Hybrid laser arc welding: State of the art in technology." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 66, no. 3 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2103115p.

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Hybrid laser arc welding is complex process where two heat sources act simultaneously in a common weld pool. The synergy effect of laser beam and electric arc offers several advantages over other individual technological processes, such as: higher welding speed, increased productivity, deeper penetration, better gap bridging ability, stable process, less heat input to the welding material, etc. However, the combination of two heat sources in a single welding process leads to large number of parameters that need to be synchronized and optimized in order to obtain a perfect weld. This paper presents the current state of hybrid laser arc welding in terms of its development, industrial application and scientific research. The introduction part contains a general overview of the hybrid laser arc welding process, its advantages and operating principles, and chronological development. In the second part, welding parameters that directly influence on the hybrid process have been discussed. The third part presents the performance and weld qualities achieved by hybrid welding process in accordance with previous research. In the final part, examples of industrial application and conclusions for further research and development related to hybrid laser arc welding are given.

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Nalle, Carles Y. A., M. Bagus Aditya, Fitradi Geraldo Ardinof Pratama Putra, Mardit N. Nalle, and Ryan Puby Sumarta. "Analysis of Electric Current on Aluminum Plate Welding Using MMA (Manual Metal Arc) Method." Proceeding of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Navigation, Engineering, and Aviation Technology (ICANEAT) 1, no. 1 (2024): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.61306/icaneat.v1i1.222.

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Many industries depend on welding, which joins materials with heat. This research focuses on Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding aluminum plates due to its adaptability for thin materials and compatibility with aluminum's unique properties. The study investigates how electric current affects aluminum plate MMA welding, improving welding methods. The study examined the effect of electric current on aluminum plates using the MMA method using a qualitative descriptive research design. Sorong Merchant Marine Polytechnic's workshop laboratory conducted the research from February to May 2023 using AWS E 6013 welding electrodes and ASTM A36 plates. Data was collected through observation, documentation, and literature review, then analyzed using data reduction principles. Results show that electric current variation significantly affects welding characteristics. Increased amperage penetrates deeper, but excessive current can melt and weaken joints. Amperage, weld rate, joint quality, and penetration depth must be balanced. The study emphasizes precise welding control, improving welding efficacy. The complex relationship between critical parameters emphasizes the need for careful equilibrium and the importance of following welding guidelines and parameters in the Welding Procedure Specification. As inadequate or excessive current can affect weld quality, this research improves MMA aluminum plate welding results.

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Hoyos, Elizabeth, María Camila Serna, Jeroen De Backer, and Jonathan Martin. "Sustainability Score Comparison of Welding Strategies for the Manufacturing of Electric Transportation Components." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (2023): 8650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118650.

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Sustainability scores can be used to assess manufacturing strategies, going one step beyond a standard economic assessment. This work uses a previously proposed methodology to evaluate two of the most common welding processes for aluminium alloys that are specifically used in the fabrication of components for the transport industry based on their advantages in generating lightweight and dimensionally efficient parts. For comparison and as proof of concept, two welding methods were selected: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). FSW attained a higher overall sustainability score. Values were calculated for an existing aluminium product, which was part of the opening and closing system of an electric train door, and the final score was 0.78 from FSW compared to 0.69 from GTAW, which was 11% higher in FSW compared to the conventional arc welding process. The analysis carried out included economic, physical, social, and environmental impacts. Finally, an example pertinent to a current EV component is described and considered along with a plan to determine the best welding process for a particular application, and with the calculations, the score obtained for GTAW was 0.43 and 0.68 for FSW, which was 36% higher that the result for the conventional arc welding process.

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T Shembde, Mr Mahesh, and Dr S. C. Borse. "A Review On Multi objective Optimisation of Process Parameters in Shielded Metal Arc Welding For Joining Stainless Steel 3041 And Mild Steel 1018." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 10 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem38067.

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Due to Mechanical properties of the welding metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) is quality of welding in this research work the review of Multi-objective optimization of welding process parameters for obtaining best weld strength with good mechanical properties of dissimilar metals like stainless steel 3041 and Mild steel 1018 is done. This process used for welding is shielded Metal Arc welding and dissimilar metal are stainless steel 3041 and mild steel 1018. Welding speed, depend on electric property like current Voltage electrode angle, feed rate, Arc length are taken as controlling variables. The weld strength (N/mm2) and Bead geometry variables and Heat Affected Zone are obtained by set of experiment, the possible best outcomes and best method has been chosen by this research. Keywords: HAZ, Multi objective optimization, Response surface Methodology, Shielded metal arc welding

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Moreno, João Roberto Sartori, Celso Alves Correa, and Julio Cesar de Souza Francisco. "Stability Study of a Coating Welding Using Pulsed FCAW Process Through the Evaluation of Current and Voltage Oscillograms." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 19, no. 4 (2025): e011866. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n4-042.

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Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the electric arc signals in pulsed cored wire surfacing welding with SAE 1020 base metal and AWS EC410NiMo MC filler metal. Theoretical Framework: Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) is a process where fusion is produced by an electric arc established between the workpiece and the consumable wire with the protection of the molten pool by a gas. Method: The tests were performed with some fixed test parameters such as: flat position, electrode polarity (CCEP), welding torch position (90º), shielding gas (Ar + 2% O2) with a flow rate of 15 L/min.; peak current of 350A. Results and Discussion: Current and voltage oscillograms were analyzed to verify the stability of the process, with the regularity of metal transfer through voltage pulses at peak current moments, the maintenance of variables through mean and standard deviation values, and the analysis of the Vilarinho Regularity Index. Research Implications: Through the signals obtained by the accelerometer, it was possible to conclude that for the 230A current, the system presented a smaller oscillation, with values between 0.132 and 0.197 m/s2, which was fundamental for the industrial viability of the process. Originality/Value: By acquiring the voltage, current, and acoustic pressure signals of the electric arc, the stability of the process generated important operational aspects for this welding process.

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Levashova, Elena, Nikolai Ababkov, and Maksim Pimonov. "Influence of the Method of Strengthening the Surface of Parts on Acoustic Characteristics." MATEC Web of Conferences 297 (2019): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929705010.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the method of increasing the mechanical and tribological properties of parts of mining machines due to quenching and electric arc hardening of the restored surface layer by welding. The essence of the proposed method was to restore the geometric dimensions of the part with cored wire with guaranteed hardness of 50-55 HRC and an increase in values up to 60 HRC due to electric arc hardening (EAH), which uses equipment available at each mining enterprise, namely, a tungsten-electrode torch cooled water and protective gas. Argon, which has a relatively low ionization potential, was used as a protective gas, and the use of carbon dioxide was not considered, owing to the increased tendency to crack formation of layers strengthened in this way. The results of studies of the acoustic characteristics of the restored part of the rotation of the welding, made of steel 30HGSA in the initial state of surfacing after electric arc hardening, after quenching and the combined combination of hardening and electric arc hardening are shown.

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Zhernosekov, Anatolii, Viktor Fedorchuk, and Oleh Novomlynets. "REGULATION OF CURRENT PULSE PARAMETERS DURING MIG WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS." Technical Sciences and Technologies, no. 2(28) (2022): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2022-2(28)-31-37.

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Pulse-arc welding with a fusible electrode in inert gases occupies one of the leading places among arc methods in the manufacturing of structures from aluminum alloys of responsible purpose. Drops of molten metal of the electrode wire, with the correct selection of pulse parameters, have a small diameter, they do not deform, the evaporation from their surface is minimal and the transfer of alloying elements from the electrode wire to the welding bath is maximal. The problem of the influence of the pulses shape and their parameters on welds and connections during arc welding with a fusible electrode remains unstudied. Therefore, the research on improving the efficiency of pulse-arc welding through the creation of new equipment with enhanced capabilities of management of process parameters is relevant.The development of modern electric welding equipment, including the sources of power for the welding electrode arc, will allow increasing significantly the efficiency of the process. The peculiarity of the use of such equipment is explained by the emergence of many combined and hybrid welding technologies using a pulsed welding electrode arc, for example, laser-arc, plasma-arc. The purpose of the research is to expand the technological regimes of pulse-arc welding with a fusible electrode in inert gases of aluminum alloys by controlling the shape and parameters of the current pulses.Experimental studies on the control of current pulse parameters (duration, frequency, amplitude) and its shape during welding of aluminum alloys AMg6, 1201 and 2219 in argon have been conducted. The obtained dependencies can be used for the development of synergistic equipment for pulse-arc processes.Such equipment will allow expanding the ranges of adjustment of pulse parameters when welding a wide range of aluminum alloys of different alloying systems in different spatial positions and will allow using it in hybrid technologies.

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Costanza, Girolamo, Fabio Giudice, Severino Missori, Cristina Scolaro, Andrea Sili, and Maria Elisa Tata. "Weldability Assessment of Austenitic/Ferritic Clad Plates Joined by a Combined Laser Beam–Electric Arc Process." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 9, no. 3 (2025): 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9030090.

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The combined use of laser beam and electric arc for welding thick clad steel plates in a single pass has been developed to solve the issues concerning the individual applications of the heat sources, such as the low filling efficiency of conventional electric arc methods and the drawbacks concerning laser beam defects due to rapid cooling and solidification. This work was addressed to the weldability assessment of ferritic steel plates, clad with austenitic stainless steel, under the laser-leading configuration, testing the effects of two different values of the inter-distance between the laser beam and the electric arc. Specimens of the welded zone were investigated by metallographic observations and EDS measurements; mechanical properties were characterized by the Vickers microhardness test and by the FIMEC instrumented indentation test to obtain the local values of the yield strength. Welding simulations by theoretical modelling were also carried out to outline the differences in the thermal fields generated by the two heat sources, their interaction, and their effect on the configurations of the weld pool and the thermal profiles to which the materials are subjected. The welding setup with higher inter-distance was more suitable for joining clad steel plates, since the action of the deep keyhole mode is substantially separated from that of the shallower electric arc. In this way, the addition of alloying elements, performed by melting the filler wire, concentrated in the cladding layer, helping maintain the austenitic microstructure, while the laser beam acts in depth along the thickness, autogenously welding the base steel.

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Razmyshlyaev, Alexander D., Marina V. Ahieieva, and Elena V. Lavrova. "Magnetic Properties of Materials Used in Electric Arc Welding and Surfacing." Materials Science Forum 938 (October 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.938.33.

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It was experimentally established earlier that the increment of the electrode wire melting coefficient at submerged arc welding and surfacing with magnetic fields action (with equal parameters of the welding mode) depends on the chemical composition of the wires. It is suggested that this effect depends on the magnetic properties of the welding materials, i.e. electrode wire and base metal. To measure the magnetic properties of welding materials, a method has been developed in which the magnetic properties of welding materials on samples are investigated. The samples were made in the form of tori, on which the primary and secondary windings were placed. The primary circuit contains an ammeter and a voltmeter, as well as a wattmeter that allows to take into account losses in the sample on hysteresis and Foucault currents, and the secondary circuit contains a voltmeter. Experimental data on the magnetic properties of some welding and surfacing wires, as well as of base metals, are obtained. A simplified method is proposed, in which torus samples are also used, but on which only one winding is placed, over which a direct current is flowed. The value of the increment of the electrode wire melting coefficient at arc welding with the action of magnetic fields increases with increasing their magnetic permeability.

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Solovyov, V. G., I. O. Ryabtsev, Yu M. Lankin, and I. Yu Romanova. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARC VOLTAGE PID-CONTROLLER MODEL DURING SURFACING." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2023, no. 6 (2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2023.06.008.

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The development and testing of a PID-controller model capable of automatically adjusting and maintaining the specified arc voltage during electric arc welding are presented. Some features of arc surfacing processes are analyzed. In particular, the choice of surfacing modes, as well as the main devices - potentiometers, which are used in the electrical circuits of surfacing installations to regulate the main parameters of surfacing modes - voltage and current. Evidence is presented for the need to control the voltage directly on the arc, rather than the voltage on the power source, to regulate the welding process. Based on this analysis, a model of the PID- controller of the arc voltage during arc welding was created using the Simulink MATLAB program. The test results of the PID-controller show that the device provides more accurate and stable setting of the deposition mode than traditional control methods. The PID-controller will make it possible to significantly reduce possible errors in the development and use of technologies of automatic arc welding of various parts and products. References 10, figures 6, table 1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric arc welding'

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