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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric cable tunnel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Guo, Dapeng, Jinshuang Wang, Shangguo Li, et al. "Numerical study on smoke temperature and exhaust efficiency in electric cable tunnel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2728, no. 1 (2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2728/1/012010.

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Abstract Cable tunnels are the lifeline of cities. Once a serious fire occurs on cables, the toxic smoke generated by cable combustion spreads and escapes, causing serious harm to the surrounding environment and personnel. The heat generated can also ignite nearby combustibles, causing casualties and property damage. Based on the above issues, using fluid dynamics methods, fire dynamic simulation was used to simulate cable tunnel fire scenarios under four variables: wind speed, fire source power, smoke outlet height, and smoke exhaust airflow. The temperature distribution law of the ceiling smoke layer inside the cable tunnel, smoke generation law, tunnel smoke exhaust efficiency, and other factors were clarified, revealing the impact mechanism of the above factors on tunnel fire smoke exhaust efficiency and smoke performance improvement methods. The research results indicate that the combination mode of exhaust air volume and ventilation air speed can effectively control tunnel fire smoke, providing a reference for the fire prevention design of cables in urban cable tunnels.
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2

Zhai, Chuan Ming, Qing Hua Han, Yan Lu, and Rui Jin. "Research on Safety Inspection of Electric Cable Tunnel with Masonry Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1423.

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According to inspection and assessment technology and method for the ground masonry structure, this paper presents the inspection method and results for an electric cable tunnel with masonry structure. The contents of the inspection include masonry bricks strength grading, masonry mortars strength grading, concrete strength for crest slab, reinforcement of crest slab and appearance of masonry structure. And the technologies for identification are introduced. Therefore, the key problems for safety inspection of electric cable tunnel with masonry structure are solved. The inspection items, process and identification technologies presented in this paper are effective and applicable for electric cable tunnel with masonry structure.
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3

Zhang, Hongtao, and Yufei Zhao. "Study on Underground Utility Tunnel Fire Characteristics under Sealing and Ventilation Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (January 9, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9128704.

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With the development of the underground utility tunnel in China, the safety evaluation during facility operation inside tunnels is increasingly important after construction. In contrast to fixed fire source in the traffic tunnel, the fire characteristics of the electric cable compartment of the utility tunnel with different ventilation modes are studied. Firstly, the thermal physical parameters of cable material are determined by experiment and numerical simulation. Different fire sealing and ventilation conditions are established according to the practical utility tunnel engineering in FDS. The maximum temperature and smoke gas concentrations are obtained, as well as the heat release rate. The results show that the utility tunnel fire has obvious differences compared with road tunnel fire, where the maximum ceiling temperature and the distributions of smoke is related to fire sealing and ventilation mode. Some suggestions related to evaluation and firefighting are provided for practical purposes.
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4

А.А., Абашкин, Карпов А.В. та Хасанов И.Р. "МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПОЖАРА В ДВУХПУТНОМ ПЕРЕГОННОМ ТОННЕЛЕ МЕТРОПОЛИТЕНА". Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, № 4(117) (20 грудня 2024): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2024.117.4.001.

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Рассмотрены особенности развития пожаров в двухпутных тоннелях метрополитенов. Представлены результаты полевого математического моделирования различных сценариев развития пожара. На основе компьютерных расчетов и анализа режимов проектных аварий установлено, что развитие пожара в двухпутных тоннелях сопровождается интенсивным распространением продуктов горения. Основными сценариями аварий, при которых необходимо обеспечивать безопасную эвакуацию людей из перегонного двухпутного тоннеля, являются пожар в аппаратном отсеке головного вагона электропоезда и горение кабельной линии перегонного тоннеля. The analysis of fires at subway facilities has shown that the most complex and catastrophic fires are associated with rolling stock when it is in the tunnel. Fires in tunnels are characterized by the rapid spread of fire hazards, as well as the possible collapse of structures and technological equipment. The peculiarity of fire development in double-track tunnels is the possibility of stopping the movement of electric trains in the opposite direction as a result of fire spread, which leads to the involvement of more passengers in emergency situation. When assessing the fire hazard situation in double-track tunnels, it is also necessary to take into account the possibility of fire spread not only from one carriage to another, but also to a neighbouring train standing on the adjacent track of the tunnel. This study examines fire scenarios and simulates the spread of fire hazards in modern double-track subway tunnels. To calculate the spread of combustion products in double-track subway tunnels, there was used a field fire simulation method based on the SOFIE software package, which has shown its effectiveness in simulating fires in road and railway tunnels. The six main fire scenarios in a double-track subway tunnel were adopted as a result of the analysis of emergency situations: 1 – contact rail fire; 3 – fire in the inter-car space; 4 – fire in the hardware compartment behind the driver’s cabin; 5 – burning luggage in the cabin of the wagon; 6 – burning cable line from cables that do not prevent from burning. Based on computer calculations and analysis of design accident modes, it has been established that the occurrence and development of fire in double-track tunnels is accompanied by an intensive spread of combustion products. The main accident scenarios in which it is necessary to ensure the safe escape of people from a double-track subway tunnel are a fire in the hardware compartment of the control car of an electric train and the burning of the cable line of the tunnel.
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5

Shufeng, TANG* Yue YU Zirui GUO Wenzhi ZHANG Yigang DU. "DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ARM-TYPE CABLE TUNNEL INSPECTION TRACKED ROBOT." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 8 (2019): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3377482.

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For solving the safety hazards and inspection safety problems in the long-term operation of cable tunnel transmission, on the investigation of the working environment and requirements, an arm-type cable tunnel inspection robot was designed. Making the kinematics analysis for this robot, a robot-to-barrier method is proposed and the obstacle path is planned. And then the kinematics and dynamics analysis of the climbing process were carried out, and calculate the theoretical value of the biggest obstacle that the robot can cross. By establishing a robot simulation model to simulate the climbing steps and climbing process of the robot. Finally, a variety of environmental experiments were conducted for the inspection robots, and demonstration applications were carried out in actual cable tunnels. The test and demonstration application results show that the robot has smooth and flexible movement, strong environmental adaptability, the ability for reliable communication and convenient operation so that it can meet the requirements of inspection operations.  
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6

Wang, Yanwen, Xuran Zhang, Le Wang, and Yinsheng Wang. "Detection and Prediction of Internal-Caused Fire in Tunnel Cable by an Equivalent Transient Thermal Circuit Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (November 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5618575.

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Internal-caused cable fires are one of the most common cable fires, and anomalous temperature increase of the cable core is one of the first signs. However, when a cable is operating with electricity, the temperature of the core conductor cannot be monitored directly; therefore, this characteristic cannot be used in detection and prediction of internal-caused fire in electric cable effectively. An analogous transient thermal circuit model is created, simplified, and optimized to properly compute the temperature of the cable core. Afterward, by using the cable internal-caused fire experimental platform and adjusting current carrying capacity of the tested cable, an experiment is conducted for stimulating the very early stage of three-core cable internal-caused fire. The maximum relative errors of the transient thermal circuit model and the trisection transient thermal circuit model are less than 10% when comparing the experimental data with the calculation results, and the average relative error of the calculated value of trisection transient thermal circuit model is 1.08% after layered optimization. The algorithm model can satisfy the requirement for early detection and prediction in the very early stage of cable internal-caused fire.
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7

Zhivodernikov, Andrew, Alexander Pavlenko, and Vladimir Puzin. "Numerical and Experimental Study of a Device for Electrical Power Lines Probing for a Tunnel-Boring Complex Control System." Machines 9, no. 2 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9020035.

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The article considers the problems of the magnetic field distribution, generated by a power electric cable at the micro-tunnel-boring shield arrangement site by numerical modeling with a further full-scale device model experiment. The impact of foreign magnetic field sources on readings of three-component sensors was established in the process of the study. The considerable existence of parasitic noises, conditioned by external magnetic fields and high sensitivity of the probes, which will require the use of additional filters, was established. When using three-component ferroprobes, the most informative is the probe component coinciding with the tunnel shield longitudinal axis Z. The study showed that with current values greater than 200 A and changes in cable location during the experiment, it is possible to record signals from other sensor components and subsequently determine the location and orientation of the current-carrying cable. The experimental results obtained confirm the feasibility of a multi-sensor probing device for the micro-tunneling machine shield movement control system.
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Zhivodernikov, Andrey, Artem Khoroshev, Andrey Bolshenko, Valery Grechikhin, and Andrey Solomin. "Numerical and experimental studies of the electrical communication sensing device for the tunnel boring complex control system." Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика 67, no. 4 (2024): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2024-3-38-46.

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The article considers the issues of studying the magnetic field distribution created by the power electric cable in the loca-tion of the tunneling shield of the tunnel boring complex by numerical modeling with the subsequent full-scale experi-ment on the device layout. The influence of external magnetic field sources on the readings of three-component ferro-probe sensors was determined. The significant influence of parasitic noise caused by external magnetic fields and high sensitivity of sensors has been determined, which requires the use of additional filters. When using ferroprobe sensors, the most informative is the sensor component coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the tunneling shield. Studies have shown that at current values more than 200 A and change of cable location during the experiment, there is a possibility to register signals on other components of the ferroprobe sensor and subsequent location determination of the cable with current. The results of the experiments confirmed the possibility to practically realize the multisensor device of the control system of the tunnel boring complex shield movement process.
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9

Zhu, Fu-guang, Dong-sheng Xu, Rui-shan Tan, Bin Peng, He Huang, and Zhuo-wen Liu. "Development of Optic-Electric Hybrid Sensors for the Real-Time Intelligent Monitoring of Subway Tunnels." Journal of Sensors 2021 (July 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871893.

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The settlement and deformation monitoring of subway tunnels had difficult in long-distance and real time measurement. This study proposed an optic-electric hybrid sensor based on infrared laser ranging technology and cable-sensing technology. The working principle, hardware layer, design details, laboratory calibration and field validation were presented and discussed. The optic-electric hybrid sensor implemented the real-time intelligent analysis modulus for the whole system which could analysis the measurement errors and improve the accuracy. The laboratory calibration tests were carried out and the results shown that the hybrid sensors had measurement resolution of 1 mm with the maximum measurement range of 100 m. A remote real-time intelligent monitoring system is established based on the hybrid sensors. The system contains an edge computing module, real-time communication module and warning light signal with three colors. The stability of data acquisition and transmission of the intelligent control monitoring system under long-term conditions was examined. Test results shown that the system was quite stable for the long-term measurement. The whole system was verified in a constructing subway tunnel of Wuhan Metro Line 8, China. According to the field monitoring results, the deformations and the state of health safety of the tunnel was evaluated. The results of this study could provide useful guidance for tunnel deformation monitoring and has great practical value in civil engineering.
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10

Zhang, Jiaqing, Kun Ji, Bo Yan, Zhangbin Zhou, Minghao Fan, and Bosi Zhang. "Numerical Simulation on Smoke Propagation and Fire Separation in Electric Power Cable Tunnel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1064 (July 2018): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1064/1/012015.

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11

Zhang, Kai, Fangqi Zhang, and Guoxin Zheng. "Space-Time Correlation for Three-Dimensional MIMO Channel Model Using Leaky Coaxial Cables in Rectangular Tunnel." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3984148.

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The rapid development of high-speed train and Metro communications has provided new challenges for the application of MIMO technologies. Therefore, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model using leaky coaxial cable (LCX) in a rectangular tunnel. The channel model is based on geometry-based single-bounce (GBSB) channel model and the electric field distribution of LCX in the tunnel environment. The theoretical expressions of channel impulse response (CIR) and space-time correlation function (CF) are also derived and analyzed. The CFs for different model parameters (moving velocity and moving time) and different regions of the tunnel are simulated by Monte Carlo method to verify the theoretical derivation at 1.8 GHz. In the same parametric configuration of nonstationary tunnel scenarios, the time delay of the first minimum value of CFs for LCX-MIMO is 1/5 of the time delay of the minimum value of CFs for dipole antennas MIMO when the train moving velocity is 360 km/h. It is shown that, for MIMO system, the performance of using LCXs is better than using dipole antennas.
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12

MAEDA, Hiroshi, Yukinobu KAWAMURA, and Ryotaro SAITO. "Unmanned excavation system of pneumatic caisson applied for the tunnel shaft for the underground hi-voltage electric cable." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 373 (1986): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1986.373_12.

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13

Tang, Zhiqiang, Ke Gao, Yafei Shan, Chengyao Zhu, Zeyi Liu, and Zimeng Liu. "Study of the Fire Behavior of Multilayer Cables in a Mine Tunnel." Energies 15, no. 6 (2022): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062059.

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Fires caused by cables occur frequently in mines, which endanger the safety of workers. To explore the characteristics of a multilayer cable fire in a mine tunnel, multilayer cable fire simulations were carried out using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The influence of cable tray spacing, ignition position, and tunnel ventilation speed on the characteristics of the fire were studied. The results showed that these factors change the amount of contact between the cable and air, the heat accumulation, and the heat transfer by the flame interaction between the cables. It was also noted that increasing the spacing or wind speed both made the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) initially increase and then decrease. The influence of wind speed on the cable burnout rate in the upstream and downstream sides of the fire source was not consistent, and the wind speed had a sensitive effect on the cable burn out rate in the upstream side of the fire source. The higher the ignition position was, the longer the arrival time of PHRR was and the slower the fire developed. There was a higher burn velocity close to the ceiling. The cable hooks obstructed the cable fire. This study provides a theoretical basis for cable fire prevention and control in mine tunnels.
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14

Seong, Minyoung, Doo Hyun Kim, and Sung Chul Kim. "Analysis of electric and magnetic fields distribution and safe work zone of 154 kV power line in underground power cable tunnel." Safety Science 133 (January 2021): 105020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105020.

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15

Thursina, Rofika Anggun. "IDENTIFIKASI BAHAYA DAN PENILAIAN RISIKO OPERATOR MESIN GERINDA." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 7, no. 1 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v7i1.2018.30-41.

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Research in the fabrication unit of PT. Bangun Sarana Baja Gresik to determine hazard identification and risk assessment in grinding machine operators. This research uses Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) to determine error in identify hazard consisting of task stage, error mode, error description, consequence analysis and recovery analysis. The AS/NZS 4360: 2004 standard is used to determine the severity, likelihood and risk matrix scales in assessing risks consisting of frequency analysis, severity analysis, and criticality analysis that results in the level of risk at each stage of the task. Population in this research is all grinding machine operator at PT. BangunSarana Baja Gresik which are 60 operators. The sample of this research is as much as 20 grinding machine operatorsfabrication unit of PT. Bangun Sarana Baja Gresik with purposive sampling technique.Hazard identification on the grinding process such as falling material, unstable material condition, cracked grinding wheel, grinding wheel specifications are incompatible with the grinding machine and vice versa, the cable is flaked, melted, even broken, cracked cable terminal, starter (switch on/off) is damaged, sparks, gram sparks, ergonomic body positions, high speed grinding wheels, welding rays, noise and tool hand vibration can result in scratches, abrasions, dislocations, fractures, scratches broken grinding stones, electric shock, pincers, burns, low back pain, sore eyes, hand arm vibration syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome in the worker's body. Risk assessment for low risk task stage is 6 error descriptions which means acceptable risk and no action required, medium risk is 31 error descriptions which means more alert and corrective action is recommended if cost effective, and high risk is 12 error descriptions which means the risk to be aware and there are actions needed to control the risks. Keywords: grinding, hazard identification, risk assessment
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16

Liu, Penghui, Jingran Feng, Weitao Ge, et al. "A System-Level Performance Evaluation for a 5G System under a Leaky Coaxial Cable MIMO Channel for High-Speed Trains in the Railway Tunnel." Electronics 11, no. 8 (2022): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081185.

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As one of the typical application scenarios in the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system, the situation of high-speed mobile communication is receiving increasing attention. The railway tunnel is a typical environment for high-speed mobile communications. Railway tunnels for high-speed trains are generally installed with leaky coaxial cables (LCXs), which can radiate and receive electromagnetic waves through slots; thus, providing communication. To evaluate the system-level performance of the LCX channel in a tunnel, we propose a modified geometrically based single-bounce multiple-input-multiple-output (GBSB-MIMO) channel model considering the effect of Doppler spread. The time-domain statistics of the channel model are studied from numerical simulations. Based on the proposed channel model, we also simulate and analyze the effects of different factors on the 5G system-level performance, including the interval of cable slots and the quantity and location of LCX.
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17

Gao, Junguo, Zhipeng Ma, Wenhua Yang, and Xiaohong Zhang. "Loss Simulation Analysis and Optimization of U-Groove Leaky Coaxial Cable." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (June 20, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9137979.

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Leakage coaxial cable is a kind of coaxial cable with various slot structures on the outer conductor of the cable. It can transmit signal and transmit or receive signal and has dual functions of signal transmission line and antenna. Leakage cable has the advantages of strong environmental adaptability, uniform signal coverage, and less attenuation. It is not only widely used in closed or semiclosed space with high signal reception quality, such as tunnels, subway, underground parking lot, and elevators but also can realize security and theft-proof monitoring and protection in some areas, such as oil wells, mining fields and natural resource protection areas, military fortresses, museums, airports, banks, and schools. This paper introduces the classification and electrical parameters of leaky coaxial cables. On the basis of U-groove leaky coaxial cables, the relationship between the parameters of groove holes in U-groove and the loss of leaky coaxial cables is simulated and analyzed by HFSS software. The improved method of U-groove structure is obtained, and the curved hook-groove leaky coaxial cables are designed according to this method. The simulation results show that the coupling loss of the cable is lower than that of the U-groove leakage cable, and the transmission loss is still within the national standard. It lays a theoretical foundation for the design and development of leaky coaxial cable with low coupling loss.
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18

Troshkin, Serhii, Oleh Kulitsa, Serhii Pozdieiev, Tetiana Kostenko, Oleh Zemlianskyi, and Nataliia Zaika. "Determination of heat transfer process in vertical cable tunnels of nuclear power plants under real fire conditions." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 10 (125) (2023): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.289291.

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The object of the study was heat and mass transfer processes occurring in vertical cable tunnels. The problem to be solved was the definition of process mechanisms in the inner space of the tunnel. For this, field tests were conducted, mathematical models were created, and computational experiments were conducted to establish specific parameters that affect the temperature regime of a fire in a vertical cable tunnel of a nuclear power plant. The dynamics of temperature changes with known geometric parameters and fire load were determined, and the adequacy of mathematical models built in the Fire Dynamics Simulator software was investigated and computational experiments were carried out. It has been proven that they consist in determining the temperature regime in a vertical cable tunnel of a nuclear power plant with known technical and geometric parameters. Such studies have practical applications in the field of safety of nuclear power plants and the development of new technologies in this field. An important conclusion of these studies is the possibility of determining the fire resistance of building structures of vertical cable tunnels of nuclear power plants with the selection of the most severe temperature regime, according to the conducted field test. This means that research results can be used in practice in designing and evaluating the safety of such objects. The conducted research established that the temperature in the inner space of the tunnel can reach values from 1200 to 1400 ℃. The following factors influence the maximum temperature value and the maximum time to reach the maximum temperature in the fire cell: fire load, height and area of the tunnel. With a lower fire load, the maximum temperature in the vertical cable tunnel of the nuclear power plant was 75 % lower. Therefore, the results of these studies have a direct practical application in the field of safety of nuclear power plants and can be used to improve and develop new technologies in this field
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19

Bumgarner, Natalie R., Mark A. Bennett, Peter P. Ling, Robert W. Mullen, and Matthew D. Kleinhenz. "Active and Passive Zonal Heating Creates Distinct Microclimates and Influences Spring- and Fall-time Lettuce Growth in Ohio." HortTechnology 22, no. 2 (2012): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.2.228.

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Low and high tunnels and root-zone heating systems are proven tools in horticultural production. However, impacts of their individual and combined application on crop yield, composition, and microclimates are under-reported. We set out to enhance the record of management strategy effects on abiotic environmental conditions and cropping variables in open field and high-tunnel settings. In each setting, raised bed plots were subsurface heated (underlain by electric heating cables), aerial covered (0.8-mil, clear, vented, low tunnels), subsurface heated and aerial covered, or unheated and uncovered (control). The study was repeated four times in spring and fall seasons across 3 years in Wooster, OH. Red-leaved romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Outredgeous’ and ‘Flagship’) was direct seeded in all plots in early October and late March and harvested after ≈4 weeks. Subsurface and aerial temperatures were monitored throughout the experiments. Here, we report primarily on treatment effects on crop microclimate conditions, including temperature and light, and related cropping variables. Subsurface and aerial temperatures varied consistently with plot microenvironment management. Relative to control plots, variability in shoot- and root-zone temperatures generally increased and decreased, respectively, with the addition of low tunnels and electric heating cables, regardless of setting. Still, the relative influence of aerial and soil temperature on crop biomass appeared to differ by setting; aerial temperature correlated most strongly with yield in the high tunnel, while the combination of aerial and root-zone temperature correlated most strongly with yield in the field. Growing degree day accumulation was least in control plots. And, the highest thermal energy to plant biomass conversion efficiency was recorded in the high tunnel. Comparing study-wide and historical climatic data collected in Wooster and other locations in the region suggests that results reported here may hold over a larger area and longer time frame in Wooster, OH.
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Yu, Feiyang, Shijie Wang, Kaixuan Tang, Yifan Lin, Shasha Wang, and Ying Zhang. "Research Progress on the Fire Characteristics of Electric Cables and Wires." Fire 7, no. 6 (2024): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7060186.

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With the development of the social economy and the improvement of electrification, cables and wires play an important role in people’s lives and industrial development. Meanwhile, the large-scale laying of cables has also made them a fire hazard that cannot be ignored in land construction such as residential buildings, utility tunnels, nuclear power plants, refineries, marine systems such as submarines and ships, and airborne systems such as spacecrafts and aircrafts. In this work, studies on fire the characteristics of cables and wires over the last decades have been reviewed. Based on different experimental forms and objects (laboratory wires and commercial cables), this paper summarizes the theories of the fire dynamics in wire combustion, including the models of ignition and flame propagation, the criteria for blowing off and quenching, and the critical conditions for dripping behavior. The effects of materials, layouts, and environments on wire combustion phenomena such as airflow, ambient pressure, oxygen, gravity, and orientation angle have been discussed in detail according to the theories of heat transfer and combustion. In addition, test standards and studies on the fire behavior and release of toxic gases of commercial cables have also been fully described. Through the summary of the above content, it is expected to build a preliminary theoretical framework and future research directions for researchers in the field of cable fires.
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21

Blaszkiewicz, Olga, Jaroslaw Sadowski, and Jacek Stefanski. "Position Estimation in Corridors Along the Coupled Mode of Radiating Cables." Sensors 20, no. 18 (2020): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185064.

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Radiating cables are mostly used to provide radio communication in tunnels or corridors, but they can also be used to estimate the position of a mobile terminal along the cable. In this paper, a measuring receiver’s position was estimated by measuring the difference in the direct signal’s reception time, which was generated by a transmitter connected to one end of the radiating cable, and the delayed signal retransmitted from another end. During tests, a relatively narrowband (23 MHz) signal was used in the unlicensed band (2.4 GHz) and 50 m long coupled mode radiating cable. The cable was installed along a corridor in the office building. Measurement results used different equipment configurations (i.e., return signal only amplified or amplified and frequency-shifted), which presented possible sources of errors.
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22

Zhang Yunzuo, 张云佐, 杨攀亮 Yang Panliang та 李汶轩 Li Wenxuan. "基于改进SSD算法的铁路隧道漏缆卡具检测". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, № 22 (2021): 2215005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.2215005.

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23

Brodic, Bojan, Alireza Malehmir, Nelson Pacheco, et al. "Innovative seismic imaging of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Neves-Corvo, Portugal — Part 1: In-mine array." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 3 (2021): B165—B179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0565.1.

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To evaluate and upscale the feasibility of using exploration tunnels in an operating mine for active-source seismic imaging, a seismic experiment was conducted at the Neves-Corvo mine, in southern Portugal. Four seismic profiles were deployed in exploration drifts approximately 650 m beneath the ground surface, above the world-class Lombador volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit. In addition to the tunnel profiles, two perpendicular surface seismic profiles were deployed above the exploration tunnels. The survey was possible due to a newly developed prototype global positioning system (GPS) time transmitter enabling accurate GPS synchronization of cabled and nodal seismic recorders, below and on the surface. Another innovative acquisition aspect was a 1.65 t broadband, linear synchronous motor (LSM) driven — electric seismic vibrator (e-vib) used as the seismic source along two of the exploration tunnels. We have evaluated the challenges and innovations necessary for active-source tunnel seismic acquisition, characterized by high levels of vibrational noise from the mining activities. In addition, we evaluated the LSM vibrator’s signal and overall seismic-data quality in this hard rock mining environment. Our processing results from the tunnel data and 3D reflection imaging of the Lombador deposit below the exploration tunnels were checked for consistency through constant-velocity 3D ray-tracing traveltime forward modeling. For imaging purposes, 3D Kirchhoff prestack depth and poststack time-migration algorithms were used, with both successfully imaging the targeted deposit. The results obtained show that active-source-seismic imaging using subsurface mining infrastructure of operational mines is possible. However, it requires innovative exploration strategies, a broadband seismic source, an accurate GPS-time system capable of transmitting GPS-time hundreds of meters below the surface, and careful processing. The results obtained open up possibilities for similar studies in different mining or tunneling projects.
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Bumgarner, Natalie R., Mark A. Bennett, Peter P. Ling, Robert W. Mullen, and Matthew D. Kleinhenz. "Canopy Cover and Root-zone Heating Effects on Fall- and Spring-grown Leaf Lettuce Yield in Ohio." HortTechnology 21, no. 6 (2011): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.6.737.

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Low and high tunnels and root-zone heating systems are proven tools in horticultural production. However, impacts of their separate and combined application on crop yield, composition, and microclimates are underreported. We addressed these gaps in the literature by exposing lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to four microclimates established with low and high tunnels and root-zone heating during the spring and fall of 2 years in Wooster, OH. Red-leaved romaine lettuce cultivars Outredgeous and Flagship were direct-seeded into raised beds in both outdoor and high-tunnel settings in early October and late March and harvested multiple times over 4 weeks. Half of all plots in each setting were underlain by electric heating cables, and half were covered with 0.8-mil, clear, vented, low tunnels. A growing medium consisting of peat moss, compost, soil, and red clover (Trifolium pratense) hay was used, and all plots were overhead-irrigated. Soil and air temperatures were monitored throughout the experiments, which were repeated four times (2 seasons/year × 2 years). Here, we report primarily on treatment effects on crop yield and related variables. Root- and shoot-zone conditions and cultivar significantly affected leaf biomass in both settings (outdoor, high tunnel), while population was more often affected in the outdoor experiments. Microclimate main effects were more prevalent than cultivar effects or interactions. Leaf yield was greater in low-tunnel-covered and bottom-heated plots than in uncovered and unheated plots. We take these data as further evidence of the potential to alter lettuce yield through root- and shoot-zone microclimate modification, particularly in regions prone to dynamic seasonal and within-season temperature and light conditions. The data also suggest that the relative performance of low and high tunnels in the production of short-statured, quick-cycling crops during fall and spring be more thoroughly evaluated.
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25

Ueno, T., H. Takagi, K. Kawasaki, and S. Nakamura. "Iron Losses in Cable Supports and Members of Tunnels Adjacent to Large Power Transmission Cables." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-7, no. 7 (1987): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1987.5526954.

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26

Lai, Jinxing, Junling Qiu, Jianxun Chen, Haobo Fan, and Ke Wang. "New Technology and Experimental Study on Snow-Melting Heated Pavement System in Tunnel Portal." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/706536.

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In recent years, with the rapid growth of economy and sharp rise of motor vehicles in China, the pavement skid resistance in tunnel portals has become increasingly important in cold region. However, the deicing salt, snow removal with machine, and other antiskid measures adopted by highway maintenance division have many limitations. To improve the treatment effect, we proposed a new snow-melting approach employing electric heat tracing, in which heating cables are installed in the structural layer of road. Through the field experiment, laboratory experiment, and numerical investigation, structure type, heating power, and preheating time of the flexible pavement heating system in tunnel portal were systematically analyzed, and advantages of electric heat tracing technology in improving the pavement skid resistance in tunnel portal were also presented. Therefore, such new technology, which offers new snow-melting methods for tunnel portal, bridge, mountainous area, and large longitudinal slope in cold region, has promising prospect for extensive application.
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27

Ueno, T., H. Takagi, K. Kawasaki, and S. Nakamura. "Iron Losses in Cable Supports and Members of Tunnels Adjacent to Large Power Transmission Cables." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2, no. 3 (1987): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1987.4308149.

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28

Pilgrim, James A., David J. Swaffield, Paul L. Lewin, Steffen T. Larsen, Francis Waite, and David Payne. "Rating Independent Cable Circuits in Forced-Ventilated Cable Tunnels." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 25, no. 4 (2010): 2046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2052073.

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29

Weedy, B. M. "Air temperatures in a deep cable tunnel." Electric Power Systems Research 15, no. 3 (1988): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(88)90028-4.

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30

Sun, Qiuqin, Ziqi Lin, Feng Wang, et al. "Thermal network modeling of tunnel cable considering circumferential heat transfer and tunnel curvature." Electric Power Systems Research 196 (July 2021): 107190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107190.

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31

Saleem, Asad, Min Wang, and Guoxin Zheng. "Scattering of Electric Field from Leaky Coaxial Cable in Confined Area." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2894397.

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The new radiation model for the electric field scattering of single leaky coaxial cable (LCX) being a transmitting antenna in the rectangular blind zone at 1.8 GHz is reported. The effect of varying the receiving antenna distance from the LCX on the fluctuation of radiated field using Ray-Tracing Method is examined. The line of sight and reflected paths between the LCX and receiving antenna for both horizontal and vertical polarizations are considered. Furthermore, it is inferred that the selection of appropriate period of slots and distance of the receiver reduce the fluctuations of electric field. The theory and procedures used in this paper can be extrapolated in different slot patterns of the LCX and zones which have many valuable applications for mobile communication in underground mines, tunnels, and railways.
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32

Zhang, Kai, Fangqi Zhang, Guoxin Zheng, and Lei Cang. "Three-Dimensional MIMO Channel Model with High-Mobility Wireless Communication Systems Using Leaky Coaxial Cable in Rectangular Tunnel." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (February 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6622135.

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With the rapid development of high-mobility wireless communication systems, e.g., high-speed train (HST) and metro wireless communication systems, more and more attention has been paid to the wireless communication technology in tunnel-like scenarios. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) nonstationary multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model with high-mobility wireless communication systems using leaky coaxial cable (LCX) inside a rectangular tunnel over the 1.8 GHz band. Taking into account single-bounce scattering under line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagations condition, the analytical expressions of the channel impulse response (CIR) and temporal correlation function (T-CF) are derived. In the proposed channel model, it is assumed that a large number of scatterers are randomly distributed on the sidewall of the tunnel and the roof of the tunnel. We analyze the impact of various model parameters, including LCX spacing, time separation, movement velocity of Rx, and K-factor, on the T-CF of the MIMO channel model. For HST, the results of some further studies on the maximum speed of 360 km/h are given. By comparing the T-CF between the dipole MIMO system and the LCX-MIMO system, we can see that the performance of the LCX-MIMO system is better than that of the dipole MIMO system.
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33

Zhu, He, Shengnan Pan, Zhaobing Han, et al. "Heat-force characteristic analysis of tunnel serpentine laying cable." Electric Power Systems Research 230 (May 2024): 110236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110236.

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34

Piccolo, Arianna, Yann Lecieux, Sylvie Lesoille, Pierre Teixeira, Johan Bertrand, and Dominique Leduc. "Performance Assessment of Distributed Strain Sensing Techniques for Convergence Monitoring of Radioactive Waste Repository." Sensors 23, no. 1 (2022): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010398.

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This paper presents the measurement methodology of diameter reduction monitoring of micro-tunnel structures used for radioactive waste storage based on distributed strain measurements along fiber optic sensors installed on the circumference. The whole measurement procedure is described: the calibration of the sensors for use in harsh environment (temperature and radioactivity), the measurement analysis technique, the performance assessment of different measurement systems on a surface mock-up and the in-situ validation on an underground structure. The performances of Brillouin and Rayleigh backscattering measurements are compared, as well as different fixation technologies. Distributed measurements are compared to alternative measurements: displacement sensors, Bragg grating extensometers and MEMS accelerometers. The distributed Rayleigh backscattering measurement performed on optical cables bonded to the surface of the structure appears to be the best solution for monitoring the convergence of micro-tunnels and offers comparable performance to alternative technologies tested on the surface demonstrator.
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35

Zhang, Kai, Guoxin Zheng, Hua Wang, Changming Zhang, and Xianbin Yu. "Channel Model and Performance Analysis for MIMO Systems with Single Leaky Coaxial Cable in Tunnel Scenarios." Sensors 22, no. 15 (2022): 5776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155776.

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Due to the limited space in the tunnel environment, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with double-port fed leaky coaxial cables (LCXs) can not only reduce the number of LCXs, but also improve the channel capacity. Based on the geometry based on single bonce (GBSB) and electromagnetic field radiation theory of LCX, a MIMO channel model with double–port fed LCX in a tunnel scenario is proposed in this paper. The channel impulse response (CIR) is derived, and verified with measurement results in terms of channel capacity. The distribution of channel capacity of single double-port fed LCX under different LCX lengths in the tunnel scenarios has also been analyzed in this work, and the distribution of channel capacity for the LCX–MIMO system with long LCX is predicted. The results show that the single double-port fed LCX–MIMO system outperforms the dipole antenna MIMO system with respect to channel capacity in the considered tunnel scenarios.
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36

Drost, Dan, Taunya Ernst, and Brent Black. "Soil Heating and Secondary Plant Covers Influence Growth and Yield of Winter High Tunnel Spinach." HortScience 52, no. 9 (2017): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12142-17.

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High tunnel (HT) winter production may be limited by extreme low air temperatures, suboptimal soil temperatures, large diurnal temperature changes, and short daylengths and associated low light conditions. To determine the productivity of spinach in extreme climates, HT production trials were conducted in the fall (October to December) and winter (January to March) of 2010–12 at the Greenville Research Farm in Logan, UT (lat. 41 N. elevation 1455 m). Soil heating (±) using electric cables and secondary covers (fabric rowcovers and plastic low tunnels) were evaluated to determine combined effects on fall and winter spinach production. Soil heating significantly increased yield in all cover treatments in the Fall 2010 (F2010) trial when spinach was planted in November, but had little to no effect on plant productivity in the other three trials (more appropriate planting dates) even though it did increase soil temperature marginally. The addition of secondary covers significantly increased plant biomass and leaf area when compared with the uncovered control. Excluding the F2011 trial when spinach was planted earlier under more favorable temperature and light conditions, the use of low tunnels resulted in significantly higher spinach yields (biomass and leaf area) than when grown under fabric rowcover. In the fall, relative growth rates (RGRs) decreased exponentially regardless of whether the soil was heated or not heated or if a secondary cover was used. This response was because of the seasonal decline in light levels and temperatures. In the winter production cycle, spinach relative growth without covers was similar or increased as climatic conditions improved. For plants grown under fabric or plastic rowcovers, RGR remained more constant or decreased during the production cycle. Increased yields were possible with secondary covers as air temperatures increase more quickly in the morning, maintained optimal temperatures longer each day (higher growing degree hours), and retained trapped heat later into the evening. Statistical interaction between heating cables and secondary covers were rarely observed. Fall and winter HT spinach production increases when further protection with secondary plant covers is provided; however, supplemental soil heating is not necessary.
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37

Brüne, Markus, Wilhelm Furian, Wieland Hill, and Andreas Pflitsch. "Temperature sensing in underground facilities by Raman optical frequency domain reflectometry using fiber-optic communication cables." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, no. 1 (2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-85-2018.

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Abstract. Gaining information on climatic conditions in subway tunnels is the key to predicting the propagation of smoke or toxic gases in these infrastructures in the case of a fire or a terrorist attack. As anemometer measurements are not economically suitable, the employment of alternative monitoring methods is necessary. High-resolution temperature sensing with Raman optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) using optical communication fiber cables shows great potential as it allows the surveillance of several kilometers of underground transport facilities without the need for installing sensing equipment in the tunnels. This paper presents first results of a study using this approach for monitoring subway tunnels. In the Berlin subway, temperature data gathered from newly installed as well as pre-installed communication cables were evaluated and compared to reference data from temperature loggers. Results are very promising as high correlations between all data can be achieved showing the potential of this approach.
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38

Lei Qi and Xiang Cui. "Numerical prediction of EMI on the secondary DC cable in cable tunnel due to a direct lightning strike in substation." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 42, no. 4 (2006): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2006.871670.

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39

Liu, Zhipeng, Bing Li, Kaimin Huang, et al. "Research on preparation and performance tests of the fire retardant coatings for special functionalized wires and cables." Applied and Computational Engineering 65, no. 1 (2024): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/65/20240533.

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This study aimed to produce a new potential intumescent flame retardant system through the addition of titanium dioxide and alumina-silica fiber based on optimizing the traditional ammonium polyphosphate (APP) / melamine (MEL) / pentaerythritol (PER) intumescent flame retardant formula. The flame retardant capacity and the physical properties were fully analyzed and discussed. The produced flame retardant coating could resist the rapid rise in 1100 of high flame temperature, whereas 40 exceeded the national standards. Thus, the produced flame retardant coating in this study could be potentially further applied to the cables and wires that are frequently needed in petroleum, telecommunication, military, tunnel, and electric uses.
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40

Plenkers, Katrin, Andreas Reinicke, Anne Obermann, et al. "Multi-Disciplinary Monitoring Networks for Mesoscale Underground Experiments: Advances in the Bedretto Reservoir Project." Sensors 23, no. 6 (2023): 3315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063315.

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The Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies (BULGG) allows the implementation of hectometer (>100 m) scale in situ experiments to study ambitious research questions. The first experiment on hectometer scale is the Bedretto Reservoir Project (BRP), which studies geothermal exploration. Compared with decameter scale experiments, the financial and organizational costs are significantly increased in hectometer scale experiments and the implementation of high-resolution monitoring comes with considerable risks. We discuss in detail risks for monitoring equipment in hectometer scale experiments and introduce the BRP monitoring network, a multi-component monitoring system combining sensors from seismology, applied geophysics, hydrology, and geomechanics. The multi-sensor network is installed inside long boreholes (up to 300 m length), drilled from the Bedretto tunnel. Boreholes are sealed with a purpose-made cementing system to reach (as far as possible) rock integrity within the experiment volume. The approach incorporates different sensor types, namely, piezoelectric accelerometers, in situ acoustic emission (AE) sensors, fiber-optic cables for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), distributed strain sensing (DSS) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS), fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, geophones, ultrasonic transmitters, and pore pressure sensors. The network was realized after intense technical development, including the development of the following key elements: rotatable centralizer with integrated cable clamp, multi-sensor in situ AE sensor chain, and cementable tube pore pressure sensor.
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41

Nagaoka, Naoto, Kyoko Yoshida, Akihiro Ametani, and Takashi Karasaki. "Thansient Sheath Voltage Characteristic of a Crossbonded Cable Installed within a Tunnel." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 111, no. 7 (1991): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.111.7_784.

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42

Nagaoka, Naoto, Akihiro Ametani, Kyoto Yoshida, and Takashi Karasaki. "Transient sheath voltage characteristics of a crossbonded cable installed within a tunnel." Electrical Engineering in Japan 112, no. 5 (1992): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391120505.

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43

Aragón-Zavala, Alejandro, Jorge Alberto Seseña-Osorio, and Gerardo Castañón. "Doppler Shift in a Radiating Cable System in Tunnel Environments: A Theoretical Analysis." Wireless Personal Communications 110, no. 4 (2019): 2131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06833-w.

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44

Lee, Byung-Jin, Mi-Suk Lee, and Woo-Sug Jung. "Acoustic Based Fire Event Detection System in Underground Utility Tunnels." Fire 6, no. 5 (2023): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6050211.

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Underground utility tunnels (UUTs) are convenient for the integrated management of various infrastructure facilities. They ensure effective control of underground facilities and reduce occupied space. However, aging UUTs require effective management and preventive measures for fire safety. The fundamental problems in operating UUTs are the frequent occurrence of mold, corrosion, and damage caused to finishing materials owing to inadequate waterproofing, dehumidification, and ventilation facilities, which result in corrosion-related electrical leakage in wiring and cables. To prevent this, an abnormal sound detection technology is developed in this study based on acoustic sensing. An acoustic sensor is used to detect electric sparks in the moldy environments of UUTs using a system to collect and analyze the sound generated in the UUTs. We targeted the sound that had the highest impact on detecting electric sparks and performed U-Net-based noise reduction and two-dimensional convolutional neural network-based abnormal sound detection. A mock experiment was conducted to verify the performance of the proposed model. The results indicated that local and spatial features could capture the internal characteristics of both abnormal and normal sounds. The superior performance of the proposed model verified that the local and spatial features of electric sparks are crucial for detecting abnormal sounds.
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45

Hayashi, M., K. Uchida, W. Kumai, et al. "Development of Water Pipe Cooling System for Power Cables in Tunnels." IEEE Power Engineering Review 9, no. 4 (1989): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1989.4310580.

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46

DING Hong-jun, 丁宏军, 范典 FAN Dian, and 姚浩伟 YAO Hao-wei. "Cable tunnel fire experiments based on linear temperature sensing fire detectors." Optics and Precision Engineering 21, no. 9 (2013): 2225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20132109.2225.

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47

Wang, Enzhe, Xiangrong Chen, Hanshan Zhu, Kai Yin, Muhammad Awais, and Ashish Paramane. "Steady-state electrical properties and loss reduction measures analysis for 220 kV tunnel cable system." Electric Power Systems Research 227 (February 2024): 109957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109957.

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48

Lienard, Martine, Sylvie Baranowski, Pierre Degauque, and Johan Vandamme. "Theoretical and experimental study of radio coverage in tunnels using radiating cables." Annales Des Télécommunications 49, no. 3-4 (1994): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02999477.

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49

Nuianzin, Oleksandr, Serhii Pozdieiev, Viacheslav Hora, Andrii Shvydenko, and Taras Samchenko. "Experimental study of temperature mode of a fire in a cable tunnel." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 10 (93) (2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.131792.

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50

Noh, Heemin, Sungho Yoon, and Jiyoung Hong. "An experimental approach for analyzing pantograph noise contribution." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 8 (2023): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0048.

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The noise generated from high-speed train is a major cause of discomfort and fatigue for passengers and bystanders. Aero-acoustic noise is particularly troublesome because it increases sharply when train speed increases, as opposed to noise caused by rolling and traction. The main sources of aeroacoustic noise in high-speed trains include the front of the train, the inter-coach spacing, and the pantograph. Of these sources, the pantograph is the only source projected outside of the train in contact with high-voltage electric cables, which transmit electrical power to the train. In this sense, it is difficult to distinguish the characteristics of the noise generated in the pantograph from the noise emitted by each major element by attaching a noise sensor to the pantograph. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics and the influence of the aero-acoustic noise generated from a pantograph using various experimental approaches in a wind tunnel facility.
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