Journal articles: 'Electric connectors Corrosion'

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Oh, Man-Jin, Min-Jung Kim, Taek-Young Kim, Se-Hyung Kang, and Ho-Kyung Kim. "Fretting Corrosion Behavior of Silver-Plated Electric Connectors with Constant Displacement Amplitude." Journal of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 30, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9725/kstle.2014.30.2.99.

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Oh, Man-Jin, Se-Hyung Kang, Man-Suk Lee, and Ho-Kyung Kim. "Fretting Corrosion Behavior of Tin-plated Electric Connectors with Variation in Temperature." Journal of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers 30, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9725/kstle.2014.30.3.146.

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Chu-Kure, S. Z., and H. Yashiro. "Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Multilayered Sn/Ag3Sn Electroplating on Cu Alloys for Electric Connectors." ECS Transactions 58, no. 41 (April 24, 2014): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05841.0103ecst.

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Boudahri, Fethi, Abderrazzak Baba-Ahmed, Mokhtar Bourdim, Abdelkarim Ferouani, and Walid Belkilali. "Contribution to the Theoretical Study of Electrical Conductivity of Materials Composites." International Journal of Materials 9 (February 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91018.2022.9.1.

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The present work, constituted a theoretical study of the phenomenon of the electric conductivity of composite conducting polymers. Generally, the polymers are used as electrical insulators. The incorporation of conducting loads in an insulating polymeric matrix makes it possible to obtain materials having at the same time a high electric conductivity and a low density. These materials offer a great number of applications such as the electromagnetic shielding, the protection of metals against corrosion, the adhesives conducting, the connectors, the sensors, etc. The prediction and modelling of the electrical behaviour of these composite materials are needed for the choice of their scope and could therefore reduce the onerous experimental work and the cost of production through an optimized design. We carried out a theoretical study. To make this study, we are based on experimental results existing in the specialized literature and we build a new ideal model which describes the variation of electrical conductivity in function the voluminal fraction of the conducting loads. The comparison between our ideal model suggested and other models of McLachlan, Kirkpatrick and Landauer, shows that the model suggested is in concord with the experimental results.

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DANKAT, Gideon-Gwanzuwang, Alin-Alexandru DOBRE, and Laurentiu-Marius DUMITRAN. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THERMAL CONDITION OF A LOW CURRENT ELECTRIC CONTACT." "ACTUALITĂŢI ŞI PERSPECTIVE ÎN DOMENIUL MAŞINILOR ELECTRICE (ELECTRIC MACHINES, MATERIALS AND DRIVES - PRESENT AND TRENDS)" 2020, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36801/apme.2020.1.6.

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Electrical contacts may include various sub-systems or wiring harness connected via detachable connectors which depend on physical contacts for the electrical connectivity. Electrical contacts range from high, medium to low current depending on their usage. However, in the real-life condition, electrical contacts characteristics, especially at the interface, undergoes a gradual change which can be due to corrosion, temperature variation, aging, strained harnesses, discontinuities induced by vibration etc. These changes introduce additional parasitic circuits in the system. Moreover, in some cases where the contact resistance increases due to electrical loses, the local temperature may increase, thereby accelerating contact degradation. This paper presents a numerical analysis on the variation of temperature of a simple low current contact model having a thin oxide film layer at the interface which serves as the ageing factor using finite element method (FEM).

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Du, Kang, Jun Xu, Yao Hui Zhang, and Zi Jie Wei. "Analysis on Electrical Connector Corrosion in Southeast Coastal Areas." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1746.

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The special atmospheric environment accelerats the corrosion process of electrical connectors in southeast coastal areas. It causes the failure probability increased and the reliability level declined. This paper discussed the most kinds of electrical connector corrosions in southeast coastal areas. The corrosion characters of the metal material used on the electrical connectors are expounded, and environmental factors in the corrosion of electrical connectors are introduced at length.

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Thang, Sai Manh, The Nam Tran, and Duong Nam Nguyen. "Study on Microstructure and Properties of Cu-9Ni-6Sn Alloy Applied for Electric Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.17.

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High strength elastic alloy has an important role in the manufacture of electrical equipment and machine building. Along with the development of information and telecommunications technology, the application of this alloy in electrical and electronic equipment is very increasingly. Even on boards or connectors of common electrical equipment such as computers, cell phones, these connectors are usually made of high strength elastic copper alloy. The design required features are small, precision built, with high mechanical strength and elasticity, heat resistance, abrasion and corrosion resistance in the operating environment to ensure its/the power and signal stability for a long time. The design trend is reduced in size but still assure the equipment quality is growing significantly and the corporation to manufacture equipment is researched thoroughly. Accordingly, this article presents the research results about the alloy copper with 9%Ni and 6%Sn which has the high elastic strength and elasticity properties of elastomers after heat treatment. The properties of the microstructure, hardness, conductivity, dry friction coefficient, the corrosion resistance of the alloy from which to determine the parameters for the materials selection procedure and the design of the manufacturing of magnetic contact of this alloy. The results of the study show that after heat treatment and deformation, the Cu-9Ni-6Sn has a strength of alloy up to 1200MPa, the elastic limit is 1100MPa and the conductivity is 8.4%IACS, respectively. The values of this characteristic are consistent with the working conditions of the electrical contact. With the deformation process combined with the heat treatment process, the results of our research group created a single-phase homogeneous microstructure that is chemically stable with the spinodal decomposition in appropriate to the treatment of aging process. By modern methods, this paper demonstrates the durability of the alloy due to the spinodal decomposition during aging treatment at 350°C. This structure of spinodal decomposition is about 20-40nm in size, dispersed throughout the entire cross-section of the sample.

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Zhao, Li You, and Ze Bin Kong. "Corrosion of the Materials in the Electrical Connectors." Solid State Phenomena 305 (June 2020): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.305.70.

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Electrical connector is an important component in electronic system, and its reliability directly affects the reliability of the whole system. Corrosion often occurs in the use of electrical connectors and leads to failure. This paper summarizes the corrosion failure analysis process of three kinds of connectors. The failure types include fluorine corrosion, electrolytic corrosion and sweat corrosion. The quality assurance measures of Anticorrosion for electrical connectors are expounded.

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Wang, Peng, and Liangjun Xu. "Study on the Wear and Abrasion Effect of Metal Nano-Coating Plug Connectors Under Atmospheric Corrosion Conditions." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 1006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2020.3203.

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The plug connector is the most widely used type of separable connector; however, the sliding friction that occurs during the plug-in process causes wear and wiping effects. Wear is a form of damage that occurs to the anti-corrosion coating during the sliding process, and wiping refers to the cleaning effect of corrosion products during the sliding process. Both have negative and positive effects on electrical contact reliability in corrosive environments. Therefore, wear and wiping are key factors in studying the life and reliability of connectors in atmospheric corrosion environments. Atmospheric corrosion is the main mechanism leading to connector contact failure. There have been many related studies on simple connector atmospheric corrosion, but research on the influence of wear and wipe on atmospheric corrosion and the influence of contact resistance degradation is still not comprehensive. To study the influence of wear and wiping on contact reliability during the plug connector-mating process, this work evaluates the metal nano-coating connector plugging process as the object, and the contact resistance degradation model under atmospheric corrosion as the basis, and the effect of wear and wiping on corrosion degradation as the research tool. Ultimately, the influence of wear and wiping on contact resistance is studied in detail. Finally, combined with the actual usage of the plug-in connector, the contact reliability of metal nano-coating plug connectors under the action of abrasion and wiping is studied.

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Wang, Peng, and Liangjun Xu. "Research on the electrical contact degradation model of plug-in connectors under corrosion and wear." Materials Express 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.1928.

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Failures due to corrosion are common for connectors operating under atmospheric environment. Results of previous studies lacked universal applicability and neglected the degradation process of contact resistance. Also, wear is rarely considered in studies on corrosion degradation, which is an inevitable mechanical process for plug connectors. Considering these problems, the atmospheric corrosion process and copper dynamics were analyzed. The consistency of the atmospheric corrosion mechanism was used to study the local corrosion degradation law and its influencing factors. The wear mechanism on corrosion degradation was determined through the analysis of the influencing factors. The corrosion model of the gold-plated parts under atmospheric wear was established. To study the degradation process of electrical contacts, a degradation model of contact resistance based on the multi-spot contact mechanism was established combined with the previous corrosion degradation model. Experimentally, the corrosion spot density increases as a function of time and varies with plated thickness, whereas the corrosion spot size distribution is still relatively independent of time. The skew phenomenon appears in the cumulative distribution probability of contact resistance as exposure time increases. Whereas the degradation of electrical contact resistance increases as a function of time, the median remains relatively unchanged. A brief analysis of the contact reliability under wear and corrosive environments was also carried out.

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Băjenescu, Titu-Marius I. "SOME PARTICULAR ASPECTS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY CONNECTORS." Journal of Engineering Science XXVIII, no. 4 (December 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2021.28(4).04.

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Electrical connectors are very sensitive parts in an electronic system. The actual meaning of reliability and the problems associated with determining it, are often not right understood. The paper presents some particular aspects of the automotive industry connectors’ i.e. fretting, fretting corrosion prevention, aluminium connections. The performance factors governed by the operating conditions and design-technology factors determined by the manufacturing characteristics of a contact unit were analyzed.

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Akram, Shazad, Johan Sidén, and Kent Bertilsson. "Battery Powered Inductive Welding System for Electrofusion Joints in Optical Fiber Microducts." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060743.

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Optical fiber microducts are joined together by mechanical joints. These mechanical joints are bulky, require more space per joint, and are prone to air pressure leakage and water seepage during service. A battery powered electrofusion welding system with a resistive-type joint has been recently developed to replace mechanical joints. These resistive-type electrofusion joints require physical connectors for power input. Due to a different installation environment, the power input connectors of resistive optical fiber microduct joints may corrode over time. This corrosion of connectors will eventually cause water seepage or air pressure leakage in the long run. Moreover, due to connector corrosion, resistive-type optical fiber microduct joints cannot be re-heated in future if the need arises. In this study, an inductively coupled electrofusion-type joint was proposed and investigated. This inductive-type electrofusion joint is not prone to long-term corrosion risk, due to the absence of power connectors. Inductive-type electrofusion joints can be re-heated again for resealing or removal in the long run, as no metal part is exposed to the environment. The battery powered inductive welding system can be easily powered with a 38 volts 160 watt-hour battery. The inductive-type electrofusion joint was welded within one second, and passed a 300-newton pull strength test and a 10-bar air pressure leakage test. It was demonstrated that the power input requirement for inductive electrofusion joints is 64% higher than that of resistive electrofusion joints. However, these inductive joints are relatively easy to manufacture, inexpensive, have no air leakage, and no water seepage risk in highly corrosive environments.

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Kong, Zhi Gang, and Yi Gang Kong. "Investigation of Morphology and Electrical Properties of Contact Materials after Airtightness Test." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.501.

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In this article, the corrosion behavior of the gold plating and the silver plating specimens are studied. It is found that the airtightness have effects on the contact properties of the different plating specimens. The surface morphology of specimens is observed by stereoscopic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical constitution was examined by X-ray energy spectrum. The contact resistances were measured by four-point method. The experiment results show that the corrosion appearance of the silver plating is severer than that of the gold plating one after airtightness test. The corrosion degree of plating specimens decreased with the increase of the coatings thickness. The static contact resistances of corrosive spots appear higher contact resistance than normal value. It is found the high and unstable contact resistance of the corrosion products is more likely to cause contact failure. The influencing factor of the corrosion products with different plating has an important influence on the airtightness test and the contact failure of electric connector.

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Kong, Zhi Gang, and Yi Gang Kong. "Investigation of Au Plated Connector Materials in Corrosion and Sliding Environment." Advanced Materials Research 950 (June 2014): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.950.38.

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Study shows that gold can resist the formation of insulating oxide films that could interfere with reliable contact operation. So the gold coatings are often used in the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. In this article, the corrosion test method is carried to show the porosity of specimens in gold coatings and the testing procedure is based on JIS standards. In addition to corrosion atmosphere, there is a sliding between the contact surfaces of the connector, which would affect the resistance of the connector contact materials. This paper studies the complicated effects of the corrosion environment and sliding on the dynamic resistance of the contacts materials of Au plated. Series of inspections and analytical research methods are introduced in this article. The surface morphology of specimens after corrosion test is observed by stereoscopic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical constitution was examined by X-ray energy spectrum. The contact resistances were measured by four-point method. The experiment results show that after corrosion test by SO2with JIS corrosion test, the corrosion products appear islands-like spots on gold plating surface after corrosion test. The corrosion degree of gold plating specimens is decreased with the increase of the thickness of gold coatings. The results show that corrosion environment and sliding has a more complex and significant impact on the performance of the contact materials than single-factors, and the tests are closer to the real working environment.

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Gnitko, Sergiy, Ievgen Vasyliev, and Stanislav Popov. "Designing an improved structure of the tool for repairing the brake pipe connectors in vehicles." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (109) (February 19, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224912.

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This paper addresses the issue of difficulties in servicing the brake pipe connectors for passenger cars, the service life of which exceeds 8‒10 years, which is associated with the deteriorated loosening of connectors. The existing ways to loosen the connectors of brake pipes have been investigated, especially those whose dismantling is complicated due to the corrosion and contamination of mated surfaces as a result of their wetting when driving a car. A conventional structure of the connector has been analyzed, which is installed in that place of the car that is the most unprotected from moisture and dirt – on the brake cylinder. The conditions that do not contribute to its failure-free loosening have been examined. The design of a specialized split clamping ring wrench has been considered, which can transmit the greatest value of the torque to the connector when loosening it; sometimes, however, its predefined value would not suffice. A computer-based finite-element simulation was employed to derive the models of the deformation state for the node «connector ‒ wrench». Based on the analysis of the models of different deformation state of a specialized split clamping ring wrench, the required profile of the geometrically balanced locked hexagonal profile of the wrench was defined. The analysis of the efficiency of the tightening and loosening level is determined by comparing the numerical values of the torque, which is applied to the connectors of the brake pipes. The torque values are measured by a specially devised technique. The introduction of the developed measurement technique makes it possible to compare the efficiency of wrenches of different designs by analyzing the maximum values of torques, which the wrenches can transmit to the connectors. Taking into consideration the identified shortcomings in the structure of the brake pipe connectors, the shape of the connector has been designed that is free from the specified drawbacks. The new structure provides for the possibility of using a conventional carob wrench for loosening when the mated surfaces are exposed to contamination and corrosion

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Xie, Jingsong, Ming Sun, Michael Pecht, and David F. Barbe. "Why Gold Flash Can Be Detrimental to Long-Term Reliability." Journal of Electronic Packaging 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1646425.

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Most connectors are made from copper or copper alloys, with beryllium copper and phosphor bronze being the most common base materials due to their high electrical conductivity, low stress relaxation, and competitive cost. The most significant drawback is copper’s low resistance to corrosion, which can lead to electrical failure of connectors. For this reason, a layer of gold is often plated on the surfaces of connectors to seal off the base metal from being directly exposed to the environment. As an economical practice, gold flashing has been used to protect electrical contacts from corrosion. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that gold flashing can be detrimental in applications calling for long-term reliability. This paper provides insight into reliability issues of gold flash.

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Xi, Jian Jun, and Jun Zhao. "Modeling and Analysis of the Thermal State of Power Connector with the Safe Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1861.

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The connector overheating is the cause of an accident of power system. It is a common way to apply conductive paste on the connector to avoid corrosion and overheat. This paper analyses the thermal state of the power connector with safe membrane by electric-thermal coupling model. It is concluded that the membrane is affected by permittivity itself.

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Rice, D., K. Bredfeldt, and J. Kral. "Corrosion inhibiting lubricants for separable connectors." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 8, no. 4 (December 1985): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tchmt.1985.1136534.

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Seo, Jinmyeong, Jung-Joon Park, Wang Qing, Fan Yang, Sanghwa Yoon, and Bongyoung Yoo. "Gold-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316L As Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 40 (October 9, 2022): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02401458mtgabs.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are regarded as one of the most promising fuel cell types for a new generation of power source in portable application due to no harmful byproducts emission, rapid startup and low operating temperature. Although PEMFC has a low output with a single cell, it is overcome by the series of unit stack by using bipolar plate (BPP) to improve the total efficiency. BPP, which conveys electrical current, separates reactant gases and connects single stack unit in series, is one of the most important part of PEMFC, along with catalytic electrode and proton exchange membrane. In recent years, stainless steel 316L (SUS316L) has been touted to as a promising candidate material for BPP with the numerous advantages such as low cost, high machinability and ductility. However, it has critical issues such as low corrosion resistance and high electrical resistance. For this reason, a coating process must be carried out on SUS316L with non-corrosive and conducting materials such as Au, Rh, Ag, Ti etc. Because these materials are high cost or rare-earth metals, anti-corrosive coating process inevitably causes the increase of BPP manufacturing cost. In this study, Au-reduced graphene composite coating is introduced on SUS316L to improve anti-corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity with in cost-effective manner by minimizing the consumption of Au deposit and the using electrochemical fabricated graphene with low cost. Corrosion properties and electrical properties are investigated with the as-coated samples and in simulated operating condition. By addition of graphene coating process, the consumption of Au is dramatically reduced with the outstanding performance compared to with only Au coating.

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Wu, Hulin, Yihe Wang, Lin Xiang, Guanlin Song, and Zhiwen Xie. "Enhancing Electrical Conductivity and Corrosion Resistance of CrN Coating by Pt Addition." Coatings 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121479.

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Transition-metal nitride coating used to protect the electronic connector devices in marine environment is required to have high electrical conductivity and good corrosion resistance. This study synthesized a novel CrN–Pt coating with a dense growth texture. Pt addition induced a pronounced increase in electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. The resistivity decreased from 0.0149 Ohm·cm in the CrN coating to 0.000472 Ohm·cm in the CrN–Pt coating, while the corrosion current density decreased from 24 nA/cm2 in the CrN coating to 6.3 nA/cm2 in the CrN–Pt coating. The results of the above studies confirm that Pt doping has significant advantages in improving the electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance of nitride coatings for potential applications in the marine environment.

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Ye, Xiao Lan, and Xue Yan Lin. "The Effect of Lubricant on Electrical Connector’s Sliding Performance." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.428.

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Keywords: electrical contact lubricant contact resistance sliding wear Abstract. The contacts must be reliable in the required life time under practical application. Reliability means that the contact resistance can maintain low and stable. Au-plated contact pairs have been used widely for weak current connectors due to its well electrical and anti-corrosion performance. The high price of gold forces manufacturers to reduce the thickness of Au-plated while maintaining well performance. Increasing thin of Au plating causes the microporosity to increase rapidly, which has harmful effect on the performance of connectors. Appropriate lubricant coated on contact pair is a solution to improve the contact property. This paper focuses on sliding contact performance of gold plated contact pairs coupon with 0.25 m thickness and lubricated with water based lubricant named lub-E under damp heat and corrosion environment respectively. The contact pairs are also exposed in damp heat, corrosion environment respectively to evaluate the anti contamination property. The sliding experiment is conducted at frequency of 1Hz, amplitude of 1cm, and load of 0.5N, 1.0N and 1.5N. Contact resistance data is gotten in every sliding cycle at the condition of DC current 100mA and limited voltage 1.0V. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to observe the sliding track morphology and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is used to analyze the element.

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Haraszti, Ferenc. "Thermographic Camera Application for Galvanic corrosion detection." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2019.11.15.

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Abstract The components of electric connections have a tenancy to corrosion. We can observe a galvanic corrosion process hazard in case of the contact between different electron potential metals. This corrosion process impairs the mechanical properties and the connection through increased resistance. The conduction parameters decrease in some parts that are under high load because of the rise in heat. This heat effect can be undetectable. By thermographic camera experiments, we can reveal this irregularity at an early stage. In this work, we present this investigation and the associated problems.

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Georges, C., N. Semmar, and C. Boulmer-Leborgne. "Effect of pulsed laser parameters on the corrosion limitation for electric connector coatings." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 44, no. 12 (December 2006): 1283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2006.01.008.

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Swingler, J., and J. W. McBride. "Fretting corrosion and the reliability of multicontact connector terminals." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 25, no. 4 (December 2002): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2002.808007.

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Kader, M. M. M. A., Z. B. Razali, W. A. Mustafa, S. A. Saidi, A. A. Nagoor Gunny, S. Setumin, M. K. Osman, et al. "Automotive Mechanical Vehicle Starter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2107, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2107/1/012021.

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Abstract This research is used to crank start automotive vehicle. There are many different system used in order to start-up vehicles using electric starter, in the time of battery low-power or totally drained. The purpose of this research is to help the driver to get out of this difficulty. Nowadays there are many people that have experienced such a bad moment, where they are stranded at road side due to malfunction starter in their car because of battery problem. Most of the vehicle electric starter failure is because of battery corrosion or battery undercharged. The importance of this research is to solve this problem. Starter is a vital part of the vehicle, without it no automotive vehicles able to operate. These starters will rotate an internal-combustion engine to initiate the engine’s operation under its own power. Starters also can be malfunction too due to corroded electrical connections or an undercharged battery. This system can be used to solve this problem. This system used human energy by using mechanical parts in order to produce electrical power. In order to produce electrical current, workforce will be applied by rotating the wheel that already linked by belt and from that rotations will trigger a magnetic force and it will produce an electrical current and supply it into battery. This system is divided into two development; hardware development and software development. The hardware development involved, mechanical device which is used and electrical device such as monitor. For software development, Fritzing is used to construct circuit.

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Borisova, Elena M., Sergei M. Reshetnikov, and Aliya M. Fatkhutdinova. "Improvement of anticorrosion properties of some copper alloys as potential materials for electrical contact connections." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Химия» = Bulletin of Perm University. CHEMISTRY 12, no. 4 (2022): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2223-1838-2022-4-209-220.

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The paper presents a review of literature data on methods for researching and improving the technical and technological properties of copper and copper materials used for the manufacture of electrical products. A disadvantage associated with a decrease in resistance to atmospheric corrosion, especially in humid environments, has been identi- fied. A method of high-energy impact on the surface is proposed in order to form protective coatings. The results of corrosion-electrochemical tests of samples subjected to short-pulse laser action are presented. In the course of the re- search, the parameters of laser radiation were varied: power, surface scanning speed, frequency, protective atmosphere. Optimal values of the parameters are established, which provide an increase in the corrosion resistance of pure copper and copper alloys. The values of contact resistances of the processed samples are determined. Preliminary conclusions are made about the relationship between processing parameters and the improvement of anti-corrosion properties and a change in the value of contact resistance. It is necessary to study the composition and structure of the resulting surface layers.

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Grygier, Dominika, Piotr Kowalewski, and Angelika Radzińska. "INFLUENCE OF CORROSION PROCESSES ON FRICTION AND WEAR OF TIN COATINGS OF WIRE CONNECTORS." Tribologia 294, no. 6 (April 12, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8331.

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The paper describes the results of metallographic, tribological, and microscopic tests of wire connectors. It was shown that the structure and thickness of the tin layer on the copper element varies greatly. The paper describes the results of tribological investigations for electrical connectors in the initial state and covered with a layer of oxides formed as a result of corrosion. The results of tribological tests have shown a great influence of the oxide layer on friction and wear of tin coatings. The results of friction factor measurements were confirmed by microscopic observations. The tests confirmed that the oxide layer reduces plastic deformation of the tin coating and limits its tribological wear. Due to the brittleness and low adhesion of the oxide layer, friction-induced chipping was observed.

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Gupta, R. K., M. O. Ittoop, S. K. Rai, R. Singh, M. K. Singh, P. Ganesh, and R. Kaul. "Failure Analysis of a High Voltage Feedthrough of Indus-2 Synchrotron Radiation Source." Practical Metallography 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2021-0026.

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Abstract In this paper, a failure analysis of a high voltage feedthrough of the Indus 2 synchrotron radiation source which brought about venting of the vacuum chamber is discussed. A detailed failure analysis demonstrated that the main cause responsible for the failure of the feedthrough was high humidity in the atmosphere surrounding the feedthrough assembly, which resulted in the corrosion of CuSil braze filler alloy at the ground terminal and also caused flashover between positive (+) and ground terminals. Thermal cycling of the insulator due to flashover resulted in spalling of glazed surface layer and assisted crack propagation from the flashover-generated surface defects. The remedial measures recommended to avoid similar failure include: thorough cleaning of feedthrough and its connectors before installation, use gasket-type sealing in the protective cover of the connector on the air side, use of metallic tubes in place of polyurethane cooling water tubes and design change of feedthrough to shift brazed joint to vacuum side.

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Frank, Ronald F., and Christopher P. Morton. "Comparative Corrosion and Current Burst Testing of Copper and Aluminum Electrical Power Connectors." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 43, no. 2 (2007): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2006.889973.

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Zhou, Xiao Yu, Da Wei Zhang, and Xu Ma. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Preloaded Diskspring Steel in Medium Temperature Range." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.547.

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Flange connections in petrochemical equipments easily leak high temperature gas or fluid. Configuration of flange with preloaded diskspring technique are introduced to solve this problem. However, the preloaded diskspring as an important role in flange is easily corroded at high temperature. Temperature fluctuation and strong corrosive circumstances would lower strength of diskspring and causes stress relaxation. Therefore, it is important to search suitable material for diskspring without reduction of strength and stress relaxation used in medium temperature range and strong corrosive circumstances. In this paper, precipitation hardening stainless steel 0Cr17Ni7Al (17-7PH) was studied systematically. Medium temperature mechanical properties are tested experimentally by electric stretch mechanical experiment setup with heater. The medium temperature elastic modulus variations are measured. The variation of elastic hysteresis curve loop area with reciprocating load-unload is measured at different temperature. Experimental results show that the elastic modulus of this material decreases only 0.1% from room temperature to 350°C. The elastic modulus remain almost unchanged at temperature below 300°C which ensure that the loading stability of diskspring does not change when temperature is changed under 300°C. It was found that the elastic hysteretic loop area can be minimized by five times loading-unloading at 300°C which ensure to decrease diskspring’s stress relaxation during long time use within medium temperature range, and it is a key basis for this type of diskspring making. Conclusion: 17-7PH is an ideal elastic material for diskspring used in medium temperature range and highly corrosion environment, and diskspring should be prestressing treated five times at 300°Cduring manufacture to decrease stress relaxation.

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Zhang, Ruijie, Xiaoyan Liu, Zhaopeng Wang, and Fei Gao. "Effects of interrupted aging on the intergranular corrosion behavior of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag heat-resistant alloy." World Journal of Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 5, 2016): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-09-2016-0079.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to research the effects of interrupted aging on the corrosion behavior of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag heat-resistant alloy by means of intergranular corrosion (IGC) testing, potentiodynamic polarization combined with optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Design/methodology/approach The results show that the IGC began on the grain boundaries and continued along the grain boundary. The corrosion resistance property of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy was enhanced by interrupted aging. The precipitations of the interrupted aged sample both in the grains and on the grain boundaries were fine, and the chain-like phases on the grain boundary were distributed nearly continuously. Findings The corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg series Al alloy with equilibrium phase (Al2Cu) is notably determined by precipitation-free zone (PFZ) as the self-corrosion potentials of (Al2Cu), PFZ and the matrix satisfied the relation EPFZ < Eθ<EMatrix. Originality/value The connections of the PFZ on both sides of the grain boundary decreased the corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy treated by the single aging.

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Hareancz, F., and T. Sinka. "Investigation of nickel coated steel tapes welded joints." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1246, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1246/1/012033.

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Abstract Nickel-plated steel tapes are primarily developed for battery production. The aim of these developments was to provide all battery cell cases with good contact resistance and high corrosion resistance, thus increasing their durability. When individual battery cells are packaged, the electrical connection is also mostly made with nickel-plated plates. Welding and soldering are the bonding technologies used to make the connections between the plates, but the advantages mentioned above may vary when making these connections. To our knowledge, lasers with diode beam sources are the most efficient and are becoming more and more suitable for a wide range of applications as the technology develops. The aim of our investigations is to investigate the quality of joints made with low power diode lasers with different parameters from a strength and metallographic point of view.

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Jackson, Robert L., and Santosh Angadi. "Modelling of Lubricated Electrical Contacts." Lubricants 10, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10030032.

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Electrical contacts, although critically important for a wide range of applications, are susceptible to degradation due to fretting corrosion, especially when sliding and vibrations occur. To overcome fretting corrosion and sliding wear, lubricants are often used. However, the use of lubricants can cause other detrimental issues. Lubricants usually consist of non-conductive fluids such as hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons. Due to fluid dynamics, when sliding, vibration or other excitation occurs, these fluids can cause prolonged gaps between the conducting metal surfaces. Practically, this has been observed in data centers where vibrations due to technician maintenance or even earthquakes can occur. Depending on the viscosity and roughness of the surfaces, the time it takes these connector surfaces to return to solid conductive contact can be many seconds or longer. This work uses a novel theoretical model of the coupled fluid and solid mechanics between the rough metallic surfaces to evaluate these intermittent breaks in contact due to sliding. The influence of variation in lubricant properties, roughness, contact radius and contact force are considered by the model.

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Hilmert, Dirk, Kevin Krüger, and Jian Song. "Vergleichende Untersuchung der Verschleißbilder von Steckverbindern aus Reibverschleiß- und Vibrationsprüfungen mit unterschiedlichen Prüfrichtungen." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 68, no. 5 (December 13, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2021-0030.

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In this study a comparison between the wear patterns of electrical connectors resulting from two different test types, namely fretting corrosion test and vibration test, is conducted. In both tests, the excitation directions include the mating direction as well as the orthogonal directions corresponding to the mating direction. Different measurement techniques are used to identify similarities and differences between the wear resulting from these test types. The results show fundamentally different critical directions with regard to wear for the respective test types. Furthermore, it is shown that the induced movement of the fretting tests lead to a higher degree of wear than the vibration tests. Also, it is not adequately possible to establish a direct relationship between the induced movement and the excitation amplitude caused by the attached wires since there is a superposition of several movements in the case of real applications.

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Mills, Douglas, Paul Lambert, and Shengming Yang. "Electrochemical Noise Measurement to Assess Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185392.

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The electrochemical noise method (ENM) has previously been employed to monitor the corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete. The development of solid-state Ag/AgCl-based probes and dedicated monitoring technology (ProCoMeter) now offers a wider range of ENM configurations. The present study involves the laboratory investigation of three mortar samples containing steel bars and varying additions of chloride, with a view to future field application. ENM could be used to provide corrosion information on reinforcement without the need to provide direct electrical connections to the steel and without the risk or inducing or increasing corrosion. In addition to half-cell potentials, measurements were made using ENM in three different probe configurations over a total test period of 90 days. The samples were then broken open and the bars extracted and cleaned. A comparison was then made between the calculated metal thickness loss obtained from the Rn values and the actual metal thickness loss. The results showed that each configuration was able to order the results in the expected manner, with the simple single substrate (SSS) arrangement providing the best correlation with direct measurements. The study is ongoing with the intention of measurements being obtained in situ on existing reinforced concrete structures.

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Bhagath, Shrikar, and Michael G. Pecht. "Modeling the Effects of Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) Corrosion and Stress Relaxation on Contact Interface Resistance." Journal of Electronic Packaging 115, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909349.

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This paper presents the development of an initial, “first-cut”, mathematical model for the prediction of electrical interface reliability trends. The model pertains to gold plated contacts subject to loss of normal force and environmental corrosion with time. Stress relaxation over time and temperature in the base metal of the contact is accounted for. Utilizing the results of Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) tests, the model can be used to estimate the statistical contact resistance at a particular load (normal force), aging and operating temperature in the class II and III environments. An attempt is made to correlate experimental data with the classical Holm’s equation and to introduce time dependence into the equation. Further work is proposed to correlate results with experimental connector performance data.

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Xu, Si Yang, Ying Long Li, Mu Xin Zhang, Yi Fu Jiang, and Hua Ding. "Effect of Heat Treatment Conditions on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Cu-9Ni-6Sn-0.22Nb Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 904 (November 22, 2021): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.904.124.

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Due to its high strength, excellent electrical conductivity and high resistance to stress corrosion, Cu-Ni-Sn alloy has been selected as a kind of advanced metal material which can be used as the manufacture of springs, connectors, bearings and so on. In addition, the addition of Nb can efficiently improve the comprehensive properties of the alloy. In the present work, the effect of heat treatment conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties were studied in a Cu-9Ni-6Sn-0.22Nb alloy by means of optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile test and microhardness tests. The results show that before ageing, a large number of fine γ precipitates with DO22 type structure are distributed on the matrix. With the prolongation of ageing time, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and Vickers hardness increased firstly, and then decline. The reason can be attributed to the occurrence of spinodal decomposition and the formation of discontinuous precipitation (DP). At first, spinodal decomposition induced the enhanced interaction between dislocations and internal stress field, resulting in an increase of mechanical properties. Then the increased DP at grain boundaries leads to the decline of strength in the material. Finally, the relationship between the microstructure and the electrical conductivity was also analyzed, and the results show that the electrical conductivity increased with ageing time/ageing temperature increasing for the present alloy. Through the analysis of Matthiessen’ s rule, the variation of electrical resistivity depends on precipitates, solute atoms, dislocations, vacancies and grain boundaries, and the precipitates play an important role among them. Besides, more precipitates improve electrical conductivity. Therefore, the increase of ageing time/ageing temperature induced the increase of DP, resulting in an increase of electrical conductivity.

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Kure-Chu, Song-Zhu, and Hitoshi Yashiro. "Corrosion Resistance of Multilayered Sn/Ag3Sn Films Electroplated on Cu Alloys for Highly Reliable Automotive Connectors." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 161, no. 10 (2014): C441—C449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0241410jes.

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Star, Andrew G., and Thomas F. Fuller. "FIB-SEM Tomography Connects Microstructure to Corrosion-Induced Performance Loss in PEMFC Cathodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 9 (2017): F901—F907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0321709jes.

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Larangot, Benoît, Shuji Tanaka, and Masayoshi Esashi. "Fabrication of Anti-Corrosive Capacitive Vacuum Sensors with a Silicon Carbide/Polysilicon Bi-Layer Diaphragm and Electrical Through-Hole Connections on the Opposite Side." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 128, no. 8 (2008): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.128.331.

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Zeszut, Ronald Anthony, and Douglas C. Hansen. "Calibration of the Scanning Kelvin Probe By Applied External Potential." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 13 (October 9, 2022): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0213778mtgabs.

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The scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) is a device that measures the difference in work function between a sample and probe tip on the instrument, and has proven to be a useful research tool over the past several decades. With this technique, the Volta potential difference, also known as the contact potential difference (CPD), can be determined which can characterize the corrosion, contamination, and coating condition of a surface of interest. The recently developed Field Deployable Scanning Kelvin Probe (FDSKP) allows for a variety of new uses as it allows the SKP technique to be used in a field environment rather than samples or test components being brought to a lab. However, additional challenges come with the increased portability and versatility of the FDSKP, as the set-up and tear down nature of a field deployable unit necessitates a rapid determination that the system is properly set up and functioning. A calibration electrode solves this problem while further demonstrating the underlying connections between electrical potential and the work function as measured by the SKP. The absolute potential difference, also called the Galvani potential (Φ), can be described as the sum of two components: the Volta potential (Ψ) and the dipole potential (χ)1. The Volta potential is directly related to the electrode potential and, therefore, corrosion potential2. This relationship has been used in previous methods of SKP calibration that included relating the Volta potential differences measured by the SKP to the electrode potentials of bare metals and the corrosion potentials of immersed metals3. The effort described here develops a new approach to SKP calibration by applying an external potential onto the calibration electrode surface to further modify the Volta potential and, therefore, the measured Volta potential difference between the polarized sample and the probe tip. The design of the calibration electrode includes flat conductive regions across which a potential can be applied. By applying an external potential to a sample, the measured work function is changed by that amount, thus sharp voltage changes between regions of different applied potential can be observed. The calibration electrode described here is a flexible Kapton substrate with vacuum deposited gold regions produced through a mask and UV lithography fabrication process (Figure 1). Three different geometric designs of matching shapes with a 10 um gap between them are present: bars, wedges, and a puzzle-piece type design. By electrically connecting one region from each of the three designs into two groups, a potential difference could then be applied between the two regions of each design group by means of a potentiostat or battery. With this applied potential, an SKP area scan was performed above the sample. The average work function for each of the two regions was determined. The difference in average work function correlates very well with applied potential across a range of voltage from -1 V to 1 V at steady-state. Similar results were recorded on both coated and uncoated electrodes. As the correlation between observed work function difference and applied potential is very good, this can be used to calibrate an SKP system and demonstrate its proper functioning. A system check can include determining that the measured voltage difference on the calibration electrode matches the applied potential. Additionally, the sharp distinction on the sample between regions of different work function can allow for the calibration and tuning of SKP parameters, such as electrometer and proportional integral derivative (PID), in order to optimize the system’s measurement capability. As SKP techniques move from the lab into the field, a calibration electrode is very useful as it will greatly assist in system set-up and facilitate parameter optimization to allow for better and clearer results. References Grunmeir, G., Juttner, K. and Stratmann, M. (2000) Novel Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Research. In R.W. Cahn, P. Haasen & E.J. Kramer (Eds.), Material Science and Technology: Corrosion and Environmental Degradation (Volume I, p. 285-382). Wiley-VCH. Leng, H. Streckel and M. Stratmann “The Delamination of Polymeric Coatings from Steel. Part I: Calibation of the Kelvin Probe and Basic Delamination Mechanism,” Corrosion Science 41 (1999): p. 547-578. B. Cook et al. “Calibration of the Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscope under Controlled Environmental Conditions,” Electrochimica Acta 66 (2012), p. 100-105. Figure 1

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Tian, Yun, Yong Wu, Jiangyu Lin, Xueling Li, Dafu Xu, Futao Zhou, and Qi Feng. "Characterization of the Erosion Damage Mechanism of Coal Gangue Slopes through Rainwater Using a 3D Discrete Element Method: A Case Study of the Guizhou Coal Gangue Slope (Southwestern China)." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 8548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178548.

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Coal gangue is one of the largest solid wastes in the world. In previous studies, the influence and mechanisms of rainfall infiltration on coal gangue slope stability and possible rain erosion have been studied through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and modelling, and the results have indicated that discontinuous discrete element methods are the most suitable for determining the erosion mechanism of coal gangue slopes. In this study, we take a Guizhou coal gangue slope as a general case, use three-dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D) as the key method, and combine discrete element fluid–structure coupling technology with optimized erosion shear failure theory to determine the erosion failure mechanism of coal gangue slopes. We investigate a coal gangue slope near the electric power plant in Panzhou City, Guizhou Province (China) as a case study, and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the erosion induced by the corrosion damage mechanism. We use the PFC3D method, combined with optimized rain erosion shear failure theory, for our investigation. The applied methods mainly consider dynamic inversion of the erosion process, as well as the changes in coordination number, porosity, unbalanced force, and energy dissipation. The scour damage type of the studied gully is intermittent fragmentary damage, with the following inferred damage sequence: Center–bottom–top of the slope. The entire erosion damage process can be divided into three stages: catchment–fracture, erosion–accumulation, and piping–penetration failure. In the first stage of erosion, the force chain fracture is the most severe. The maximum kinetic energy reaches 25 MJ and the coordination number decreases from 5.3 to 4.0, whereas the porosity increases from 0.42 to 0.45. Unexpected lateral erosion and expansion occur at 40–60 m (in the central slope) in the y-direction of the slope, the unbalanced force reaches 7500 N, and the peak porosity is increased by 10%. This paper provides a simulation method for extreme precipitation events in geotechnical slopes (contributing to spatio-temporal connections, forecasting, generation, impact analysis, and vulnerability and risk assessment). Our improved methods provide valuable tools for engineering disaster early warning, and contribute to a better understanding of hydrodynamic processes in general.

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Iordache, D. M., E. R. Oprescu, C. I. Malea, E. L. Niţu, M. O. Crăcănel, and C. Bădulescu. "Determination of Johnson-Cook material constants for Copper using traction tests and inverse identification." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1182, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1182/1/012032.

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Abstract Copper and its alloys have specific properties - electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance - which make it a material used in various industrial applications. However, these materials are difficult to weld by conventional processes due to their high thermal conductivity and high rate of oxidation at temperatures close to melting. To be able to join copper-based materials, friction stir welding seems to be a promising possibility. The quality of the assembly obtained strongly depends on the parameters of the process chosen to generate a temperature close to the optimum value. So, to find these parameters, it is necessary to carry out experimental test campaigns which are generally very expensive in terms of time and equipment. An alternative will be to use the numerical simulations of the FSW process to find the optimal parameters. Numerical simulation contributes also to a better understanding of the influence of input parameters on the phenomena in the process and the connections made. To develop a numerical model, it is necessary to use a constitutive equation that defines the behavior of the material throughout the process. The most commonly constitutive equation used for FSW modeling is Johnson-Cook. The paper describes the strategy of identifying the constants of the material, respectively the method of inverse identification of the parameters. The constants of the thermo-mechanical behavior (both elastic and plastic) are identified by coupling the finite element method with Abaqus and Matlab software. This strategy tries to minimize the quadratic deviation between the response of the model and the experimental tests. Tensile tests were carried out on quasi-pure copper CU-DHP samples, at temperatures of 22°C, and 500°C, for speeds of 3 mm/min and 30 mm/min, respectively. The validation of the model thus identified was carried out on tensile tests at a temperature of 300°C, by comparing the curves obtained with the Johnson-Cook model and those obtained experimentally.

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"Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Multilayered Sn/Ag3sn Electroplating On Cu Alloys for Electric Connectors." ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2013-02/21/1830.

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Adamczyk, Paulina, Anna Zięty, and Dominika Grygier. "Evaluation of materials used for coatings of electrical connectors used in the electrical harness of passengers cars." Combustion Engines, July 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-150505.

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Automotive electrical connectors are the essential components of a wiring harness. They are typically made of copper, which has excellent electrical conductivity. Due to the limited corrosion resistance of pure copper, connectors are often coated with other metals. In this paper, the qualities of coatings made of gold and tin are investigated and compared. The samples were examined by a metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The examination revealed uneven thickness, delamination of the coatings, and issues with the preparation of the core material for coating. Numerous burrs and irregularities were observed. Selected samples were examined in salt solution to test their corrosion resistance. Even though gold is a noble metal and its electrochemical potential is higher, the tin coating was more resistant to corrosion.

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Romero-Samaniego, Elizabeth, Sandra Luz Toledo-Perea, Rogelio Lopez-Rodriguez, and Gustavo López-Badilla. "Dispositivo automatizado para control de micro corrosión generada en convertidor de ozono instalado en área de producción de industria aeroespacial de Mexicali." Revista de Tecnologías en procesos Industriales, December 31, 2019, 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/jtip.2019.9.3.24.32.

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Due to failures in ozone converters used in the aerospace industry and manufactured in a company located in the city of Mexicali, and that generated a health problem in commercial aircraft interiors due to the malfunction of ozone converters, the internal environment was evaluated of the company mentioned and located in the desert area of the northwest of the Mexican Republic. The analysis was carried out with specialized equipment and a device for detecting and controlling chemical substances derived from sulfur and deposited on metallic surfaces of electrical connections of ozone converters installed in a section of aircraft cabins. With the monitoring equipment, the corrosive environment in the interiors of the company was quickly detected and with the development of an electrical fault detection device in the ozone converters, the failures were reduced by 70%. Microanalysis was performed using the Electronic Scanning Microscopy (MBE) technique, to identify the contaminating substances deposited on the metallic surfaces of the electrical connections of the ozone converters, as well as the concentration levels of said substances. The automated device for micro corrosion control was designed, manufactured and tested, to detect periods of deposition of sulfur-derived chemicals. In addition, specialized filters were installed to reduce the entrance to the interiors of the company in Mexicali, and thus have a regulated environment and thus avoid the generation of micro corrosion. The study was conducted from 2017 to 2018.

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Köhler, Tobias, Michael Grätzel, and Jean Pierre Bergmann. "Influence of different Ni coatings on the long-term behavior of ultrasonic welded EN AW 1370 cable/EN CW 004A arrestor dissimilar joints." Welding in the World, November 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-01030-x.

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AbstractThe increasing demand for energy-efficient vehicles requires suitable methods for cost and weight reduction. This can be achieved by the replacement of copper by aluminum, in particular for the on-board power systems. However, the complete substitution is restricted by the mechanical and physical material properties of aluminum as well as challenges in the aluminum copper interface. The challenges concern the corrosion vulnerability and the occurrence of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) which can negatively influence the mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity. Therefore, current investigations focus on the one hand on the realization of dissimilar aluminum copper joints by suitable joining technologies, like ultrasonic welding, and on the other hand on the assurance of a sufficient prevention against harmful corrosion effects. In cases where the joint cannot be protected against corrosion by sealing, nickel coatings can be used to protect the joint. In the present study, the influence of electroless, electroplated, and sulfamate nickel coatings was investigated regarding the long-term stability. The joints were performed as industry-related arrester connections, consisting of EN AW 1370 cables and EN CW 004A terminals. The samples were exposed to corrosive as well as electrical, thermal, and mechanical stress tests according to current standards and regulations.

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Tyrer, Na, Fan Yang, Gary Barber, Bo Pang, and Bingxu Wang. "Tribological Behavior of Electrical Connector Coatings Under Reciprocating Motion." Journal of Tribology, March 8, 2022, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4054031.

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Abstract With the rapid growth in the use of electronics, more studies are focusing on the tribological performance of electrical connectors. The most common electroplating coating materials are tin and copper. One major issue is when fretting corrosion causes metal oxides, which is likely to increase the electrical resistance at the contact interface. This research aims to develop an electrical circuit to be used with a reciprocating wear test machine to study the tribological performance of various thicknesses of tin and copper layers to reduce metal oxidation of electrical connectors. This research considers the effect of tin and copper layer thickness, including the lack of a tin layer, on the tribological behavior. Among coatings tested, a thin coating of copper with no tin resulted in the least wear. A thicker coating of copper significantly increased the wear due to the high roughness of the sample with a thick copper coating. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) results indicated that adhesive wear occurred during sliding. Adhered particles led to two body abrasive wear and when the adhered particles break away three body abrasive wear is produced.

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"OLIN C195." Alloy Digest 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.cu0649.

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Abstract Olin C195 is a high-strength, high-conductivity copper alloy developed for applications in current-carrying parts. Typical applications are electrical springs, connectors, and clips. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: CU-649. Producer or source: Olin Brass.

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"MILLER MHP 100." Alloy Digest 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.cu0705.

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Abstract Miller MHP 100 has excellent cold-working and corrosion properties. The alloy is used in connectors and springs for its combination of strength, electrical conductivity, and good formability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CU-705. Producer or source: The Miller Company.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric connectors Corrosion'

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