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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric currents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Shcherba, A. A., N. I. Suprunovska, and M. A. Shcherba. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MULTI-CHANNEL PULSE CURRENTS AND FAST-MIGRATING ELECTRIC SPARKS IN THE LAYER OF CURRENT-CONDUCTING GRANULES OF ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE INSTALLATIONS." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2022, no. 2 (March 19, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2022.02.003.

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The paper reveals the electro-physical features of the formation of multi-channel pulse currents and fast-migrating electric sparks in the layer of current-conductive granules of electric-discharge installations (EDIs) with reservoir capacitors. Such features make it possible to increase many times the productivity of the electric-spark dispersion of metal granules during single discharge current of reservoir capacitors, which flows between the electrodes of EDIs. Theoretical substantiation and experimental confirmation of multi-channel spark discharges in the layer of conductive granules are presented. The influence of the capacitance and charge voltage of reservoir capacitors on the nature of transient processes in the discharge circuit of the EDIs is investigated. The dependence of the effective value of the active load resistance of the EDIs on the value of the pre-charge voltage of its reservoir capacitors and the value of its capacitances has been experimentally determined. It is proved that an increase in the averaged Q-factor of the discharge circuit with an increase in the charge voltage of the capacitor bank of EDI is caused by a decrease in the effective value of the active resistance of the layer of metal granules when spark-generating discharge currents flow through it. References 16, Figures 7.

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2

Contopoulos, Ioannis. "Electric Currents along Astrophysical Jets." Galaxies 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies5040071.

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3

Mauk, B. H., and L. J. Zanetti. "Magnetospheric electric fields and currents." Reviews of Geophysics 25, no. 3 (1987): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rg025i003p00541.

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4

Corbò, Guido, and Massimo Testa. "Magnetic dipoles and electric currents." American Journal of Physics 77, no. 9 (September 2009): 818–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3139186.

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5

Crawford, Mark. "Waves, Currents and Electric Potential." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 02 (February 1, 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-feb-2.

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This article discusses various aspects and uses of hydrokinetics in the turbine industry. Hydrokinetics is a rapidly developing field, where both big companies and start-ups can compete equally in engineering and design. Designs for hydrokinetic devices continue to evolve. The most popular hydrokinetic device is the turbine. As these turbines are installed underwater, which is much denser than air, hydrokinetic turbines provide much more power than wind turbines at relatively low water current speeds. Considerable research and development are being conducted on three aspects of hydrokinetics technology: optimization of the devices to maximize their capture of wave energy; overall electromechanical system design; and development of control approaches to maximize power output under a variety of sea states. In addition to the efforts to optimize hydrokinetics, important research is also dealing with critical aspects of site evaluation, seabed mechanics and engineering, environmental impacts, and regulatory compliance. Research shows that interdisciplinary engineering and environmental analysis is at the forefront of identifying potential environmental impacts of hydrokinetics and mitigating them through engineering design.

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6

Zika, T., I. C. Gebeshuber, F. Buschbeck, G. Preisinger, and M. Gröschl. "Surface analysis on rolling bearings after exposure to defined electric stress." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 223, no. 5 (March 18, 2009): 787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet538.

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This article gives an overview about classical and frequency converter-induced spurious bearing currents in induction machines and discusses typical damage patterns caused by the current passage. To investigate on the electric damage mechanisms, test bearings are operated in a test rig and exposed to specific (classical low-frequency, and high-frequency) bearing currents. The induced damages to the surfaces are analysed visually and with the help of an atomic force microscope, and compared for the different electric regimes applied. Further, the electrically damaged bearing surfaces are characterized by standard roughness parameters. The surface structure observable on certain test bearings shows good correlation to the structure found with a bearing that had failed in the field under similar electric conditions. One of the investigated electric regimes applying high-frequency currents proved capable of generating fluting patterns - as found in real applications - on the test rig. The experiments also indicate that high-frequency bearing currents, although in total dissipating less energy, are more dangerous to a bearing than continuous current flow. The presented method gives a good starting point for further investigation on electric current damage in bearings, especially regarding high-frequency bearing currents, and on bearing/grease lifetime under specific electric regimes.

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7

Bezanilla, Francisco. "Gating currents." Journal of General Physiology 150, no. 7 (June 25, 2018): 911–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201812090.

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Many membrane proteins sense the voltage across the membrane where they are inserted, and their function is affected by voltage changes. The voltage sensor consists of charges or dipoles that move in response to changes in the electric field, and their movement produces an electric current that has been called gating current. In the case of voltage-gated ion channels, the kinetic and steady-state properties of the gating charges provide information of conformational changes between closed states that are not visible when observing ionic currents only. In this Journal of General Physiology Milestone, the basic principles of voltage sensing and gating currents are presented, followed by a historical description of the recording of gating currents. The results of gating current recordings are then discussed in the context of structural changes in voltage-dependent membrane proteins and how these studies have provided new insights on gating mechanisms.

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8

Jonsson, B. L. G., and Mats Gustafsson. "Stored energies in electric and magnetic current densities for small antennas." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2176 (April 2015): 20140897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0897.

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Electric and magnetic currents are essential to describe electromagnetic-stored energy, and the associated antenna Q and the partial directivity to antenna Q-ratio, D / Q , for arbitrarily shaped structures. The upper bound of previous D / Q results for antennas modelled by electric currents is accurate enough to be predictive. This motivates us to develop the analysis required to determine upper and/or lower bounds for electromagnetic problems that include magnetic model currents. Here we derive new expressions for the stored energies, which are used to determine antenna Q bounds and D / Q bounds for the combination of electric and magnetic currents, in the limit of electrically small antennas. In this investigation, we show both new analytical results and we illustrate numerical realizations of them. We show that the lower bound of antenna Q is inversely proportional to the largest eigenvalue of certain combinations of the electric and magnetic polarizability tensors. These results are an extension of the electric only currents, which come as a special case. The proposed method to determine the minimum Q -value which is based on the new expressions for the stored energies, also yields a family of current-density minimizers for optimal electric and magnetic currents that can lend insight into antenna designs.

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9

Scott, Donald E. "Electric Currents Key to Magnetic Phenomena." Open Astronomy Journal 4, no. 1 (August 27, 2011): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874381101004010180.

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10

Forbes, Andrew. "Sculpting electric currents with structured light." Nature Photonics 14, no. 11 (October 2, 2020): 656–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-00705-7.

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11

Jirsa, M., M. Rameš, I. Ďuran, T. Melíšek, P. Kováč, and L. Viererbl. "Electric currents in REBaCuO superconducting tapes." Superconductor Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 045010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/aa5bbf.

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12

Trukhachev, F. M., and A. V. Tomov. "Soliton-induced electric currents in plasma." Cosmic Research 54, no. 5 (September 2016): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010952516050075.

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13

Frankel, Theodore. "Electric currents in multiply connected spaces." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 27, no. 8 (August 1988): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00669440.

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14

Kaufmann, Richard L., Bryan M. Ball, W. R. Paterson, and L. A. Frank. "Plasma sheet thickness and electric currents." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 106, A4 (April 1, 2001): 6179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000ja000284.

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15

Hénoux, J. C., and B. V. Somov. "Electric currents in magnetic flux-tubes." Advances in Space Research 13, no. 9 (September 1993): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(93)90452-h.

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16

Krider, E. P., and R. J. Blakeslee. "The electric currents produced by thunderclouds." Journal of Electrostatics 16, no. 2-3 (May 1985): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3886(85)90059-2.

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17

Sersa, I., O. Jarh, and F. Demsar. "Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Electric Currents." Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series A 111, no. 1 (November 1994): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmra.1994.1230.

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18

Xu, Ai Hua, Chen Guang Xue, and Jian Jun Xu. "The Brittleness Source Identification of Electric Grid System." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.353.

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Brittleness source identification is the work of finding every brittle source. At first, build model of electric power system, based on direct current tide, all branch currents can be solved quickly. Break off every branch in turn. Use distributing factor method to obtain the other branch currents by breaking a branch current. If the other branch current exceeds the 20% rating current, then it breaks. This will lead to the refresh distribution, until all branch breaks, namely the brittleness being motivated, or until the other branch currents all satisfy the restriction condition. Thus all branches which lead brittleness to be motivated is the brittle source of electric power system. Through analyzing a three generatrixs system, obtain that (2),(3) and (4) is the brittle source.

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19

Panthong, S., S. Poomjan, T. Taengtang, and K. Srinuanjan. "An Electricity Generator Model by the Water Delivery System of Sanitary Ware." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.43.

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In this research is presented electricity production of sanitary ware, which can be covered kinetic energy of water to electric current from water delivery system. A small electric generator will be set on the water delivery system of sanitariums. It consists with a turbine electric generator and a big tank which build in on tank of a sanitarium. Turbine generator is generated small electric currents by a lot of water inside pipe. If this system were set in a large building for example such as department store, etc. the electric currents would be on generating in order to cumulative energy. In which Bangkok has a population about ten millions of people which sanitariums are used about a hundred millions of time per day. The experimental results of this model can be calculated electric currents to compare with systems which were set on large building.

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20

Zhang, Qisheng, Xiao Zhao, Xinyue Zhang, Jianen Jing, Shenghui Liu, Shuhan Li, and Zhenzhong Yuan. "Influence of Expendable Current Profiler Probe on Induced Electric Field of Ocean Currents." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9812929.

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The expendable current profiler (XCP) is a new instrument that is internationally used to rapidly monitor ocean currents in marine environments. The most crucial part of this instrument is the XCP probe. Since the probe is of high electrical resistance, it acts almost like an insulator with respect to seawater. Placing it into the induced electric field (IEF) of seawater therefore yields a certain level of influence over the electric field. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy of XCP measurements, the conditions associated with this influence can be used to guide the design of XCP probes; at the same time, these can also serve as reference points in order to provide technical support for the processing of XCP data on ocean currents. To this end, computer-based numerical simulations and laboratory-based physical simulations are used in this study. The results showed that after an XCP probe (diameter: 5 cm; length: 52 cm) was inserted into seawater, the voltage difference of ocean currents at both ends of the electric field sensor placed above the XCP probe increased by a factor of 1.85 (as compared to the case in which there is no influence from the probe).

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21

Gopasyuk, S. I. "Filling of Magnetic Loops by an Electric Current." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 144 (1994): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100025331.

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AbstractResults of investigations of the magnetic fields and electric currents in the active region are presented. The calculations based on the observational data showed that the electric currents are more concentrated in lower magnetic loops. The cause of this is the magnetic loop stretching. For a stretching magnetic loop the self-inductance increases and the current decreases.

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22

Zhang, Shuting, Fuqiang Tian, Jieyi Liang, Jinmei Cao, and Zhaoliang Xing. "The Time, Electric Field, and Temperature Dependence of Charging and Discharging Currents in Polypropylene Films." Polymers 15, no. 14 (July 22, 2023): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143123.

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The insulating properties of polypropylene (PP) film play a very important role in the operating status of direct current (DC) support capacitors. Charging and discharging currents in PP film under high DC electric fields and temperatures correspond to charge transportation and accumulation, which significantly influence the electrical insulating properties of PP. In this paper, we have comprehensively studied the dependence of charging/discharging currents in PP film on time, electric field (150–670 kV/mm), and temperature (40–120 °C). The results showed that the charging current increased by almost an order of magnitude from 150 kV/mm to 670 kV/mm and exhibits a steep increase with temperature above 80 °C. The discharging currents are about 10 times less than the corresponding charging currents. Carrier mobility varies little with the electric field and becomes slightly larger with an increase in temperature. The quantity of the accumulated charges was calculated by the integral of the charging and discharging current differentials and showed a significant increase with the electric field and temperature. The corresponding electric field distortion becomes larger above 80 °C compared to 20–60 °C. Both electric field and temperature have an important effect on PP film and capacitors based on charge transport and accumulation and their electric field distortion. This study is innovative in that it combines the operating status of DC support capacitors with traditional methods to research synthetically charged transport mechanisms of PP film. The findings are meaningful for understanding the insulation failure mechanisms of PP film and capacitors under complex stresses.

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23

Hofmann, A. "Electric currents and Lorentz forces derived by vector magnetographic measurements 1. Electric currents in a flux bundle." Astronomische Nachrichten: A Journal on all Fields of Astronomy 312, no. 1 (1991): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asna.2113120115.

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24

Vanhamäki, H., A. Viljanen, and O. Amm. "Induction effects on ionospheric electric and magnetic fields." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 5 (July 28, 2005): 1735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1735-2005.

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Abstract. Rapid changes in the ionospheric current system give rise to induction currents in the conducting ground that can significantly contribute to magnetic and especially electric fields at the Earth's surface. Previous studies have concentrated on the surface fields, as they are important in, for example, interpreting magnetometer measurements or in the studies of the Earth's conductivity structure. In this paper we investigate the effects of induction fields at the ionospheric altitudes for several realistic ionospheric current models (Westward Travelling Surge, Ω-band, Giant Pulsation). Our main conclusions are: 1) The secondary electric field caused by the Earth's induction is relatively small at the ionospheric altitude, at most 0.4 mV/m or a few percent of the total electric field; 2) The primary induced field due to ionospheric self-induction is locally important, ~ a few mV/m, in some "hot spots", where the ionospheric conductivity is high and the total electric field is low. However, our approximate calculation only gives an upper estimate for the primary induced electric field; 3) The secondary magnetic field caused by the Earth's induction may significantly affect the magnetic measurements of low orbiting satellites. The secondary contribution from the Earth's currents is largest in the vertical component of the magnetic field, where it may be around 50% of the field caused by ionospheric currents. Keywords. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (geomagnetic induction) – Ionosphere (electric fields and currents)

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25

Lui, A. T. Y. "Time development of electric fields and currents in space plasmas." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 3 (May 19, 2006): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-1137-2006.

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Abstract. Two different approaches, referred to as Bu and Ej, can be used to examine the time development of electric fields and currents in space plasmas based on the fundamental laws of physics. From the Bu approach, the required equation involves the generalized Ohm's law with some simplifying assumptions. From the Ej approach, the required equation can be derived from the equation of particle motion, coupled self-consistently with Maxwell's equation, and the definition of electric current density. Recently, some strong statements against the Ej approach have been made. In this paper, we evaluate these statements by discussing (1) some limitations of the Bu approach in solving the time development of electric fields and currents, (2) the procedure in calculating self-consistently the time development of the electric current in space plasmas without taking the curl of the magnetic field in some cases, and (3) the dependency of the time development of magnetic field on electric current. It is concluded that the Ej approach can be useful to understand some magnetospheric problems. In particular, statements about the change of electric current are valid theoretical explanations of change in magnetic field during substorms.

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26

Lei, Jian Ming, Xiin Zeng, and Xue Cheng Zou. "The System of Signal Detection Based on Sensing Needle." Advanced Materials Research 544 (June 2012): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.544.218.

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Biologic systems frequently have electric activity associated with them. This activity can be a constant dc electric field, a constant flux of charge-carrying particles or current, or a time-varying electric field or current associated with some time-dependent biologic or biochemical phenomenon. The mechanism of electric conductivity in the body involves ions as charge carriers. Thus, picking up bioelectric signals involves interacting with these ionic charge carriers and transducing ionic currents into electric currents required by wires and electronic instrumentation. Calcium ion is so important in our body, which plays a crucial role in metabolism.The common methods of detecting calcium ion include radioactive tracer method, activation shine protein method, etc, we choose calcium ion sensing needle as a tool to detect the calcium ion in the acupoint.

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27

Chalyi, A. M., V. A. Dmitriev, M. F. Pavleino, and O. M. Pavleino. "Heating of high current electric contacts under short-circuit shock currents." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 49, no. 5 (September 2013): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375513050025.

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28

Tsedilina, E. E. "Electric field and field-aligned currents produced by asymmetric ring current." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 41, no. 4 (April 1998): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02676552.

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29

Connors, Martin, Robert L. McPherron, Brian J. Anderson, Haje Korth, Christopher T. Russell, and Xiangning Chu. "Electric currents of a substorm current wedge on 24 February 2010." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 13 (July 15, 2014): 4449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060604.

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30

Guidetti, Matteo, Mattia Arlotti, Tommaso Bocci, Anna Maria Bianchi, Marta Parazzini, Roberta Ferrucci, and Alberto Priori. "Electric Fields Induced in the Brain by Transcranial Electric Stimulation: A Review of In Vivo Recordings." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102333.

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Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, such as direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), cause neurophysiological and behavioral modifications as responses to the electric field are induced in the brain. Estimations of such electric fields are based mainly on computational studies, and in vivo measurements have been used to expand the current knowledge. Here, we review the current tDCS- and tACS-induced electric fields estimations as they are recorded in humans and non-human primates using intracerebral electrodes. Direct currents and alternating currents were applied with heterogeneous protocols, and the recording procedures were characterized by a tentative methodology. However, for the clinical stimulation protocols, an injected current seems to reach the brain, even at deep structures. The stimulation parameters (e.g., intensity, frequency and phase), the electrodes’ positions and personal anatomy determine whether the intensities might be high enough to affect both neuronal and non-neuronal cell activity, also deep brain structures.

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31

Cini, Michele. "Production, detection, storage and release of spin currents." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (March 13, 2015): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.75.

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Background: Quantum rings connected to ballistic circuits couple strongly to external magnetic fields if the connection is not symmetric. Moreover, properly connected rings can be used to pump currents in the wires giving raise to a number of interesting new phenomena. At half filling using a time-dependent magnetic field in the plane of the ring one can pump a pure spin current, excited by the the spin–orbit interaction in the ring. Results: Such a magnetic current is even under time reversal and produces an electric field instead of the usual magnetic field. Numerical simulations show that one can use magnetizable bodies as storage units to concentrate and save the magnetization in much the same way as capacitors operating with charge currents store electric charge. The polarization obtained in this way can then be used on command to produce spin currents in a wire. These currents show interesting oscillations while the storage units exchange their polarizations. Conclusion: The magnetic production of spin currents can be a useful alternative to optical excitation and electric field methods.

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32

Rajaraman, K. C. "Ampere's Magnetic Circuital Law: A Simple and Rigorous Two-Step Proof." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 38, no. 3 (July 2001): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.38.3.7.

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A new proof of Ampere's law from the Biot-Savart law is presented. In the first step, a physical interpretation of current as moving charges carrying their electric fields with them simplifies the derivation of the magnetic field of current in a straight infinitely long conductor. The m.m.f. of a finite electric circuit linking a magnetic path is synthesized from those of two infinitely long wires carrying equal currents in opposite directions, only one of them threading the path. This makes the second step rigorous, enabling a non-mathematical treatment of the magnetic effects of electric currents in free space.

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33

Korth, H., B. J. Anderson, and C. L. Waters. "Statistical analysis of the dependence of large-scale Birkeland currents on solar wind parameters." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (February 10, 2010): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-515-2010.

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Abstract. The spatial distributions of large-scale field-aligned Birkeland currents have been derived using magnetic field data obtained from the Iridium constellation of satellites from February 1999 to December 2007. From this database, we selected intervals that had at least 45% overlap in the large-scale currents between successive hours. The consistency in the current distributions is taken to indicate stability of the large-scale magnetosphere–ionosphere system to within the spatial and temporal resolution of the Iridium observations. The resulting data set of about 1500 two-hour intervals (4% of the data) was sorted first by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) GSM clock angle (arctan(By/Bz)) since this governs the spatial morphology of the currents. The Birkeland current densities were then corrected for variations in EUV-produced ionospheric conductance by normalizing the current densities to those occurring for 0° dipole tilt. To determine the dependence of the currents on other solar wind variables for a given IMF clock angle, the data were then sorted sequentially by the following parameters: the solar wind electric field in the plane normal to the Earth–Sun line, Eyz; the solar wind ram pressure; and the solar wind Alfvén Mach number. The solar wind electric field is the dominant factor determining the Birkeland current intensities. The currents shift toward noon and expand equatorward with increasing solar wind electric field. The total current increases by 0.8 MA per mV m−1 increase in Eyz for southward IMF, while for northward IMF it is nearly independent of the electric field, increasing by only 0.1 MA per mV m−1 increase in Eyz. The dependence on solar wind pressure is comparatively modest. After correcting for the solar dynamo dependencies in intensity and distribution, the total current intensity increases with solar wind dynamic pressure by 0.4 MA/nPa for southward IMF. Normalizing the Birkeland current densities to both the median solar wind electric field and dynamic pressure effects, we find no significant dependence of the Birkeland currents on solar wind Alfvén Mach number.

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34

Georgobiani, A. N., B. G. Tagiev, O. B. Tagiev, T. G. Kerimova, S. A. Abushov, and S. G. Asadullaeva. "Electric-field and temperature effects on electric currents in polycrystalline ZnGa2Se4." Inorganic Materials 46, no. 2 (February 2010): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168510020056.

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35

Ganichev, Sergey D., Dieter Weiss, and Jonathan Eroms. "Terahertz Electric Field Driven Electric Currents and Ratchet Effects in Graphene." Annalen der Physik 529, no. 11 (July 7, 2017): 1600406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.201600406.

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36

Davies, J. A., and M. Lester. "The relationship between electric fields, conductances and currents in the high-latitude ionosphere: a statistical study using EISCAT data." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 1 (January 31, 1999): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0043-3.

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Abstract. The relationship between electric fields, height-integrated conductivities and electric currents in the high-latitude nightside electrojet region is known to be complex. The tristatic nature of the EISCAT UHF radar facility provides an excellent means of exploring this interrelationship as it enables simultaneous estimates to be made of the full electric field vector and the ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductances, further allowing the determination of both field-perpendicular electric current components. Over 1300 h of common programme observations by the UHF radar system provide the basis of a statistical study of electric fields, conductances and currents in the high-latitude ionosphere, from which preliminary results are presented. Times at which there is significant solar contribution to the ionospheric conductances have been excluded by limiting the observations according to solar zenith angle. Initial results indicate that, in general, the times of peak conductance, identified from the entire set of EISCAT observations, do not correspond to the times of the largest electric field values; the relative contribution of ionospheric conductance and electric field to the electrojet currents therefore depends critically on local time, a conclusion which corroborates work by previous authors. Simultaneous measurements confirm a tendency for a decrease in both Hall and Pedersen conductances to be accompanied by an increase in the electric field, at least for moderate and large electric field value, a tendency which is also identified to some extent in the ratio of the conductances, which acts as an indicator of the energy of precipitating particles.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents)

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37

Spicer, D. S., and R. N. Sudan. "Beam-Return Current Systems in Solar Flares." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 107 (1985): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900076051.

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The importance of electron beams in solar flare dynamics is well known. In order to understand the dynamics produced by beams it is essential to have a clear understanding of the role beam driven return currents play and whether electrostatic or inductive electric fields maintain the return current. We show that inductive electric fields are responsible for driving return currents under solar conditions.

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38

Sekijima, Hidehisa, Yutaro Hazama, Soichiro Kimura, Yasunori Morimoto, and Hideo Ueda. "Application of direct electric current to the corneal and conjunctival epithelia regulates the tight junctional assembly for ocular iontophoretic drug delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2024): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i3.6455.

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Objectives: In this study, we determined how iontophoresis (IP) affects tight junctions (TJs) in isolated rabbit corneas and conjunctiva. Methods: Direct electric current in the range of 0.5–2.0 and 0.5–10 mA/cm2 were applied to the cornea and conjunctiva, respectively, for 30 min. The localization and expression levels of TJ-associated proteins were assessed before and after the application of the electric currents using immunostaining and western blotting. Results: In both corneal and conjunctival epithelia, the localization of proteins, such as claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and ZO-1, was temporarily altered by anodal and cathodal IP; however, the protein relocalization was slower at higher currents. Additionally, in both anodal and cathodal IP, the expression levels of claudin-1 and occludin in the cornea and conjunctiva remained unchanged after the application of the electric currents compared with those before. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the application of a direct electric current temporarily regulated TJ assemblies without altering the levels of TJ-associated proteins in both the cornea and conjunctiva. This temporary weakening of the paracellular barrier by the current may be responsible for the enhanced drug transport across the cornea and conjunctiva induced by ocular IP. Keywords: ocular drug delivery, iontophoresis, electric current, cornea, conjunctiva, tight junction

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39

Hoole, P. R. P., S. Thirukumaran, Harikrishnan Ramiah, Jeevan Kanesan, and S. R. H. Hoole. "Ground to Cloud Lightning Flash Currents and Electric Fields: Interaction with Aircraft and Production of Ionosphere Sprites." Journal of Computational Engineering 2014 (August 3, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/869452.

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This paper presents for the first time a case for the importance of ground to cloud (upward leader) lightning flash parameters for safety testing of direct aircraft-lightning interaction and protection of wind turbines, as well as the importance of radiated electric fields for indirect lightning-aircraft interaction and generation of electric discharges called sprites and halos in the ionosphere. By using an electric circuit model of the transverse magnetic waves along the return stroke channel, electric currents at ground level as well as cloud level are determined for both the cloud to ground lightning flash and the ground to cloud lightning flash. We show that when an aircraft triggers lightning, the electric currents will be much more severe in current magnitude, rate of rise of currents, and frequency spectrum than otherwise and are more severe than the parameters observed for the usual and well monitored (and measured) cloud to ground (downward leader) flashes. The rate of rise of currents and the frequency spectrum of the ground to cloud lightning flash are also given here. The electric fields radiated by the lightning flashes that would appear in the ionosphere are presented for both the earth flash and the ground to cloud flash.

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40

Tombul, Yusa, Philipp Tillmann, and Jakob Andert. "Simulation of the Circulating Bearing Currents for Different Stator Designs of Electric Traction Machines." Machines 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11080811.

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Pulse–width modulated inverters are commonly used to control electrical drives, generating a common mode voltage and current with high–frequency components that excite the parasitic capacitances within electric machines, such as permanent magnet synchronous machines or induction machines. This results in different types of bearing currents that can shorten the service life of electric machines. One significant type of inverter–induced bearing currents are high–frequency circulating bearing currents. In this context, this work employs finite element analysis and time-domain simulations to determine the common mode current and circulating bearing current for various permanent magnet synchronous machine designs based on the traction machines of commercial electric vehicles with a focus on the stator. The results suggest that the ratio between the circulating bearing current and common mode current is much smaller in permanent magnet synchronous machines for traction applications than previously established in conventional induction machines, with values below 10% for all analyzed designs. A further increase in the robustness of such electric machines to the detrimental effects caused by the inverter supply could be achieved by reducing the parasitic winding–to–stator capacitance or by increasing the stator endwinding leakage inductance.

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41

Abramenko, V. I., S. I. Gopasyuk, and M. B. Ogir. "Electric Currents in the Atmosphere of the Sun." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 138 (1990): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900044223.

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The structure of the magnetic field, proper motions of sunspots and electric currents have been studied and related to the evolution of sunspot groups. Further the height variations of the magnetic fluxes and electric currents in active regions have been explored.

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42

Pastor Yabar, A., J. M. Borrero, C. Quintero Noda, and B. Ruiz Cobo. "Inference of electric currents in the solar photosphere." Astronomy & Astrophysics 656 (December 2021): L20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142149.

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Context. Despite their importance, routine and direct measurements of electric currents, j, in the solar atmosphere have generally not been possible. Aims. We aim at demonstrating the capabilities of a newly developed method for determining electric currents in the solar photosphere. Methods. We employ three-dimensional radiative magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to produce synthetic Stokes profiles in several spectral lines with a spatial resolution similar to what the newly operational 4-meter Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope solar telescope should achieve. We apply a newly developed inversion method of the polarized radiative transfer equation with magneto-hydrostatic (MHS) constraints to infer the magnetic field vector in the three-dimensional Cartesian domain, B(x, y, z), from the synthetic Stokes profiles. We then apply Ampere’s law to determine the electric currents, j, from the inferred magnetic field, B(x, y, z), and compare the results with the electric currents present in the original MHD simulation. Results. We show that the method employed here is able to attain reasonable reliability (close to 50% of the cases are within a factor of two, and this increases to 60%–70% for pixels with B ≥ 300 G) in the inference of electric currents for low atmospheric heights (optical depths at 500 nm τ5∈[1, 0.1]) regardless of whether a small or large number of spectral lines are inverted. Above these photospheric layers, the method’s accuracy strongly deteriorates as magnetic fields become weaker and as the MHS approximation becomes less accurate. We also find that the inferred electric currents have a floor value that is related to low-magnetized plasma, where the uncertainty in the magnetic field inference prevents a sufficiently accurate determination of the spatial derivatives. Conclusions. We present a method that allows the inference of the three components of the electric current vector at deep atmospheric layers (photospheric layers) from spectropolarimetric observations.

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Murashov, I., V. Frolov, D. Ivanov, and A. Kvashnin. "Analysis of Electromagnetic Processes Inside the Arc Interrupting System of a High-current Circuit Breaker." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (2017): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2017.2.161.

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Description of electromagnetic processes inside an arc interrupting system of high-current circuit breaker is presented in article. Non-stationary mathematical model of the circuit-breaker operation (short-circuit currents mode) is developed. The main regularities of the displacement of the electric arc inside an arc chute are established. The influence of the movable contact position on the conditions for the displacement of the electric arc is presented. Also, the influence of the arc chute material on the motion and interrupting of an electric arc (alternating and direct currents) is established.

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Artinian, Boghos L. "The Risks of Electric Currents at Home." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 7, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2017.7.1.l2.

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45

Nielsen, Lars Peter. "Management of electric currents in cable bacteria." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1863 (September 2022): 148820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148820.

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46

Kaufmann, Richard L., and Douglas J. Larson. "Electric field mapping and auroral Birkeland currents." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, A11 (1989): 15307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja094ia11p15307.

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47

McAllister, I. W. "Electric fields associated with transient surface currents." Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 7 (April 1992): 3633–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350925.

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48

Socas-Navarro, H. "Are Electric Currents Heating the Magnetic Chromosphere?" Astrophysical Journal 633, no. 1 (October 10, 2005): L57—L60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/498145.

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49

Link, P. J. "Minimizing electric bearing currents in ASD systems." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 5, no. 4 (1999): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2943.771367.

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50

Kocher, Carl A. "Interactions of magnetic monopoles with electric currents." American Journal of Physics 61, no. 10 (October 1993): 875–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17398.

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