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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electric energy sector'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

ALBUQUERQUE, ALVARO ROCHA. "CASH FLOW-AT-RISK: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY SECTOR." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13064@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>O gerenciamento de riscos de mercado é um assunto que já assume papel relevante e definitivo no ambiente das instituições financeiras. Mais recentemente o assunto vem ganhando espaço também no âmbito de instituições não financeiras. Dentre os benefícios advindos da implantação de sistemas de medição e gerenciamento de riscos de mercado no âmbito das instituições não financeiras, destacam-se como os mais diretos: o controle dos fluxos de caixa necessários ao cumprimento dos investimentos programados pela empresa, a redução da volatilidade desses fluxos e, conseqüentemente, da probabilidade de a empresa deixar de honrar compromissos futuros. Benefícios adicionais incluem o aumento da transparência aos investidores e a rápida assimilação de novas fontes de riscos de mercado pelos gestores. Considerando a existência deste espaço e a importância do tema para as empresas, este trabalho propõe a construção de um modelo teórico para mensuração do fluxo de caixa em risco e o aplica a uma única empresa pertencente ao setor de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil. Tal modelo deve ser capaz de informar a probabilidade dessa empresa não dispor de recursos para honrar seus compromissos em determinada data de pagamento futura, ou vértices do fluxo.<br>In the last years, risk management assumed a relevant and definitive role in the environment of financial institutions. More recently however, the subject has also been gaining ground in the environment of non- financial institutions. Among the benefits arising from the introduction of risk management within the environment of non-financial institutions, those that stand out as being the most direct are the control of the cash flow necessary for the investments that have been programmed, reduction in the volatility of this cash flow, and consequently in the probability of the company failing to honor its future commitments. Additional benefits include an increase in transparency as far as investors are concerned, a rapid assimilation of new risk sources by the managers. Considering this gap and the theme`s importance to non-financial institutions, this work proposes a theoretical model, which aims to measure firm cash flow-at-risk. Afterwards, the proposed model is applied and tested in only one Brazilian distribution electric sector company. Such a model may be able to return the probability that a company faces a financial distress, for not being able to make due payments in the set dates.
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Espinosa, Kristofer, and Tam Vu. "Graph theory applications in the energy sector : From the perspective of electric utility companies." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279516.

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Graph theory is a mathematical study of objects and their pairwise relations, also known as nodes and edges. The birth of graph theory is often considered to take place in 1736 when Leonhard Euler tried to solve a problem involving seven bridges of Königsberg in Prussia. In more recent times, graphs has caught the attention of companies from many industries due to its power of modelling and analysing large networks. This thesis investigates the usage of graph theory in the energy sector for a utility company, in particular Fortum whose activities consist of, but not limited to, production and distribution of electricity and heat. The output of the thesis is a wide overview of graph-theoretic concepts and their applications, as well as an evaluation of energy-related use-cases where some concepts are put into deeper analysis. The chosen use-case within the scope of this thesis is feature selection for electricity price forecasting. Feature selection is a process for reducing the number of features, also known as input variables, typically before a regression model is built to avoid overfitting and to increase model interpretability. Five graph-based feature selection methods with different points of view are studied. Experiments are conducted on realistic data sets with many features to verify the legitimacy of the methods. One of the data sets is owned by Fortum and used for forecasting the electricity price, among other important quantities. The obtained results look promising according to several evaluation metrics and can be used by Fortum as a support tool to develop prediction models. In general, a utility company can likely take advantage graph theory in many ways and add value to their business with enriched mathematical knowledge.<br>Grafteori är ett matematiskt område där objekt och deras parvisa relationer, även kända som noder respektive kanter, studeras. Grafteorins födsel anses ofta ha ägt rum år 1736 när Leonhard Euler försökte lösa ett problem som involverade sju broar i Königsberg i Preussen. På senare tid har grafer fått uppmärksamhet från företag inom flera branscher på grund av dess kraft att modellera och analysera stora nätverk. Detta arbete undersöker användningen av grafteori inom energisektorn för ett allmännyttigt företag, närmare bestämt Fortum, vars verksamhet består av, men inte är begränsad till, produktion och distribution av el och värme. Arbetet resulterar i en bred genomgång av grafteoretiska begrepp och deras tillämpningar inom både allmänna tekniska sammanhang och i synnerhet energisektorn, samt ett fallstudium där några begrepp sätts in i en djupare analys. Den valda fallstudien inom ramen för arbetet är variabelselektering för elprisprognostisering. Variabelselektering är en process för att minska antalet ingångsvariabler, vilket vanligtvis genomförs innan en regressions- modell skapas för att undvika överanpassning och öka modellens tydbarhet. Fem grafbaserade metoder för variabelselektering med olika ståndpunkter studeras. Experiment genomförs på realistiska datamängder med många ingångsvariabler för att verifiera metodernas giltighet. En av datamängderna ägs av Fortum och används för att prognostisera elpriset, bland andra viktiga kvantiteter. De erhållna resultaten ser lovande ut enligt flera utvärderingsmått och kan användas av Fortum som ett stödverktyg för att utveckla prediktionsmodeller. I allmänhet kan ett energiföretag sannolikt dra fördel av grafteori på många sätt och skapa värde i sin affär med hjälp av berikad matematisk kunskap
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3

RIFAI, Nabil. "Monitoring the energy consumption in buildings in B2B sector." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183387.

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This report discusses the ambition of EDF, a French electricity provider, to offer new services to its customers. With the emergence of the smart grid that will be operational in 2020 in France, there are several opportunities that have to be taken. One of them is to be able to offer a suitable monitoring system to its customer. This study tried to emphasize the important aspects and features that are required in such a system. Several solutions that are currently being commercialized in France have been analyzed. A grading has been made according to the technical functionalities and the business models have been analyzed.  Recommendations for EDF have also been made in order to help the company to choose the right monitoring system.
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Adams, Victor W. "The potential of fuel cells to reduce energy demands and pollution from the UK transport sector." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19846/.

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Atmospheric carbon dioxide and pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels is increasing. Many scientists attribute global warming to the rising levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, some of which also pose risks to health. These can be reduced by the more efficient use of conventional fuels and the development of non-polluting energy resources. Fuel cells offer a highly efficient and low polluting method of generating electricity, and are under development for both the power generation and transport sectors. There is a need to assess (a) emissions from fuel cells using various fuels and (b) ways of introducing such technology to transportation in the near future. Fuel consumption, energy and emissions from the production and use of fuels (hydrogen, methane, propane, petrol, diesel, alcohols and rape methyl ester) are calculated per kilowatt hour of fuel cell output over a range of efficiency. These are compared with those for internal combustion engines with advanced exhaust control and for the recharging of battery driven vehicles. The results, which are applicable to both transport and power generation, enable the best low pollution fuels to be selected and are used to calculate through life emissions for public transport buses. Fuel cells are an ideal solution to reduce pollution from transport, but their commercial development in this field is further away than that for stationary applications. Thus, a transition stage is recommended where fuel cell electrical power stations, based on existing demonstrators, are used to recharge fleets of battery driven vehicles during the development of mobile fuel cell systems. These fleets include public transport and commercial vehicles. Also, fuel cell power stations could provide energy for electric trains. A combined system is proposed where electric trains recharge battery driven commercial vehicles during long journeys. The above proposals would enhance fuel cell development, introducing them alongside current transport systems, possibly using the same fuel.
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PINTO, FELIPE KOVAGS. "METHODOLOGY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPPLIERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS IN THE ELECTRIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SECTOR." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17127@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>O novo manual do programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento P&D da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica Aneel de maio de 2008 expandiu o escopo da P&D para incluir duas novas fases a cadeia de inovação: lote pioneiro e inserção no mercado, passando assim a apoiar a inovação dos produtos desenvolvidos no marco do programa. O objetivo desta dissertação é elaborar uma metodologia de identificação de fornecedores do segmento de distribuição do setor elétrico com potencial para o desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores no marco do programa de P&D Aneel. A motivação para esse estudo foi a necessidade no novo regime de P&D Aneel de se adicionar aos executores, além das universidades e ICTs, fornecedores para realizar inovações de produto a partir dos resultados dos projetos de P&D. Assim, o fornecedor tornou-se o ator crítico para os projetos de P&D Aneel que visam chegar à fase de comercialização, caracterizando uma inovação. Pois não compete às universidades produzir produtos para o mercado e tampouco ICTs possuem a competência para produzi-los em grande escala e com um custo favorável para comercialização. A metodologia central da pesquisa foi baseada em um questionário enviado aos fornecedores, com o objetivo de identificar as capacidades, habilidades e conhecimentos que um fornecedor deve ter para desenvolver uma inovação de produto. Esses critérios foram por sua vez estabelecidos através da análise da caracterização da inovação do manual Aneel e baseados nos questionários da PINTEC. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi proposta uma metodologia de identificação de fornecedores do segmento de distribuição do setor elétrico por meio da elaboração de um sistema de indicadores. Finalmente, a dissertação irá contribuir para aproximação da indústria ao programa de P&D Aneel, colaborando para o avanço tecnológico e o desenvolvimento econômico do país.<br>The new Research and Development (R&D) program handbook of the regulatory body National Agency for Electric Energy (Aneel) of May 2008 enlarged the scope of R&D to comprise two new stages of the innovation chain: pioneer batch and market introduction; thus now supporting the development of product innovation in the framework of the program. The objective of this dissertation is to elaborate a methodology for the identification of suppliers in the distribution segment of the electric energy sector with a potential to develop innovative products in the Aneel R&D program. The motivation to carry out the study was the need signaled on the new Aneel R&D regime to add to the roster of research executors, besides universities and science and technology institutes (STIs), suppliers to make product innovations based on R&D projects’ results. Therefore, the supplier has become for Aneel R&D projects aiming to reach the commercialization stage, becoming an innovation. This is so because the university mandate does not include the manufacture of market products and even STIs possess the required competencies to embark on large scale production at a reasonable commercial cost. The key research methodology employed was a questionnaire sent to suppliers, with the aim of identifying capacities, capabilities and knowledge a supplier ought to have to develop a product innovation. These criteria, at their turn, were established through the analysis of innovation characterization in the Aneel R&D handbook and based on the government-led PINTEC innovation in industry questionnaire. On the basis of the results obtained, it was drafted a proposal to identify suppliers in the distribution segment through the elaboration of a panel of indicators. Finally, the thesis will contribute to bringing industry closer to the Aneel R&D program, thus collaborating with the country’s technological progress and economic development.
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Jamasb, Tooraj. "Welfare economic implications of energy-environmental costs and policies : the case of the Norwegian electric power sector." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621042.

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7

MALAGA, MANOLO MIGUEL PINTO. "DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR SIZING AN ELECTRIC ENERGY SUPPLY HIBRID SYSTEM FOR PEAK SHAVING AND COMMERCIAL SECTOR." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16719@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Qualquer atividade em uma sociedade moderna só é possível com o uso intensivo e eficiente de uma ou mais formas de energia. Das diversas formas de energia interessam, em particular, aquelas que são processadas e colocadas à disposição dos consumidores, tais como a energia elétrica. Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de duas metodologias que permitem gerar curvas de Capacidade de Carga a partir de (i) dados aleatórios de perfil de consumo de energia elétrica da PUC – Rio (ii) as contas (Faturas) da concessionária local. A seguir, faz-se uma analise econômica de investimentos que possa dimensionar o número ótimo de geradores de energia elétrica necessários para diminuir o custo deste investimento, tudo isto no setor comercial e no horário de ponta. As duas metodologias se ajustam a perfis reais de consumo, nos quais não se têm acesso a todos os dados desejados. Para validar as duas metodologias, utilizaram-se dados reais de consumo de energia elétrica cada 15 minutos e durante quatro anos da PUC - Rio. A primeira metodologia mostra a geração das curvas de Capacidade de Carga fazendo uso da Função Densidade de Probabilidade, com dados de um mês qualquer. A segunda metodologia mostra como gerar a curva de Capacidade de Carga somente com as faturas fornecidas pela concessionária. Utilizou-se um programa computacional para a solução de sistemas de equações polinomiais de terceiro grau.<br>Any activity in modern society is only possible with intensive and efficient use of energy. Among the various forms of energy the most important are those that are processed by companies and distributed to consumers, such as electricity. This work presents the development of two methodologies that will allow us to generate load capacity curves from (i) Random data obtained from power consumption of the PUC - Rio (ii) Bills (invoices) from the local utility company. With this data we will do an economic analysis of investment performed. This analysis can help us choose the optimum number of generators of electrical energy required to reduce the cost of the electricity supplied, all within the framework of the commercial sector and at peak hours. Both methods will be validated with the real power consumption, every fifteen minutes during four years from the energy profile of the PUC - Rio. The first method shows how we can generate load capacity curves making use of a statistic function called Probability Density, using data of any month. The second method shows how one can create the load capacity curves with only the invoices obtained from the local utility company. For this second methodology the program EES (Engineering Equation Solver) was used to solve systems of polynomial equations of the third degree.
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Sharabaroff, Alexander M. "An Assessment of the Impact of the Deregulation of the Electric Power Sector in the U.S. on the Efficiency of Electricity Generation and the Level of Emissions Attributed to Electricity Generation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1210903115.

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Lindner, Soeren Martin. "Disaggregating the electricity sector to build a hybrid life cycle assessment model : method development and application to China for evaluating energy related CO₂ emissions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648205.

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Kreutzer, Nico. "Electric load in the domestic sector and its modulation by building integrated photovoltaic : findings of a detailed monitoring study of energy consumption in UK buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55877/.

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The future energy supply is highly likely to be a mix of central and decentralised energy sources, therefore knowledge of on-site generation, such as photovoltaic systems, and energy consumption patterns with a good degree of certainty will be necessary to ensure the current quality of supply that we enjoy at present from non-renewable resources. This thesis describes the outcome of a detailed electric energy monitoring campaign on 5 different sites in a total number of 81 households predominantly undertaken in the social housing sector in the United Kingdom. The 5 minute data (and 1 minute short term) have been derived during the Department of Trade and Industry Photovoltaic Domestic Field Trial Program, where over a period of two years electric energy consumption by the households and electric energy generation by their photovoltaic systems were monitored by the author as part of this study. The consumption data obtained underwent a detailed analysis in order to give an understanding of the characteristics of the electric load in terms of base load, peak load, the load fluctuation and the energy consumption. The measured electric load profiles were separated into weekday and weekend profiles, and summer and winter profiles were also derived. The results are presented as overall load profiles for the entire set of dwellings as site specific load profiles and, for a smaller number of dwellings, as dwelling specific load profiles. Another outcome of this research is the development of several publicly available measured annual data sets suitable for use in modelling (5 minute interval data). The findings of this energy consumption analysis and the long term real data sets can be used for computer modelling purposes in general, but particular in the field of on-site generation, where the need for available realistic data sets is immense. In order to create a link between the energy consumption characteristics and socio-economic factors an occupant survey was undertaken among the people living in the monitored dwellings. The survey included questions regarding the following aspects: the number of tenants living in the household, tenant's age, ownership of electrical appliances and the general times of use of appliances and occupancy in the household. The results of this survey, carried out in 46 dwellings, can be applied to improve electric load models in general and especially the parts of the models that present the social housing sector. The findings will also help to investigate the options of load shifting, based on the time of use analysis of the 17 appliances. This study has investigated the options of reducing the electric load in the domestic sector by building integrated PV-systems. Therefore the influence of simulated PV-generation profiles on the recorded electric load profiles was analysed. The outcome can help to size PV-systems when the direct use of the PV-energy in order to reduce losses in the public grid is desired. The findings of this study are also of use when knowledge is required on the electric demand of small networks when connected to a large PV-generator as opposed to the connection of one dwelling to one small PV-system. The results can be used to size storage systems (e.g. batteries) if a self sustaining schedule of dwellings is needed. The findings of this study were used in the International Energy Agency Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Annex 42 to provide the profiles needed for modeling the performance of Fuel Cells and Cogeneration systems in residential properties.
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Chikowero, Joshua. "Stakeholders' perceptions on the factors constraining electricity generation by the local private sector in Tanzania : a review of financiers and investors." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79340.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>The provision of infrastructure in developing countries is traditionally a preserve of government discharged through state-owned monopolies. This arrangement enables the government to charge tariffs below cost recovery as a way of protecting consumers. Unfortunately, the state utilities are generally run inefficiently, relying on the public budget for both capital and operational expenditure. Private sector players have gradually started to engage in the provision of infrastructure in recent years. Working alone or in co-operation with government, these players have offered a viable alternative for securing financial resources by using well-structured project finance structures and expertise for efficient delivery of services, such as roads, water, electricity and hospitals. The private sector participation has resulted in fiscal relief as funding sources are broadened to include domestic and offshore capital markets. It has also been accompanied by necessary sector reforms, such as legislative amendments to protect private property, allowing private players to invest in the respective infrastructure domains. Consumers‟ perceptions have been mixed, largely due to resultant higher costs of services. In Tanzania, the Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO), a vertically-integrated state monopoly, is responsible for generation, transmission, distribution and retailing of electricity. As sole provider, TANESCO has woefully failed to serve the estimated demand of about 1 200MW. Lack of adequate funding for new capital investment and maintenance of the existing network has seriously curtailed output to just over 500MW – less than half of installed capacity. This situation has been compounded by drought on the predominantly hydro-based generation. Transmission losses have also worsened electricity delivery. The result is that only 14 percent of the urban and about two percent of the rural population had electricity access as at 2010. Sector reforms introduced in the 1990s allowed independent power producers (IPPs) to set up fuel and gas-fired generation facilities and selling output to TANESCO under Power Purchase Agreements. Worsening electricity shortages have forced the Ministry of Energy and Minerals to engage more IPPs on an emergency basis at very exorbitant feed-in tariffs. Other smaller-scale private generators have also entered the deregulated generation sector using the regulatory framework set up by the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA). Various generation technologies are used and off-grid installations have enabled potential consumers beyond the national grid to have access. This study presents perceptions on challenges faced by private sector investors and financiers in participating in electricity generation. The findings highlight the apparent lack of appetite by financiers to underwrite long-term infrastructure projects. Furthermore, the capital markets are not developed sufficiently to meet the capital needs of private investors who see opportunity in the largely unserved electricity market. The results of the study help to show that the challenges of providing sufficient and affordable electricity in Tanzania cannot be addressed within the context of current macro-environmental circumstances. Specific policy guidelines are required to enhance the level of development of the financial market, facilitate private sector access to the required debt capital, and improve the tariff structure to attract investments in the electricity generation segment.
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Batista, Paulo Cesar. "Ações de melhoria a partir da "voz" do cliente corporativo : um estudo em uma empresa de distribuição de energia elétrica." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15751.

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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar um plano de ação de melhoria para o atendimento dos clientes corporativos de energia elétrica, que utilizam alta tensão. O estudo aplicado foi realizado em uma empresa distribuidora de energia elétrica do Rio Grande do Sul, baseado em uma pesquisa quantitativa de mercado. Trata-se de uma empresa que trabalha com clientes cativos (atendidos exclusivamente pela concessionária), mas o cenário está mudando com a legislação vigente, trazendo a figura do cliente livre, que poderá escolher seu fornecedor de energia elétrica. Os principais resultados da pesquisa revelam que entre as ações prioritárias para a melhoria da satisfação dos clientes corporativos, destacam-se: a reestruturação organizacional da área de relacionamento com o mercado, buscando estreitar o relacionamento entre os empregados da empresa e os clientes; a revisão dos processos internos para melhoria no tempo de resposta aos clientes; e a melhoria na comunicação da empresa com seus clientes, principalmente em relação aos direitos e deveres, o uso adequado de energia e os riscos associados ao uso de energia elétrica.<br>The purpose of this paper is to present an action plan that leads to the improvement on the services intended for the electric energy clients supplied with high voltage. The study was applied in a company that distributes electric energy in Rio Grande do Sul, and it was based on a quantitative market research. The company works with captive customers (whose services are only provided by this concessionaire). However this scenario is changing with the current legislation, bringing out the figure of free clients who will be able to choose their supplier of electric energy. The main results of this search show that, among the most important actions for client satisfaction improvement, the following are distinguished: (i) company's reorganization, mainly in the customer relationship area, aiming to intensify the relationship between clients and company's employees, (ii) review of the internal process for improvements concerning response time, and (iii) improvement in the communication with its clients, mainly concerning rights and dues, the adequate use of energy, and risks associated to the use of electric energy.
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Carvalho, Milene Clifford. "Financiamento da geração hidrelétrica de grande porte no Brasil: evolução e perspectivas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-17062013-141719/.

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A indústria de energia elétrica é caracterizada por sua importância no planejamento estratégico de um país, uma vez que o crescimento e desenvolvimento socioeconômico são respaldados pela disponibilidade energética nacional. Nesse sentido, a expansão da capacidade de geração, transmissão e distribuição são essenciais para o acompanhamento da evolução econômica e para a inserção social. Com base na atual configuração da matriz energética brasileira e no plano de expansão de energia elétrica, o planejamento de investimentos em projetos de geração é importante para suportar o desenvolvimento do país e o financiamento desses projetos é fundamental para que o planejamento seja cumprido. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho analisa a evolução das formas de financiamento adotadas nos empreendimentos de geração hidrelétrica de grande porte no Brasil, bem como busca identificar fontes alternativas de recursos adequadas às características desses projetos. Para isso, aborda-se o histórico do setor elétrico brasileiro, que alterna entre períodos de predomínio de investimentos públicos. Posteriormente, discute-se a dupla função do poder político, seja por defender os recursos naturais objetos de concessão, seja pela busca de atratividade de investimentos no setor de energia elétrica, e a atuação do BNDES como agente financiador da expansão de energia, com base no modelo Project Finance. As principais características do modelo de Project Finance são apresentadas no capítulo 4 e aborda-se seu aparecimento no Brasil e, mais especificamente, no desenvolvimento do setor elétrico brasileiro. Além disso, investiga-se como os critérios ambientais, relevantes nos empreendimentos de grande porte, interagem com a regulação e com a concessão de financiamentos. Por fim, analisa-se os financiamentos recentes das Usinas Hidrelétricas Santo Antônio, Jirau e Belo Monte, a evolução das políticas praticadas pelo BNDES e as possíveis alternativas de fontes de recursos para investimentos em infraestrutura e, portanto, empreendimentos hidrelétricos de grande porte.<br>The electric power industry is characterized by its importance in the strategic planning of a country, since the growth and socioeconomic development are supported by national energy availability. In this regard, the expansion of generation capacity, transmission and distribution are essential for monitoring the economic evolution and social inclusion. Based on the current configuration of the Brazilian energy matrix and on the expansion plan for electricity, planning investments in generation projects is important to support the country\'s development, and financing is the key to accomplish such projects. In this context, this paper analyzes the evolution of financing adopted in Brazilian large scale projects of hydroelectric generation as well as seeks to identify alternative funding sources appropriate to the features of these projects. Therefore, the history of the Brazilian electric sector is discussed, which present alternates periods of predominance of public and private investments. In addition, the dual role of political power is discussed, whether by defending natural resources, subject to governmental concession, whether by the pursuit of attractiveness of investments in the electric sector. Also the role of BNDES as financing agent of the expansion of generation capacity is important to be considered, as well as the main features of the Project Finance and its presence on the Brazilian electric sector. Furthermore, a study of how environmental principles, relevant to large energy projects, interact with regulation and the granting of loans is prepared. Finally, the recent funding of Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte hydroelectric plants analysis is conduced, with regards of the development of financial policies of BNDES and possible alternatives sources of funds for infrastructure investments such as large hydroelectric projects.
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Goltz, Evandro Claiton. "Estudo de máquina elétrica de fluxo axial aplicada a sistema de tração automotiva com acoplamento direto e frenagem regenerativa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/76114.

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Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto.<br>Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto.
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Albarello, Elias Barquete. "A relevância da construção de cenários na projeção de mercado para o setor de energia elétrica: estudo de caso - AES Eletropaulo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1300.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias Barquete Albarello.pdf: 1196736 bytes, checksum: ddecfb7e3d553fe21e67003659251643 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-22<br>In the context of the new model of the electric sector, the market projection has became a important tool for the sectorial planning and necessary in reason of the complexity of the national energy system, such in supply side and demand side. The social-economic and politic-institutional changes that will occur in the next decades allow to affirm, with reasonable security, that the future evolution of the energy demand, in particular of the electricity, will hardly follow the standards of the past, having to register differentiated movements duo to of the dynamic of the variable that determine its performance. In fact, the future is uncertain and it cannot be foreseen with exactness and security, being in the truth the result of discontinuities, ruptures and inflections of the standard past, highly influenced for new facts of the future and fruit of the social construction. Objectifying to analyze the importance of the construction of scenarios for the projection of electric energy market, a case study of the biggest electric energy distribution company of the country, AES Eletropaulo, was developed, in which it can verify the necessity of the use of scenario construction models, in reason of the results of the use of traditional methodologies, that might impact in the contract level of energy, conditioned by macroeconomic, social, institutional, ambient and technological factors, that present a relation of interdependence between itself, configuring an extensive net of mutual influences<br>No contexto do novo modelo do setor elétrico, a projeção de mercado tornou-se uma ferramenta de considerada importância para o planejamento setorial e necessária em razão da complexidade do sistema energético nacional, tanto do lado da oferta quanto do da demanda. As mudanças sócio-econômicas e político-institucionais que ocorrerão nas próximas décadas permitem afirmar, com razoável segurança, que a evolução futura da demanda de energia, em particular da eletricidade, dificilmente seguirá os padrões do passado, devendo registrar movimentos diferenciados decorrentes das dinâmicas das variáveis que determinam o seu desempenho. De fato, o futuro é incerto e não pode ser previsto com exatidão e segurança, sendo na verdade o resultado de descontinuidades, rupturas e inflexões do padrão passado, altamente influenciado por novos fatos portadores de futuro e fruto de uma construção social. Com o objetivo de analisar a importância da construção de cenários para a projeção de mercado de energia elétrica, foi conduzido um estudo de caso da maior distribuidora de energia elétrica do país, a AES Eletropaulo, na qual se pode verificar a necessidade de utilização de modelos de construção de cenários, referenciados no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, em razão dos resultados decorrentes do uso de metodologias tradicionais, que poderão impactar no nível de contratação de energia, condicionada a fatores macroeconômicos, sociais, institucionais, ambientais, tecnológicos etc, que apresentam uma relação de interdependência entre si, configurando uma extensa rede de influências mútuas
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16

Hoarau, Quentin. "Out with the Pipes, in with the Plugs : On the Economics of the Energy Transition in the Automobile Sector Interactions between electric mobility and photovoltaic generation Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses Stranded to be? Diesel ban and used car markets. Coordination of abatements and policies with sector coupling technologies." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASI006.

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Le développement de la mobilité électrique est le principal compromis technologique qui peut permettre au secteur automobile de réduire drastiquement ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants locaux. Du retrait des véhicules thermiques à l'intégration des véhicules électriques dans le système électrique, cette thèse étudie plusieurs aspects économiques de cette transition énergétique.Le premier chapitre étudie empiriquement les effets des politiques urbaines de restriction de circulation des véhicules les plus polluants, en analysant le comportement de vendeur de voitures sur les marchés locaux de l’occasion.Le deuxième chapitre étudie théoriquement les conditions optimales de l’électrification du parc automobile. Il donne notamment des recommandations quant à la coordination de politiques sectorielles. Le troisième poursuit en détaillant les interactions entre mobilité électrique et énergie photovoltaique. Il développe un cadre d’analyse mettant en évidence les conditions techniques et économiques de ces interactions donnant lieu à une synergie.Le quatrième chapitre discute des effets distributifs de la tarification de l’accès aux réseaux électriques en présence de développement conjoint de la mobilité électrique et sources de production d’électricité décentralisée<br>The development of electric mobility is the main technological compromise that will allow the automobile sector to drastically reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. From the ban of thermal vehicles to the integration of electric vehicles in the power sector, this dissertation investigates several economic aspects of this transition.First, it empirically studies the impacts of urban policies that limit the access of most polluting vehicles by analyzing the behavior of car sellers on second-hand markets. Then, it theoretically precises the optimal conditions of the electrification of the automobile fleet how governments may plan support policies for electric vehicles that take into account their interaction with the power system.Third, it investigates the interaction between electric mobility and photovoltaic energy. It develops a systematic framework that enlightens technical and economic conditions of synergy.Fourth, it discusses the distributional effects from tariff design of power network with both distributed energy resources and electric mobility
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Silva, Marcelo Squinca da. ""Um caso de desamor": o debate sobre a estatização do setor de energia elétrica 1956-61." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13147.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Squinca da Silva.pdf: 1213282 bytes, checksum: 0ce3a94c6c5d3f398158651202eec3bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-19<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This study is about the development of the sector of electric energy in Brazil, focusing on the period of the Varga´s government to the first government of post-64 military dictatorship, led by general Castelo Branco. Its searchs, through analysis of different documents, evidences how the interests of different segments of the national bourgeoisie interacted with each other and with the interests of foreign companies of electric energy operating in the country. This interaction of forces established, during the analysis period, the sprouting of two opposing groups: nationalists and private, whose collisions, ahead the dilemma of to nationalize or not the energy sector, resulted in the creation of the Brazilian Central Electric S/A (Eletrobrás) in 1961. Although its is not the focus of interest to characterize the way that imperialism assumed in Brazil, it is inevitable, by the analytical prism used, to make references to the concepts of hyperlate capitalist development, atrophic capital, monopoly and other categories related, to the context of disputes locked related to the electricity sector<br>O presente estudo versa sobre o desenvolvimento do setor de energia elétrica no Brasil, focando o período que vai do governo Vargas ao primeiro governo da Ditadura Militar pós-64, liderado pelo general Castelo Branco. Busca, mediante análise de documentos diversos, evidenciar como os interesses dos diferentes segmentos da burguesia nacional interagiram entre si e com os interesses das empresas estrangeiras de energia elétrica atuantes no país. Essa interação de forças estabeleceu, durante o período analisado, o surgimento de dois grupos opostos: nacionalistas e privatistas, cujos embates, ante o dilema de estatizar ou não o setor de energia elétrica, resultou na criação das Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S/A (Eletrobrás) em 1961. Embora não seja o foco de interesse caracterizar a forma que o imperialismo assumiu no Brasil, é inevitável, pelo prisma analítico adotado, fazer referências aos conceitos de desenvolvimento capitalista hipertardio, capital atrófico, monopólio e outras categorias correlatas, para a contextualização das disputas travadas em relação ao setor de eletricidade
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18

Ekström, Amelie, and Jessica Wänlund. "Nätanslutning av en framtida elväg : En kartläggning av anslutningsmöjligheter för E4an mellan Gävle och Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439941.

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The transport sector accounts for a third of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions where cars and heavy trucks dominate the use of fossil fuels. The Swedish government is now intensifying the work for an electrified transport sector where electric roads could be an important part. Electric roads enable heavy vehicles to charge their batteries while driving, which is expected to contribute to environmentally friendly and time-efficient freight transports. To implement electric roads, availability of electric power along the electric roads will be required. This study presents a plan for connecting an electric road to the electricity grid in the electricity network area of Vattenfall Eldistribution. From the results, the idea was to present general conclusions from the experiences of the study, that could contribute in further implementation of electric roads.  The road that has been selected for the study was the E4 between Gävle and Stockholm. A model for calculating the power demand along the electric road has been modeled and connection possibilities to transformer stations has been investigated. The analysis was based on three scenarios where different degrees of strengthening of the existing electricity network were assumed. In addition, a forecast for 2030 and a cost estimation for each scenario has been carried out. The result of the study indicates that for road sections close to larger cities, there are a larger number of connection options in comparison to rural areas. Furthermore, the designed solution in the study required strengthening of the electricity grid and the investment cost was 362 million Swedish crowns.
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Wänlund, Jessica, and Amelie Ekström. "Nätanslutning av en framtida elväg : En kartläggning av anslutningsmöjligheter för E4an mellan Gävle och Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439942.

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The transport sector accounts for a third of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions where cars and heavy trucks dominate the use of fossil fuels. The Swedish government is now intensifying the work for an electrified transport sector where electric roads could be an important part. Electric roads enable heavy vehicles to charge their batteries while driving, which is expected to contribute to environmentally friendly and time-efficient freight transports. To implement electric roads, availability of electric power along the electric roads will be required. This study presents a plan for connecting an electric road to the electricity grid in the electricity network area of Vattenfall Eldistribution. From the results, the idea was to present general conclusions from the experiences of the study, that could contribute in further implementation of electric roads. The road that has been selected for the study was the E4 between Gävle and Stockholm. A model for calculating the power demand along the electric road has been modeled and connection possibilities to transformer stations has been investigated. The analysis was based on three scenarios where different degrees of strengthening of the existing electricity network were assumed. In addition, a forecast for 2030 and a cost estimation for each scenario has been carried out. The result of the study indicates that for road sections close to larger cities, there are a larger number of connection options in comparison to rural areas. Furthermore, the designed solution in the study required strengthening of the electricity grid and the investment cost was 362 million Swedish crowns.
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Fogdal, Hanna, and Adrian Baars. "Utilization of Forest Residue through Combined Heat and Power or Biorefinery for Applications in the Swedish Transportation Sector : a comparison in efficiency, emissions, economics and end usage." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215767.

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Sweden has the goal of reaching a fossil independent transportation sector by 2030. Two ways to reach the goal is to increase the use of electric vehicles or produce more biofuels. Both alternatives could be powered by forest residue, which is an underutilized resource in the country. Electricity could be produced in a biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, and biofuel could be produced in a biorefinery through gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch process. When located in Stockholm County, both system can also distribute heat to the district heating system. It is however important to use the biomass in an energy-efficient way. The scope of this work has been to analyze the efficiency together with environmental and economic aspects of the two systems.  To assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the two systems a forest to wheel study was made of the systems where the product was studied from harvesting of forest residue to driving the vehicle. The studied functional units were: kilometers driven by vehicle, kWh of district heating, CO2-equivalents of greenhouse gases and MWh of forest residue. The system using CHP technology and electric vehicles outperformed the biorefinery system on the two first functional units. Using the same amount of forest residue more than twice as much district heating and almost twice as many driven kilometers were produced in this system. The study also showed that both systems avoids significant greenhouse gas emissions and can be part of the solution to decrease emissions from road transportation.  The profitability of investing in a CHP plant or a biorefinery was calculated through the net present value method. It showed that the expected energy prices are too low for the investments to be profitable. The CHP plant investment has a net present value of -1.6 billion SEK and the biorefinery investment has a net present value of -4.6 billion SEK. Furthermore, the biorefinery investment entails higher risk due to the high investment cost and uncommercialized technology. Both systems face barriers for implementation, these barriers have been studied qualitatively.<br>Sverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar.  För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn.  Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.
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Dang, Van Thanh. "Scénarios de décarbonisation du secteur électrique au Vietnam." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE009.

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La question de la réduction des émissions de CO2 est aujourd’hui clairement posée dans le monde entier et la COP21 a mis en évidence les nouvelles exigences internationales auxquelles les pays pourraient ou devraient être confrontées à court terme. L’objectif fondamental de la thèse consiste à contribuer à l’identification des solutions possibles dans le domaine de la production croissante d’électricité dans un pays en développement, le Vietnam, en tenant compte de la nécessaire réduction des sources d’énergie carbonées. Dans ce but, plusieurs scénarios concernant le développement du secteur électrique au Vietnam sont construits en vue de mesurer les effets des choix relatifs à la production d’électricité sur les émissions de CO2.Après avoir présenté un panorama de la situation énergétique du Vietnam et mis en évidence l’augmentation rapide de la consommation d’électricité du fait de la pression démographique et de l’expression de nouveaux besoins, la question des importations de charbon et de gaz et celle de la production de nouvelles forme d’énergie sont posées, au regard des contraintes économiques, mais aussi environnementales. Les réflexions théoriques, l’étude de la construction des plans directeurs d’électricité, l’analyse des outils économiques disponibles et l’application des modèles de la prévision de la demande d’énergie permettent de comprendre la complexité du « pari électrique » auquel est confronté le Vietnam. Après une présentation des instruments quantitatifs potentiels de simulation, ELECsim a été choisi pour la modélisation du secteur électrique au Vietnam. Les scénarios se basent sur plusieurs hypothèses concernant l’évolution de la croissance économique et de la démographie, le prix de l’énergie, le développement des technologies de production d’électricité, la valeur déclarée du carbone, les taux d’actualisation et les taux de change. Le Vietnam peut d’abord maîtriser la croissance de la demande par une action forte sur l’efficacité énergétique, tout en réduisant parallèlement à la fois les coûts de production de l’électricité et les émissions de CO2. Plusieurs scenarios sont alors proposés, mettant en évidence à la fois la nécessité de la recherche d’une plus grande efficacité énergétique et la promotion des énergies en bas carbone, dans le cadre d’une réorientation rapide des choix politiques face aux nécessités d’un développement économique accéléré, mais aussi durable. Six scenarios ont été construits, sur la base d’un scenario de référence, insistant successivement sur l’efficacité énergétique, le nucléaire, la technologie CCS, les énergies renouvelables et un mix électrique plus équilibré. La contrainte environnementale globale (réduction des émissions de CO2) est prioritaire dans le processus de construction des scénarios. Cette approche multicritères est très nouvelle au Vietnam, pays plutôt préoccupé, aujourd’hui, par la contrainte des coûts d’approvisionnement. Les scénarios analysés dans la thèse prennent en compte la réduction de l’intensité carbone du secteur électrique du Vietnam. Il est alors proposé, comme seuil du critère de référence, le niveau d’émission de 50 à 80 g/kWh (choisi à partir des seuils étudiés par deux économies asiatiques voisines du Vietnam telles qu’Indonésie et Inde). Les différents mix de production électrique proposés semblent offrir des solutions pertinentes. Elles permettent de relever les défis économiques et environnementaux lié à l’expansion du secteur électrique du Vietnam. L’analyse prend en compte notamment la pression croissante de la demande, la sécurité de l’approvisionnement des combustibles avec des choix alternatifs, la réduction des coûts totaux d’une production électrique élevée, le contrôle de la facture extérieure, la prise en compte de l’impact social (notamment sur la santé des citoyens) et de l’occupation des sols et, enfin, le respect des normes relatives à la protection de l’environnement régional, national et mondial<br>Reduction of CO2 emissions issue is clearly a world challenge today and COP21 highlighted the international requirements for countries to address related issues in the short and long term. The fundamental objective of the thesis is to contribute to the identification of possible climate policy solutions related to growing electricity production in a developing country, namely Vietnam, taking into account the need to reduce carbon energy sources. For this purpose several scenarios for electricity sector development are constructed in order to measure effects of choices related to the electricity production on CO2 emissions.The thesis presents an overview of the energy situation in Vietnam and highlights the rapid increase in electricity consumption due to population pressure and new needs. It also considers major issues of coal and gas imports, new energy sources, in light of economic constraints but also environmental challenges. The theoretical and analytical chapter reviews the analyses of electricity master plans construction, major available economic tools for energy demand forecast models. This forms the framework to understanding the complexity of the "electric bet" which Vietnam faces. After a presentation of potential quantitative simulation instruments, ELECsim was chosen for modeling the electricity sector in Vietnam. This leads to a comprehensive scenario approach; Scenarios are based on several assumptions about the evolution of economic growth and demographics, energy prices, the power generation technology development, the declared carbon value, discount rates and change rate. As a first step in energy and climate policy Vietnam can control the demand growth by strong action on energy efficiency, while reducing parallel to both the electricity production costs and CO2 emissions. Several scenarios are then proposed, highlighting both the need to search for higher energy efficiency and the promotion of low-carbon energies. Research envisages a rapid shift in policy choices to face the needs of an accelerated but sustainable economic development. Six scenarios were constructed on the basis of a reference scenario, focusing successively on energy efficiency, nuclear, CCS, renewables and a more balanced electricity mix. Environmental constraints (CO2 emissions reduction) have priority in the scenario building process. This multi-criteria approach is very new in Vietnam, a country more familiar with supply cost-based approach. Scenarios analyzed here take into account the carbon intensity reduction of Vietnam's power sector. It is proposed as the benchmark threshold, the emission level of 50-80 g/kWh (similar to reference level studied in two of Vietnam’s neighboring Asian economies such as Indonesia and India). In our research, the different mix of electricity generation offer relevant solutions. They allow meeting the economic and environmental challenges related to the expansion of the Vietnam’s electricity sector. The analysis takes into account several dimensions such as the increasing demand pressure, fuels supply security with alternative choices, reduced high electrical production total costs, control of external bill, considered social impact (especially on health of citizens) and land use and, finally, compliance with standards related to the regional, national and global environment/climate protection
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Jonathan, Ellsworth Chouncey. "Supply chain risk mitigation strategies in the electrical energy sector in South Africa." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/410.

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Interferences to supply chains, regardless of whether they are regular, unplanned or intentional, are progressively distorting supply chain execution. Given that such disruptions are probably not going to diminish, for the time being, supply chain risk mitigating solutions will assume an undeniably critical part of the management of supply chains. This research acknowledges the existence of an extensive variety of approaches to mitigate risks across supply chains, yet argues that most methodologies may not be reasonable if the culture of an organisation does not support them. Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) has rapidly become of significance to the world economy. Though the supply of electrical energy in Southern Africa affects the economies of nations around the globe, it has received too little consideration from the literary community. The focus of this thesis is to expand the field of SCRM by analysing how different risk assessment and management concepts and practices are comprehended, construed and employed through the region. The majority of developed supply chain management and risk management models are currently entrenched in the US and Europe. Consequently, this research is of high significance since its essential aim was to investigate these concepts and models, in particular, one focused on Africa. This approach enabled the thesis to examine and test components related to SCRM, such as risk categories, risk assessment and risk strategies, in the electrical energy sector in South Africa. The study in this manner offers knowledge that was not otherwise accessible in earlier research. In pursuit of meeting the requirements of the research questions, the supply chain department in the electrical energy supplier was researched. This study adopted the non-probability sampling approach utilising the purposive sampling technique to choose the sampling components from the target population. Data was collected by way of conducting semi-structured interviews and researcher observation, as well as additional documentation in various forms was collected. Interviews were transcribed and evaluated in conjunction with additional data collected during meetings and triangulated using researcher observation. Data interpretation and codification thereof was done using ATLAS.ti 8 by which, twenty-five themes emerged from this study. Supply chain risks comprise value streams; information and affiliations; supply chain activities; and external situations. Among these, information and relationships risks were found to produce selfupgrading risk loops, thereby generating consequent risk impacts after disturbances. To mitigate these risks, the case firm must engage in local and international supply chain implemented strategies, such as building a stable supply chain network, leveraging supply chain information, leveraging outsourcing contracts and developing supply-chain risk collaboration partnerships, although the level of implementation depends on the business context. Among the ten identified themes, building a stable supply chain and developing supply chain collaboration strategies can be useful in strengthening both robustness and resilience in supply chain risk management. Customer orientation had positive impacts on all themes, but disruption orientation and quality orientation influenced only certain types of strategies. The study makes ten recommendations, which can be implemented by the case firm; the results of the interviews are evidence that all the tools are available. The thesis concludes with a summary of overall findings and areas for further research are also highlighted.
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ALMEIDA, RENATA SILVA DE. "CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: ANALYSIS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS COMPOSITION IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRICAL ENERGY SECTOR." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19570@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>A composição dos conselhos de administração é um dos temas mais recorrentes em governança corporativa, uma vez que os conselheiros representam os mediadores no conflito de agência. O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar, no setor de energia elétrica, se a composição dos conselhos como tamanho, presença feminina, proporção de conselheiros independentes e diferentes indivíduos nos cargos de diretor executivo e presidente do conselho afetam o valor e o desempenho das empresas do setor. Com uma amostra de 38 companhias do setor no período de 2005 a 2010, os resultados das regressões em painel apontam que o tamanho do conselho de administração mostrou-se positivamente relacionado a valor e desempenho com a presença de uma faixa ótima de conselheiros. A independência do conselho também apresentou relação positiva com valor e desempenho. No entanto, não houve significância estatística para a variável de valor. A porcentagem de mulheres no conselho não apresentou relação positiva com desempenho e a presença de pessoas distintas nos cargos de diretor executivo e presidente do conselho de administração apresentou resultados contraditórios em relação a valor e desempenho.<br>Board of directors composition is one of the most common themes in corporate governance because directors represent the mediators in the agency conflict. The aim of this work was to analyze in the energy sector if the board composition such as board size, women participation, proportion of independent directors and different people in the positions of CEO and Chairman affect value and performance. With a sample of 38 companies from 2005 to 2010, the results of panel regressions show that board size was positive related to value and performance with an optimal range of directors. Board independence was also positive related with performance. There was no significant statistical relation to the value variable. Proportion of women in the boards was not positive related with value and performance and different people in the positions of CEO and Chairman showed contradictory results on value and performance.
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NASCIMENTO, Fábio Nunes do. "Determinantes da taxa de difusão tecnológica na cogeração do setor sucroalcooleiro." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/399.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:49:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fabio nunes do nascimento.pdf: 3734250 bytes, checksum: c45bef8a3fc4442c8ed0d68ad93f2401 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-03<br>This study had as main objective to find the determinants of technology diffusion in the co-generation of energy in the sugar-alcohol sector. Specifically it was intended to work in order to analyze the relationship of technology diffusion in the process of polarization and regional growth; analyzing the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix and the share of energy generation from biomass of sugar cane; show the potential of power generation in the State of Goiás from co-generation and demonstrate that the change in technology used by sugar cane mills in Goiás can generate excess electricity for commercialization, besides the electricity supply for self-consumption. The methodology used for contemplation of the goals consisted of literature review and case study. The study allowed to reach the conclusion that the main determinants of technology diffusion in the sugar-alcohol sector are of economic order.<br>Este trabalho objetivou identificar os determinantes da difusão tecnológica na cogeração de energia no setor sucroenergético. Especificamente, pretendeu analisar a relação da difusão tecnológica com o processo de polarização e crescimento regional; analisar a composição da matriz energética brasileira e a participação da geração de energia a partir da biomassa de cana-de-açúcar; mostrar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica do Estado de Goiás a partir da cogeração e demonstrar que a alteração na tecnologia utilizada pelas usinas sucroenergéticas em Goiás pode gerar excedentes de energia elétrica para comercialização, além do abastecimento elétrico destinado ao próprio consumo. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica e estudo de caso. O estudo permitiu concluir que os principais determinantes da difusão tecnológica no setor sucroenergético são de ordem econômica.
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Climaco, Fernando Gomes. "Gestão de consumidores livres de energia elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-07062011-154423/.

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Este trabalho consolida um conjunto de informações necessárias para a gestão de consumidores livres no atual modelo brasileiro de comercialização de energia elétrica. Com o advento do Ambiente de Contratação Livre, o consumidor tem liberdade de escolher o vendedor de sua energia elétrica e assim obter melhores condições nos contratos. Deste modo, este estudo apresenta as reestruturações ocorridas no setor nos últimos anos, os agentes participantes do mercado, a regulação específica, os riscos existentes nas contratações e as estratégias para minimizá-los. São explorados os itens relevantes para a migração ao mercado livre, tais como cenários, curva de carga, preços, entraves setoriais e conjunturas econômicas e políticas. São detalhadas as relações comerciais entre os agentes, tais como a relação de compra e venda entre vendedores e consumidores, a relação de intermediação da concessionária local e principalmente, a relação operacional entre a Câmara de Comercialização (CCEE) e os consumidores livres no mercado de curto prazo. Paralelos com a descrição dos ambientes livre e cativo são traçados com o objetivo de demonstrar as principais características e alternativas existentes para cada situação. Apresenta-se também um estudo de caso com o objetivo de ilustrar as estratégias e operações de curto e longo prazos necessárias aos consumidores livres, assim como demonstrar a aplicação das regras e procedimentos de comercialização.<br>This study consolidates a set of information necessary for the management of free consumers in the current Brazilian model of electric power commercialization. With the advent of Free Contracting Environment, consumers have the freedom to choose the vendor of their electric power and thus obtain better terms in contracts. Thus, this study presents the restructuring that occurred in the sector in recent years, local market participants, the specific regulation, the risks in hiring and strategies to minimize them. It explores relevant items for the migration to the free contracting environment, such as scenarios, load curve, prices, sectoral barriers, economic and political scenarios. The trade connections between agents, such as buying and selling between dealers and consumers, the intermediation connection of local utility and most importantly, the operational relationship between the Commercialization Chamber (CCEE) and consumers in the spot market transactions are here explained. Parallels with the description of free and regulated contracting environments are plotted in order to demonstrate the main features and alternatives for each situation. It also presents a case study in order to illustrate the strategies and operations of short and long-term which are necessaries to free consumers, as well as it demonstrates the application of rules and procedures of trade.
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Oliveira, Ridalvo Medeiros Alves de. "Impacto do racionamento nos resultados das empresas concession?rias do servi?o p?blico de distribui??o de energia el?trica: um estudo nas empresas privadas da Regi?o Nordeste." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2003. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18179.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RidalvoMAO.pdf: 983858 bytes, checksum: 9d7af440fc2e650709bb958e39fbb63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-10-31<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>This work verifies the impact caused by the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy (energy-rationing program) in the results of the concessionary private companies of the public service of electric energy distribution localized in the Northeast Area. As the rationing invigorated from June 2001 to February 2002, its effects are diluted in the results presented by these companies in the second semester of 2001 and first quarter of 2002, with prominence for the last quarter of 2001, when the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore was instituted by the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), consequence of the so-called General Agreement of the Electric Sector made between the federal government and the companies of the electric sector. The structure of a generic electric sector and a historical review of the Brazilian electric sector from the time it was controlled by the private enterprises, including the State control period, about 1960, and returning to the control of the private enterprises in 1990, under a new regulation structure are presented. An explanation of the models of economic regulation that Brazil used for the electric sector is made, with prominence for the price cap that is the actual effective model. The process of tariff revision foreseen in the concession contracts signed by the federal government and the concessionary companies is presented, highlighting its two stages: the tariff rebalancing that defines the new price cap and the calculation of the factor X that establishes the efficiency goals for the companies. There is made a presentation of the Emergencial Program of Reduction of Consumption of Electric Energy and of the consequent General Agreement of the Electric Sector, which created the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore. A conceptual revision on reviews is presented, regarding to concepts, accomplishment and recognition. A brief review of the six companies that made part of the worked sample is also presented. Analyzing the quarters historical review and of amount of sold energy, it was possible to conclude that the energy-rationing altered the results of the studied companies significantly and that alteration was masked by the accounting process of the revenue of extraordinary tariff restore<br>Este trabalho verifica o impacto provocado pelo Programa Emergencial de Redu??o de Consumo de Energia El?trica (racionamento) nos resultados das empresas privadas concession?rias do servi?o p?blico de distribui??o de energia el?trica situadas na Regi?o Nordeste. Como o racionamento vigorou de junho de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, os seus efeitos est?o dilu?dos nos resultados apresentados pelas empresas no segundo semestre de 2001 e primeiro trimestre de 2002, com destaque para o ?ltimo trimestre de 2001, quando foi institu?da pela Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica (ANEEL) a receita de recomposi??o tarif?ria extraordin?ria, fruto do chamado Acordo Geral do Setor El?trico pactuado entre o governo federal e as empresas do setor el?trico. Apresenta a estrutura de um setor el?trico gen?rico e uma revis?o hist?rica do setor el?trico brasileiro abrangendo desde a ?poca em que era controlado por empresas privadas, passando pelo per?odo de estatiza??o, por volta de 1960, e retornando ao controle da iniciativa privada em meados de 1990, sob uma nova estrutura de regula??o. ? feita uma explana??o sobre os modelos de regula??o econ?mica que o Brasil utilizou para o setor el?trico, com destaque para o price cap, que ? o modelo vigente atualmente. Apresenta o processo de revis?o tarif?ria prevista nos contratos de concess?o assinados pelo governo federal e pelas empresas concession?rias, destacando suas duas etapas: o reposicionamento tarif?rio, que define o novo pre?o-teto, e o c?lculo do fator X , que estabelece as metas de efici?ncia para as empresas. ? feita uma apresenta??o do Programa Emergencial de Redu??o de Consumo de Energia El?trica e do conseq?ente Acordo Geral do Setor El?trico, que deu origem ? receita de recomposi??o tarif?ria extraordin?ria. Apresenta uma revis?o conceitual sobre receitas, no que tange a conceitos, realiza??o e reconhecimento. Apresenta um breve hist?rico das seis empresas que fizeram parte da amostra trabalhada. Analisando os hist?ricos trimestrais de receita e de volume de energia vendida, foi poss?vel concluir que o racionamento de energia alterou significativamente os resultados das empresas estudadas e que essa altera??o foi mascarada pela medida cont?bil da receita de recomposi??o tarif?ria extraordin?ria
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CHAGAS, LIGIA BARROS DAS. "PROJECT FINANCE IN BRAZIL: A STUDY OF MULTIPLE CASE IN THE SECTORS OF ROAD CONCESSION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3037@1.

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O Project Finance é uma modalidade específica de financiamento de projetos, na qual o fluxo de caixa do projeto constitui a proncipal fonte de pagamento do serviço da dívida aos credores e de retorno aos investidores de capital.Adicionalmente, os ativos do projeto -bens e direitos- podem ser dados em garantia aos provedores de recurso.A utilização do Project Finance proporciona, dentre outros benefícios, o acesso a uma eficiente alocação de riscos entre as partes envolvidas. Por outro lado, exige uma cuidadosa engenharia financeira, para adequar a disponibilidade, utilização e exigibilidade dos recursos ao cronograma físico do projeto;e um complexo arranjo de garantias para assegurar a alocação dos riscos.Este trabalho visa mostrar porquê e como o Project Finance tem sido usado para viabiblizar projetos em dois setores da economia no Brasil:infra-estrutura de transporte rodoviário e geração de energia elétrica.Servindo-se da metodologia de estudo de caso múltiplo, são apresentados e comparados:as fontes de recurso disponíveis, os riscos existentes, os mecanismos de mitigação e de alocação dos riscos, eos instrumentos de garantia utilizados na estruturação do Project Finance nos setores supracitados.Também são analisadas as dificuldades de implementação do Project Finance no contexto brasileiro e a adequação desses setores ao uso desta modalidade de financiamento.<br>The Project Finance is a specific modality of financing of projects, in which the flow of box of the project constitutes the main source of payment of the service of the debt to the creators and of return to the capital investors. Additionally, the assets of the project -good and rights- can be given in guarantee to the resource suppliers. The use of the Project Finance provides, amongst other benefits, the access to a bigger variety of sources of resources, a bigger financial leverage of the project, and an efficient allocation of risks between the involved parts.On the other hand, it demands a careful financial engineering, to assure the allocation of the risks. This objective work to show reason and as the Project Finance has been used to make possible projects in two sectors of the economy in Brazil: infrastructure of road transport and generation of electric energy. Serving itself of the methodology of case studies they are presented and compared the available sources of resource,the existing risks, the mechanisms of mitigação and allocation of the risks, and the used instruments of guarantee in the estruturação of the Project Finance in the above-mentioned sectors. Also the difficulties of implementation of the Project Finance in the Brazilian context and the adequateness of these sectors to the use of this modality of financing are analyzed.
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Dunay, Osses Miguel, and de Arellano Donoso Bernardo Ramírez. "El sector eléctrico en Chile, el CDEC y las tranferencias de electricidad entre generadores." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2002. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107344.

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En las páginas siguientes plantearemos las distintas interrogantes jurídicas que han surgido, especialmente producto de las crisis energética de 1998, que como toda situación compleja, pone a prueba el funcionamiento del sistema haciendo más evidentes los defectos latentes en la legislación. Por ello respecto del CDEC, se abordarán diversos temas destinados a dilucidar el fundamento de su existencia, funciones principales, conformación, sus integrantes (y la posibilidad de agregar nuevos miembros a este organismo), su naturaleza jurídica y lo acontecido al respecto, la responsabilidad de los integrantes por las decisiones tomadas en este organismo y finalmente, los efectos que produce en el CDEC el hecho de que la participación en el mercado eléctrico se encuentre en manos de pocas empresas.
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Fu, Jun. "FHBS calculation of ionized electron angular and energy distribution following the p+H collision at 20 keV." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1240.

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A Finite Hilbert Basis Set (FHBS) method to calculate the angular and energy distribution of ejected electrons in an ion-atom collision is presented. This method has been applied to the p + H collision at 20 keV impact energy. An interference effect between the exit channels, where electrons are guided out of the collision region by both the residual target proton and the projectile proton, is discovered. Experimental data appears to confirm this result.
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Florezi, Guilherme. "Consumidores livres de energia elétrica: uma visão prática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-12082010-160912/.

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No novo ambiente do setor elétrico brasileiro, a partir das mudanças no modelo em 1993, os agentes setoriais ingressaram em um mercado altamente competitivo e, particularmente no caso dos consumidores, surgiu a possibilidade de escolha do fornecedor de energia elétrica, de acordo com regras e restrições que foram sendo alteradas com o passar dos anos. O consumidor enquadrado neste perfil, foi denominado consumidor livre, o qual, de acordo com as regras e restrições ditadas pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), passa a ter a opção por fornecimento através de outras empresas, que não a concessionária que detém a área de concessão onde o consumidor em questão está fisicamente localizado. Os demais consumidores, não qualificados como livres, permanecem cativos, ou seja, não tem a possibilidade de optar por fornecimento a partir de empresas externas à área de concessão inicial onde esteja localizado. Os estudos aqui apresentados são um importante ponto de partida para a pesquisa sobre os consumidores livres de energia elétrica e seu comportamento no mercado. Nesse sentido, o conteúdo foi estabelecido de modo a propiciar aos leitores subsídios para um melhor entendimento sobre o histórico do setor energético brasileiro, bem como sobre o ambiente de livre contratação. Tratou-se com particular ênfase os consumidores livres (CL), visando assim permitir ao potencial CL bases para um possível estudo de migração para o ambiente de contratação livre (ACL).<br>In the new environment of the Brazilian electric power sector, since the changes in the institutional model beginning in 1993, electrical sector agents entered into a highly competitive market, particularly in the case of the consumers which have had the possibility to choose their supplier of electricity in accordance with rules and restrictions that have been modified over the years. The consumer that fits this profile, was named free consumer whom in accordance with the rules and restrictions dictated by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), will have the option of electrical energy delivery through other companies, instead of the company that holds granting of the area where the consumer in question is physically located. The other costumers, that couldn\'t be qualified as free, remain captive, unable to choose for their supply from outside the area where the original grant is located. The studies presented here are an important starting point for research on free energy consumers and their behavior in order to provide subsidies to the readers to get a better understanding of the history of the Brazilian energy sector and the free market, with emphasis on free consumers (CL), to thereby enable the CL potential bases for a possible study of migration to the free market.
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FERREIRA, PEDRO GUILHERME COSTA. "THE STOCHASTICITY ASSOCIATED WITH BRAZILIAN ELECTRICAL SECTOR AND A NEW APPROACH TO GENERATE NATURAL INFLOW ENERGY VIA PERIODIC GAMA MODEL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22881@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Essa tese discute, basicamente, três importantes tópicos relacionados ao Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB), a saber, a estocasticidade intrínseca ao setor, as peculiaridades metodológicas que norteiam o módulo de geração de energias afluentes, peça chave às atividades de planejamento da expansão, operação e precificação de curto prazo, e a atenção para a necessidade de um modelo Gama, mais adequado às características da série histórica de energia a ser modelada. Nesta tese é apresentado ao leitor uma visão diferente do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro, evidenciando-se a intrínseca relação entre a estocasticidade e as atividades executadas pelo SEB, um importante setor de infraestrutura do país. Percebe-se que as séries sintéticas de energia/vazão são cruciais para determinar qual é a melhor maneira de operar o setor, subsidiam decisões sobre quando se deve ou não expandi-lo, evitando-se assim custo e/ou perdas desnecessárias. E, ainda, são um fator preponderante na determinação do preço de curto prazo de energia elétrica, dado que a quantidade simulada/prevista de água nos reservatórios no futuro será um dos determinantes do preço da energia no curto prazo. Após este preâmbulo apresenta-se o Módulo de Geração de energias Afluentes, destacando-se como o mesmo está ligado ao Setor Elétrico Brasileiro e à Programação Dinâmica Dual Estocástica (PDDE), enfatizando quais as ressalvas que esta ligação estabelece. Ainda neste tópico, levantam-se algumas peculiaridades do módulo, como por exemplo, a questão das configurações intercorrelacionadas, característica não discutida até então, e pontos que levantam discussão com relação à teoria de Séries Temporais, como por exemplo, a definição da ordem do modelo, a questão da estacionariedade e a necessidade de tratar possíveis outliers. Ao unir as especificidades do SEB com a característica da série histórica de energia relacionada à distribuição Gama, aborda-se, seguindo as peculiaridades do SEB, uma nova metodologia que prescinde a normalidade e a possível geração de cenários negativos. Ao adotar tal metodologia, concluiu-se que a utilização dos modelos Gama, da forma que foram propostos por (Fernandez e Salas, 1986) não podem ser usados pelo SEB, pois os resultados da geração dos cenários mostraram-se não factíveis. Por fim, a importância desse trabalho vai além do que foi discutido em sua essência, ele abre um leque de possibilidades e discussões sobre como está sendo feito o planejamento da operação, o planejamento da expansão e a determinação do preço spot da energia elétrica. Nesse sentido a ideia desse trabalho é ter como resultado intangível a criação de uma agenda de pesquisa sobre a modelagem estocástica que envolve o SEB.<br>This thesis discusses basically three important topics related to the Brazilian Electric Sector (BES), namely, the intrinsic stochasticity of the sector, the methodological peculiarities that guide the module of affluent energy, a key planning activities of the expansion, operation and pricing of short-term, and attention to the necessity for a Gamma model, more suitable to the characteristics of the time series of affluent energy. This thesis presents the reader with a different view of the Brazilian Electric Sector, revealing the intrinsic relationship between stochasticity and the activities performed by BES, a major infrastructure sector in the country. It can be seen that the synthetic series of energy/flow rates are crucial to determine which is the best way to operate the industry, subsidize decisions about when to expand it or not, thus avoiding the cost and/ or unnecessary losses. And yet, they are a major factor in determining the short-term price of electricity, since the amount simulated / predicted water reservoirs in the future will be one of the determinants of the price of energy in the short term. After this preamble presents the Module of Affluent energy, especially as it is linked to the Brazilian Electric Sector and Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDE), which emphasizes the attentions that establishes this link. Although this topic, raises some peculiarities of the module, for example, the issue of intercorrelated settings, feature not discussed so far, and points that raise discussion about the theory of time series, such as the definition of the model order, the question of stationarity and the need to deal with possible outliers. By joining the especifications of BES with the characteristic energy of the time series related to the Gamma distribution is approached, following the peculiarities of BES, a new methodology that dispenses normality and possible generation of negative scenarios. By adopting this method, it was concluded that the use of Gamma models, which have been proposed in the form of (Fernandez and Salas, 1986) can not be used for SEB, as the results showed the generation of the scenarios is not feasible. Finally, the importance of this thesis goes beyond what was discussed in its essence, it opens up a range of possibilities and discussions on how it is being done the operation planning, expansion planning and determining the spot price of electricity. In this sense the idea of this thesis is to deliver intangible creating a research agenda on the stochastic modeling involving SEB.
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MARQUES, MARIA CLAUDIA MARTINS. "THE USE OF PROJECT FINANCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE EXPERIENCES BRAZILIAN AND ASIAN IN THE SECTORS OF ÓLEO/GÁS AND ELECTRIC ENERGY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3111@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Project finance é uma modalidade de financiamento que vem sendo apontada como alternativa para suprir as elevadas necessidades de investimento existentes nos países em desenvolvimento.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a utilização de project finance nos setores de óleo/gás e energia elétrica no Brasil, estabelecendo um paralelo com sua aplicação nos países emergentes da Ásia, que se destacaram pelo grande número de projetos implementados antes da crise de 1997.Apesar das aparentes diferenças culturais, Brasil e Ásia apresentam muitas similaridades em relação às dificuldades encontradas na estruturação de project finance, associadas principalmente à escassez de recursos e aos riscos regulatório, político e cambial. As soluções que governos e investidores estão buscando para esses problemas na Ásia, podem auxiliar em uma melhor implementação dessa modalidade de financiamento no Brasil.<br>Project finance is a financing modality that comes being pointed as alternative to supply the high existing necessities of investment in the developing countries. The present work has as objective to analyze the use of project finance in the sectors of óleo/gás and electric energy in Brazil, establishing a parallel with its application in the emergent countries of Asia, that if had detached for the great number of projects implemented before the 1997 crisis. Despite the apparent Cultural differences, Brazil and Asia they present many similarities in relation to the difficulties found in the estruturação of project finance, associates mainly to the scarcity of resources and the risks regulatório,cambial politician and. The solutions that governments and investors are searching for these problems in Asia, can assist in one better implementation of this modality of financing in Brazil.
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33

Kite, Jason T. "Secondary Electron Production and Transport Mechanisms By Measurement of Angle-Energy Resolved Cross Sections of Secondary and Backscattered Electron Emission from Gold." DigitalCommons@USU, 2006. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2089.

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This work provides information about interactions that produce emitted electrons from polycrystalline Au. Emission energy- angle- dependent electron spectra from a polycrystalline Au surface have been measured at several incident electron beam energies. The range of incident energies (~100 eV to 2500 eV) extends from below the first crossover energy, through Emaxo, to above the second crossover energy. The conventional distinction between secondary electrons (SE) (50 eV) is found to be crude for the investigation of electron yields using these energy- angle- resolved measurements. A more realistic boundary occurs at the local minima of the emission spectra; this feature is studied as a function of incident energy and emission angle. In addition, deviations observed in the angular resolved emission spectra from isotropic behavior suggests that residual signatures exist in the emission spectra resulting from the anisotropic SE production mechanisms. Based on the disparity between our observations and recent modeling of the emission spectra, the most recent theory and simulation studies may overestimate the occurrence of randomizing collisions of scattered secondary electrons in the model of the transport mechanism. Finally, description of extensive modification to instrumental and analysis methods are described, and their effectiveness is evaluated.
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Oliveira, Lucas Lyrio de. "Análise da matriz de geração de energia elétrica no Brasil: uma aplicação da teoria de portfólios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-22062017-105939/.

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Este trabalho aplica a teoria moderna de portfólios para a definição da participação de cada fonte de geração de energia elétrica, em cada região brasileira, para que a demanda por eletricidade do país prevista pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética para o ano de 2024 seja atendida. As composições das fontes foram analisadas sob a perspectiva dos custos envolvidos no processo de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, levando em consideração restrições operacionais como potencial de geração das fontes, limites de intercâmbio entre regiões e limites mínimo e máximo de geração de cada fonte em cada região. O risco em relação ao custo foi avaliado sob a ótica do desvio padrão e do conditional value at risk, e as diferenças entre essas duas medidas de risco, quando aplicadas para definição de matrizes energéticas, foram estudadas. Os modelos desenvolvidos foram aplicados sob dois cenários diferentes, sendo um considerando condições normais para a quantidade de oferta de energia, e outro considerando um cenário de stress na oferta de energia da região sudeste/centro-oeste, deste modo a influência das restrições de transmissão na composição da matriz pôde ser avaliada. As soluções obtidas no modelo sob condições normais de oferta foram comparadas com a matriz projetada para o Brasil no Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia 2024.<br>This work applies modern portfolio theory for defining the participation of each electricity generation source, in each Brazilian region, in order to meet the electricity demand in the country for the year 2024, according to the Energy Research Company forecasting. The compositions of the sources were assessed under the perspective of the incurred costs during the processes of electricity energy generation, transmission and distribution. The risk associated to the costs were assessed under the light of the standard deviation and the conditional value at risk, and it was studied the differences between these two risk measures when they are applied for energy matrixes definition. The developed models were applied for two different scenarios, the first one considering normal conditions for the amount of electricity offer, and the second considering generation shortfall in the regions Southeast and Midwest, then the effect of transmission constraints was analyzed. The obtained solutions for the normal offer conditions were compared to the Brazilian energy mix projected by the Energy Research Company in the Energy Expansion Planning for 2024.
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35

Nogueira, Larissa Gonçalves. "Políticas e mecanismos de incentivo às fontes renováveis alternativas de energia e o caso específico da geração solar fotovoltaica no Brasil e no Chile." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264719.

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Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T21:42:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_LarissaGoncalves_M.pdf: 2506781 bytes, checksum: 2b63fc90bfa86344fd1d43917510b57c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: Apesar da geração de energia elétrica no mundo ainda ser majoritariamente oriunda de combustíveis fósseis e não renováveis, várias políticas de incentivo ao uso de fontes renováveis alternativas de energia têm sido desenvolvidas. Dentre estas fontes, a geração de energia elétrica a partir de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede se destaca devido à elevada taxa de crescimento dos últimos anos; pelas expressivas reduções de preço e por ser uma das tecnologias chave para a geração descentralizada de energia elétrica em áreas remotas. Alguns dos benefícios da geração distribuída a partir de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede são: postergação de investimentos em expansão nos sistemas de distribuição e de transmissão; baixo impacto ambiental e tempo reduzido de implantação; redução no carregamento das redes e de perdas; e diversificação da matriz energética. No entanto, observa-se que a fonte tem sido mais bem aproveitada em países com baixos índices de irradiação solar. Chile e Brasil, por exemplo, possuem excelente potencial solar e oportunidades semelhantes de investimento na tecnologia, mas restringiram a utilização da fonte basicamente a sistemas isolados. Neste contexto, algumas iniciativas no Brasil e Chile têm visado o desenvolvimento da energia solar fotovoltaica. Esta dissertação tratou de analisar comparativamente as principais barreiras enfrentadas pela geração distribuída a partir de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede e, em seguida, sugeriu, através de cenários, quais mecanismos de incentivo seriam mais adequados para a promoção desta tecnologia<br>Abstract: Despite the generation of electricity in the world is still mainly coming from non-renewable fossil fuels, various policies to encourage the use of alternative renewable energy sources have been developed. Among these sources, electricity generation from photovoltaic systems connected to the grid has shown high rate of growth in recent years, due to the significant price reductions and also for being one of the preferred technologies for decentralized electricity generation in remote areas. Some of the benefits of distributed generation from photovoltaic systems connected to the grid are: postponement of investments needed for expanding distribution and transmission systems, low environmental impact and reduced time to deployment, reduction in network load and losses, improvement of voltage levels during heavy load and electric matrix diversification. Nevertheless, it is observed that the source has been utilized better in countries with low levels of solar radiation. Chile and Brazil, for example, have excellent solar potential and similar opportunities to investment in the technology, but the source use has been basically restricted to isolated systems. However, many initiatives in Brazil and Chile have targeted the development of solar photovoltaic systems in these countries. This thesis has the objective to analyze the major barriers faced by distributed generation from photovoltaic systems connected to the grid and then suggest, through scenarios, which mechanisms would be more appropriate for the promotion of this technology<br>Mestrado<br>Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos<br>Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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36

Haynes, Matthew, and n/a. "Low Energy (e,2e) Studies of Inner Valence Ionization." Griffith University. Centre for Quantum Dynamics, 2002. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050902.142912.

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This thesis presents a series of electron impact ionization measurements on the gas phase targets of argon and krypton. The (e,2e) coincidence technique has been employed to measure the triple differential cross section (TDCS) using a new coincidence spectrometer designed to operate in the low energy regime (2 to 5 times the ionization energy) and in the coplanar geometry. The spectrometer is a conventional device utilizing a non-energy selected electron gun and two 1800 hemispherical electron analysers fitted with channel electron multipliers for detection of the outgoing electrons. A series of TDCS measurements were performed on the 3s inner-valence and 3p valence orbitals of argon employing coplanar asymmetric kinematics. Measurements for both orbitals were performed at an incident energy of 113.5 eV, ejected energies of 10, 7.5, 5 and 2 eV and a scattering angle of -15°. The energy of the scattered electron in each case was chosen to satis~' energy conservation and is dependent on the ionization energies of the different orbitals. The experimental cross sections are compared to theoretical TDCS calculations using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and variations of the DWBA in an attempt to investigate the role that post collisional interaction (PCI), polarization and electron exchange play in describing the TDCS in the low energy regime. To further extend this analysis, a series of TDCS measurements were performed on the 3s and 4s. orbitals of argon and krypton, respectively, employing coplanar symmetric kinematics. Measurements were performed for the 3s orbital at outgoing energies of 50, 20, 10 and 4eV and for the 4s orbital at outgoing energies of 85, 50, 20 and 10 eV. The kinematics were chosen to coincide with several of the (e,2e) measurements made in the same geometry on the 3p orbital of argon by Rouvellou et al (1998). The experimental results were again compared to a DWBA calculation and similar variations to those employed for the asymmetric measurements.
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37

Perobelli, Fernanda Finotti Cordeiro. "Um modelo para gerenciamento de riscos em instituições não financeiras: aplicação ao setor de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-14072004-163218/.

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O gerenciamento de riscos é um assunto que assume, crise após crise, papel relevante no ambiente das instituições não-financeiras. A despeito, entretanto, da importância crescente do assunto, discussões acerca da implementação de um modelo capaz de avaliar os riscos aos quais as empresas estão expostas ainda são incipientes. Considerando a existência desta lacuna e a importância do tema para as empresas, este estudo propõe a construção de um modelo teórico para mensuração do fluxo de caixa em risco e o aplica a empresas pertencentes ao setor de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil. Tal modelo deve ser capaz de informar a probabilidade de uma empresa não dispor de recursos para honrar seus compromissos em determinada data de pagamento futura, ou vértices do fluxo.<br>Risk management becomes, crisis after crisis, a widely discussed topic in the non-financial institutions environment. Besides its importance to those institutions, discussions on models capable of evaluating risks faced by companies are still premature. Considering this lack and the theme’s importance to non-financial institutions, this work proposes a theoretical model, which aims to measure firms´ cash flow-at-risk. Afterwards, the proposed model is applied and tested in Brazilian Electric Sector companies. Such a model may be able to return the probability that a company faces a financial distress, for not being able to make due payments in the set dates.
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38

Vesterberg, Iris, and Sofia Westerlund. "Second Life Batteries Faciliating Sustainable Transition in the Transport and Energy Sectors? : An Exploratory Field Study in Colombia." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279508.

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The increasing number of vehicles in Colombian cities have resulted in alarmingly low quality of air, further resulting in increasing health issues. One potential solution to this issue could be a shift from ICEVs (internal combustion engine vehicles) to EVs (electric vehicles). However, EVs in Colombia are still very expensive, an issue that needs to be addressed in order for the EV market to increase enough to be able address the issue of low air quality in cities. One way of overcoming these cost barriers could be through implementation of a market for SLB (second life batteries), meaning that a battery retired from usage in EVs would be remanufactured, resold and reused in another application. Through SLB, the owner cost of EVs could potentially be decreased. SLB could also help improve the case for nondispatchable renewable energy sources by providing low cost BESS (battery energy storage solutions). Thus, SLB has the potential to facilitate sustainable transition within both the transport and the energy sector. This thesis aims to assess the potential of SLB in Colombia. This is done through a literature review where the current state of SLB is investigated, several interviews with potential stakeholders for a SLB market in Colombia, and a techno-economic assessment of four potential BESS applications in Colombia. The literature review provides with current knowledge and state of SLB in general. The interviews provide important insight to potential stakeholders’ view on SLB for the specific case of Colombia. The techno-economic assessment includes a sensitivity analysis aiming to provide insights in which factors, such as e.g. battery purchasing price or charging cost, that that gives rise to the largest impact on feasibility of SLB. Findings from the interviews shows a strong collective commitment from the interviewees to working towards cleaner air, resulting in high engagement and collaborative efforts between stakeholders for the SLB case. The main issue highlighted by stakeholders regards technoeconomic uncertainties of SLB. Findings from the techno-economic assessment indicates that SLB is viable for larger applications such as BESS at solar farms, but not for smaller applications such as backup power in residential buildings. However, SLB is not deemed to be a game changer for either application, and there are still many uncertainties regarding both technological and economic aspects that needs to be further investigated. The sensitivity analysis shows that the factors resulting in the highest impact on feasibility of SLB is battery SOH (state of health) at the beginning of SLB usage, and battery and repurposing cost. It will be hard to address both of these factors simultaneously due to a higher SOH would render higher battery prices, and vice versa. The findings from the thesis shows that SLB can facilitate sustainable transition within both the transport and energy sectors but is not to be considered a game changer for these sectors. However, even though SLB’s contribution to sustainable transition is not revolutionary, it is still necessary from a sustainability perspective. Given the environmental footprint of EV batteries and the amount of hazardous waste retired EV batteries will give rise to, circular economy must be pursued.<br>Det ökande antalet fordon i colombianska städer har resulterat i oroväckande låg luftkvalitet, vilket ytterligare resulterat i ökande hälsoproblem. En potentiell lösning på det problemet kan vara en övergång från ICEVs (förbränningsmotorfordon) till EV (elfordon). EVs i Colombia är fortfarande väldigt dyra, en fråga som måste adresseras för att EV-marknaden ska kunna öka tillräckligt för att kunna ge en inverkan på problemet med låg luftkvalitet i städer. Ett sätt att övervinna dessa kostnadshinder skulle kunna vara genom att implementera en marknad för SLB (second life-batterier), vilket innebär att ett batteri som bedömts inte längre uppfylla kraven för användning i EVs, och därmed byts ut, skulle kunna byggas om, säljas vidare och återanvändas i andra applikationer. Genom SLB kan ägarkostnaderna för EVs potentiellt sänkas. SLB skulle också kunna användas för att tillhandahålla billigare BESS (batterilagringslösningar) hos icke-reglerbara förnyelsebara kraftverk, såsom solkraftverk. Således har SLB potentialen att underlätta för hållbara förändringar inom både transportsektorn och energisektorn. Den här uppsatsen ämnar att utvärdera SLBs potential i Colombia. Detta görs genom en litteraturöversikt där det nuvarande tillståndet av SLBs undersöks, flera intervjuer med potentiella intressenter för en SLB-marknad i Colombia, och en tekno-ekonomisk bedömning av fyra potentiella BESS-applikationer i Colombia. Litteraturöversikten samlar aktuell kunskap och status inom SLB i allmänhet. Intervjuerna ger viktig insikt om potentiella intressenters syn på SLB för det specifika fallet i Colombia. Den tekno-ekonomiska bedömningen inkluderar en känslighetsanalys som syftar till att ge insikter i vilka faktorer, som t.ex. batteriets inköpspris eller laddningskostnad, som ger upphov till den största effekten på SLBs genomförbarhet. Resultat från intervjuerna visar ett starkt kollektivt engagemang från de intervjuade att arbeta mot renare luft, vilket resulterar i högt engagemang och samarbete mellan intressenterna. Det största problemet med SLB från intressenternas synpunkt berör tekno-ekonomiska osäkerheter. Resultat från den tekno-ekonomiska bedömningen indikerar att SLB är ekonomiskt försvarbart för större applikationer som BESS vid solkraftverk, men inte för mindre applikationer som t.ex. för reservenergi i bostadshus. SLB anses dock inte vara ett genombrott för användning vid någon av applikationerna, och det finns fortfarande många osäkerheter när det gäller både tekniska och ekonomiska aspekter som måste undersökas ytterligare. Känslighetsanalysen visar att de faktorer som resulterar i den högsta påverkan på genomförbarheten av SLB är batteriets SOH (hälsotillstånd) i början av SLB-användning och kostnaden för batteri och ombyggnad av batterier. Det kommer dock att vara svårt att hantera båda dessa faktorer samtidigt på grund av att högre SOH skulle ge högre batteripriser, och vice versa. Resultaten från uppsatsen visar att SLB kan underlätta för hållbara förändringar inom både transport- och energisektorerna, men att det inte ska betraktas som något fantastiskt genombrott för dessa sektorer. Även fast SLBs bidrag till hållbara förändringar är inte revolutionerande, är det fortfarande en nödvändig faktor ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Med tanke på miljöavtrycket för EV-batterier och mängden av farligt avfall som EV-batterier kommer att ge upphov till då de inte längre är önskvärda, måste cirkulär ekonomi bedrivas i största möjliga mån.
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39

Heideier, Raphael Bertrand. "Conceitos básicos de risco na comercialização de energia elétrica no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro e a atuação governamental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-18122009-154702/.

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Buscou-se refletir de que forma as decisões governamentais afetam o setor energético e como os agentes reagem ao modelo e à instabilidade das regras vigentes. O estudo compreende uma breve revisão da estrutura do atual modelo e dos principais riscos que envolvem a comercialização de eletricidade. Partiu-se do pressuposto que o preço é o maior risco presente no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro (SEB), uma vez que é o reflexo de uma somatória de riscos. Os preços analisados são: i) o preço de curto prazo de energia elétrica (PLD), sua relação com as usinas termoelétricas e o despacho fora da ordem de mérito; ii) a tarifa de energia elétrica no ambiente cativo e livre, as principais variáveis de influência e uma projeção dos valores futuros; e iii) o preço de longo prazo de energia elétrica, uma revisão do resultado dos leilões e a discussão sobre a prorrogação / licitação das concessões de geração pelo governo. Entendendo a estreita relação que existe entre os três preços discutidos (tarifa, PLD e contratação de longo prazo) propõe-se uma metodologia alternativa para formação de carteiras eficientes de recursos de geração com o objetivo de demonstrar a importância de promover a expansão através de um sólido planejamento de longo prazo. Demonstra-se a metodologia em um estudo de caso em que se discute os resultados alcançados. Por fim, três medidas de melhoria ao atual modelo do SEB são sugeridas: 1) O planejamento de longo prazo da expansão da geração ser feito de forma integrada, considerando aspectos sociais, políticos, ambientais e econômicos; 2) Desassociar o custo marginal de expansão do custo marginal de operação; e 3) Criar um mecanismo para que o próprio mercado possa estabelecer o preço de curto prazo da energia elétrica.<br>It is intended to reflect how the governmental decisions affect the energy sector, as the agents react to the model and the instability of the effective rules. The research understands a brief of the current electric sector model structure and the main risks that involve the electricity trade. It was assumed that the price is the largest present risk in the Brazilian Electric Sector (BES), because it is the consequence of a sum of risks. The prices analyzed are: i) the short term price of electric power, its relation with the thermoelectric plants and the out of merit order dispatch; ii) the tariff of electric power in the captive and free environments, the main influence variable and a projection of the future values; and iii) the long term price of electric power, an auctions results revision and the question of to renew or to bid the currents concessions for generation plants at the end of the granted period. Understanding the narrow relationships existent between the three argued prices (tariff, short and long term prices) it is proposed an alternative methodology to build efficient portfolio of generation resources to demonstrate the importance of long term plan to promote the expansion. The methodology is demonstrated in a study case where the results are discussed. Finally, three measures of improvement to the current model of the BES are suggested: 1) A long term plan to expand the generation resources based in an integrated methodology that involves social, ambiental politics and economics aspects; 2) To disassociate the operational marginal costs to the expansion marginal costs; and 3) To create a mechanism in order that the market itself can to establish the spot price of electric power.
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40

Švéda, Miroslav. "Sector coupling a budoucí podoba sektoru elektroenergetiky a plynárenství." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442549.

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This thesis deals with Sector coupling problematics. First, it deals with the development and present situation in the generation and consumption of electric power and the development and present situation in the extraction and consumption of natural gas in the Czech Republic and in the European union. Further, the thesis deals with Sector coupling, this concept is explained, and it is adumbrated what questions it deals with. Then, the technologies that can be achieved in the future of Sector coupling are introduced. Pilot projects of these technologies are presented as part of the discussion about these technologies. Finally, a consideration of the future use of Sector coupling technologies in the Czech Republic is given.
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41

Landi, Mônica. "Energia elétrica e políticas públicas: a experiência do setor elétrico brasileiro no período de 1934 a 2005." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-10112011-102906/.

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O presente trabalho foca-se na análise do processo de reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro, em particular nas mudanças ocorridas do ponto de vista institucional e regulatório, entre os anos de 1995 a 2004. Tendo como pano de fundo esse cenário, a tese preocupa-se em analisar a evolução do papel do Estado e sua relação com as políticas públicas orientadas para esse segmento da infra-estrutura nacional. Analisa-se, de um lado, a passagem do padrão de intervenção estatal para o modelo mercantil privado, instituído a partir de 1995, e de outro, as diversas adaptações vivenciadas pelo setor ao longo do biênio 2003/2004. Neste particular, destaca-se o novo papel atribuído às agências reguladoras e ao Estado, bem como a nova política mercantil, de preços e de planejamento redefinida para o setor. Por fim, à luz de toda a discussão abordada sobre Estado, políticas públicas e setoriais, planejamento e modelo regulatório, caracteriza-se a política industrial brasileira, divulgada em novembro de 2003, e sua possível articulação tanto com as premissas levantadas no modelo de reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro em curso no País, quanto com a revisão da inserção do Brasil no cenário internacional, dado o peso que os produtos ligados a empresas eletrointensivas, vêm ganhando na pauta de exportação brasileira. Neste particular, são analisadas as estratégias adotadas por tais empresas na tentativa de reduzir o custo do insumo energia, em seus processos produtivos, no âmbito das regras vigentes no país, em especial, no Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL). Conclui-se que a articulação entre política industrial e setor elétrico só será possível, se for definida com clareza uma nova estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável para o Brasil, capaz de superar os limites impostos pela política macroeconômica de curto prazo.<br>This study analyzes the restructuring of the Brazilian electrical sector, in particular the institutional and regulatory changes between 1995 and 2005. With this context as a backdrop, the dissertation analyzes the evolution of the role of the State and its relation with public policies related to this sector of national infrastructure. It analyzes, the shift from the pattern of state intervention to free market model, implemented starting in 1995, as well as the various adaptations the sector underwent in 2003-2004. In this regard, attention is given to the new role attributed to regulatory agencies and to the State, as well as the new commercial, price and planning policies implemented for the sector. Finally, in light of the discussion of the State, public and sectoral policies, planning and regulatory model, a description is provided of the Brazilian industrial policy announced in November of 2003, and its possible connection with the premises revealed in the model of restructuring of the electrical sector under way in Brazil, as well as the rethinking of the role of Brazil in the international context, given the weight that electricity-intensive products have been gaining in terms of exports. In this regard, the strategies of such companies to reduce energy costs in their production process, in the context of Brazilian rules and regulations, and in particular, the Free Contracting Environment (ACL), are analyzed. It is concluded that coordination of industrial policy and the electrical sector will only be possible if there is a clearly defined sustainable development strategy for Brazil, able to overcome the limitations of short-term macroeconomic policies.
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Rosim, Sidney Olivieri. "Geração de energia elétrica - Um enfoque histórico e institucional das questões comerciais no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-05052008-102427/.

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As características estruturais do setor elétrico brasileiro são semelhantes às de outros setores produtivos clássicos. O segmento geração de energia elétrica ocupa um papel de destaque não só no aspecto estrutural, mas também na sua participação dentro da tarifa de fornecimento de energia elétrica, com participação da ordem de 30%. As questões comerciais que deveriam estar presentes de forma intensa durante todo o ciclo de vida do SEB, somente nas duas últimas décadas ganharam destaque e lhe foi dada a devida importância. Este trabalho procurou identificar como se processou as relações negociais, em particular as de cunho comercial, entre as empresas, supridoras e supridas, integrantes do setor elétrico brasileiro - SEB. O estudo foi segmentado em três períodos: 1990 a 1996 - \"Concepção da privatização\", 1997 a 2002 - \"Execução Operacional do Programa de Privatização\" e 2003 a 2006 - \"Modelo da Reestruturação\". Foram analisados os conceitos referentes a energia assegurada, mecanismo de realocação de energia e contratos iniciais.O texto expõe também a evolução histórica do SEB desde o final do século XIX, durante todo o século XX, e observou as externalidades que contribuíram para o posicionamento atual, como por exemplo, crise do México, Consenso de Washington e Racionamento de Energia Elétrica - 2001. Finalmente são apresentados os conceitos e o processo de cálculo do custo marginal de operação - CMO e do preço da liquidação das diferenças - PLD e do atual processo de comercialização de energia que compreende os ambientes de contratação regulada, com destaque para os leilões de energia, e o ambiente de contratação livre.<br>The characteristics of the Brazilian Electrical Sector, BES, are similar to those of other classic productive sectors. The electrical power generation segment plays an important role not only in the structural aspect, but also in the share of about 30% of the user\'s end tariff. The commercial issues, that should have been strongly emphasized in all BES life cycle, have only in the two last decades received the attention it deserved. This work aimed at identifying how business relations developed, particularly the commercial issues of the companies belonging to the BES system; that is, suppliers and supplied components of the said system. This project was divided into three parts: 1990 to 1996 - \"Conception of privatization\", 1997 to 2002 - \"Operational execution of privatization programs\" and 2003 to 2006 - \"Restructuring model\". Concepts related to assured power supply, electricity reallocation mechanism and initial contracts were analyzed. The text still describes BES historical evolution from the end of the nineteenth century through the twentieth century. The prevailing external scenarios that contributed to the present situation, e.g., Mexico Crises, Washington Consensus and 2001 Electricity Supply Restriction were also taken into account. Due consideration has also been given to: marginal operational cost calculation, settlement price for the differences (spot prices) and the existing process of power commercializing, which encompasses free and regulated contracting ambience. In the latter power auction plays the dominant role.
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43

Cosic, Alija. "Analysis of a novel Transversal Flux Machine with a tubular cross-section for Free Piston Energy Converter application." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska maskiner och effektelektronik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25834.

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Constantly growing need for oil, all over the world, has caused oil price to rise rapidly during the last decade. High oil prices have made fuel economy as one of the most important factors when consumers are buying their cars today. Realizing this, many car manufacturers have developed or are looking for some alternative solutions in order to decrease fuel consumption. Combining two different technologies in a vehicle, the so called hybrid vehicle, can be seen as the first step toward a better and more sustainable development. There are several different solutions for hybrid vehicles today, among the best known are the Serie Electric Hybrid Vehicle (SEHV), the Parallel Electric Hybrid Vehicle (PEHV) and the Serie-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SPEHV). By integrating a combustion engine with a linear electric machine into one unit, a system that is called Free Piston Energy Converter (FPEC) is achieved. The FPEC is suitable for use in a SEHV. Other application areas like stand alone generator are also possible. In this report a novel Transverse Flux Machine (TFM) with a tubular cross section of the translator has been investigated. Application of the machine in a FPEC has put tough requirement on the translator weight, specific power and force density. Different configurations of the winding arrangements as well as the magne tarrangement have been investigated. It has been concluded that the buried magnet design suffers from high leakage flux and is thus not asuitable TFM concept. Instead the surface mounted magnet design has been chosen for further investigation. An analytical model has been developed and a prototype machine has been built based on the analytical results. In order to have a better understanding of the machine characteristic a 3D-FEM analysis has been performed. The results from the analytical model, FEM model and measurements are analyzed and compared. The comparison between the measured and FEM-simulated results shows very good agreement. Furthermore, the results from the analytical model indicates that it can be successfully developed for further analysis and optimization of the design to give a cost-effective solution of the novel generato for mass production.<br>Det ständigt växande behovet av oljan runt om i världen, har fått oljepriset att stiga snabbt under det senaste decenniet. Detta har gjort bränsleekonomin till en av de viktigaste faktorer när konsumenterna väljer sina bilar i dag. Många biltillverkare har därför utvecklat eller söker efter alternativa lösningar till dagens förbränningsmotorer i hopp om att minska bränsleförbrukningen. Ett hybridfordon, ett fordon som är försedd med fler än en energiomvandlare, kan ses som ett första steg mot en bättre och mer hållbar utveckling. Det finns flera olika lösningar för hybridfordon i dag, bland de mest kända är Seriehybrid, Parallellhybrid och Serie-Parallelhybridfordon. Genom att integrera en förbränningsmotor med en linjär elektriskmaskin, erhålls ett system som kallas Frikolvsenergiomvandlare. Dennna typ av energiomvandlare lämpar sig bäst för användning i en seriehybridfordon, men andra användningsområden som fristående generator är också möjliga. I denna avhandling har en ny typ av Transversalflödesmaskin (TFM) med en cirkulärt tvärsnitt undersökts. Tillämpningen av maskinen i en Frikolvsenergiomvandlare har medfört tuffa krav på translatorvikten, specifikeffekten och kraftdensiteten. Olika lindnings- och magnetkonfiguratationer har undersökts. Forskningen har visat att designen med begravdamagneter lider av stort läckflöde och är därför inte lämplig för det nya TFM koncept. Istället har designen med ytmonterade magneter valts för vidare undersökning. En analytisk modell har utvecklats och en prototyp maskin har byggts med utgångspunkt i analysresultaten. För att få en bättre förståelse avmaskinkarakteristiken har en 3D-FEM modell tagits fram och analyserats. Resultaten från den analytiska modellen, FEM modellen och mätningar har analyserats och jämförts. Överensstämmelsen mellan de simulerade och de uppmätta resultaten är mycket bra. Dessutom, resultaten från den analytiska modellen visar på att modellen kan framgångsrikt användas för fortsatt analys och optimering av maskinen för att ge en kostnadseffektivlösning för masstillverkning.<br>QC 20101102
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44

Felgenhauer, Markus [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Hamacher, and Sally M. [Gutachter] Benson. "Battery and fuel cell electric vehicles in the context of the energy transition : Cross-sectoral assessment of electric vehicles in Germany and California. / Markus Felgenhauer ; Gutachter: Sally M. Benson, Thomas Hamacher ; Betreuer: Thomas Hamacher." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1124590978/34.

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45

Marcondes, Mônica. "Análise da participação dos autoprodutores e produtores independentes de energia no setor elétrico brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-10112008-120951/.

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Historicamente o suprimento de energia elétrica no Brasil, desempenha papel de destaque no crescimento econômico nacional, por conta da sua capacidade de agregar renda através do fomento às grandes indústrias. Sua forte associação na composição da renda nacional preocupa de maneira geral todos os envolvidos e interessados no abastecimento de energia que, na pauta dos últimos governos, discute a priorização dos investimentos para o setor. O domínio do setor por pequenos investidores consolidou-se até meados da década de 40. Após esse período houve um repasse dos ativos para o Estado que passou a desempenhar o papel de investidor na expansão da oferta. Neste contexto, a construção de grandes empreendimentos como Itaipu e Paulo Afonso foram realizados dentre outros. Com o avanço da economia, as obras existentes tornaramse insuficientes tendo em vista uma forte ascensão da demanda em todos os segmentos de consumo: industrial, comercial e residencial. A solução para este entrave foi a privatização do setor vislumbrando investimentos da iniciativa privada através de concessões dadas pelo Estado. Buscando maior dinamismo setorial, várias ações foram desencadeadas para sua formatação, que separou as empresas estatais verticalizadas nos setores de geração, distribuição, transmissão e comercialização de energia. As empresas distribuidoras de energia foram pioneiras no processo de transferência de ativos, seguidas pelos setores de transmissão e geração de energia. Através da abertura proposta pelo governo a partir do PND (Plano Nacional de Desestatização), o setor elétrico brasileiro vem experimentando uma reestruturação baseada em experiências de países como Reino Unido, um dos pioneiros na criação de empresas de geração, transmissão e distribuição independentes, propiciando maior eficiência econômica ao negócio de energia, transferindo a responsabilidade de novos investimentos para os agentes privados. Um marco regulatório foi criado a fim de estabelecer o papel do Governo neste processo como regulador, definindo regras que propiciem maiores investimentos para o atendimento da demanda ascendente que vem sendo verificada nos últimos anos. Com a consolidação de um ambiente competitivo, definiu-se um novo papel para as grandes indústrias do país, o autoprodutor e o produtor independente de energia elétrica, tratado neste trabalho como investidores em energia para autoconsumo, independente da formação jurídica usada para criação da sociedade/consórcio que, a partir deste marco, alterou o comportamento para a aquisição de energia necessária para seu processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a evolução recente e as perspectivas dos investimentos em infra-estrutura no Brasil com a participação dos autoprodutores e produtores independentes de energia elétrica na matriz energética nacional, tendo em vista os reais custos de energia após a privatização das empresas de distribuição. Os altos custos de aquisição de energia, de uma maneira geral diminuíram a competitividade das empresas acostumadas a menores gastos neste setor, criando a figura potencial de um investidor em geração de energia para consumo próprio como forma de assegurar custos gerenciáveis durante o período de sua concessão. Para isso, procura-se desenvolver uma análise dos dados consolidados do setor, e, o desdobramento dos fatos observados após sua privatização, traçando um paralelo com a energia adquirida pela indústria para o auto-consumo, associada com a política regulatória institucional e o planejamento da oferta de novos projetos de usinas hidrelétricas. A conclusão do trabalho aponta para a comparação entre as formas de aquisição de energia versus a autoprodução/produção independente que no longo prazo merece destaque na economia e garantia de suprimento para produção industrial.<br>Historically, the electric power supply in Brazil has a role that stands out in the domestic economic growth, due to its capacity to add revenue through the promotion to large-sized industries. Its strong association in the composition of the domestic revenue is of general concern of all individuals involved and interested in the power supply in Brazil, which, in the norms of recent governances, discuss the priority of the investments for the sector. The nationalization of the sector, formerly controlled by small-sized private investors, delegated the State the assignment of promoting its development, providing an energy offer that could accompany the demand increases observed in Brazil. On the other hand, the Government invested and assumed the expansion of the generator park in Brazil, with the construction of some significant work, such as Itaipu and Paulo Afonso, among others. With the development of the economy, the existing work became insufficient, taking into account a strong increase of the demand in all levels of consumption: industrial, commercial and residential. The solution for this obstacle was the privatization of the sector, aiming at investments of the private enterprise, through concessions granted by the State Government. With the proposal of stimulating the sector, various actions were taken to format the sector, which separated the verticalized state companies in the power generation, distribution, transmission and commercialization sectors. The companies that distribute power were the pioneers in the process for assets transfer, followed by the power generation and transmission sectors. Through the opening provided by the Government as from the PND (National Plan for Privatization), the Brazilian electric sector has been experiencing a restructuring, based on experiences of countries such as the United Kingdom, which is a pioneer in the creation of independent distribution, transmission and generation companies, enabling a major efficiency for the power business, and, at the same time, transferring the responsibility of new investments to private agents. A regulatory limit was created in order to establish the Government role in this process as a regulator, defining rules, providing investments in the sector for compliance with the increasing demand, which was noted in recent years. With the consolidation of a highly competitive environment, a new role was defined for large-sized industries in Brazil, the self-producer of electric power, which, as from the new regulatory limit, changed substantially its behavior regarding the acquisition of power, necessary for its production process. The objective of this paper is to analyze the recent development and the investment perspectives in infrastructure in Brazil, with the participation of the selfproducers of electric power at the domestic energetic headquarters, which mainly reemerged after the privatization of the distribution companies that, as from their new management, and aiming at the profit of the company, started to collect from the industrial class electric power rates with no subsidies. High power acquisition costs, generally speaking, reduced the competitiveness of the companies used to little expenses in this sector, thus creating the image of an investor in power generation for his own consumption, as a way to assure manageable costs during the period of its concession. Therefore, there is a search for the development of an analysis of the consolidated data of the sector, and the attainment of the observed post privatization events of the sector, with a comparison with the power acquired by the industry for the self-consumption, associated with the institutional regulatory policy and the indicative planning of the offer of new projects of hydroelectric power plants indicated by the Government. The conclusion of this paper is focused on the comparison between the various types of conventional power acquisition, involving the purchase of input, with the self-production that, on a long-term basis, should be highlighted in terms of economy and guarantee of supply for the industrial production.
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SILVA, Walney Christian de Medeiros. "Impactos da inserção da microgeração no equilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos contratos de concessão de distribuição de energia elétrica." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/1981.

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Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-31T19:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Walney Christian de Medeiros Silva .pdf: 3416544 bytes, checksum: 20ee94588e05621f9c263401f3b48043 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T19:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walney Christian de Medeiros Silva .pdf: 3416544 bytes, checksum: 20ee94588e05621f9c263401f3b48043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-25<br>This work was developed in the Master course of the Postgraduate Program in Energy and Environment taught at the Federal University of Maranhão, and its main objective is to analyze the impacts of the fomentation and insertion of distributed generation, among them microgeneration, whose main source is To solar photovoltaic, in the Brazilian energy scenario. The mass adherence to microgeneration, by the Brazilian consumers, can culminate in impacts to be felt by the electric power concessionaires, by the consumers themselves and by all agents of the national energy sector. Two species of impacts were identified for electric power concessionaires, in the case of microgeneration insertion. These impacts are subdivided into (i) technical and (ii) economic impacts. The former can be represented by possible instabilities in the utility network, which could be avoided with adaptations in the planning of these systems. The economic aspects would be related to the increase in the price of the tariff, caused by the fall in the revenues of the distributors, an impact directly linked to the loss of revenue in the companies' cash registers. This could lead to uncertainties regarding the current distributor remuneration system, taking into account a scenario of mass membership of microgenerators. Hence comes the phenomenon called the spiral of death. The dynamics of this phenomenon follows a logic in which, with the increase of Distributed Generation, there is a decrease in the consumption of electric energy sold by the distributors, which results in an increase in the tariff for the captive market, which, in turn, would be lower. Since the market is smaller, the costs, when forming the tariff, in the periodic tariff reviews, would be divided by a smaller number of consumers. The tariff increase, consequently, increases the attractiveness of Distributed Generation, which, in turn, accelerates the process described above. As the distributors responsible for the maintenance and expansion of the electric system, in their concession area, the financial balance of these is a fundamental factor for the operation of the entire electric sector. This paper analyzes the economic financial equilibrium of distributors and the concession contract for the distribution of electric power and the impact on other consumers, in case of a mass migration of consumers to microgeneration.<br>Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no curso de Mestrado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia e Ambiente ministrado na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, e tem como objetivo principal analisar os impactos do fomento e inserção da geração distribuída, dentre elas a microgeração, cuja principal fonte é a solar fotovoltaica, no cenário energético brasileiro. A adesão em massa à microgeração, por parte dos consumidores brasileiros, pode culminar em impactos a serem sentidos pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica, pelos próprios consumidores e por todos os agentes setor energético nacional. Foram identificadas duas espécies de impactos para as concessionárias de energia elétrica, no caso de inserção da microgeração. Esses impactos se subdividem em (i) técnicos e (ii) econômicos. Os primeiros podem ser representados por possíveis instabilidades na rede da concessionária, o que poderia ser evitado com adaptações no planejamento desses sistemas. Os aspectos econômicos estariam relacionados ao aumento preço da tarifa de energia elétrica, ocasionados pela queda no faturamento das distribuidoras, impacto diretamente ligado à perda da receita nos caixas das companhias, dentre outros fatores. Isso poderia trazer incertezas quanto ao atual sistema de remuneração das distribuidoras, levando-se em consideração um cenário de adesão em massa de microgeradores. Daí surge o fenômeno denominado de espiral da morte. A dinâmica desse fenômeno segue uma lógica em que, com o aumento da Geração Distribuída, há a uma queda no consumo da energia elétrica vendida pelas distribuidoras, o que resulta num aumento na tarifa para o mercado cativo, que, por sua vez, seria menor. Sendo o mercado menor, os custos, quando da formação da tarifa, nas revisões tarifárias periódicas, seriam divididos por um número menor de consumidores. O aumento da tarifa, consequentemente, eleva a atratividade da Geração Distribuída, que, por sua vez, acelera todo o processo anteriormente descrito. Sendo as distribuidoras responsáveis pela manutenção e expansão do sistema elétrico, na sua área de concessão, o equilíbrio financeiro destas é fator fundamental para o funcionamento de todo o setor elétrico. O presente trabalho se dispõe, dessa forma, a analisar a temática do equilíbrio econômico financeiro das distribuidoras e do próprio contrato de concessão de distribuição de energia elétrica, bem como, de acordo com o modelo atual do setor elétrico nacional, quais seriam os impactos sentidos pelos demais consumidores não microgeradores, em caso de eventual migração em massa de consumidoras à microgeração.
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47

Souza, Zilmar José de. "Geração de energia elétrica excedente no setor sucroalcooleiro: entraves estruturais e custos de transação." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3298.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DoutZJS.pdf: 1318890 bytes, checksum: 8af8fb950a57d0d932f8e30174091a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-18<br>Given the estimated potential of electric energy generation around 18 thousand MW and the necessity to expand and diversify the installed national capacity of energy generation, this dissertation investigates the reasons for the low performance in the exploitation of the investment opportunities in electric energy commercialization by the sugarcane sector. With this purpose, the research presents a diagnosis of the main structural obstacles and transaction costs present in the generation of electric energy surpluses, showing the importance of the institutions in the decision of expansion of the activity by the sugarcane sector. The results were contrasted with the proposal of governmental energy policy for incentive this activity. It was verified the necessity of improvement in the current institutional environment. The main contribution of the dissertation was to present directives to public policies. These directives focus the financing for the expansion of the activity; the commercialization of the excesses; the tax incentive; and the concession of direct subsidies to the expansion of the activity. The directives related to financing were: official lines differentiated by technology use, index of mechanization and scale; the Ethical Fund Formation for the sector; and projects finance involving Emissions Reduction Certificate. Regarding commercialization, directives were: subvention to the transport tariffs; the extension of the universe of potentially free consumers; formation of trading pools and inclusion in the Energy Replacement Mechanism; the insertion of the sugarcane energy in the composition of Factor X and in the National Energy Reserve; changes in the retailers' auto-supplement; and incentive to the commercialization of energy surpluses and of Emissions Reduction Certificates. Directives related to tax incentive were also presented. Regarding direct subsidies, it is interesting the use of the resources that come from the Use of Public Good and Fuel Consume Account to foster the expansion of the energy surpluses commercialization.<br>Considerando um potencial estimado de geração de energia elétrica da ordem de 18 mil MW e a necessidade de expandir a capacidade nacional instalada de geração, bem como, de diversificá-la, a tese investigou os motivos para o baixo desempenho no aproveitamento das oportunidades de investimento presentes na geração de excedentes comercializáveis de energia elétrica pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta um diagnóstico dos principais entraves estruturais e custos de transação presentes na atividade de geração de excedentes de energia elétrica, mostrando a importância das instituições na decisão de expansão da atividade pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com a proposta de política setorial governamental para incentivo à atividade em pesquisa. Verificou-se a necessidade de aprimoramento do Ambiente Institucional proposto, conforme estipulado na hipótese central do trabalho. As diretrizes para políticas setoriais governamentais, propostas por esta tese, enfocam o financiamento à expansão da atividade; a comercialização dos excedentes; o incentivo tributário; e a concessão de subsídios diretos à expansão da atividade. Especificamente, as diretrizes apresentadas quanto ao aspecto de financiamento foram: linhas oficiais diferenciadas por tecnologia empregada, por índice de mecanização e por porte de empresa; a Formação de Fundo Ético para o setor; e projects finance envolvendo Certificados de Redução de Emissões. No enfoque da comercialização, as diretrizes foram: subvenção às tarifas de transporte; a extensão do universo de consumidores potencialmente livres; a formação de um pool de usinas sucroalcooleiras e inclusão no Mecanismo de Realocação de Energia; a inserção da energia sucroalcooleira na composição do Fator X e na Reserva Nacional de Energia; alterações na questão do auto-suprimento das distribuidoras; e o incentivo à comercialização de excedentes de energia e de Certificados de Redução de Emissões. Foram também apresentadas diretrizes quanto ao incentivo tributário à atividade. Com relação ao aspecto de subsídios diretos, as diretrizes apresentadas abordam a utilização dos recursos advindos do Uso do Bem Público e da Conta de Consumo de Combustíveis para estímulo à expansão da atividade de comercialização de excedentes.
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48

Li, Chengjun. "Experimental study on electron impact double ionization dynamics for atomic and small molecular targets at intermediate incident energy." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867037.

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In this work, different double ionization (DI) mechanisms of various atomic and molecular targets by electron impact at different intermediate incident energies have been studied by so-called (e, 3-1e) and (e, 3e) experiments. Four and five fold differential cross sections in angle and in energy have been measured and analyzed in a coplanar geometry. The experimental measurements are compared with both first order and second order theoretical model calculations. The results shows that the theories including second order mechanism (such as Two Step 2, TS2) are generally in better agreement with the experimental data than these only including first order mechanisms (such as Shake Off and Two Step 1). This demonstrates that under present kinematics, second order mechanism plays an important role or even dominates over first order mechanisms. Besides, all DI results are compared with the predictions of TS2 kinematical analysis developed by Lahmam-Bennani et al (2010). Most of the structures shown in the measured angular distribution can be correctly explained by the TS2 kinematical analysis predictions. Besides, we extend this model by including the recoil contribution in each step. Some structures which cannot be explained by the previous model are well explained by the extended TS2 kinematical model. The isoelectronic target structure influence in DI is investigated preliminarily. The (e, 3-1e) results on Ne and CH₄ indicate the differences under same kinematics. The data analysis is underway.
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Chadwick, Matthew. "Measurement of the tt̄ cross-section at 7 TeV with 36 PB⁻¹ of data in the electron+jets decay channel using the CMS detector." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6498.

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A measurement of the top-pair production cross-section at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV using proton-proton collisions with 36 pb-1 of data collected by CMS at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. The analysis is performed using the nal state that consists of one isolated electron with jets, one of which is required to be identified as being consistent with including the decay of a B hadron. The measured cross-section with three or more selected jets is 169 +/- 13(stat:)+37 +32(sys:)+8 -7(lumi:) pb and 197 +/- 17(stat:)+38 -35(sys:)+9 -8(lumi:) pb for four or more jets. The results are consistent with NLO and approximate NNLO theoretical predictions.
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50

Franco, Cairê Moura. "Aplicação do planejamento integrado de recursos em usina hidroelétrica sob o regime de cotas de garantia física." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.

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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Patrícia Teixeira Leite Asano<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017.<br>A partir do início da década de 1920 começou a entrar em operação a audaciosa iniciativa denominada "Projeto Serra" que, em síntese, consistia em bombear parte do volume de água dos rios Tietê e Pinheiros para o reservatório Billings construído com a finalidade de armazenar água para ser aduzida por 720 metros de queda até ser turbinada na Usina Hidroelétrica Henry Borden. Essa configuração proporciona a essa usina uma excepcional produtibilidade, fato que na prática representa produzir mais eletricidade turbinando menor volume de água se comparada a outras usinas no Brasil. As estruturas do Projeto Serra continuam em operação e integram o que atualmente é denominado Complexo Henry Borden, entretanto, devido aos índices de poluição nas águas dos rios Tietê e Pinheiros o bombeamento para produção de eletricidade está proibido desde 1989 e com isso os consumidores brasileiros de eletricidade não podem dispor continuamente da plena capacidade e produtibilidade da Usina Henry Borden. Considerando o grande e múltiplo potencial do Complexo, esse trabalho de pesquisa explorou, a partir da metodologia do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos, a utilização das idiossincrasias regulatórias vigentes no Setor Elétrico para sugerir um plano de ação conjunto entre diversos agentes, visando ao tratamento das águas dos rios que integram o Complexo com a finalidade de redução dos índices de poluição visando à autorização de bombeamento das águas para geração de eletricidade, para que dessa forma, a sociedade brasileira e moradores da região metropolitana de São Paulo possam usufruir da plena disponibilidade dos diversos usos do Complexo Henry Borden.<br>From the beginning of the 1920s, the bold initiative called "Serra Project" began, which, in synthesis, consisted of pumping part of the volume of water from the Tietê and Pinheiros rivers to the Billings reservoir built for the purpose of storing water to be adduced by 720 meters of fall until being turbine in Hydroelectric Plant Henry Borden. This configuration gives this plant an exceptional productivity, a fact that in practice represents the production of more electricity by turbinating less water compared to other plants in Brazil. The structures of the Serra Project continue to operate and integrate what is now known as the Henry Borden Complex. However, due to the pollution indexes in the Tietê and Pinheiros rivers, pumping for electricity production has been prohibited since 1989 and with this the Brazilian consumers of Electricity cannot continuously dispose of the full capacity and productivity of the Henry Borden Mill. Considering the large and multiple potential of the Complex, this research project explored, from the methodology of Integrated Resource Planning, the use of the regulatory idiosyncrasies in force in the Electric Sector to suggest a joint action plan among several agents, aiming at the treatment of the waters of the Which integrate the Complex with the purpose of reducing the pollution indexes in order to permit the pumping of water for electricity generation, so that Brazilian society and residents of the metropolitan region of São Paulo can enjoy the full availability of the various uses of the Complex Henry Borden.
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