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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electric Equipment'
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Pettersson, Emil, and Simon Hellgren. "Electric-driven Compaction Equipment Assessment: A Sustainable Lifecycle Approach." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14935.
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EVANGELOPOULOS, PANAGIOTIS. "Pyrolysis of Waste Electrical and Electric Equipment (WEEE) for Energy Production and Material Recovery." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147856.
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This master thesis focuses on pyrolysis of electronic waste (e-waste) for energy production and material recovery. Firstly, in the theoretical section a description of electronic waste their composition and the current waste management techniques is presented in order to get insights about their properties. As more and more sustainable solutions are required for waste handling, the advantages and disadvantages of the current treatment methods are analyzed in order to compare them with the innovative technique of waste pyrolysis. The substrate used for pyrolysis in terms of this master thesis was the printed circuit boards’ fraction (PCBs) and thus a particular description of this fraction is included. Furthermore, the pyrolysis as a thermal treatment method is fully described for getting an overview of the entire process. The next section of the current master thesis includes a description of the instrumentation used for conducting the experimental part, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the Analytical Pyrolysis (PY-GC-MS). The experimental part included as well the samples preparation in order to obtain a homogeneous mixture since various substances are used for PCBs manufacturing. Furthermore, samples were sent to an external company for elemental, proximate and ultimate analysis. After the samples preparation, the TGA and GC-MS were both used as analytical tools in order to identify the main substances produced, the reactions kinetics taking place, and various others important parameters. Furthermore, the results derived from the experimental were further analyzed using various calculations tools such as Microsoft Office Excel and Matlab as well as the software of GC-MS. The results section also includes a deep discussion of the results since the pyrolysis of electronic waste is still under research an extensive analysis is necessary. Summarizing, the results illustrates all the data gathered from the composition analysis, the TGA curves and a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The main product of pyrolysis of printed circuit boards is phenol and hydrocarbons with high heating value, while the increased ash content is promising for the recovery of metals. Finally, the report includes several recommendations for the future work to be done and the basic directions for the research of pyrolysis process for materials and energy recovery should get.
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Zhang, Shunli. "Recycling and processing of end-of-life electric & electronic equipment : fundamentals and applications /." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16902.
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This thesis presents a concept of scrapology of end-of-life electric and electronic equipment (EOL EEE) as a basis on which to develop effective recycling techniques. Various study approaches associated with this concept are detailed in this thesis. In addition, the present work investigates materials separation techniques, in particular eddy current separation (ECS) technology. Based on our research work, a number of novel design alternatives for further developing ECS have been proposed. Major challenges encountered in processing and recycling of EOL EEE are discussed. The main results obtained in this study should be helpful in designing, implementing and improving a recycling system for EOL EEE.Godkänd; 1999; 20061117 (haneit)
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Jessett, Andrew. "Tools for performance monitoring of electric rope shovels /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16946.pdf.
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Ramsey, Jack S. "Shipboard applications of non-intrusive load monitoring." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1475.
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BUSK, ANDREY, and WARRENSTEIN ARVID JOELSSON. "Market analysis for electric vehicle supply equipment : The case of China." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157997.
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Personliga eldrivna fordon (EV) är ett nytt teknikområde som är på väg att uppnå stort momentum på flera av världens marknader. Eftersom branschen fortfarande ligger i sin linda finns det i nuläget inga tydliga strukturer, som gäller för alla marknader världen över, gällande relationerna mellan aktörer, vilket leder till osäkerheter när det kommer till att ta strategiska beslut. Uppdragsgivaren för denna studie är Hong Kong EV Power Ltd. (EV Power), en Hongkong-baserad leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar och relaterade tjänster, som har ambitionen att inträda marknaden på det kinesiska fastlandet inom den närmaste framtiden. Emellertid har EV Power ännu inte bestämt sig vilken stad de vill rikta in sig på i det första skedet. Denna avhandling ämnar formulera en modell som kan användas för att utvärdera och jämföra geografiska marknader med avseende på lämpligheten för ett marknadsinträde av en leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar. Dessutom kommer modellen testas på tre städer på kinas fastland (Peking, Shanghai och Shenzhen), med syfte att komma fram till vilken stad som är mest attraktiv för EV Power, samt att utvärdera modellens funktionsduglighet. Sist kommer resultaten från utvärderingen av de tre städerna att tjäna som utgångspunkten för en analys som ämnar ta fram framgångsfaktorer för ett marknadsinträde på kinas fastland. För att uppnå detta har fyra olika datainsamlingsmetoder använts: Först studerades teori, med syfte att få bakgrundskunskap likväl som att få förståelse för specifika faktorer som påverkar ett marknadsinträde som detta. För det andra observerades EV Powers nuvarande verksamhet i Hong Kong, i avsikt att förstå vad som har lett till den framgång som företaget upplevt på sin hemmamarknad. För det tredje intervjuades branschexperter för att få ett perspektiv på branschen som helhet. Sist samlades sekundär data kring de tre städerna in, för att kunna utvärdera de olika faktorerna som ingår i den framtagna modellen. Den slutgiltiga modellen består av fem faktorer som påverkar en stads attraktivitet för ett marknadsinträde av en leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar. De identifierade faktorerna är: ’Marknadens tillgänglighet’, ’Kortsiktig efterfrågan’, ’Förväntad marknadsandel’, ’Vinstmarginal’ och ’Långsiktig produktpotential’. Dessa faktorer är i sin tur indelade i subfaktorer som har sina egna uppsättningar av drivare. Efter att ha använt modellen för att utvärdera de tre städerna konstaterades det att Shanghai är den lämpligaste staden för ett marknadsinträde av EV Power, främst på grund av stadens dominans på marknaden för privatanvända elbilar och ett gynnsamt regelverk. Slutligen hittades tre framgångsfaktorer för ett sådant inträde: ’Fokusera på tjänster’, ’Bibehåll partner-relationer’ och ’Inträd tidigt’.Personal electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology that has gained much momentum in several markets during the past decade, and China is currently one of the markets where the growth in EV sales is the highest. Since the industry is still in its infancy, there are currently no clear structures regarding the relationships between different actors that apply to all markets globally, leading to great uncertainty in strategic decisions. The commissioner of this study is Hong Kong EV Power Ltd. (EV Power), a producer of EV supply equipment (EVSE) and related services in Hong Kong, which aspires to enter the Chinese mainland in the near future. However, EV Power has yet to decide which city they want to target first. This thesis aims to formulate a model that can be used to evaluate and compare geographic markets for a market entry by an EVSE company. Furthermore, the model is tested on three cities in Mainland China (Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen), in order to derive the most attractive city for EV Power and to evaluate the adequacy of the model. Lastly, with the results from the city evaluation, as a point of departure, success factors for an entry into Mainland China by the commissioning company will be summarized. In order to achieve this objective, four distinct data collection methods have been used: First, theory was studied, in order to gain background knowledge as well as to understand specific factors that impact a market entry decision such as this. Second, EV Power’s current business in Hong Kong was observed, with a view to achieve an understanding of what has led the company to experience success in its home market. Third, Interviews with industry experts were conducted, so as to get a perspective on the industry as a whole. Fourth and last, secondary data for the different cities was collected, for the sake of evaluating them according to the developed model. The final model consists of five main factors that encompass the elements that influence a cities level of attractiveness for entry by an EV charging station supplier. The identified factors are: ‘Market accessibility’, ‘Short-term demand’, ‘Expected market share’, ‘Profit margin’, and ‘Long-term product potential’. These factors are in turn divided into sub factors that have their own set of drivers. Using the model to evaluate the cities, it was found that Shanghai is the most suitable city for a market entry by EV Power, mainly due to its dominance in the market for private EVs and a favourable regulatory environment. Finally, three main success factors, for such a market entry, were found: ‘Focus on services’, ‘Maintain partner relationships’, and ‘Enter early’.
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Thapar, Alok. "Investigation of power quality catagorisation and simulating its impact on sensitive electronic equipment /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18160.pdf.
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Westerlund, Per. "Condition measuring and lifetime modelling of electrical power transmission equipment." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-167136.
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The electric grid is important in modern society, so the outages should be few. The transmission grid should have a real high availability, since it transports electrical energy across the country. Then, it is difficult to plan outages for maintenance and installation. This thesis lists twenty surveys about failures of circuit breakers and disconnectors, with data about the cause and the lifetime. It also contains a survey of about forty condition-measuring methods for circuit breakers and disconnectors, mostly applicable to the electric contacts and the mechanical parts. As there is no published method to monitor the electric contacts at voltages around 400 kV, a system with IR sensors has been installed at the nine contacts of six disconnectors. The purpose is to avoid outages for maintenance by estimating the condition of the contacts while the disconnectors are still connected to high voltage. The measured temperatures are collected by radio and regressed against the square of the current, since the best exponent for the current was found to be 2.0. The coefficient of determination $R^2$ is high, greater than 0.9. This gives for each contact a regression coefficient, which can serve as an estimate of the condition of the contact. The higher the coefficient is, the more heat is produced at the contact, which can damage the material. This enables a ranking of the different contacts and shows which the worst ones are. This coefficient can also give a dynamic rating of the disconnector.Elnätet är viktigt i det moderna samhället, så antalet avbrott bör vara lågt. Särskilt stamnätet bör ha en särskilt hög tillgänglighet, då det transporterar elektrisk energi tvärsöver landet. Då blir det svårt att planera avbrott för underhåll och utbyggnad. Denna avhandling tar upp tjugo studier av fel i brytare och frånskiljare med data om felorsak och livslängd. Den har också en översikt av ett fyrtiotal olika metoder för tillståndsmätningar för brytare och frånskiljare, som huvudsakligen rör de elektriska kontakterna och de mekaniska delarna. Eftersom det inte finns någon beskriven metod för att övervaka elektriska kontakter för spänningar på runt 400 kV, har ett system med IR sensorer installerats på de nio kontakterna på sex frånskiljare. Målet är att minska antalet avbrott för underhåll genom att skatta skicket hos kontakterna, när frånskiljarna fortfarande är kopplade till högspänning. De uppmätta temperaturerna tas emot genom radio och behandlas genom regression mot kvadraten av strömmen, då den bästa exponenten för strömmen visade sig vara 2,0. Förklaringsfaktorn $R^2$ är hög, över 0,9. För varje kontakt ger det en regressionskoefficient, som blir en skattning av kontaktens skick. Ju högre koefficienten är, desto mer värme utvecklas det i kontakten, vilket kan leda till skador på materialet. Kontakternas olika koefficienter ger en rankordning dem och därmed en möjlighet att prioritera vilken frånskiljare som ska underhållas först. Systemet kan också användas för att minska eller öka den tillåtna strömmen baserat på skicket.
QC 20150522
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Chu, Beatrice C. B. "Novel optical methods for flowmetering and electric current sensing." Thesis, University of Kent, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314488.
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Mangs, Johan. "On the fire dynamics of vehicles and electrical equipment /." Espoo [Finland] : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2004. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2004/P521.pdf.
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Pallander, Rama. "Implementation of HomePlug Green Phy standard (ISO15118) into Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83881.
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As the use of electric vehicles increases, the need for electric vehicle supply equipment to have more advanced functionality also increases. The HomePlug Green PHY standard was developed to allow more advanced communication between electric vehicles and electric vehicle supply equipment. This more advanced form of communication can solve problems such as load balancing during busy charging and seamless payment methods. There are some modem solutions that are based on the Qualcomm QCA7000 chip that allows for implementation of the HomePlug Green PHY standard. This thesis explores and highlights the implementation of the hardware for the HomePlug Green PHY standard into a solution that is nearly plug and play for most electric vehicles. A module in the form of a PCB based around one of these modem solutions is developed that allows modular expansion of a traditional electric vehicle supply equipment to gain the functionality of HomePlug Green PHY. The final PCB is a near plug and play solution on the hardware side however, the software needs further development.
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Lindquist, Tommie. "On reliability and maintenance modelling of ageing equipment in electric power systems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Electromagnetic Engineering, Elektroteknisk teori & konstruktion, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4688.
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Zhang, Ruoju, and 張若菊. "A new PM hybrid motor drive for electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31472849.
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Angeles-Camacho, César. "Phase domain modelling and simulation of large-scale power systems with VSC-based FACTS equipment." Connect to e-thesis, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/849/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Glasgow, 2005.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Dirkse, van Schalkwyk W. J. "The placing of line surge arresters and fuses on 11 and 12 kV lines to protect equipment against lightning." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52553.
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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Unshielded distribution lines has a poor performance during lightning activity. Lightning initiates flashovers between the phases and earth and causes line breakers to trip several times during a lightning storm. In addition equipment like fuses, surge arresters and transformers are damaged by lightning and cause in some cases long power interruptions to customers. The application of line surge arresters on distribution lines is a solution that is implemented worldwide to limit the lightning related problems. This thesis investigated using line surge arresters in conjunction with bushing-mount fuses to decrease nuisance fusing and transformer damage during lightning activity. Two new pieces of equipment (dropout surge arresters and transformer bushingmount fuses) were developed and strategically placed on 4 different distribution lines. Equipment failures decreased by 90 % while financially the project had an excellent return on investment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distribusie lyne sonder skermdrade presteer swak gedurende weerlig aktiwiteit. Weerlig veroorsaak oorvonking tussen fases en aard geleiers wat lei tot breker klinke. Transformators, sekerings, stuwingsafleiers en ander toerusting word ook deur weerlig beskadig en veroorsaak in sommige gevalle lang toevoer onderbrekings. Installering van lyn stuwingsafleiers op distribusielyne is 'n metode wat wêreldwyd gebruik word om oorvonking en weerligskade te beperk. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die installering van lyn stuwingsafleiers en deurvoerder gemonteerde sekerings om transformator skade en onnodige blaas van sekerings te beperk tydens weerlig aktiwiteit. Nuwe toerusting (uitval stuwingsafleiers en transformator deurvoerder gemonteerde sekerings) was ontwikkel en strategies op 4 verskillende distribusie lyne geïnstalleer. 'n Negentig persent vermindering in toerusting beskadiging is behaal terwyl die projek finansiël 'n goeie opbrengs op belegging meegebring het.
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Chongwatpol, Jongsawas. "Analysis of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Thailand and implementation of risk management plan to comply with future WEEE regulations." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004chongwatpolj.pdf.
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Wohl, Amit 1971. "Business strategy for power distribution equipment manufacturer in a deregulated electric power industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84525.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-54).
by Amit Wohl.
S.M.
M.B.A.
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Bassham, Bobby A. "An evaluation of electric motors for ship propulsion." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FBassham.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Robert Ashton, Todd Weatherford. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96). Also available online.
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Lindström, Anton. "Design and implementation of a power distribution network for control equipment for electric vehicle charging." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fysik och elektroteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-137674.
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This thesis treats the design and implementation of a power distribution network for a controller PCB for controlling charging of electric vehicles. The controller PCB is powered by mains power, and thus needs both AC to DC conversion and DC to DC conversion in order to operate. The thesis focuses on the design of an isolated flyback topology AC to DC converter, while also describing the design and implementation of the DC to DC converters needed for the controller PCB to operate. The work started with some theoretical study, and then progressed into designing the converters. The AC to DC and the DC to DC converters where designed in parallel. After the design phase was complete the converters where implemented on PCBs for evaluation. The evaluation of the AC to DC converter involved evaluation of several different transformers from different suppliers, as well as evaluation of the circuit design itself. All converters designed proved functional after evaluation.
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Lindquist, Tommie. "On reliability modelling of ageing equipment in electric power systems with regard to the effect of maintenance." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273.
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Kar, Tapas Ranjan. "Fuzzy logic-based fault diagnosis for mining equipment failures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43090.
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Equipment availability is the most significant factor in the productivity of many mines and
processing plants. Machine breakdowns are not only expensive in terms of production losses
but also important in meeting production schedules. In a complex piece of machinery like a
shearer or a powered support system in a highly automated longwall face, such breakdowns
can be due to one of the large number of possible faults. A large proportion, up to 80% of
the down time is spent in locating the fault. For this reason, a need for an automated diagnostic
method to assist the operator in the diagnosis process is felt. In this study, a diagnostic
system is developed by modeling the partially known or imprecise relations and poorly defined
variables found in a diagnostic environment. Logic of fuzzy sets and systems theory
finds an interesting application in this area. This study presents a diagnostic algorithm, which
relates the possible causes of failure to their respective symptoms through fuzzy logic paths.
Applications of the diagnostic method are illustrated through examples of a compressor and
a shearer.Master of Science
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Chen, Jue. "Shielding characteristics of a commercial 19-inch rack-based cabinet." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Chen_09007dcc803e6a55.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 5, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 82).
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Souhan, Brian E. "Closed loop control of a cascaded multi-level converter to minimize harmonic distortion." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FSouhan.pdf.
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Endo, Fumihiro, Masaki Kanamitsu, Ryo Shiomi, Hiroki Kojima, Naoki Hayakawa, and Hitoshi Okubo. "Optimization of Asset Management and Power System Operation Based on Equipment Performance." IEEE, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11798.
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Tan, Pee-Chin 1975. "A VSI-based power quality conditioner for 25kV electrified railway systems." Monash University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5537.
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Russell, Kevin Joseph. "Design and analysis of shipboard electrical distribution." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040322/.
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Zimmerman, Nathan. "Vanadium Redox Flow Battery : Sizing of VRB in electrified heavy construction equipment." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-26918.
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In an effort to reduce global emissions by electrifying vehicles and machines with internal combustion engines has led to the development of batteries that are more powerful and efficient than the common lead acid battery. One of the most popular batteries being used for such an installation is lithium ion, but due to its short effective usable lifetime, charging time, and costs has driven researcher to other technologies to replace it. Vanadium redox flow batteries have come into the spotlight recently as a means of replacing rechargeable batteries in electric vehicles and has previously be used mainly to store energy for load leveling. It possesses many qualities that would be beneficial to electrify vehicles. The battery has the ability for power and energy to be sized independently which is not dissimilar to internal combustion vehicles. It also has the potential for a tolerance to low discharges, fast response time, and can quickly be refueled by replacing the electrolyte; just like is done when a car refuels at the gas station. The purpose of the study is to determine the possibility of using vanadium redox flow batteries to power heavy construction equipment, a wheel loader, with a finite amount of space available for implementation. A model has been designed in MATLAB to determine how long the battery could last under typically applications for the wheel loader which needs a peak power of 200 kW. From the volume available it has been determined that the battery can be installed with an energy capacity of 148 kWh. The results of the model show that vanadium redox flow batteries can be used to power a wheel loader but due to the limiting energy density and cell components it remains to be impractical.
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Minkley, Warick. "Analysis of restricted earth fault relay application within a shunt capacitor bank design impacting on protection stability." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021106.
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This research is aimed at analyzing the performance of the restricted earth fault relay used on a 400kV capacitor bank scheme used on the Eskom Transmission network. After the commissioning of two Capacitor Banks using the above mentioned scheme design the plant was energized. As a result of the energization the Shunt Capacitor Bank (SCB) then experienced spurious trips. The cause of the trips was found to be the operation of the restricted earth fault relay. In this research project, restricted earth fault protection on SCBs in the Eskom Transmission environment will be the area of interest. The proposed research will analyze the current SCB protection scheme in service specifically looking at the restricted earth fault circuit design and relay performance. An equivalent model of the SCB from primary plant perspective based on theory will be derived. Recording and analyzing of Comtrade transient waveforms respectively, when the bank is nergized, will be done in order to provide a reference base to work from. Manual alculations of various parameters from the derived model including transient inrush currents and fault currents will be performed to access applicable scheme parameters. Further calculations will include the voltage setting for the restricted earth fault relay. As a result of the analysis a recommendation will be made on a viable solution or a revised design will be put forward, based on the results, to improve the scheme’s performance. The protection scheme is used on the two 400kV 100MVAR capacitor banks 11 and 12 at Hydra Substation.
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Krontiris, Athanasios [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Balzer, and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Adamy. "Fuzzy systems for condition assessment of equipment in electric power systems / Athanasios Krontiris. Betreuer: Gerd Balzer ; Jürgen Adamy." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1106114582/34.
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Lwana, Mkuseli. "Investigation of 3 terminal differential protection using standard-based numerical relays." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2578.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Transmission lines are a vital part of the electrical distribution system, as they provide the path to transfer power between generation and load. Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, etc. have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits. Current differential criterion is used with success to protect various elements in power systems, i.e. transmission lines, power transformers, generators and busbars. The alpha plane differential relaying system provides sensitive protection for transmission lines, security and dependability for external faults. This thesis focuses on three terminal alpha plane differential protection with the aim to develop a complete test method using OMICRON test universe software essentially defining security, dependability and sensitivity of the alpha plane characteristic. The research analyses the three terminal alpha plane characteristic and existing primitive test methods and develops an improved test method using IEC 61850 standard. The primitive methods are time consuming and result in unnecessary prolonged outages. These methods have been discussed and improved in the thesis by implementing IEC 61850 standard. First the standard IED Capability Description (ICD) file is modified by developing new logical nodes using AcSELerator Architect and XML Maker software. Then the developed logical nodes, three terminal differential protection alpha plane characteristic with its additional infeed/outfeed check logic, and the developed test method are tested simultaneously using Test Universe software. A laboratory test bench is built using three SEL311L relays, two CMC 356 Omicron injection devices, PC, MOXA switch, CMIRIG-B time synchronising unit, SEL 2407 satellite synchronised clock, and a DC power supplier. The test method developed in this research vindicates benefits of IEC 61850 standard over hard wired systems. Prolonged outage times due to test set preparation using hard wires are drastically reduced. The thesis findings and deliverables will be used as a solution to industrial problems, postgraduate studies of other students and research project.
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Lee, Jae Ryong. "Analysis and simulation of dynamics of spacecraft power systems." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53568.
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Comprehensive analyses, including dc, small-signal and large-signal analyses, of the dynamics of various spacecraft power systems are performed. Systems' dynamics are analyzed for various operating modes, such as the shunt, battery-charge and battery-discharge modes, as well as the transition mode. Computer models using the EASY5 program are developed for the Direct Energy Transfer (DET) system, solar array switching system and partial shunt system to facilitate design, analysis and performance verification.
Large-signal analyses are performed to identify stability conditions and to predict large-signal dynamic behavior for each mode of operation. The equivalent source and load characteristics of a solar array power system with a constant-power load, shunt regulator, battery charger and discharger, are identified to predict large-signal dynamic behavior. Employing the equivalent source and load, the state trajectories of shunt failure, battery discharger failure and solar array/battery lockup are predicted and verified through time-domain simulations.
Small-signal analyses of the DET system are performed for the three modes of operation. The system loop gain is defined. Design guidelines for the feedback control loop of the shunt regulator, battery charger and discharger are developed to shape the system loop gain for the optimum bus dynamic performance and stability of the system. Designed subsystems are simulated both in frequency-domain and time-domain to verify the design concept.
Various spacecraft power systems, such as solar array switching systems, a partial shunt system, a peak power tracking system and the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) power system are analyzed and simulated. Design guidelines of the power conditioning equipment for each system are provided.Ph. D.
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Zhang, Chan. "The impact of and solutions to electronic and electrical waste management in Hong Kong SAR." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1176.
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Overton, William Ernest. "Digital Circuit-Level Emulation of Transistor-Based Guitar Distortion Effects." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10566.
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The objective of this thesis was to model the Fuzz Face , a transistor-based guitar distortion effect, digitally at the circuit level, and explore how changes in the discrete analog components change the digital model. The circuit was first simulated using SPICE simulation software. Typically outputs and how they changed based on transistor gains were documented. A test circuit was then constructed in lab to determine true transistor gains. An analog Fuzz Face circuit was then constructed, and physical parameters were recorded. A digital model was then created using MATLAB. Capacitive filtering effects were found to be negligible in terms of the guitar signal and were not modeled. The transistors were modeled using the Ebers-Moll equations. A MATLAB algorithm was written to produce Fuzz Face type distortion given an input guitar signal. The algorithm used numerical techniques to solve the nonlinear equations and stored them in a look-up table. This table was used to process the input clips. The sound of the Fuzz Face was not perfectly modeled, but the equations were found to provide a reasonable approximation of the circuit. Further study is needed to determine a more complete modeling equation for the circuit.
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Hjerm, Oscar, and Felix Drangel. "Underlying motives affecting an original equipment manufacturer’s make-or-buy decisions in the reverse-flow of electric vehicle batteries." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21967.
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Background: Electric vehicles have been getting increasing attention due to their possibility to deliver multiple environmental, social, and health benefits. This has started a technological shift from the traditional combustion engine towards electric vehicle batteries. Because the inherited value in reverse- flow batteries is high, aftermarket activities such as remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling become increasingly important to take part in value-added margins. However, these activities battery manufacturing have not historically been a core business of the automotive industry. In times of technological change, firms need to evaluate how the organization can integrate, build and reconfigure both internal and external competencies to respond to the dynamic environment. The dynamic environment puts pressure on operational and dynamic capabilities for original equipment manufacturers to reorganize to be a competitive force in the evolving industry. Purpose: Make-or-buy decisions have in extant literature been investigated thoroughly. However, in the context of the aftermarket of electric vehicle batteries, underlying motives affecting original equipment manufacturers’ make-or-buy decisions has not. The purpose of this work is to explore how underlying motives are affecting the original equipment manufacturer’s make-or-buy decisions in the reverse-flow value chains of electric vehicle batteries. This thesis helps explain the varying integration alternatives that firms confront when facing external pressure, and limitations within the firms’ own capabilities. Method: A qualitative embedded single case study was conducted in the context of the Swedish vehicle manufacturer Volvo Group. The case was analyzed using an abductive approach. The three aftermarket activities remanufacturing, repurposing and recycling were investigated to find out how underlying motives affect the make-or-buy decisions. This was done by adopting a paradox view looking at external factors, through an institutional lens, and internal factors, using dynamic capability theory. Underlying motives were identified by conducting dialogue-based informal interviews, semi-structured interviews, observations, and using corporate documents which were triangulated to improve the accuracy of the findings. The underlying motives were identified by coding first- and second-order motivations and thereafter connecting these with identified make-or-buy decisions. Results: The six second-order motivations: learning, business potential, compliance, cooperation simplicity, industry competitiveness, and ambiguity were identified to affect make-or-buy decisions. These underlying motives are related to the identified decisions: make, buy, collaborate, and limbo. Besides traditional responses to make-or-buy decisions, limbo was also an identified choice, defined in this thesis as a state of not doing anything while waiting for ambiguity to be reduced. This make-or-buy choice was not anticipated and is considered to be an anomaly from the findings. Conclusions: The identified underlying motives come from both internal and external factors, which shows that the firm must use a system perspective when conducting make-or-buy decisions. Furthermore, the capabilities of the firm are crucial whether the firm has the potential of integrating the operation or collaborating. However, in an environment highly influenced by ambiguity, as the present state of the electromobility industry is, the firm may end up not committing to making, buying nor collaborating at all. Instead, they end up in a state of limbo where they organize to have flexibility in the decision by not committing to any of them. The strength in the firm’s dynamic capabilities to handle the ambiguity is proposed to determine how long the firm is stuck in limbo. Based on this, a new proposed framework for how capabilities influence the make-or-buy decision is introduced.Bakgrund: Elfordon har fått ökad uppmärksamhet på grund av deras möjlighet att bidra med flertalet miljömässiga, sociala och hälsoassocierade fördelar. Det har lett till ett accelererande teknologiskt skifte från traditionella förbränningsmotorerna till elfordonsbatterier. Eftersom det kvarvarande värdet i batterier på eftermarknaden är hög blir eftermarknadsaktiviteter såsom fabriksrenovering, återanvändning i andra applikationer och återvinning mer och mer viktiga för att ta del av marginaler från värdeskapande i värdekedjan. Dock har dessa eftermarknadsaktiviteter, i kontexten av batterier, inte historiskt sett varit en kärnverksamhet inom fordonsindustrin. Under perioder av teknologisk förändring behöver företag bedöma hur organisationen kan integrera, bygga vidare och ställa om interna och externa kompetenser för att anpassa sig till den dynamiska omgivningen. Det här sätter press på operationella och dynamiska förmågor eftersom slutproduktsleverantörer tvingas omorganisera sin verksamhet för att bli konkurrenskraftiga i den utvecklande industrin. Syfte: Beslut gällande att göra själv, eller att köpa (make-or-buy) har i tidigare forskning utforskats grundligt. Men i kontexten av eftermarknaden av elfordonsbatteriers underliggande motiv som avgör slutproduktsleverantörers make-or-buy beslut är den bristfällig. Syftet med arbetet är att utforska hur dessa motiv påverkar slutproduktsleverantörers make-or-buy-beslut i tillbakaflöden av elfordonsbatterier. Det här arbetet bidrar med en ökad förklaring på hur företag hanterar de åtskilliga integrationsalternativ som finns tillgängliga när de påverkas av externa faktorer, men också är begränsade av egna förmågor. Metod: En kvalitativ inbäddad (embedded) enfallsstudie har utförts i kontexten av den svenska fordonstillverkaren Volvo Group. Fallstudien analyserades genom att använda ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt. De tre eftermarknadsaktiviteterna fabriksrenovering, återanvändning i andra applikationer och återvinning undersöks för att identifiera hur underliggande motiv påverka make-or-buy besluten. Det här utfördes genom att använda ett paradoxalt synsätt och genom att undersöka både externa faktorer, genom en institutionell lens, och interna faktorer, genom att använda dynamisk kapabilitetsteori. Underliggande motiv blev identifierade genom att använda dialogbaserade informella intervjuer, semistrukturella intervjuer, observationer och företagsdokument där datakällorna triangulerades för att öka träffsäkerheten i resultaten. De underliggande motiven blev identifierade genom att koda första- och andra-ordningens motiv och därefter sattes dessa samman med de identifierade make-or-buy besluten. Resultat: De sex andra-ordningens motiv: inlärning, affärspotential, samtycke, enkelhet i samarbete marknadskonkurrens och osäkerhet blev identifierade faktorer som påverkar make-or-buy beslut. Dessa underliggande motiv kopplades ihop med de identifierade besluten: göra, köpa, samarbeta och limbo. Förutom de traditionella make-or-buy besluten identifierades även limbo som ett alternativ, där limbo i det här arbetet definierades som ett avvaktande tillstånd när man väntar på att osäkerhet ska minska. Det här make-or-buy beslutet var inte förväntat i resultatet och anses i det här arbetet vara en anomali. Slutsats: De identifierade underliggande motiven kom både från interna och externa faktorer vilket visar att ett företag måste använda ett systemperspektiv när de tar make-or-buy beslut. Därutöver är ett företagets förmågor avgörande huruvida de har en potential i att integrera operationen alternativt samarbeta. I en miljö som är starkt influerat av osäkerhet, vilket är faktumet i elektromobilitetsindustrin, kan dock företaget ta ett val att varken köpa, göra eller samarbeta i operationen. Istället kan de välja ett stadie av limbo där de organiserar sig för att ha en flexibilitet i beslutet genom att inte binda upp sig på ett alternativ över huvud taget. Styrkan i ett företags dynamiska förmågor att hantera osäkerhet föreslås i arbetet bestämma hur lång tid företaget är fast i limbo. Baserat på detta föreslås ett nytt ramverk som förklarar hur företagets förmågor influerar make-or-buy beslut.
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Okubo, Hitoshi, Fumihiro Endo, Naoki Hayakawa, Hiroki Kojima, and Yotaro Suzuki. "Optimization of Asset Management in High Voltage Substation Based on Equipment Monitoring and Power System Operation." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14536.
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Alghamdi, Turki. "Interactions of Connected Electric Vehicles with Modern Power Grids in Smart Cities." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42513.
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In a smart city, it is vital to provide a clean and green environment by curbing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from transportation. As a recent action from many governments aiming to minimize transportation’s pollution upon the climate, new plans have been announced to ban cars with gas engines throughout the world. Therefore, it is anticipated that the presence of electric vehicles (EVs) will grow very fast globally. Consequently, the necessity to establish electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) in the smart city through public charging stations is growing incrementally year by year. However, the EV charging process via EVSE which is primarily connected to the power grid will put high pressure upon the centralized power grid, especially during peak demand periods. Increasing the power production of power grid will increase the environmental impact. Therefore, it is fundamental for the smart city to be equipped with a modern power grid to cope with the traditional power grid’s drawbacks.
In this thesis, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the problem of EVs’ interaction with the modern power grid in a smart city to manage and control EV charging and discharging processes. We also present various approaches and mechanisms toward identifying and investigating these challenges and requirements to manage the power demand. We propose novel solutions, namely Decentralized-EVSE (D-EVSE), for EVs’ charging and discharging processes based on Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and an energy storage system. We present two algorithms to manage the interaction between EVs and D-EVSE while maximizing EV drivers’ satisfaction in terms of reducing the waiting time for charging or discharging services and minimizing the stress placed on D-EVSE. We propose an optimization model based on Game Theory (GT) to manage the interaction between EVs and D-EVSE. We name this the decentralized-GT (D-GT) model. This model aims to find the optimal solution for EVs and D-EVSE based on the concept of win-win. We design a decentralized profit maximization algorithm to help D-EVSE take profit from the electricity price variation during the day when selling or buying electricity respectively to EVs or from the grid or EVs as discharging processes. We implement different scenarios to these models and show through analytical and simulation results that our proposed models help to minimize the D-EVSE stress level, increase the D-EVSE sustainability, maximize the D-EVSE profit, as well as maximize EV drivers’ satisfaction and reduce EVs’ waiting time.
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Zimmerman, Nicole P. "Time-Variant Load Models of Electric Vehicle Chargers." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2297.
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In power distribution system planning, it is essential to understand the impacts that electric vehicles (EVs), and the non-linear, time-variant loading profiles associated with their charging units, may have on power distribution networks. This research presents a design methodology for the creation of both analytical and behavioral models for EV charging units within a VHDL-AMS simulation environment.
Voltage and current data collected from Electric Avenue, located on the Portland State University campus, were used to create harmonic profiles of the EV charging units at the site. From these profiles, generalized models for both single-phase (Level 2) and three-phase (Level 3) EV chargers were created. Further, these models were validated within a larger system context utilizing the IEEE 13-bus distribution test feeder system.
Results from the model's validation are presented for various charger and power system configurations. Finally, an online tool that was created for use by distribution system designers is presented. This tool can aid designers in assessing the impacts that EV chargers have on electrical assets, and assist with the appropriate selection of transformers, conductor ampacities, and protection equipment & settings.
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Johnson, Bryan. "A review of customer satisfaction as a critical success factor for suppliers of power equipment in the South African market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97334.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Power equipment suppliers that manufacture goods to customer requirements face various opposing forces, such as increasing customer expectations, increasing competition and escalating costs. To sustain margins, companies need to understand what constitutes customer satisfaction, thereby enabling them to differentiate their goods and services from those of competitors, and to charge appropriately for those goods and services. Although customer satisfaction is important to industrial goods suppliers such as power equipment suppliers, most studies have been conducted in the business-to-consumer (B2C) environment, focusing on consumer goods and services, with very few studies focusing on the business-to-business (B2B) environment. Compounding the difficulties with customer satisfaction for South African industrial suppliers is that most literature on the subject is applicable to markets outside of South Africa. This paper aims to give South African industrial goods suppliers some insight into those factors that improve customer satisfaction. The identification of critical success factors seen as important by customers was, therefore, the focus of this research assignment. First, customer satisfaction as a critical success factor is reviewed by comparing it to other success factors in an attempt to validate whether it influences organisational performance positively. Second, a list of appropriate items comprising customer satisfaction is identified from the literature review, and the differences between direct customers and indirect customers are identified and discussed. To reduce the number of constructs to be surveyed, the variables that make up customer satisfaction were ranked using prioritisation matrices against Porter’s Five Forces model (Porter, 2008) and the Blue Ocean Strategy model (Kim & Mauborgne, 2004). The shortened list comprised 39 items, which measured ten constructs of customer satisfaction. Questionnaires were sent to customer representatives who were critical decision-makers when deciding on purchases of industrial equipment. The responses were evaluated as a complete group and showed some statistical significance between the constructs. The responses were then evaluated according to organisational types, which showed no statistical significant differences or interaction effects.
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Stojanovic, Biljana B. "Overvoltage and insulation co-ordination in underground mine power systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36107/1/36107_Stojanovic_1998.pdf.
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In recent years mining electrical equipment on various coal mine sites in Queensland have experienced failures on 3.3 kV system insulation. The reported failures have occurred at the load side of the transfo1mer in underground substations. This raised concerns that
switching surges associated with vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) were adversely interacting with systems that used neutral earthing reactor (NER) as a means of earth fault
limitation. This implied a need to study the performance of NERs in conjunction with switching ofVCBs, in order to identify the expected overvoltage levels.
The series of tests carried out on 1.1 kV and 3.3 kV systems revealed the levels of switching overvoltages that should not result in equipment failure, provided that the system insulation complies with standard insulation levels recommended in the Standard. System
tests were simulated using Transient Network Analyser (TNA) to give predictions of overvoltage levels for worst case conditions. The levels of harmonic voltages for a typical mine power system were examined using Electrical Power System Analysis Suite (ERA CS). As a result the possible levels of overvoltages in underground mine power systems were identified and means of overvoltage protection were recommended. The recommendation is also given for the development of overvoltage type test for mining equipment including NERs.
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Cho, Bo Hyung. "Modeling and analysis of spacecraft power systems." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54741.
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A comprehensive large-scale power system modeling is developed to facilitate the design and analysis of present and future spacecraft power systems. A two-port coupling method is utilized to provide a modularity in model building and analysis of the system. The modular approach allows the model to be flexible, verifiable and computationally efficient. A methodology for the system level analysis is presented with the ability to focus on the performance characteristics of an arbitrary component or subsystem. The system performance parameters are derived explicitly in terms of the two-port hybrid g-parameter representation of the component or subsystem, and impedances of its terminating subsystems. From this, the stability of the system is analytically determined and the subsystem interaction criteria is observed. Also presented is a model development from the empirical data employing the complex curve fitting technique. The technique is especially powerful for large scale system modeling and analysis where certain components and subsystems are viewed as black boxes with measurable terminal characteristics. The technique can also be used to realize a reduced order model of a complex subsystem.
The Direct Energy Transfer (DET) spacecraft power system is modeled to demonstrate the versatility of the comprehensive system model by performing various DC, small-signal and large-signal analyses. Of particular interest is the analysis of the large-signal behavior of the nonlinear solar array system by employing the state-plane method. The analysis of the solar array system operation focused on the transition mode between the shunt mode and the battery discharging mode is presented. The subsystem interaction problems in the local component and global system are illustrated. A methodology for the design and trouble-shooting of a system dealing with the interaction problems using the g-parameters is described. Finally, a system level analysis of the DET system using an empirical data modeling technique is performed.Ph. D.
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Jones, Peter Gibson. "Evaluation of Voltage Instability Countermeasures in Constrained Sub-transmission Power Networks." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/112.
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This paper investigates the various parameters that effect voltage stability in sub-transmission power networks. The paper first looks at contributions from equipment: generators, transmission lines, transformers, capacitors, SVCs and STATCOMs. The paper also looks at the effects of loads on voltage stability. Power flow solutions, PV and VQ curves are covered. The study models an existing voltage problem i.e., a long, radial, 115 kV sub-transmission network that serves a 65 MW load. The network model is simulated with the following voltage instability countermeasures: adding a capacitor, adding an SVC, adding a STATCOM, tying to a neighboring transmission system, adding generation and bringing in a new 230 kV source. Then, using the WECC heavy-winter 2012 power flow base case and Siemens PTI software, VQ and PV curves are created for each solution. Finally, the curves are analyzed to determine the best solution.
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Töpfl, Stefan. "Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) for permeabilization of cell Membranes in food- and bioprocessing applications, process and equipment design and cost analysis /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981462774.
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Zandberg, Hermanus Andries Jakobus. "Wireless transformer condition monitoring system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1186.
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The Department of Electrical Engineering in fulfilment of the
requirements for the Magister Technologiae in Electrical
Engineering at the
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
November 2013Pole mounted transformers (PMT) in rural areas present an opportunity for local utilities to do current monitoring on these systems. These transformers are exposed to abnormal amounts of stress due to the vast power demand in these areas. The aim of this study is to develop a more cost-effective condition monitoring system. Transformer current monitoring can be a dangerous practice if not done by suitably trained utility electricians. Hence this study is partly aimed at the elimination of hazardous working environments associated with manual electrical measurements. An investigation to determine a safe and cost-effective way to obtain the electrical measurements required from PMTs is undertaken. Although current measurements can be done with a current clamp-on meter, these measurements still take place at the phases of the transformer and are unsafe. The possibility of implementing wireless data gathering on current clamp-on meters is therefore investigated. This is made possible by a wireless sensor node (WSN) which gathers information and transmits it wirelessly to a WSN base station. This wireless solution is battery powered, necessitating battery replacements, therefore leading to the investigation of magnetic fields, magnetic materials and magnetic induction. A current clamp able to generate a high voltage (HV) output with minimal magnetic field strength is developed. The magnetic fields produced by the transformer’s phase cables are used to generate an alternating voltage. With the help of a microcontroller and an energy harvesting circuit, this voltage is converted and used to charge supercapacitors. The magnetic fields are also used to determine the current flow in the transformer phase cables when the device is not in energy harvesting mode. The device will then undergo comprehensive laboratory testing to determine its accuracy and durability, and is then used to do ‘real life’ current measurements, the results of which are compared against an off-the-shelf current monitoring device.
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Diliautas, Andrius. "Elektros ir elektroninės įrangos atliekų tvarkymo Lietuvoje analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20090908_194025-16871.
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SANTRAUKA Nors formaliai 2002/96/EB direktyvos nuostatos yra perkeltos ir Lietuva apie tai yra pateikusi notifikaciją ES institucijoms, nebuvo įvertinta, ar kokybiškai ir tiksliai perkeltos direktyvos normos. Taip pat nebuvo įvertinta, kaip įgyvendinamos perkeltos nuostatos ir ar pasiekiami direktyvoje numatyti tikslai. Šiame darbe nagrinėjama EEĮ atliekų tvarkymo situacija Lietuvoje, vertinama 2002/96/EB direktyvos perkėlimo kokybė, identifikuojamos EEĮ atliekų tvarkymo problemos. Analizė parodo kokie nacionaliniai teisės aktai yra keistini ir kokias problemas reikia spręsti norint pasiekti direktyvoje nustatytus tikslus. IŠVADOS 1. Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos Direktyvos 2002/96/EB „Dėl elektros ir elektroninės įrangos buvo perkelta į Lietuvos nacionalinę teisinę bazę skubotai, siekiant laikytis numatytų terminų, todėl didelė dalis nuostatų perkelta pažodžiui, atkartojant direktyvos nuostatas, bet neužtikrinant jų įgyvendinimo priemonių. Yra nuostatų, kurios visai nebuvo perkeltos ar perkeltos netiksliai; 2. Dauguma Direktyvos 2002/96/EB esminių nuostatų yra perkeltos į Atliekų tvarkymo įstatymą ir Vyriausybės nutarimais, o juose nustatyti pagrindiniai reikalavimai yra tik detalizuoti kitais poįstatyminiais teisės aktais. 3. Siekiant pasiekti 2008 m. nustatytą minimalią 4 kg EEĮ atliekų surinkimo iš privačių namų ūkių užduotį būtina 28 procentais padidinti esamą surinkimą iš privačių namų ūkių, kuris šiuo metu yra apie 3,12 kg/ gyventojui. Reikia tobulinti teisinį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]SUMMARY Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) along with the complementary Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS) seeks to reduce the environmental impacts of WEEE throughout all stages of the equipment’s lifecycle. The setting up of efficient collection schemes In Lithuania is necessary to ensure the achievement of the targets set in the Directive. Lithuania, as well as all others new members of EU, have not developed WEEE management systems and is developing new one in order to comply with the Directive. Lithuania have chosen to apply market based approach with multiple providers of take back services, apart from the collective single compliance scheme models being used in the countries with already existing systems. In this study the legal and operational approach of WEEE management system in Lithuania was analized. The mistakes made in transposition of the WEEE Directive was identified, as well as the problems arising out of implementation of the Directive requirements. The Directive states that each Member State should collect 4 kg of WEEE per capita – this target is not reached in Lithuania yet. In year 2006 the collection level of WEEE was 3.12 kg per capita. The recommendations were proposed to change the existing system in order to fulfill all requirements of the Directive.
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Silva, Cristiano Stefano da. "Prescrição da modalidade de manutenção de motores elétricos considerando o custo de manutenção e depreciação do ativo." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1465.
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Uma adequada gestão das atividades de manutenção foca seus objetivos na confiabilidade e disponibilidade dos equipamentos, bem como na diminuição dos custos de reparo envolvidos. Visando contribuir neste sentido, o presente trabalho propõe um estudo de caso relacionado à análise de depreciação técnica e depreciação econômica dos equipamentos utilizados numa indústria de produção de papel imprensa. Especificamente, aplica-se a análise da curva de Weibull a uma base de dados de histórico de falhas ocorridas em motores elétricos existentes no processo produtivo e realiza-se, simultaneamente, uma análise de depreciação econômica desses equipamentos. O estudo envolveu a análise de 31 motores elétricos, classificados em 10 grupos de acordo com a potência de operação. A partir dos resultados obtidos para o coeficiente de forma correspondente a um período histórico de 20 anos de manutenção, bem como da análise de depreciação dos motores, foi possível verificar que mais de 50% dos motores analisados tiveram falhas do tipo mortalidade prematura e, o restante dos equipamentos, falhas do tipo fim de vida útil. Uma análise estatística de importância da correlação entre as variáveis de estudo indicou que, para o nível de confiança de 95%, a potência do motor elétrico não apresenta correlação significativa com o valor do fator de forma e nem com o número de manutenções corretivas realizadas. A única relação significativa foi encontrada entre o tamanho do motor e o custo das manutenções ou intervenções, como era esperado. O estudo realizado mostrou de uma maneira ágil e do ponto de vista da gestão da manutenção, uma análise técnica e econômica conjunta da vida útil de motores elétricos em relação à questão da sua depreciação e à escolha da melhor estratégia de manutenção a ser adotada.An efficient management of maintenance activities is normally focused on reliability and availability of equipments, as well as in reducing the costs involved. Aiming to contribute in this sense, the present study proposes a case of study related to the analysis of technical and economic depreciation of electrical motors used in processes of a newsprint industry. In particular, both the Weibull distribution and an economic depreciation analysis were applied to a historic data base containing electric motor failures. The study was carried out for 31 electric motors, which were classified into 10 groups of electric powers. From results obtained for the form factor in 20 years of maintenance and the depreciation analysis was verified that more than 50% of electric motors had premature failures, whereas the rest of equipments had failures of useful life. A statistical analysis of correlation among variables showed that the power of the electric motor had no significance correlation with both the form factor and the number of failure events at 95% of confidence level. However, a significance correlation was found between the power of the electric motor and the maintenance cost involved, as expected. The study showed a practical way of a combined technical and economical analysis applied to electric motors for choosing the better maintenance strategy.
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Lewis, Richard Peter. "Smart electricity metering : hardware development and socioeconomic aspects." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678602.
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Wirén, Hampus. "Asset Management of Electrical Transportation Systems with Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Ground Support Equipment: Case Study Stockholm Arlanda Airport." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253272.
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We have come a long way in the pursuit of reducing our carbon footprint from our way of living, bycontinuously development of batteries and charging infrastructure for electric vehicles to decrease thedemand for fossil fuels, improving the overall energy efficiency and to increase awareness of the problemto the population. One of the industries, that during the last decades has undergone vast improvements,is the development of the airplane engines due to increased emission regulations, for the aviationindustry, and to reduce the costs of air travel. Despite tighter regulations, global impact from travellingby air is increasing due to the explosive increase in number of travels and travellers. In order to copewith the situation, it is of course necessary to further develop fuel and emission effective airplanes, butalso to study the whole chain of emission sources correlated to the air transport industry. So, whilewaiting for improved airplanes there are well known emission effective technologies that can beimplemented already today – implement electric vehicles as support vehicles at airports.Today, and throughout history, most of the focus of air travel has been on the airplane itself. This thesis,that was carried out at KTH Royal Institute of Technology during late spring and autumn 2018, didinstead study the support vehicles used in airports. In this thesis, a generic economic model wasdeveloped in order to estimate the costs involved when replacing traditionally vehicles to suggestedelectrically propelled alternatives. To test and support the development of an economic model, a casestudy has been carried out at Stockholm Arlanda Airport. This case study included a field study to thementioned airport, and in combination with interviews with former employees from one of the groundhandling companies that are currently active in the airport. Raw data was collected over the equipmentand vehicles currently in use. This data was used to describe the vehicles purpose, requirements and toensure that the alternative electric vehicles proposed would offer at least the same performance as thetraditional vehicles. The developed generic economic model was modulated with five stages thatrepresented a selection of input parameters. The collected data became a result in itself and was used asinput to three concurrent theses.The results from the five stages presents the costs during an investment period of between of one tofifteen years. One of the most significant result could be seen from Stage V. This stage showed that thecombined cost to replace all vehicles currently used, with either all new diesel vehicles or electricalternative vehicles, are lower for electric vehicles than for diesel vehicles. Another significant resultcould be seen from the investigation of Stage IV, Stage IV-B, were the model was modulated to representthe case of replacing a vehicle. The results showed that the Letter and Cargo procedures, that travel thefarthest and has the highest fuel consumption of the investigated vehicles, had negative costs throughthe whole investment period. This means that the expenses will always be lower when these vehicles arereplaced. The model was validated through a sensitivity analysis, performed on the discount rates,depreciation rates and as well as costs for battery replacement during the depreciation period.Vi har kommit långt i vår strävan att minska vårt koldioxidavtryck genom vårat sätt att leva, genom attkontinuerligt utveckla batterier och laddningsinfrastruktur för elfordon med syftet att minskaefterfrågan på fossila bränslen, förbättra den totala energieffektiviteten och öka befolkningensmedvetenhet om problemet. En av de branscher, som under de senaste decennierna har genomgått storaförbättringar, är utvecklingen av flygplansmotorer och regler för flygplan. Men eftersom antaletflygresenärer fortsätter att öka årligen krävs ytterligare arbete för att förbättra den totala effektivitetenoch minska det negativa globala avtrycket från flygresor. Medan väntan på att morgondagens flygplanska utvecklas så finns det teknik som redan kan appliceras idag – elfordon.I dag, och genom historien, har det mesta av all fokus för flygresor varit på flygplanen själva. Dettaexamensarbete, som genomfördes på KTH, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, under den senare delen avvåren och hösten 2018, utredde istället de fordon som omger ett flygplan, under den tid flygplanet stårstilla på en flygplats. Under denna uppsats utvecklades en generisk ekonomiskmodell, med syftet attestimera kostnaderna att ersätta och använda elfordon istället för de nuvarande fordonen. För attutveckla den ekonomiska modellen genomfördes en fallstudie på Stockholm Arlanda Airport.Fallstudien innehöll en fältundersökning till den nämnda flygplatsen, och i kombination med intervjuermed tidigare anställda från ett av de marktjänstföretag som är verksamma på flygplatsen, insamladesrådata om vilken utrustning och fordon som vid tillfället användes. Denna data användes för att beskrivafordonens syfte, vilka krav som ställs på fordonen. Detta var för att säkerställa att det valda elfordonetkunde utföra uppgiften. Den utvecklade generiska ekonomiska modellen modulerades med fem steg,som representerade vilka indataparametrar som bör väljas. De insamlade uppgifterna blev ett resultat isig och användes som indata till tre samtidiga avhandlingar.Den generiska modellen resultat presenterade kostnaderna från de fem stegen under en varierandeinvesteringsperiod på ett till femton år. Ett av de viktigaste resultaten var från Steg V, som visade attden sammanlagda kostnaden för att ersätta alla de fordon som för närvarande används, med antingenalla nya dieselfordon eller elektriska alternativa fordon, är lägre för elfordon än för dieselfordon. Detandra betydande resultatet kommer från undersökningen av Steg IV, Steg IV-B. I Steg IV-B moduleradesmodellen i syfte att representera scenariot då ett fordon ska ersättas, där Letter och Cargo procedurernavar de som färdades längst och även har den högsta bränsleförbrukningen utav de undersökta fordonen,hade en negativ kostnad under hela investeringslängden. Detta betyder att kostnaderna alltid är lägre,om fordonet ersätts. Modellen har validerats med hjälp utav en känslighetsanalys som utfördes pådiskonteringsräntan, avskrivningssatsen och kostnader för ersättningsbatterier.
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Daniali, Iran. "The Initial Deployment of Electric Vehicle Service Equipment : Case study: Green Highway Region, E14 from Sundsvall in Sweden to Trondheim in Norway." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-24098.
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Abstract Electric Vehicles (EVs) are considered a more sustainable alternative vehicle because of their efficient electric motor when compared to internal combustion engines (ICE), and thus help to mitigate environmental problems and reduce fossil fuel dependency. In or-der to support drivers of plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PEVs), the installation and adequate distribution of Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) is a major factor. The availability of EVSE is a vital requirement in order to charge the vehicle’s battery pack through connection to the electricity grid. This thesis evaluates the likely distribu-tion of a sufficient number of charging stations, measured as the demand of EVSE, for initial deployment in the E14 highway. This highway is also known as the Green High-way region, where a plan has been outlined with the aim to create a fleet of 15% EVs in the area by 2020.In order to model EVSE distribution, the first step was to complete a survey in 2012 on the population density and location of cities, along with the location of already estab-lished charging station locations on the Green Highway. The survey was done with ge-ography information survey (GIS) software. The second step was to create a map of the region. Based on the map, the initial estimate of EVSE locations on the Green Highway project plan was analyzed, as the third step. This was used as an initial analysis. The forth step was to use the location of current gasoline stations to provide as alternative pattern for the EVSE sites.It was observed that the network of gasoline stations correlates positively with population density. Through using these stations, the optimal location of the EVSEs was proposed. However, the model results do not provide for sufficient placement of EVSE sites where the population density is very low. In order to assess the different potential options, it was necessary to create analytical models in Arc-GIS, in which buffer zones were created with a variable size of 10, 15, 20 and 31 miles. This permitted allocation of a geographical area to estimate the optimum sites for charging stations. The resultsiiishowed that for a buffer zone of 10 miles, 28 charging stations were calculated, using buffer zone of 15 miles gives 18 stations, and a buffer zone of 20 miles results in 13 charging station sites. Notably, the estimate of the 20-mile buffer zone gives the same results as for the 50 km (31 miles) buffer zone for residential areas along E14. Therefore, the results show that the optimal design is to deploy 14 fast charging stations with three-phase DC, or 14 fast charging stations with three-phase AC, installed adjacent to the E14 road.
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Patel, Anand Kishorbhai. "Investigation of a Novel Vapor Chamber for Efficient Heat Spreading and Removal for Power Electronics in Electric Vehicles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984206/.
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This work investigated a novel vapor chamber for efficient heat spreading and heat removal. A vapor chamber acting as a heat spreader enables for more uniform temperature distribution along the surface of the device being cooled. First, a vapor chamber was studied and compared with the traditional copper heat spreader. The thickness of vapor chamber was kept 1.35 mm which was considered to be ultra-thin vapor chamber. Then, a new geometrical model having graphite foam in vapor space was proposed where the graphite foam material was incorporated in vapor space as square cubes. The effects of incorporating graphite foam in vapor space were compared to the vapor chamber without the embedded graphite foam to investigate the heat transfer performance improvements of vapor chamber by the high thermal conductivity graphite foam. Finally, the effects of various vapor chamber thicknesses were studied through numerical simulations. It was found that thinner vapor chamber (1.35 mm thickness) had better heat transfer performance than thicker vapor chamber (5 mm thickness) because of the extreme high effective thermal conductivities of ultra-thin vapor chamber. Furthermore, the effect of graphite foam on thermal performance improvement was very minor for ultra-thin vapor chamber, but significant for thick vapor chamber. The GF could help reduce the junction temperature by 15-30% in the 5-mm thick vapor chamber. Use of GF embedded vapor chamber could achieve 250-400 Watt per Centimeter square local heat removal for power electronics. The application of this is not only limited to electronic devices but actuator and avionics cooling in aircrafts, thermal management of electronics in directed energy weapon systems, battery thermal management for electric and hybrid vehicles, smart phones cooling, thus covering a wide gamut of heat flux applications.
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Newman, Michael John 1976. "Design and control of a Universal Custom Power Conditioner (UCPC)." Monash University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5651.
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