Journal articles: 'Electric furnaces Electric furnaces Steel-works Steel'

1

Cleary, F. J. "ELECTRIC STEEL FURNACES AND ELECTRIC STEEL." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 32, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 242–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1920.tb00900.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Odilov, Furkat, and Farrukhjon Abdullaev. "Improving The Technology Of Continuous Casting Of Steel Castings." American Journal of Engineering And Techonology 03, no. 04 (April 30, 2021): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajet/volume03issue04-17.

Full text

Abstract:

This article describes the quality and cost-effectiveness of converting steels by melting them in electric arc furnaces. In addition, the technology of continuous casting of cast products in the furnace with the help of ferroalloys, followed by various equipment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Nikolaev, Alexander, Gennady Kornilov, and Evgeniy Povelitsa. "Developing and Testing of Improved Control System of Electric Arc Furnace Electrical Regimes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 792 (September 2015): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.488.

Full text

Abstract:

The article deals with the description of an improved automatic control system for steel-making furnaces (electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces) electrode positioning and the results of its production testing. The control performance of electrode positioning of the developed automatic control system was studied using a mathematical model, which included the main components of the system: the hydraulic drive of electrode positioning with a servo valve, electric circuit of the furnace described by Cassie nonlinear differential equation, impedance nonlinear controller. It was proved that a more accurate positioning makes it possible to significantly reduce electric power consumption per tap-to-tap cycle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Khoroshavin, L. B., V. A. Perepelitsyn, G. A. Farafonov, V. V. Zagnoiko, E. P. Mezentsev, V. M. Bibaev, A. M. Chuklai, V. F. Chirikhin, G. P. Sorokolet, and A. G. Myannik. "Periclase-carbon products for electric steel furnaces." Refractories 29, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01386602.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Bas'yas, I. P., M. M. Belozerov, V. I. Sizov, and G. A. Farafonov. "Hearths of electric arc steel melting furnaces." Refractories 31, no. 9-10 (September 1990): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282801.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Kirschen, Marcus, Thomas Hay, and Thomas Echterhof. "Process Improvements for Direct Reduced Iron Melting in the Electric Arc Furnace with Emphasis on Slag Operation." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020402.

Full text

Abstract:

Steelmaking based on direct reduced iron (DRI, and its compacted derivative hot briquetted iron, HBI) is an anticipated important global alternative to current steel production based on FeOx reduction in blast furnaces due to its lower specific CO2 emission. The majority of DRI is melted and refined in the electric arc furnace with different process conditions compared to the melting of steel scrap due to its raw material composition being rather different. We provide data and analysis of slag composition of DRI charges vs. steel scrap charges for 16 industrial electric arc furnaces (EAFs). Suggestions for optimized slag operation and resulting process improvements of DRI melting in the EAF are given. A dynamic mass and energy model of the DRI melting in the EAF is introduced to illustrate the implications of the adapted slag operation on the EAF process with DRI charges.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Kiyko, S. G., E. A. Druzhinin, O. V. Prokhorov, and B. V. Haidabrus. "Simulation of Energy Consumption Processes at the Metallurgical Enterprises in the Energy-Saving Projects Implementation." Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): G1—G11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(2).g1.

Full text

Abstract:

The features of improving energy efficiency at a metallurgical enterprise based on portfolio management of energy-saving projects are considered. A simulation model of energy consumption at the metallurgical enterprise, which covers the entire metal products manufacture process, has been developed. The parameters, conduct, and visualization of simulation models of the main equipment such as an electric arc furnace and a ladle furnaces are described. With this software package’s help, a comparison of the permissible values and the adjusting of the predicted consumption of active power by a metallurgical enterprise for each fixed point in time are carried out. The system calculates the operating mode regulation range of electric arc furnaces to ensure the continuity of steel casting during melting of a particular steel grade along the appropriate technological routes. The model likewise includes algorithms for transport equipment management that minimize disruptions in continuous casting machines’ operation and simulate emergencies. The analysis of the results of energy consumption processes simulation at the metallurgical enterprise is carried out. As a result of modeling, it was possible to increase the productivity of a group of electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces and reduce the maximum consumption of active power by the metallurgical enterprise. Experimental studies of energy consumption planning methods have been carried out based on real data on the metal products manufacture and electrical energy consumption by the production units of PJSC “Electrometallurgical plant “Dniprospetsstal”. The use of the electrical energy consumption model allows in an integrated manner and responds to the dynamics of production processes to carry out further calculations of economic feasibility studies, analysis, and selection of options for the project’s implementation of an energy-saving portfolio at the metallurgical enterprise.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Khoroshavin, L. B., V. A. Perepelitsyn, V. S. Turchaninov, E. P. Mezentsev, V. M. Bibaev, A. M. Chuklai, V. F. Chirikhin, G. P. Sorokolet, and N. G. Tarynin. "Periclase-carbon products for electric steel-melting furnaces." Refractories 27, no. 9-10 (September 1986): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01387287.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Nikolaev, Alexander, Evgeniy Povelitsa, Gennady Kornilov, and Anton Anufriev. "Research and Development of Automatic Control System for Electric Arc Furnace Electrode Positioning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.707.

Full text

Abstract:

The article is concerned with the advanced automatic control system of electrode positioning at electric arc steel making furnaces and ladle furnaces. Analysis of structure of modern electrode positioning control systems’ nonlinear controllers for electric arc furnaces and ladle furnaces is considered. Disadvantages of these systems were analyzed. A control system with a conventional structure from well-established foreign suppliers was compared with the advanced automatic control system of electrode positioning.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Makarov, A. N., M. K. Galicheva, and A. V. Kuznetsov. "Changing the Arc Efficiency during Melting of a Charge in Arc Steel Melting Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.441.

Full text

Abstract:

The article presents the results stemming from the calculation of the arc efficiency of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets. Furnaces that use metallized pellets are characterized by less arc efficiency and a higher electric energy consumption than similar pellet furnaces. The calculation results are confirmed by experimental investigations of energy balances of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Rohde, Luciana, Washington Peres Núñez, and Jorge Augusto Pereira Ceratti. "Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag: Base Material for Low-Volume Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-26.

Full text

Abstract:

The results of a study of the use of electric furnace slag as pavement aggregates are presented. Slag is generated as waste during steel production in industrial plants that use electric arc furnaces. Tests for the following were carried out to determine the characteristics of the aggregate: grain size distribution, soundness, Los Angeles abrasion, compaction, California bearing ratio, resilient modulus, and expansion. To use the slag as a granular layer, its grain size distribution had to be corrected. This procedure increased the bearing capacity and workability of the material. Evaluation of the expansion potential showed that the slag must be stocked in the open air for at least 4 months before it can be used in pavement construction. After correction of the gradation, the slag presented a resilient modulus that exceeded those of traditional granular materials; its use resulted in thinner and cheaper pavements. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the use of electric arc furnace slag as pavement material is possible and that it provides remarkably good technical quality and economic advantages.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Bikeev, Roman, Viktor Serikov, and Vladimir Cherednichenko. "Mathematical Simulation of Acoustic Characteristics of Super-Power Arc Discharges in Electric Steel Furnaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 792 (September 2015): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.499.

Full text

Abstract:

Mathematical model of appearance and progress of noise characteristics in super-power electric arc steel furnaces is considered in the paper. It is shown that noise generation is coupled with pulsations of axial plasma flows in arc discharge caused by fluctuations of electrodynamic pressure on discharge column formed by interaction between its own magnetic field and current flowing in the arc. Simulation results have shown that pressure in arc axis alternates at frequency 100 Hz with amplitude 6600 N/m2 for arc current 80 kA. Basic frequencies of arc noise are aliquot to 100 Hz, that fact is verified by exploitation practice of arc steel furnaces. Sound intensity level in workspace riches 160 dB, but thanks to shielding by case and fused metal and slag it falls to 115–120 dB on service area of furnace. It has shown that maximal amplitudes in frequency spectrum of the noise are in range 5–150 Hz. Generated noise amplitudes and frequency ranges depend on arc discharges' resistance, which are defined by ionization level of gases. According to Saha equation, iron vapor is ionized by 70 %, calcium vapor – by 95 %, and ionization level of air is no more than 1.5 %. It has been experimentally shown that in melting of stock coated with lime noise intensity is decreased by 6–8 % against no-lime iron melting because of lower calcium ionization potential (6.11 eV). It has been ascertained that for long arc with high voltages the sound intensity is decreased by 3–4 % as compared with short arc of the same current. It has shown that suppression of low-frequency components of noise energy is possible by optimization of electromechanical oscillations of electrodes, electrode-holders and cable strips, additionally to inclusion lime in stock mixture. The appropriateness of improvement electric arc furnaces hermeticity and development of the furnaces for operation with lowered currents and enlarged transformers' voltages have been approved.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Sofilic, T., J. Jendričko, Z. Kovačevic, and M. Ćosić. "Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emission from EAF steel making proces." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0089-1.

Full text

Abstract:

Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel manufacturing is an important recycling activity which contributes to the recovery of steel resources and steel scrap/waste minimization. Because of the content of plastics, coatings and paintings as well as other nonferrous materials in the charge during melting, a strong emission of pollutants, including polluting substance group consists of persistent organic pollutions (POPs) represented by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) occurs. This study was set out to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from the stack of a new electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant installed during modernisation of the Melt Shop in CMC SISAK d.o.o., Croatia. Obtained results have been compared with previously obtained results of PCDDs/Fs emission measurements from the old electric-arc furnace dust treatment without dust drop-out box, as well as quenching tower. The total PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases of both electric arc furnaces EAF A and EAF B were 0.2098 and 0.022603 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 respectively, and these results are close to previous obtained results by other authors. The calculated values of the emission factors for PCDDs/Fs calculated on the basis of measured PCDDs/Fs concentration in the stack off gases in 2008 and 2011 were 1.09 and 0.22 ng I-TEQ/ ton steel, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Logar, Vito, and Igor Škrjanc. "The Influence of Electric-Arc-Furnace Input Feeds on its Electrical Energy Consumption." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 1013–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-021-00390-y.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractOperation of the electric arc furnaces (EAFs) is a subject to consider fluctuations in terms of its key performance indicators, such as the electrical energy consumption (EEC), tap-to-tap time, steel yield, and others. In this paper, a more detailed analysis of the electric arc furnace data is performed, investigating its EEC. It is well known that the EEC is affected by the weight and the type of charged scrap, the operational delays, and the tapping temperature. On the other hand, one can also deduce that the feeds, such as the carbon and the oxygen, could also affect the EEC, due to their role in redox equations and impact to the bath energy balance. Therefore, special attention is devoted to the analysis of the carbon-to-oxygen ratio during the electric arc furnace operation and the consequent influence of the oxygen availability on the EEC. Statistical analysis of more than 2500 heats of data, which were clustered according to the produced steel grade and the charged scrap mixture, has revealed that besides the beforementioned factors, fluctuations in EEC could appear also due to different amounts of added carbon and oxygen. Since the furnace operators usually rely on predefined guidelines and their own experience when actuating the furnace, a simplistic statistical approach can be used to reveal some of the weaknesses in the control routines, which can be used as a starting point to improve their actuation, leading to decreased energy consumption. Graphical Abstract

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Chusovitina, T. B., and Yu K. Malyshkin. "The quality of refractories for electric ARC steel melting furnaces." Refractories 30, no. 11-12 (November 1989): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01288286.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Kukartsev, Viktor A., Vladislav V. Kukartsev, and Vadim S. Tynchenko. "The Peculiarities of Smelting of Wear-Resistant Cast Iron IChH28N2 in the Induction Crucible Furnace IChT10." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.397.

Full text

Abstract:

Wear-resistant cast iron smelting is produced in electric arc furnaces, due to the use of steel scrap in metal charge, ferrochrome and refund if there is one. Scrap of cast iron with the necessary chemical composition is not present because the proportion of manufacturing parts from wear-resistant cast iron is very small. Thus, there is no opportunity to form castings of wear-resistant cast iron using foundries equipped only with induction crucible furnaces of industrial frequency (IChT), since the furnace is designed for melting temperatures not above 1500 °C. In addition, the lining of induction furnaces of industrial frequency is made of quartzite, which provides the necessary durability when operating at temperatures not above 1500 °C. The ability to manufacture blanks from wear-resistant cast iron gives an additional opportunity to expand the range of orders and prevent a reduction in production in factories equipped only with the smelting furnaces of the IChT. The article describes the peculiarities of smelting cast iron IChH28N2 in the furnace IChT10 with acid lining. The technology of conducting melting on pure charge materials without use of cast iron scrap and return is briefly described.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Patisson, Fabrice, and Olivier Mirgaux. "Hydrogen Ironmaking: How It Works." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070922.

Full text

Abstract:

A new route for making steel from iron ore based on the use of hydrogen to reduce iron oxides is presented, detailed and analyzed. The main advantage of this steelmaking route is the dramatic reduction (90% off) in CO2 emissions compared to those of the current standard blast-furnace route. The first process of the route is the production of hydrogen by water electrolysis using CO2-lean electricity. The challenge is to achieve massive production of H2 in acceptable economic conditions. The second process is the direct reduction of iron ore in a shaft furnace operated with hydrogen only. The third process is the melting of the carbon-free direct reduced iron in an electric arc furnace to produce steel. From mathematical modeling of the direct reduction furnace, we show that complete metallization can be achieved in a reactor smaller than the current shaft furnaces that use syngas made from natural gas. The reduction processes at the scale of the ore pellets are described and modeled using a specific structural kinetic pellet model. Finally, the differences between the reduction by hydrogen and by carbon monoxide are discussed, from the grain scale to the reactor scale. Regarding the kinetics, reduction with hydrogen is definitely faster. Several research and development and innovation projects have very recently been launched that should confirm the viability and performance of this breakthrough and environmentally friendly ironmaking process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Gajdzik, Bożena, Włodzimierz Sroka, and Jolita Vveinhardt. "Energy Intensity of Steel Manufactured Utilising EAF Technology as a Function of Investments Made: The Case of the Steel Industry in Poland." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 5152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165152.

Full text

Abstract:

The production of steel in the world is dominated by two types of technologies: BF + BOF (the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace, also known as integrated steel plants) and EAF (the electric arc furnace). The BF + BOF process uses a lot of natural resources (iron ore is a feedstock for steel production) and fossil fuels. As a result, these steel mills have a significantly negative impact on the environment. In turn, EAF technology is characterised by very low direct emissions and very high indirect emissions. The raw material for steel production is steel scrap, the processing of which is highly energy-consuming. This paper analyses the energy intensity of steel production in Poland as a function of investments made in the steel industry in the years 2000–2019. Statistical data on steel production in the EAF process in Poland (which represents an approximately 50% share of the steel produced, as the rest is produced utilising the BF + BOF process) was used. Slight fluctuations are caused by the periodic switching of technology for economic or technical reasons. The hypothesis stating that there is a relationship between the volume of steel production utilising the EAF process and the energy consumption of the process, which is influenced by investments, was formulated. Econometric modelling was used as the research method and three models were constructed: (1) a two-factor power model; (2) a linear two-factor model; and (3) a linear one-factor model. Our findings show that the correlation is negative, that is, along with the increase in technological investments in electric steel plants in Poland, a decrease in the energy consumption of steel produced in electric furnaces was noted during the analysed period.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Kukharev, Alexsey, Vyacheslav Bilousov, Ecaterina Bilousov, and Vitaly Bondarenko. "The Peculiarities of Convective Heat Transfer in Melt of a Multiple-Electrode Arc Furnace." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111174.

Full text

Abstract:

The modern direction of improving the technology of steel production in high-power arc furnaces is the intensification of magnetohydrodynamic effects for mixing the melt. In this article, a furnace design is proposed that contains three roof arc and three bottom electrodes, which provides the formation of additional eddy currents in the melt when the furnace is supplied with direct current or a low-frequency current. For a numerical study of the features of heat transfer in the melt of this furnace, a three-dimensional mathematical model of magnetohydrodynamic and thermal processes was used. The results were processed using the methods of visualization of vortex structures and the Richardson criterion. In an oven with a capacity of 180 tons at currents in the electrodes of 80 kA, the conditions for the interaction of electric vortex and thermogravitational convection were studied. Results showed that thermogravitational convection due to nonuniform heating of the melt led to a decrease in the size of the main electric vortex flow and the formation of an additional flow near the side walls of the furnace. The features of azimuthal flows formed in the areas of electric arcs and hearth electrodes were analyzed. Results showed that the multivortex structure of the flows that formed in the furnace allowed the volume of stagnant zones to be reduced and provided acceptable melt mixing conditions. The results can be used to improve the energy and structural parameters of three-electrode arc furnaces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Klukvin, Oleg V., Anastasia K. Savchenko, and Alibagand O. Alibagandov. "Study of the Main Reasons for the Consumption of Graphite Electrodes in Electric Arc Steel Furnaces." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.91.

Full text

Abstract:

Graphite electrodes are widely used in various industries, especially metallurgy. Their key features include inertness to most process environments, and electrical conductivity. However, there are a number of problems due to the peculiarities of the operating conditions. Graphite materials have good inertness towards gases, liquids and solids, as well as high electrical conductivity. In metallurgy, graphite electrodes are used in steel-making furnaces to supply electrical energy to the working space of the furnace. The article analyzes the main reasons for the consumption of graphite electrodes, both in normal and emergency situations. In the conclusion of the article, analyzes are made based on the results of graphite electrodes breakdowns.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Makarov, A. N., V. V. Rybakova, and M. K. Galicheva. "Electromagnetism and the Arc Efficiency of Electric Arc Steel Melting Furnaces." Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 06, no. 07 (2014): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2014.67018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Sizov, V. I. "New solutions in lining of domestic electric arc steel melting furnaces." Refractories 34, no. 5-6 (May 1993): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01293236.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Belozerov, M. M., G. A. Farafonov, I. P. Bas'yas, V. I. Sizov, O. A. Panin, O. P. Frolov, and V. P. Koptelov. "Lining of tap holes of large-tonnage electric steel melting furnaces." Refractories 31, no. 9-10 (September 1990): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282786.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Goryachev, I. K., V. P. Korsakov, and A. D. Novikov. "Bag filter for cleaning gases after electric arc steel-melting furnaces." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01150648.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Soleimani, Sayed Mohamad, Abdel Rahman Alaqqad, Tahir Afrasiab, Adel Jumaah, Ali Behbehani, Abdulaziz Majeed, Mohamad Hazem Al-Swwaf, and Sarah Al-Muhanna. "Utilization of Local Waste Materials in High-Performance and Self-Compacting Concrete." Materials Science Forum 990 (May 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.990.18.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of using local waste materials on the properties of fresh and hardened high performance and self-compacting concrete. Crushed ceramic products and steel slag from electric-arc furnaces were used as partial replacements of traditional concrete raw materials in the production of self-compacting and high performance concrete, which were obtained from local factories in Kuwait. Preliminary results have shown that using crushed ceramic products (in the form of powder and 3/8” aggregates) increases the rate of strength gain as the concrete cures, while using electric-arc furnace slag increases the compressive strength of the benchmark concrete mix by up to 40%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Boyanov, B. S., and T. B. Baev. "Utilization of zinc in powders from electric arc furnaces in steel production." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 1 (2009): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0901015b.

Full text

Abstract:

The processing of waste powders from steel production in electric arc furnaces is a world problem. The presence of Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, etc. in the powders makes them a valuable source for these metals. Zinc is the metal that is most often utilized, which leads to reduction of environmental pollution. The greatest problem in this connection is the presence of chlorine and fluorine in the powders, which influences the electroextraction of zinc in a significantly negative way. The presented paper shows the results from the study of the possibilities for zinc leaching from powders obtained in the steel production in Bulgaria. A detailed characterization of the powders was made using chemical analysis, XRD, DTA and TGA and M?sbauer spectroscopy. The results from the powder leaching with different solvents give the reason to recommend a technological scheme for the complete and total processing of the waste powders from steel production.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Singhal, Lokesh Kumar, and Sudipta Patra. "Energy Conservation Potential in Stainless Steel Making by use of Molten Pig Iron and Liquid Ferro-Chrome." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.124.

Full text

Abstract:

Stainless steel is mostly manufactured by Electric Arc Furnace Argon Oxygen Decarburization route utilising 100% solid charge of steel scrap/DRI/stainless steel scrap and ferroalloys.The process consumes around 415/450 KWH of power per ton of stainless steel.In the state of Odisha, we are endowed with both iron and chromite ores,which offer opportunity for use of molten pig iron and liquid ferrochrome for energy efficient stainless steel making for a plant located there. This paper analyses potential for energy conservation in EAF for three different grades of stainless steel belonging to AISI 200,300,400 series. In this concept, melting is performed in two different furnaces,one EBT type and the other Spout type.In EBT furnace only high ferrous melt with liquid pig iron and DRI/Scrap are charged and dephosphorized. In the spout furnace high carbon ferrochrome which has a tendancy to solidify rapidly due to its high melting point of nearly 1575°C is diluted with scrap which brings down its melting point drastically to enable it to be kept molten.Silicon in the high carbon ferrochrome is gainfully utilised to raise the temperature of molten pool.The diluted ferrochrome is taken in ladle in appropriate portion to which dephosphorised decarburized molten steel is added from EBT furnace for charging into AOD. The material and energy balance have been carried out for the entire charge mix using classical approach of energy calculation. Both variants of DRI and scrap addition to hot metal have been considered for the EBT furnace. Calculations for EBT furnace have been validated using data from an existing carbon steel plant using similar practice of steel making. Calculated values for such energy efficient stainless steel making have been compared with data on existing stainless steel plant using solid charge. Energy usage can be reduced by more than 60% with this approach. Keywords: Electric arc furnace, Stainless steel melting, liquid ferrochrome, energy conservation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Carlsson, Leo S., Peter B. Samuelsson, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Predicting the Electrical Energy Consumption of Electric Arc Furnaces Using Statistical Modeling." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090959.

Full text

Abstract:

Statistical modeling, also known as machine learning, has gained increased attention in part due to the Industry 4.0 development. However, a review of the statistical models within the scope of steel processes has not previously been conducted. This paper reviews available statistical models in the literature predicting the Electrical Energy (EE) consumption of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF). The aim was to structure published data and to bring clarity to the subject in light of challenges and considerations that are imposed by statistical models. These include data complexity and data treatment, model validation and error reporting, choice of input variables, and model transparency with respect to process metallurgy. A majority of the models are never tested on future heats, which essentially renders the models useless in a practical industrial setting. In addition, nonlinear models outperform linear models but lack transparency with regards to which input variables are influencing the EE consumption prediction. Some input variables that heavily influence the EE consumption are rarely used in the models. The scrap composition and additive materials are two such examples. These observed shortcomings have to be correctly addressed in future research applying statistical modeling on steel processes. Lastly, the paper provides three key recommendations for future research applying statistical modeling on steel processes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Nikolaev, A. A., A. S. Denisevich, and V. S. Ivekeev. "Improving of operation stability of frequency converters with active rectifiers in electric steel-making complex electrical equipment switching." Vestnik IGEU, no. 5 (2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.5.048-058.

Full text

Abstract:

Frequency converters with active rectifiers (FC-AR) are now used in rolling mill electric drives. Modern control systems of ARs are not adapted to voltage sags in power supply systems, which leads to converter tripping. The known methods of ensuring AR operation stability, such as kinetic buffering, correction signals based on negative sequence voltage and others, do not eliminate these emergency trips. As an additional measure the paper proposes the method of voltage sag compensation by using static var compensators (SVC) of electric arc furnaces (EAF) for parallel operation of frequency converters with active rectifiers and electric arc furnaces. However, it remains unknown how disturbances (such as overvoltages of switching of SVC harmonic filters (HF) and voltage sags during furnace transformer switching) affect operation stability of frequency converters with active rectifiers. All this makes it necessary to study the effect of these processes on the operation conditions of FC-AR and to improve the active rectifier control system. The authors used experimental arrays of instantaneous values of voltages and currents of the real-life complex «EAF-SVC» («Electric Arc Furnace – Statistic VAR Compensator») in this study. They also applied mathematical models of FC-AR with different PWM algorithms realized in Matlab-Simulink software. The main assumption of the model consists in using equivalent current sources modelling the operation of autonomous voltage invertors. An improved control system of AR has been developed. The main feature that distinguishes it from the known systems is the fact that it ensures operation stability during SVC harmonic filter and EAF transformer switching by using a signal conditioning unit for setting the active rectifier reactive current component as a function of power supply and AR input voltage difference. Implementation of the improved AR control system improves FC-AR stability during parallel operation with EAFs through reactive power consumption of the supply system. As a result, it reduces the amplitude of inrush current and voltage deviations in the DC-link of the FC-AR to the values lower than the setpoints of the AR protection system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Sverguzova, Svetlana, Zhanna Sapronova, Ildar Shaihiev, and Anastasia Svyatchenko. "The iron-containing electric-furnace steelmaking waste: physical and chemical properties and acidic modification." E3S Web of Conferences 126 (2019): 00076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912600076.

Full text

Abstract:

The electric furnace steelmaking dust is formed at melting metalized pellets in electric-arc steel-making furnaces and is a largetonnage waste. It contains such elements as Fe, Mg, Al, C, Si, Zn, Mn, Na. The ferrous and ferric iron compounds in the EFS dust are mostly presented with oxides — the compounds, which are poorly soluble in aqueous media and can’t take part in exchange reactions under ordinary conditions. The acid treatment with HCl allows obtaining a coagulating suspension, which can be usedfor wastewater treatment. Besides, there was detected up to 14 % of CaO, both free and in calcium silicates such as CaSiO3 and Ca2SiO4. So, in the process of treatment with EFS dust the formation of polysilicic acids helps increasing the purification efficiency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Lipiński, T., and A. Wach. "The Effect of Fine Non-Metallic Inclusions on the Fatigue Strength of Structural Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0010.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The article discusses the results of a study investigating the effect of the number of fine non-metallic inclusions (up to 2 µm in size) on the fatigue strength of structural steel during rotary bending. The study was performed on 21 heats produced in an industrial plant. Fourteen heats were produced in 140 ton electric furnaces, and 7 heats were performed in a 100 ton oxygen converter. All heats were desulfurized. Seven heats from electrical furnaces were refined with argon, and heats from the converter were subjected to vacuum circulation degassing. Steel sections with a diameter of 18 mm were hardened and tempered at a temperature of 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. The experimental variants were compared in view of the applied melting technology and heat treatment options. The results were presented graphically, and the fatigue strength of steel with a varied share of non-metallic inclusions was determined during rotary bending. The results revealed that fatigue strength is determined by the relative volume of fine non-metallic inclusions and tempering temperature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Bhaskar, Abhinav, Mohsen Assadi, and Homam Nikpey Somehsaraei. "Decarbonization of the Iron and Steel Industry with Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Green Hydrogen." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 9, 2020): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030758.

Full text

Abstract:

Production of iron and steel releases seven percent of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Incremental changes in present primary steel production technologies would not be sufficient to meet the emission reduction targets. Replacing coke, used in the blast furnaces as a reducing agent, with hydrogen produced from water electrolysis has the potential to reduce emissions from iron and steel production substantially. Mass and energy flow model based on an open-source software (Python) has been developed in this work to explore the feasibility of using hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (HDRI) coupled with electric arc furnace (EAF) for carbon-free steel production. Modeling results show that HDRI-EAF technology could reduce specific emissions from steel production in the EU by more than 35 % , at present grid emission levels (295 kgCO2/MWh). The energy consumption for 1 ton of liquid steel (tls) production through the HDRI-EAF route was found to be 3.72 MWh, which is slightly more than the 3.48 MWh required for steel production through the blast furnace (BF) basic oxygen furnace route (BOF). Pellet making and steel finishing processes have not been considered. Sensitivity analysis revealed that electrolyzer efficiency is the most important factor affecting the system energy consumption, while the grid emission factor is strongly correlated with the overall system emissions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Odabasi, Mustafa, Abdurrahman Bayram, Tolga Elbir, Remzi Seyfioglu, Yetkin Dumanoglu, Ayse Bozlaker, Hulusi Demircioglu, Hasan Altiok, Sinan Yatkin, and Banu Cetin. "Electric Arc Furnaces for Steel-Making: Hot Spots for Persistent Organic Pollutants." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 14 (July 15, 2009): 5205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900863s.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Osipenko, V. D., S. S. Garbuz, and A. P. Khromov. "The electrical conductivity of the roof of electric arc steel melting furnaces." Refractories 27, no. 5-6 (May 1986): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01386671.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Ustichenko, V. A., G. I. Krut'ko, A. A. Mukhin, G. E. Karas', and Z. M. Elisova. "Mullite corundum refractories for the roofs of electric-arc steel-melting furnaces." Refractories 27, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01398302.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Lipiński, T. "Effect Of The Spacing Between Submicroscopic Oxide Impurities On The Fatigue Strength Of Structural Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 2385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0389.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe article discusses the effect of distance between submicroscopic oxide impurities (up to 2 μm in size) on the fatigue resistance coefficient of structural steel during rotary bending. The study was performed on 21 heats produced in an industrial plant. Fourteen heats were produced in 140 ton electric furnaces, and 7 heats were performed in a 100 ton oxygen converter. All heats were desulfurized. Furthermore seven heats from electrical furnaces were refined with argon, and heats from the converter were subjected to vacuum circulation degassing.Steel sections with a diameter of 18 mm were hardened from austenitizing by 30 minutes in temperature 880°C and tempered at a temperature of 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. The experimental variants were compared in view of the applied melting technology and heat treatment options. The results were presented graphically and mathematically. The fatigue resistance coefficient of structural steel with the effect of spacing between submicroscopic oxide impurities was determined during rotary bending. The results revealed that fatigue resistance coefficientkis determined by the distance between submicroscopic non-metallic inclusions and tempering temperature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Gajdzik, Bożena, Andrzej Wyciślik, and Krystian Janiszewski. "Classification and Assessment of Environmental Aspects of Converter and Electric Steel Plants." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.175.

Full text

Abstract:

The topic of this publication is classification and assessment of environmental aspects in metallurgical enterprise on an example of steel plant. The analysis included aspects which have negative influence on the environment. Taking into account the structure of the proceedings of the process of melting steel in converter and electric furnaces there were key aspects established which are treated as priority in investment programs and current activities within environmental protection process in order to limit their negative influence on the environment. The publication proposes a method of acting in the assessment of environmental aspects for each type of steel plant. The publication can be useful for the engineers and technologies from staff and to services taking care of environmental protection in metallurgical enterprises.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Odabasi, Mustafa, Yetkin Dumanoglu, Melik Kara, Hasan Altiok, Tolga Elbir, and Abdurrahman Bayram. "Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) emissions from scrap processing steel plants with electric-arc furnaces." Science of The Total Environment 574 (January 2017): 1305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.028.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Katunin, A. I., V. F. Tsarev, E. M. Pyataikin, N. A. Kozyrev, and E. P. Kuznetsov. "Improving the quality of railroad rails made of steel produced in electric furnaces." Metallurgist 42, no. 7 (July 1998): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02510014.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Babenko, A. A., L. A. Smirnov, E. V. Protopopov, and L. Yu Mikhailova. "Theoretical Basics and Technology of Smelting Steel Semiproduct in Basic Oxygen Furnaces and Electric Arc Furnaces under Magnesian Slags." Steel in Translation 50, no. 7 (July 2020): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091220070025.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Kukharev, A. L. "Characteristics of convective heat transfer in the melt of multi-electrode arc furnace." Vestnik IGEU, no. 2 (2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2020.2.013-022.

Full text

Abstract:

The modern direction of improving the technology of steel production in high-power arc furnaces is the intensification of magnetohydrodynamic effects for melt mixing. In this regard, it is relevant to study the characteristics of heat trans-fer in the melt of this furnace, taking into account the interaction of electrovortex and thermogravitational convection. The results were obtained using a three-dimensional mathematical model of magnetohydrodynamic and thermal pro-cesses, constructed using a non-inductive approximation, taking into account the k- turbulence model. As heat-generating sources, the model takes into account the heat flows from electric arcs and Joule heating. Processing of the results was carried out using visualization methods of vortex structures. A furnace design containing three arched and three bottom electrodes and providing the formation of additional electrovortex flows in the melt is proposed. It is shown that under the given simulation conditions and currents in 80 kA electrodes a multivortex flow is formed in the furnace melt as a result of the interaction of electrovortex and thermogravitational convection. Electrovortex convection dominates near the bath axis. Thermogravitational convection, due to uneven heating of the melt, leads to a reduction in the size of the main electrovortex flow and the formation of an additional flow near the side walls of the furnace. Maximum speeds of 2 m/s are fixed in the melt areas under electric arcs. In this case, the speed of the downward flow under the electric arcs decreases, and the speed of the upward flow in the region of the bottom elec-trodes increases. The effect of thermogravitational convection on the azimuthal melt flow is manifested mainly in the region of the bottom electrodes, leading to an increase in the azimuthal velocity and displacement of the vortices to the center of the bath. The verification of the proposed model was carried out by comparing the calculation results with the experimental data obtained in laboratory installations with various electrode arrangements. The results will be used to further improve the energy and design parameters of arc furnaces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Magzoub, Musaab I., Mohamed H. Ibrahim, Mustafa S. Nasser, Muftah H. El-Naas, and Mahmood Amani. "Utilization of Steel-Making Dust in Drilling Fluids Formulations." Processes 8, no. 5 (May 3, 2020): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050538.

Full text

Abstract:

Steelmaking is an energy-intensive process that generates considerable amounts of by-products and wastes, which often pose major environmental and economic challenges to the steel-making industry. One of these by-products is steel dust that is produced during the separation of impurities in the smelting and refining of metals in steel-making furnaces. In this study, electric arc furnace (EAF) dust has been evaluated as a potential, low-cost additive to increase the viscosity and weight of drilling muds. Currently, the cost of drilling operations typically accounts for 50 to 80% of the exploration costs and about 30 to 80% of the subsequent field development costs. Utilization of steelmaking waste in drilling fluids formulations is aimed to produce new and optimized water-based drilling formulations, which is expected to reduce the amount of bentonite and other viscosifier additives used in the drilling formulations. The results showed that in a typical water-based drilling fluid of 8.6 ppg (1030.51 kg/m3), the amount of standard drilling grade bentonite could be reduced by 30 wt.% with the addition of the proposed new additive to complete the required mud weight. The mixture proved to be stable with no phase separation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Grebnev, Yu V., N. I. Gabelchenko, V. F. Zharkova, and D. Yu Grebnev. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF MELTING CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEELS IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES WITH ACID LINING." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 7(254) (July 22, 2021): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2021-7-254-62-65.

Full text

Abstract:

In the production of castings from medium-carbon steel grades, metal carburization with pig iron additives, as well as carbon oxidation processes require additional consumption of auxiliary materials and electricity and take from 20 to 30% of the total technological time for the steel smelting process. an electric arc furnace with an acidic lining. In the work, studies were carried out on the combination of the processes of carbon oxidation of low-carbon steels and carburization for medium-carbon steels with the process of melting the charge in order to reduce the time of the melting process and reduce the number of labor-intensive operations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Sivtsov, A. V., O. Yu Sheshukov, M. M. Tsymbalist, I. V. Nekrasov, A. V. Makhnutin, D. K. Egiazar’yan, and P. P. Orlov. "Steel Semiproduct Melting Intensification in Electric Arc Furnaces Using Coordinated Control of Electric and Gas Conditions: I. Heat Exchange and Structure of the Electric Arc Furnace Laboratory." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2018, no. 12 (December 2018): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029518120145.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Scotti, G. "Prospects for energy saving in the Italian iron and steel industry using electric furnaces." Applied Energy 36, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(90)90084-q.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Reimann, Alexander, Thomas Hay, Thomas Echterhof, Marcus Kirschen, and Herbert Pfeifer. "Application and Evaluation of Mathematical Models for Prediction of the Electric Energy Demand Using Plant Data of Five Industrial-Size EAFs." Metals 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091348.

Full text

Abstract:

The electric arc furnace (EAF) represents the most important process route for recycling of steel and the second most productive steelmaking process overall. Considering the large production quantities, the EAF process is subject to continuous optimization, and even small improvements can lead to a significant reduction in resource consumption and operating cost. A common way to investigate the furnace operation is through the application of mathematical models. In this study the applicability of three different statistical modeling approaches for prediction of the electric energy demand is investigated by using more than 21,000 heats from five industrial-size EAFs. In this context, particular consideration is given to the difference between linear and nonlinear regression models. Detailed information on the treatment of the process data is provided and the applied methods for regression are described in short, including information on the choice of hyperparameters. Subsequently, the results of the models are compared. Gaussian process regression (GPR) was found to yield the best overall accuracy; however, the benefit of applying nonlinear models varied between the investigated furnaces. In this regard, possible reasons for the inconsistent performance of the methods are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Nikolaevich, Makarov Anatoliy, and Singh Kapil Dev. "The Effect of Arc Length on Heat Exchange and Electric Power Consumption in Electric Arc Steel-Making Furnaces (Eaf)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1888, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1888/1/012026.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Wiewiórowska, S., and Z. Muskalski. "The Assessment Of The Structure And Properties Of High-Carbon Steel Wires After The Process Of Patenting With Induction Heating." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0218.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract One of the most important types of heat treatment that high-carbon steel wires are subjected to is the patenting treatment. This process is conducted with the aim of obtaining a fine-grained uniform pearlitic structure which will be susceptible to plastic deformation in drawing processes. Patenting involves two-stage heat treatment that includes heating the wire up to the temperature above Ac3 in a continuous heating furnace (in the temperature range of 850÷1050°C) followed by a rapid cooling in a tank with a lead bath down to the temperature range of 450÷550°C. The patenting process is most significantly influenced by the chemistry of the steel being treated, as well as by the temperature and the rate of heating and cooling of the wire rod or wire being patented. So far, heating up to the austenitizing temperature has been conducted in several-zone continuous gas-fired or electric furnaces. Recently, attempts have been made in a drawing mill to replace this type of furnace with fast induction heating, which should bring about an energy saving, as well as a reduced quantity of scale on the patented wire. This paper presents the analysis of the structure and mechanical properties of wires of high-carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.76%C after the patenting process using induction heating for different levels of the coil induction power.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Lipiński, Tomasz, and Anna Wach. "Influence of inclusions on bending fatigue strength coefficient the medium carbon steel melted in an electric furnace." Production Engineering Archives 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2020.26.18.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe parameters of high-grade steel are influenced by a combination of factors, including chemical composition and production technology. The impurity content is also a key determinant of the quality of high-grade steel. Inclusions may also play an important role, subject to their type and shape. Inclusions may increase the strength of steel by inhibiting the development of micro-cracks. The analyzed material was one grade of medium-carbon structural steel. The study was performed on 6 heats produced in an industrial plant in 140 ton electric furnaces. The experimental variants were compared in view of the five heat treatment options. The results were presented to account for the correlations between the fatigue strength coefficient during rotary bending, the diameter of and spacing between impurities. The relationship between the fatigue strength and hardness of high-grade steel vs. the quotient of the diameter of impurities and the spacing between impurities was determined. The proposed equations contribute to the existing knowledge base of practices impact of impurities with various diameters and spacing between non-metallic inclusion on fatigue strength.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Yachikov, Igor M., Irina V. Portnova, and Mikhail V. Bystrov. "Efficiency of Application of Evaporative Cooling of Graphite Electrodes to Reduce their Consumption in Arc Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.444.

Full text

Abstract:

A significant part of the cost of released products in the smelting of steel is the cost of graphite electrodes, so reducing their specific consumption is an urgent task. The aim of the work is to study on a computer model and analyze the efficiency of using evaporative cooling to reduce the consumption of graphite electrodes in electric arc furnaces of three-phase alternating and direct current of small capacity. A computer simulation of the thermal state and fame of graphite electrodes for arc furnaces of three-phase and direct current with the capacity of 12 tons was performed. The efficiency of using evaporative cooling of graphite electrodes was revealed. It is established that for arc furnaces operating on direct and three-phase alternating current, the use of electrodes water cooling allows to reduce the consumption of graphite by about one and a half times. It is established that the water supply to the evaporative cooling system is the most rational during 1–2 minutes after the current is turned on. The use of evaporative cooling of graphite electrodes in arc furnaces can be recommended to reduce their consumption on operating and designed small capacity alternating and direct current arc furnaces.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Electric furnaces Electric furnaces Steel-works Steel'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles