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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric lines Electric lines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

ARRIBAS, E., C. GALLARDO, M. MOLINA, and V. SANJOSÉ. "Electric Field Lines." International Journal of Modern Physics C 02, no. 01 (March 1991): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183191000196.

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We present the computer program called LINES which is able to calculate and visualize the electric field lines due to seven different discrete configurations of electric point charges. Also we show two examples of the graphic screens generated by LINES.

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2

MAMADA, Yasuhiro, Seiji HAYANO, Yoshifuru SAITO, and Kiyoshi HORII. "Electric Power lines Visualization." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 25, Supplement1 (2005): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.25.supplement1_173.

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3

Robinson, P. B. "Communicating over electric distribution lines." IEEE Potentials 9, no. 3 (October 1990): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/45.101399.

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4

Schluger, J. H., and C. D. Hopkins. "Electric fish approach stationary signal sources by following electric current lines." Journal of Experimental Biology 130, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130.1.359.

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African electric fish of a pulse species, Brienomyrus brachyistius (Mormyridae), housed singly in a large, circular arena, were presented with electrical stimuli which mimicked a conspecific intruder. Stimuli were produced with either dipolar or bipolar electrodes in three different geometries. We tracked the unconditioned approach response paths taken by the fish and compared tracks for each of the geometries. The results suggest that B. brachyistius can determine neither the distance nor the direction of an electric dipole from afar, but that they do manage to find the source by maintaining a precise alignment of their body axis parallel to the direction of the local electric field vector (parallel to current lines) while swimming. This behaviour ultimately leads to the current source. We propose that this behaviour may be a simple mechanism mediating the approach response of one electric fish to another.

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5

Jiang, Yu Ze, Zhen Guang Liang, Wei Jie Ma, and Hong Chuan Wang. "Effect of Shielding Lines on Power Frequency Electric Field under Overhead Lines." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.999.

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This paper discusses effect of shielding lines on reduction of electric field produced by overhead lines. Charge simulation method is used. Influences of height, space and number of shielding lines on electric field are calculated. Space between shielding lines has reverse roles on influencing area and maximal electric field. Number and space of shielding lines should be carefully selected to shielding a certain area. Analytical method is also used to express induced electric field by shielding lines. Result of comparison with charge simulation method shows that it is suitable for area outside of three phase lines.

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6

Sugar, Jack, Joseph Reader, and William L. Rowan. "Electric-quadrupole lines of Mo xvi." Physical Review A 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 835–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.51.835.

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7

Kirkup, L. "Computer simulation of electric field lines." Physics Education 20, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/20/3/314.

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8

Lacombe, Rémi, Sébastien Gros, Nikolce Murgovski, and Balázs Kulcsár. "Hierarchical Control of Electric Bus Lines." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 14179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1040.

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9

Colwell, Peter F., and Jim L. Sanders. "Electric Transmission Lines and Farmland Value." Journal of Real Estate Research 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 373–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2017.12091478.

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10

Lazo, Edmundo. "Localization Properties of Non-Periodic Electrical Transmission Lines." Symmetry 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11101257.

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The properties of localization of the I ω electric current function in non-periodic electrical transmission lines have been intensively studied in the last decade. The electric components have been distributed in several forms: (a) aperiodic, including self-similar sequences (Fibonacci and m-tuplingtupling Thue–Morse), (b) incommensurate sequences (Aubry–André and Soukoulis–Economou), and (c) long-range correlated sequences (binary discrete and continuous). The localization properties of the transmission lines were measured using typical diagnostic tools of quantum mechanics like normalized localization length, transmission coefficient, average overlap amplitude, etc. As a result, it has been shown that the localization properties of the classic electric transmission lines are similar to the one-dimensional tight-binding quantum model, but also features some differences. Hence, it is worthwhile to continue investigating disordered transmission lines. To explore new localization behaviors, we are now studying two different problems, namely the model of interacting hanging cells (consisting of a finite number of dual or direct cells hanging in random positions in the transmission line), and the parity-time symmetry problem ( PT -symmetry), where resistances R n are distributed according to gain-loss sequence ( R 2 n = + R , R 2 n − 1 = − R ). This review presents some of the most important results on the localization behavior of the I ω electric current function, in dual, direct, and mixed classic transmission lines, when the electrical components are distributed non-periodically.

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11

Antsiferov, N. S. "Ways to Reduce Power Losses in Mining Power Supply Lines." Mining science and technology 4, no. 2 (August 25, 2019): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2019-2-150-156.

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Electric energy is the most common and universal form of energy. It can be produced in large quantities near energy sources, transmitted to large distances, easily distributed between consumers and converted into mechanical, thermal, and light energy. Ensuring reliable and economical quality electric energy supply to mining enterprises with the optimal use of energy resources is one of the most important tasks facing the country's energy sector. In the Russian Federation, high degree of concentration of generating capacities at power plants has been achieved. The main capacities are concentrated in power plants with installed capacity of more than 1 million kW. High importance of the electric power industry is determined by the infrastructural nature of the industry and the direct relationship between the country's economic growth and the level of its development effectiveness. One of the most pressing problems of modern electricity supply is the problem of ensuring the quality of electric energy. The main reason for the deterioration in the electricity quality is widespread non-linear loads that create non-sinusoidal currents and voltage unbalance during their operation. The voltage unbalance is most often caused by the presence of an unbalanced load. Unbalanced load currents flowing through the elements of the power supply system cause unbalanced voltage losses in them. This results in appearance of unbalanced voltages on the terminals of electric apparatus. The voltage deviations at electric apparatus overdriven phase may exceed the normally acceptable values, while the voltage deviations at electric apparatus other phases may remain within the normal limits. In addition to the deterioration of the voltage mode at electric apparatus under the unbalanced voltage conditions, the operating conditions of both the electric apparatus and all the network elements are significantly worsened, and the reliability of the electrical equipment and the power supply system as a whole decreased. The paper considers the issues of reducing the voltage losses in power supply networks by improving quality of electric power.

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12

Mammadov, A. F., and A. Matsyura. "Bird collisions with power lines in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_29.

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The article summarizes the results of research in four selected sites (observations) on the impact of surface power lines on bird death in the area of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in 2016-2017. Studies show that electrical wires have a major impact on bird death during the spring migration and nesting period. We determined that 225 individual of 27 species were killed by electric shock in selected areas, while 16 individuals belonging to 3 predator bird species were exposed to this threat. Two of these species are in the World Red List. The next plot with high mortality rate was the Cananbar well - Shikhmahmud plain (2 km), although we did not make a research here for the first two months. An average mortality rate of birds here were 2.72 individuals/km. The electric poles in the selected Nakhchivan - Shikhmahmud road (4 km) consisted mainly of wooden material and were sometimes replaced with reinforced concrete. We attribute the fact that the percentage of deaths in this area is lower than other stations because of the poles are more wooden. Among the dead birds some species belonging to the Red List of the World (Falco naumanni and Coracias garrulus). As we already mentioned, beside the overhead electric wires were mainly dangerous to Ciconia ciconia, Buteo rufinus and eagles. The dead and wounded species were recorded only one to four km from the electric line. Among the most common species exposed electric shocks were: Columba livia, Merops apiaster, Corvus frugilegus, Sturnus vulgaris and Passer domesticus. A total of 3,225 birds from 26 species were killed by the private electric shock during the study, four birds could not be identified (unknown species). When looking at the process from a landscape-species perspective, bird species - those most exposed to the electric wires are: less open, open space (loos); forest landscape (fl); residential areas (ra) and less grove areas (lga).

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13

Furby, Lita, Paul Slovic, Baruch Fischhoff, and Robin Gregory. "Public perceptions of electric power transmission lines." Journal of Environmental Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 1988): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(88)80021-5.

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14

Voelcker, John. "Spectral lines: An Almost All-Electric Car?" IEEE Spectrum 45, no. 4 (2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2008.4476427.

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15

Garg, Rachana, Priya Mahajan, and Parmod Kumar. "Digital Model of Railway Electric Traction Lines." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 98, no. 4 (August 22, 2016): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40031-016-0256-2.

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16

Gould, P. L. "Special issue design of electric transmission lines." Engineering Structures 15, no. 4 (July 1993): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(93)90024-x.

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17

Göttlich, Simone, Michael Herty, and Peter Schillen. "Electric transmission lines: Control and numerical discretization." Optimal Control Applications and Methods 37, no. 5 (November 17, 2015): 980–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oca.2219.

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18

Arsenov, Pavel V., Alexey A. Efimov, and Victor V. Ivanov. "Comparison of Thermal and Electrical Sintering of Aerosol Silver Nanoparticles in Process of Aerosol Jet Printing." Key Engineering Materials 834 (March 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.834.10.

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This article presents a study and comparison of two sintering processes of aerosol nanoparticles in process of aerosol jet printing. Silver lines were deposited on glass and plastic substrates. Then obtained lines were sintered in two ways, specifically, thermal and electric methods. As a result of experiments, it was found that during the deposition process, the width of printed lines, with the same printing parameters, is in the range from 92.3 to 110.4 μm and the height from 1.1 to 1.4 μm. The resistivity of lines on the glass substrate, sintered in two ways, is approximately 12 μΩ·cm. While the resistivity of the lines on the plastic substrate, sintered by electric and thermal methods, is 11.1 and 17.2 μΩ·cm, respectively. Thus, electrical sintering allows one to achieve a smaller (by a factor of 1.5) electrical resistivity of lines on a plastic substrate than thermal sintering, which makes it possible to obtain conductive flexible structures with better characteristics.

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19

Yordanova, Marinela Yordanova. "Providing safety at the presence of arc flash hazard risk in the high voltage equipment." ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol2.iss2.90.

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The hazards of electric arcs in Bulgarian norms, as the Regulations on Health and Safety at work in electrical installations of electrical and thermal power stations and electric power lines and Ordinance №9 on the technical operation of power stations and electric power lines mainly govern the safety at work with high-voltage equipment, are not subject to a special section. NFPA 70E Standards for electrical safety in the Workplace requires to assess whether there are arc-dangers; to calculate the energy released by the arc; to define the permissible arc protection boundaries; to provide adequate personal protective equipment and to label the equipment. The aim of the paper is to summarize the Bulgarian requirements connected somehow with the flash hazard, to compares similarities can be found in approaches to ensuring electrical safety with those of international standards.

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20

Yang, Hong Lei, Shi Bin Liang, Xue Peng Miao, Min Cao, and Ming Chang. "Research and Application of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology on High Voltage Transmission Line Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.59.

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On-line monitoring of high voltage transmission lines can prevent or reduce the accidents of transmission reduced by icing,wave,breeze vibrations of electric wires and the dropping of electrical insulators.An on-line monitoring system of high voltage transmission lines based on optical fiber sensing technology is setted in this paper.Fiber optic signal demodulation instrument in the transformer substation receives the signal sent by the optical fiber Bragg grating sensors fitted on transmission lines and electric power towers,and then the signal was sent to the transmission line monitoring center by the power system network.Field hang net experiments shows that the system can monitor the high voltage transmission lines accurately for a long time.

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21

Cui, Xiang. "The visualization of electric force lines in two‐dimensional electric field computation." Engineering Computations 17, no. 2 (March 2000): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644400010313110.

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22

Naumov, I. V., and D. N. Karamov. "On damage rate of overhead power transmission lines in power supply systems." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 14, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2021-14-2-92-99.

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The purpose of the article is to analyze the damage rate of overhead power transmission lines (OPL) in medium-voltage electrical distribution networks of the Irkutsk region. The established International Indices that determine the level of reliability of the functioning of electric networks are considered, and information on the compliance of the condition of electric networks in Russia with these indices is analyzed. Analytical information on the damage rate of elements of these networks and their causes in Europe, America, and Russia is presented. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the most common damage is characteristic of overhead power lines, especially 6–10 kV lines. As an object of research, two branches of the Irkutsk electric grid company (IEC) were taken, one of which provides electricity to rural consumers, the other — mainly to consumers residing in the territory of the city Irkutsk. The characteristics of these electric networks, their territorial location and basic technical data are presented. To conduct analytical monitoring of the level of reliability of overhead power transmission lines, logs of disconnection of the Eastern and Southern electric networks of the IEC over a long-term period were used. On the basis of this information, tables of failures and their consequences in the studied electrical networks were compiled for monthly average data over the period under examination for various causes of damage. To plot time diagrams of the parameters under examination, computer programs were compiled in the Matlab system, the use of which made it possible to obtain visualization of changes in failures for various reasons for the electrical networks under consideration. The information on the time of power supply interruptions in these networks, as well as the amount of electricity underutilized by consumers during these interruptions and its cost are analyzed. It is shown that in the electric networks under consideration, most of the power failures are related to the territorial dispersion of these networks, and the low level of equipment controls and insufficient qualification of operating personnel, as evidenced by the significant number of failures for unknown reasons. Besides, a significant part of the failures is due to damage to the overhead line wires, switching equipment and the effect of wind load. Recommendations for improving the condition of power transmission lines and a number of measures aimed at improving the level of reliability of power supply are presented.

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23

Simpson, Fiona, and Karsten Bahr. "Estimating the electric field response to the Halloween 2003 and September 2017 magnetic storms across Scotland using observed geomagnetic fields, magnetotelluric impedances and perturbation tensors." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 10 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020049.

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Geomagnetic storms generate heightened magnetovariational activity, which induces electric fields that drive hazardous currents known as geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) through man-made technological conductors including power transmission lines, railway networks and gas pipelines. We multiply magnetotelluric (MT) impedances from 23 sites in Scotland and northern England with measured geomagnetic field spectra from the Halloween 2003 and September 2017 storms to estimate maximum peak-to-peak, electric field magnitudes and directions for these storms, which we present as hazard maps. By sampling these electric fields in the direction of the longest (>50 km), high-voltage (275 and 400 kV) Scottish power transmission lines and integrating along their lengths, we estimate their associated transmission-line voltages. Lateral electrical conductivity variations in the Earth generate horizontal magnetic field gradients. We investigate the effect of these gradients on electric field estimates obtained using remote magnetic fields by applying a correction to the impedance tensor derived from the magnetic perturbation tensor between the local MT site and the remote magnetic field site. For the September 2017 storm, we also compare our estimated electric fields with a unique dataset comprising measured storm-time electric fields from 7 MT sites. We find that peak-to-peak, electric field magnitudes may have reached 13 V/km during the Halloween storm in some areas of the Scottish Highlands, with line-averaged electric fields >5 V/km sustained along a number of long-distance, high-voltage power transmission lines; line-averaged electric fields for the September 2017 storm are 1 V/km or less. Our surface electric fields show significant site-to-site variability that arises due to Earth’s internal 3D electrical conductivity structure, as characterised by the MT impedance tensors.

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24

Maximov, S., V. Torres, H. F. Ruiz, and J. L. Guardado. "Analytical Model for High Impedance Fault Analysis in Transmission Lines." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/837496.

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A high impedance fault (HIF) normally occurs when an overhead power line physically breaks and falls to the ground. Such faults are difficult to detect because they often draw small currents which cannot be detected by conventional overcurrent protection. Furthermore, an electric arc accompanies HIFs, resulting in fire hazard, damage to electrical devices, and risk with human life. This paper presents an analytical model to analyze the interaction between the electric arc associated to HIFs and a transmission line. A joint analytical solution to the wave equation for a transmission line and a nonlinear equation for the arc model is presented. The analytical model is validated by means of comparisons between measured and calculated results. Several cases of study are presented which support the foundation and accuracy of the proposed model.

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25

Jiang, Hui Lan, Kai Zeng, Jian Min Liu, and Chao Li. "Analysis and Calculation of Substation’s Internal Electric Field Intensity Caused by Incoming and Outgoing Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 2428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.2428.

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In ultra-high voltage transmission system, the electrostatic induction generated by power frequency electric field will exerts negative effects on the electrical automation equipment within the substation and, in particular, will leads long-term harm to staffs’ health. However, researches of electric field environment in ultra-high voltage transmission system merely concentrate on calculating the electric field intensity caused by three-phase limited length wire or three-phase infinite wire within the transmission, without considering the method of calculating half-infinite wire which represents “one end is fixed, while the other end is infinite length’s wire”. Consequently, a new method named “Charge Simulation-Genetic Algorithm (CS-GA) method” which can efficiently calculate power frequency electric field inside of the substation is proposed in the paper. In CS-GA method, the effective calculating length is determined by genetic algorithm method’s optimization, which in other words, half-infinite length wire is substituted for limited length wire in calculating the electric field intensity. The simulation results indicate that CS-GA method is a relatively accurate, efficient and reasonable way on calculating the power frequency electric field inside of the substation.

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26

Pronichev, А. V., E. O. Soldusova, and E. M. Shishkov. "ANALYSIS ELECTRIC REGIMES OF OPEN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES." Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines 6, no. 3 (2018): 072–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2018-6-3-72-77.

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27

Polyakov, D. A., V. N. Pugach, K. I. Nikitin, and I. V. Komarov. "ELECTRICAL SIGNAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES." Dynamics of Systems, Mechanisms and Machines 5, no. 3 (2017): 079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2017-5-3-79-84.

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28

Rakhmatullin, R. R., and J. N. Zatsarinnaya. "DETECTION OF ICE ON OVERHEAD ELECTRIC POWER LINES." Transactions of Academenergo 55, no. 2 (June 2019): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.34129/2070-4755-2019-55-2-98-103.

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29

Mustafa, G. M., Yu A. Goryushin, S. I. Gusev, G. M. Minaev, and N. A. Artaev. "Facilities for ice melting on electric transmission lines." Russian Electrical Engineering 83, no. 1 (January 2012): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371212010105.

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30

Ruhlandt, Daja, Steffen Mühle, and Jörg Enderlein. "Electric field lines of relativistically moving point charges." American Journal of Physics 88, no. 1 (January 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0000189.

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31

Levi, Barbara Goss. "Neutrons Cannot Encircle Lines of Electric Charge Unphased." Physics Today 43, no. 1 (January 1990): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2810394.

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32

Ahmed, Zafar, and Aditya Nandan Savita. "Lines of force of the electric point dipole." European Journal of Physics 34, no. 2 (February 12, 2013): L39—L41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/34/2/l39.

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33

Aashish, Sandeep, and Asrarul Haque. "Average Lorentz self-force from electric field lines." European Journal of Physics 36, no. 5 (June 26, 2015): 055012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/36/5/055012.

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34

Lewis, Mark K. "Federal Siting Authority for Interstate Electric Transmission Lines." Electricity Journal 14, no. 8 (October 2001): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(01)00236-6.

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35

Pain, Jean-Christophe, Franck Gilleron, Jacques Bauche, and Claire Bauche-Arnoult. "Statistics of electric-quadrupole lines in atomic spectra." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 45, no. 13 (June 13, 2012): 135006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/45/13/135006.

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36

Mohamed, Nasser. "Lines of Force for a Hertzian Electric Dipole." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC-29, no. 3 (August 1987): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temc.1987.304375.

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37

Melo, M. O. B. C., L. C. A. Fonseca, E. Fontana, and S. R. Naidu. "Electric and magnetic fields of compact transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 14, no. 1 (1999): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.736715.

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38

Kirkham, H. "Measuring electric fields from power lines: part 1." IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine 9, no. 3 (June 2006): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mim.2006.1637981.

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39

Leitgeb, N. "Limiting electric fields of HVDC overhead power lines." Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 53, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00411-014-0520-2.

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40

Duan, Ji Kai, Yu Long Bai, Qiang Wei, and Man Hong Fan. "Super rogue waves in coupled electric transmission lines." Indian Journal of Physics 94, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12648-019-01519-2.

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41

Xu, Yansheng, and Renato G. Bosisio. "Goubau Ice Sensor Transitions for Electric Power Lines." Sensing and Imaging: An International Journal 10, no. 1-2 (March 27, 2009): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11220-009-0044-z.

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42

Voloshko, A. V., and O. V. Kotsar'. "Measurement of asymmetric voltages in electric power lines." Measurement Techniques 32, no. 8 (August 1989): 811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02110503.

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43

Spencer, Ross L. "Electric field lines near an oddly shaped conductor in a uniform electric field." American Journal of Physics 56, no. 6 (June 1988): 510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15567.

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44

Vinogradov, Aleksandr V., Aleksey V. Bukreyev, Alina V. Vinogradova, and Vadim E. Bol’shev. "Identification of Power Grid Lines with Increased Power Losses Using Mobile Electric Meters and Timers." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-3-31-36.

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Identifying sections of 0.4 kilovolt power grid lines with increased power losses is an urgent task, the solution of which will free up some of the funds spent by power grid companies to compensate for power losses and direct them to the reconstruction and modernization of electric networks. It is necessary to monitor electricity consumption on sections of power grid lines and on the connections of consumers, and compare data on consumption. Existing devices that analyze the quality of electrical energy and can control current and power in the network, such as power quality analyzers, do not have the full necessary qualities, since they are intended for other purposes, and they are also very expensive. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing technical means for identifying sections of 0.4 kilovolt power grid lines with increased power losses, which also allow performing a survey of operating modes of power grid lines. (Materials and methods) The article presents a review of literary sources and an analysis of statistical data. (Results and discussion) The article presents developed technical tools for inspection of power grid lines of 0.4 kilovolts and identification of areas with increased losses of electrical energy, portable single-phase and three-phase electric meter and timer. The single-phase mobile electric meter and timer can be used for the survey of single-phase connections of consumers, three-phase one can be used for the survey of any sections of power lines. Authors also developed a version of the portable electric meter and timer with up to six independent sensors. (Conclusions) It is most rational to use a version of the mobile meter and timer equipped with Wi-Fi data transmission technology to detect power losses on sections of 0.4 kilovolts power grid lines, since in this case simultaneous monitoring of several sections is provided with the possibility of obtaining information from sensors in real time. The data allow to calculate technological and commercial losses on power line sections and draw conclusions about whether they are overstated.

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Diamenu, Godwin. "Statistical Analysis of Electric Power Distribution Grid Outages." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.3.2406.

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Power systems in general supply consumers with electrical energy as economically and reliably as possible. Reliable electric power systems serve customer loads without interruptions in supply voltage. Electric power generation facilities must produce enough power to meet customer demand. Electrical energy produced and delivered to customers through generation, transmission and distribution systems, constitutes one of the largest consumers markets the world over. The benefits of electric power systems are integrated into the much faster modern life in such extent that it is impossible to imagine the society without the electrical energy. The rapid growth of electric power distribution grids over the past few decades has resulted in a large increment in the number of grid lines in operation and their total length. These grid lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment, mis-operation, human errors, overload, and aging among others. A fault implies any abnormal condition which causes a reduction in the basic insulation strength between phase conductors or phase conductors and earth, or any earthed screens surrounding the conductors. In this paper, different types of faults that affected the electric power distribution grid of selected operational districts of Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) in the Western region of Ghana was analyzed and the results presented. Outages due to bad weather and load shedding contributed significantly to the unplanned outages that occurred in the medium voltage (MV) distribution grid. Blown fuse and loose contact faults were the major contributor to unplanned outages in the low voltage (LV) electric power distribution grid.

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Oleksyuk, I. V. "Aging of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation Cable Lines." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 64, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2021-64-2-121-129.

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Abstract. Preference is given to cable lines with cross-linked polyethylene insulation in electrical networks with a nominal voltage of 10 kV during reconstruction of existing and construction of new industrial enterprises. The standard service life of such cables is at least 30 years (subject to the conditions of storage, transportation, installation and operation), and the actual one is determined by the technical condition of the cable. The service life of a cable line depends on the state of its insulation, the aging of which occurs under the influence of several factors. Conventionally, all factors influencing one or another degree on the cable insulation resource can be divided into thermal, electromagnetic, climatic, mechanical and operational. The most significant reason for the insulation aging is high temperature, which accelerates the reaction of thermo-oxidative destruction, during which high-molecular polymer compounds decompose. In fact, cables are operated at temperatures below the long-term permissible values, and, therefore, the aging of the insulation is slower, and the actual service life will be longer than the standard. At present, condition of the insulation is monitored with the use of high voltage tests related to destructive testing methods. When designing and operating cable lines, it is necessary to estimate the duration of the actual service life under various operating conditions. In theory, there are several expressions for calculating the service life of a cable line when exposed to temperature, humidity, electric field and aggressive environments, but all of them are not applicable in practice due to the presence of a large number of coefficients whose values are unknown. The paper presents an analytical expression obtained for determining the service life of power electric cables, taking into account the aging of the insulation under the influence of temperature and electric field.

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Hu, Jian Xun, Gong Da Zhang, Hong Yu Zhang, and Xiao Qin Zhang. "Electric Field Analysis of 220 kV Composite Material Tower Lines." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1517.

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Using the finite element analysis, this work analyzed the electric field distribution of 220kV transmission steel tower with double-circuit and composite material transmission tower with the same size, and compared the electric field effect of two materials transmission tower for surroundings. And this work compared the vertical and axial electric field distribution along transmission line of the two materials transmission tower. The results indicate the composite material tower can improve the environment of electric field near the transmission lines.

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48

Margitová, Anastázia, Michal Kolcun, and Martin Kanálik. "Impact of the Ground on the Series Impedance of Overhead Power Lines." TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 7, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/tee.2018.3.047.

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An overhead power line is a structure used in the electric power system to transmit electrical energy. The performance of overhead power lines depends on their parameters. There are four basic electrical parameters of power lines: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and shut conductance. The paper focuses on the calculation of the series impedance of overhead lines (resistance and inductance) by three different methods (Carsonʹs method, Rüdenbergʹs method and the theory of complex penetration depth) considering the impact of the ground return path. There is also the comparison of these methods and their application on models of real power lines of different voltage levels provided in this paper.

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Liang, Zhen Guang, Yu Ze Jiang, Di Wen Jiang, and Zong Jie Liu. "Calculation of Power Frequency Electric Field under Overhead Lines with Complex Ground." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.212.

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This paper studied influence of three dimension complex ground on electric field under overhead lines. Surface charge method is discussed and planar triangle surface charge elements are used to represent complex ground. Electric field of overhead lines is analyzed by charge simulation method. Finite straight line charges are used to represent conductors. Then electric field of 220kV double circuit overhead lines over a three dimension small hill is calculated and distribution of electric field 1.5m above the ground is analyzed.

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Liu, Bin, Tao Wang, Fei Gu, Jie Wei, Hong Wei Cui, Wei Hua Guo, Rui Yun Miao, and Rui Xiao Wang. "Analysis of 50Hz Electric Fields Generated by Multi-Circuit Transmission Lines on the Same Tower." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.67.

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The finite element method has been applied to calculate the 50Hz electric fields nearby the transmission lines. The electric field strengths nearby multi-circuit transmission lines on the same tower under different arrangement of phase sequence, nearby the cross-arm are calculated. According to the foreign and domestic security standards of 50Hz electric field, the impacts of overhead transmission lines on environment are evaluated and the adoptable measures to reduce electric field strength are proposed. Meanwhile the distributing pattern of the electric field nearby the cross-arm is analyzed and proposals for further protection measures during maintenance operation are provided.

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