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1
Han, Oakyoung, and Jaehyoun Kim. "Uncertainty Analysis on Electric Power Consumption." Computers, Materials & Continua 68, no. 2 (2021): 2621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.014665.
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Yang, Kuang Shine, and Chih Ming Chang. "System Integration for the Environmental Friendly Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.300.
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This paper introduced a new power flow control strategy for a variable speed engine-generator based range-extended electric vehicle. The specific fuel consumption map of the internal combustion engine (ICE) has been obtained by off-line experiments to achieve optimal fuel efficiency. Finally, a typical range-extended electric vehicle is modeled and investigated such as acceleration traversing ramp, maximum speed, fuel consumption and emission are performed on the dynamic model of a range-extended electric vehicle. The energy consumption and cost were compared to tradition range-extended electric vehicle. Computer simulation results obtained, confirm the validity and performance of the proposed power flow control approach using for series hybrid electric vehicle.
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Pan, Chaofeng, Yanyan Liang, Long Chen, and Liao Chen. "Optimal Control for Hybrid Energy Storage Electric Vehicle to Achieve Energy Saving Using Dynamic Programming Approach." Energies 12, no. 4 (2019): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040588.
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In this paper, the efficiency characteristics of battery, super capacitor (SC), direct current (DC)-DC converter and electric motor in a hybrid power system of an electric vehicle (EV) are analyzed. In addition, the optimal efficiency model of the hybrid power system is proposed based on the hybrid power system component’s models. A rule-based strategy is then proposed based on the projection partition of composite power system efficiency, so it has strong adaptive adjustment ability. Additionally. the simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) condition show that the efficiency of rule-based strategy is higher than that of single power system. Furthermore, in order to explore the maximum energy-saving potential of hybrid power electric vehicles, a dynamic programming (DP) optimization method is proposed on the basis of the establishment of the whole hybrid power system, which takes into account various energy consumption factors of the whole system. Compared to the battery-only EV based on simulation results, the hybrid power system controlled by rule-based strategy can decrease energy consumption by 13.4% in line with the NEDC condition, while the power-split strategy derived from the DP approach can reduce energy consumption by 17.6%. The results show that compared with rule-based strategy, the optimized DP strategy has higher system efficiency and lower energy consumption.
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Lin, Cheng-Xian, and Robel Kiflemariam. "Numerical Simulation and Validation of Thermoeletric Generator Based Self-Cooling System with Airflow." Energies 12, no. 21 (2019): 4052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214052.
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In this paper, a general numerical methodology is developed and validated for the simulation of steady as well as transient thermal and electrical behaviors of thermoelectric generator (TEG)-based air flow self-cooling systems. The present model provides a comprehensive framework to advance the study of self-cooling applications by combining fluid flow, heat transfer and electric circuit simulations. The methodology is implemented by equation-based coupled modeling capabilities from multidisciplinary fields to capture the dynamic thermos-electric interaction in TEG elements, enabling the simulation of overall heating/cooling/power characteristics as well as spatially distributed thermal and flow fields in the entire device. Experiments have been conducted on two types of self-cooling arrangements to measure the device temperature, voltage and power produced by TEG modules. It was found that the computational model was able to predict the experimental results within 5% error. A parametric study was carried out using the validated model to study the effect of heat sink geometry and TEG arrangements on device temperature and power produced by the device. It was found that the power for self-cooling could be maximized by proper matching of the TEG modules to the fluid mover. Although an increase in fin density results in a rise in fan power consumption, a marked increase in net power and decreases in thermal resistance are observed.
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Uimonen, Semen, and Matti Lehtonen. "Simulation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Load Profiles in Office Buildings Based on Occupancy Data." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215700.
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Transportation vehicles are a large contributor of the carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution to reduce the CO2 emissions which, however, requires the right electric power production mix for the largest impact. The increase in the electric power consumption caused by the EV charging demand could be matched by the growing share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the power production. EVs are becoming a popular sustainable mean of transportation and the expansion of EV units due to the stochastic nature of charging behavior and increasing share of RES creates additional challenges to the stability in the power systems. Modeling of EV charging fleets allows understanding EV charging capacity and demand response (DR) potential of EV in the power systems. This article focuses on modeling of daily EV charging profiles for buildings with various number of chargers and daily events. The article presents a modeling approach based on the charger occupancy data from the local charging sites. The approach allows one to simulate load profiles and to find how many chargers are necessary to suffice the approximate demand of EV charging from the traffic characteristics, such as arrival time, duration of charging, and maximum charging power. Additionally, to better understand the potential impact of demand response, the modeling approach allows one to compare charging profiles, while adjusting the maximum power consumption of chargers.
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Hwang, Hsiu-Ying. "Developing Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Advanced Hybrid System-II Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 8 (2020): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082033.
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Compared with conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have the advantage of high-energy conversion efficiency, which can have better fuel economy and lower emissions. The main issue of HEVs is how to develop an energy management strategy to achieve significantly better fuel efficiency. In this research, the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) was applied to optimize the performance of fuel consumption in the Advanced Hybrid System-II (AHS-II). Based on FTP-75 Test Procedure defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a backward simulation module was established. The baseline simulation module with the rule-based control strategy was validated with the original fuel consumption data. Then, the module with ECMS followed the same control rules of engine on/off and mode selection, and the fuel consumption of ECMS was compared with the simulation results of the baseline model. The fuel economy improvements of ECMS in urban, highway driving pattern, and composite fuel economy were up to 8.5%, 7.7%, and 8.1%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the difference of motors’ working efficiency was only 1.2% between ECMS and baseline rule-based control strategies. The main reason of fuel consumption improvement was the engine operation chosen by ECMS, which provided better power distribution.
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Guan, Jen-Chiun, Bo-Chiuan Chen, and Yuh-Yih Wu. "Design of an Adaptive Power Management Strategy for Range Extended Electric Vehicles." Energies 12, no. 9 (2019): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091610.
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The cruising distance of the range extended electric vehicle (REEV) can be further extended using a range extender, which consists of an engine and a generator, i.e., a genset. An adaptive power management strategy (PMS) based on the equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is proposed for the REEV in this paper. The desired trajectory of the state of charge (SOC) is designed based on the energy-to-distance ratio, which is defined as the difference between the initial SOC and the minimum allowable SOC divided by the remaining travel distance, for discharging the battery. A self-organizing fuzzy controller (SOFC) with SOC feedback is utilized to modify the equivalence factor, which is defined as the fuel consumption rate per unit of electric power, for tracking the desired SOC trajectory. An instantaneous cost function, that consists of the fuel consumption rate of the genset and the equivalent fuel consumption rate of the battery, is minimized to find the optimum power distribution for the genset and the battery. Dynamic programming, which is a global minimization method, is employed to obtain the performance upper bound for the target REEV. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is adaptive for different driving cycles and can effectively increase the fuel economy of the thermostat control strategy (TCS) by 11.1% to 16%. The proposed algorithm can also reduce average charging/discharging powers and low SOC operations for possibly extending the battery life and increasing the battery efficiency, respectively. An experiment of the prototype REEV on a chassis dynamometer is set up with the proposed algorithm implemented on a real-time controller. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can increase the fuel economy of the TCS by 7.8% for the tested driving cycle. In addition, the proposed algorithm can reduce the average charge/discharge powers of TCS by 7.9% and 11.7%, respectively.
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Parejo, Antonio, Antonio Sanchez-Squella, Rodrigo Barraza, Fernando Yanine, Aldo Barrueto-Guzman, and Carlos Leon. "Design and Simulation of an Energy Homeostaticity System for Electric and Thermal Power Management in a Building with Smart Microgrid." Energies 12, no. 9 (2019): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091806.
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Nowadays, microgrids are gaining importance in electric power generation and distribution environments due to their flexibility, versatility, scalability and the possibility of supplying ancillary services when connected to the grid. They allow for the customization of electric supply for very different types of consumers. Therefore, a new control model for power and energy management based on homeostaticity of electric power systems (EPS) is presented, which has been already analyzed and approved by ENEL Chile in its developmental stage. ENEL, the largest electric utility in the country, is interested in incorporating smart microgrids in the electricity distribution market, as part of a worldwide policy. Such microgrids are to be installed in buildings serviced by ENEL. To demonstrate the model’s utility, a Simulink model of a real microgrid is used, which is comprised of PV generation, energy storage, an air conditioning (AC) equipment and thermal storage of the building upon which the microgrid is installed. The behavior of every element is simulated, including the dynamic thermal model of the building in order to optimize energy management and power supply versus consumption. The behavior of the whole system is analyzed under different environmental profiles and energy consumption patterns using the proposed homeostaticity system.
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Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, and Jia-Shiun Chen. "Optimized Fuel Economy Control of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Particle Swarm Optimization." Energies 13, no. 9 (2020): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092278.
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This research focused on real-time optimization control to improve the fuel consumption of power-split hybrid electric vehicles. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was implemented to reduce fuel consumption for real-time optimization control. The engine torque was design-variable to manage the energy distribution of dual energy sources. The AHS II power-split hybrid electric system was used as the powertrain system. The hybrid electric vehicle model was built using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation was performed according to US FTP-75 regulations. The PSO design objective was to minimize the equivalent fuel rate with the driving system still meeting the dynamic performance requirements. Through dynamic vehicle simulation and PSO, the required torque value for the whole drivetrain system and corresponding high-efficiency engine operating point can be found. With that, the two motor/generators (M/Gs) supplemented the rest required torques. The composite fuel economy of the PSO algorithm was 46.8 mpg, which is a 9.4% improvement over the base control model. The PSO control strategy could quickly converge and that feature makes PSO a good fit to be used in real-time control applications.
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Yang, Jian, Tiezhu Zhang, Hongxin Zhang, Jichao Hong, and Zewen Meng. "Research on the Starting Acceleration Characteristics of a New Mechanical–Electric–Hydraulic Power Coupling Electric Vehicle." Energies 13, no. 23 (2020): 6279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236279.
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To simplify the layout of a purely electric vehicle transmission system and improve the acceleration performance of the vehicle, this paper utilizes the characteristics of the large torque of a hydraulic transmission system and proposes a new mechanical–electric–hydraulic dynamic coupling drive system (MEH-DCDS). It integrates the traditional motor and the swashplate hydraulic pump/motor into one, which can realize the mutual conversion between the mechanical energy, electrical energy, and hydraulic energy. This article explains its working principle and structural characteristics. At the same time, the mathematical model for the key components is established and the operation mode is divided into various types. Based on AMESim software, the article studies the dynamic characteristics of the MEH-DCDS, and finally proposes a method that combines real-time feedback of the accumulator output torque with PID control to complete the system simulation. The results show that the MEH-DCDS vehicle has a starting time of 4.52 s at ignition, and the starting performance is improved by 40.37% compared to that of a pure motor drive system vehicle; after a PID adjustment, the MEH-DCDS vehicle’s starting time is shortened by 1.04 s, and the acceleration performance is improved by 23.01%. The results indicated the feasibility of the system and the power performance was substantially improved. Finally, the system is integrated into the vehicle and the dynamic performance of the MEH-DCDS under cycle conditions is verified by joint simulation. The results show that the vehicle is able to follow the control speed well when the MEH-DCDS is loaded on the vehicle. The state-of-charge (SOC) consumption rate is reduced by 20.33% compared to an electric vehicle, while the MEH-DCDS has an increased range of 45.7 m compared to the EV. This improves the energy efficiency and increases the driving range.
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Wu, Chien-Hsun, and Yong-Xiang Xu. "The Optimal Control of Fuel Consumption for a Heavy-Duty Motorcycle with Three Power Sources Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation." Energies 13, no. 1 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010022.
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This study presents a simulation platform for a hybrid electric motorcycle with an engine, a driving motor, and an integrated starter generator (ISG) as three power sources. This platform also consists of the driving cycle, driver, lithium-ion battery, continuously variable transmission (CVT), motorcycle dynamics, and energy management system models. Two Arduino DUE microcontrollers integrated with the required circuit to process analog-to-digital signal conversion for input and output are utilized to carry out a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. A driving cycle called worldwide motorcycle test cycle (WMTC) is used for evaluating the performance characteristics and response relationship among subsystems. Control strategies called rule-based control (RBC) and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) are simulated and compared with the purely engine-driven operation. The results show that the improvement percentages for equivalent fuel consumption and energy consumption for RBC and ECMS using the pure software simulation were 17.74%/18.50% and 42.77%/44.22% respectively, while those with HIL were 18.16%/18.82% and 42.73%/44.10%, respectively.
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Torres, Negreiros, and Tiba. "Theoretical and Experimental Study to Determine Voltage Violation, Reverse Electric Current and Losses in Prosumers Connected to Low-Voltage Power Grid." Energies 12, no. 23 (2019): 4568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234568.
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The impact of PV generation distributed in a low voltage transmission line depends on many factors: The distribution lines and PV generators characteristics, its location, operational control, local meteorological conditions, electricity consumption profile, and the electricity cost variation. An atypical and challenging behavior of photovoltaic distributed generation (DG) insertion in consumer units (CUs), implies in some circumstances, as the reverse directionality of the power flow between the load equipped with a photovoltaic system generator and the electrical grid, when a CU contains a distributed generation and low power consumption, the power flow will be directed to the power electric grid. In this work, the modeling of a low-voltage real feeder was performed, setting the variables of the system under real operating conditions. As result, voltage levels variability throughout the feeder, the electrical losses, and the asymmetry between the phases were observed. Through simulation scenarios, the occurrence of voltage increase under different penetration scenarios of distributed generation was verified and there was a 10% increase in reference voltage as well as the occurrence of higher electrical losses by reverse current, reaching 1200% more with a DG penetration, in the massive presence of the photovoltaic generator. The mitigatory action used in this work was able to attenuate the negative impacts to the feeder circuit, ensuring the integrity grid and the consumer unit.
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Sami, Benslama, Nasri Sihem, Salsabil Gherairi, and Cherif Adnane. "A Multi-Agent System for Smart Energy Management Devoted to Vehicle Applications: Realistic Dynamic Hybrid Electric System Using Hydrogen as a Fuel." Energies 12, no. 3 (2019): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030474.
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Real-time simulation test beds for new zero-emission hybrid electric vehicles are considered as an attractive challenge for future transport applications that are fully recommended in the laboratory environment. In contrast, new zero-emission hybrid electric vehicles have a more complicated charging procedure. For this reason, an efficient simulation tools development for hydrogen consumption control becomes critical. In this vein, a New Zero Emission Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulation (NZE-HEVSim) tool for the dynamic Fuel Cell Hybrid-Electric System is proposed to smartly control multisource activities. The designed system consists of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell used to provide the required energy demand and a Supercapacitor system for energy recovery assistance in load peak or in fast transient. To regulate the supplied power, an efficient Real-Time Embedded Intelligent Energy Management (RT-EM-IEM) is implemented and tested through various constraints. The proposed intelligent energy management system aims to act quickly against sudden circumstances related to hydrogen depletion in the basis required fuel consumption prediction using multi-agent system (MAS). The proposed MAS strategy aims to define the proper operating agent according to energy demand and supply. The obtained results prove that the designed system meets the objectives set for RT-EM-IEM by referring to an experimental velocity database.
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Wu, Xiaogang, Dianyu Zheng, Tianze Wang, and Jiuyu Du. "Torque Optimal Allocation Strategy of All-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Difference of Efficiency Characteristics between Axis Motors." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061122.
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All-wheel drive is an important technical direction for the future development of pure electric vehicles. The difference in the efficiency distribution of the shaft motor caused by the optimal load matching and motor manufacturing process, the traditional torque average distribution strategy is not applicable to the torque distribution of the all-wheel drive power system. Aiming at the above problems, this paper takes the energy efficiency of power system as the optimization goal, proposes a dynamic allocation method to realize the torque distribution of electric vehicle all-wheel drive power system, and analyzes and verifies the adaptability of this optimization algorithm in different urban passenger vehicle working cycles. The simulation results show that, compared with the torque average distribution method, the proposed method can effectively solve the problem that the difference of the efficiency distribution of the two shaft motors in the power system affects the energy consumption of the power system. The energy consumption rate of the proposed method is reduced by 5.96% and 5.69%, respectively, compared with the average distribution method under the China urban passenger driving cycle and the Harbin urban passenger driving cycle.
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Lee, Hak-Sun, Sang-Gyun Park, Myoung-Pyo Hong, Han-Jin Lee, and Young-Suk Kim. "A Study on the Manufacture of Permanent Magnet Traction Control Valve for Electronic Stability Control in Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (2021): 7794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177794.
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Most solenoid valves in use today require a magnetic coil to be continuously energized to maintain the magnetization of the magnetic body in order to operate. The problem is that if the power is still supplied, the power consumption will continue. In addition, problems such as shortening the lifespan of solenoid valve internal parts due to the increase in the internal temperature of the electronic stability control (ESC) due to the continuous heating of the magnetic coil, and malfunction due to instantaneous power failure may occur. In this study, we conducted a study on the permanent magnet traction control valve (TCV) for ESC that can minimize the unnecessary power consumption of electric vehicle batteries. For optimal permanent magnet design, polarity direction setting and permanent magnet specifications were studied through FE simulation. A permanent magnet TCV was fabricated and an electromagnetic force test was conducted to compare and evaluate it with the FE simulation result. By using a permanent magnet, it was possible to lower the initial current value for the TCV to drive, therefore, it was possible to develop a permanent magnet TCV that can minimize the unnecessary power consumption of electric vehicle batteries.
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Canizes, Bruno, João Soares, Angelo Costa, et al. "Electric Vehicles’ User Charging Behaviour Simulator for a Smart City." Energies 12, no. 8 (2019): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081470.
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The increase of variable renewable energy generation has brought several new challenges to power and energy systems. Solutions based on storage systems and consumption flexibility are being proposed to balance the variability from generation sources that depend directly on environmental conditions. The widespread use of electric vehicles is seen as a resource that includes both distributed storage capabilities and the potential for consumption (charging) flexibility. However, to take advantage of the full potential of electric vehicles’ flexibility, it is essential that proper incentives are provided and that the management is performed with the variation of generation. This paper presents a research study on the impact of the variation of the electricity prices on the behavior of electric vehicle’s users. This study compared the benefits when using the variable and fixed charging prices. The variable prices are determined based on the calculation of distribution locational marginal pricing, which are recalculated and adapted continuously accordingly to the users’ trips and behavior. A travel simulation tool was developed for simulating real environments taking into account the behavior of real users. Results show that variable-rate of electricity prices demonstrate to be more advantageous to the users, enabling them to reduce charging costs while contributing to the required flexibility for the system.
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Kumar, Krishan, and V. P. Singh. "Power Consumption Based Simulation Model for Mobile Ad-hoc Network." Wireless Personal Communications 77, no. 2 (2014): 1437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1589-7.
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Prajwowski, Konrad, Wawrzyniec Golebiewski, Maciej Lisowski, Karol F. Abramek, and Dominik Galdynski. "Modeling of Working Machines Synergy in the Process of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Acceleration." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215818.
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There are many different mathematical models that can be used to describe relations between energy machines in the power-split hybrid drive system. Usually, they are created based on simulations or measurements in bench (laboratory) conditions. In that sense, however, these are the idealized conditions. It is not known how the internal combustion engine and electrical machines work in real road conditions, especially during acceleration. This motivated the authors to set the goal of solving this research problem. The solution was to implement and develop the model predictive control (MPC) method for driving modes (electric, normal) of a hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a power-split drive system. According to the adopted mathematical model, after determining the type of model and its structure, the measurements were performed. There were carried out as road tests in two driving modes of the hybrid electric vehicle: electric and normal. The measurements focused on the internal combustion engine and electrical machines parameters (torque, rotational speed and power), state of charge of electrochemical accumulator system and equivalent fuel consumption (expressed as a cost function). The operating parameters of the internal combustion engine and electric machines during hybrid electric vehicle acceleration assume the maximum values in the entire range (corresponding to the set vehicle speeds). The process of the hybrid electric vehicle acceleration from 0 to 47 km/h in the electric mode lasted for 12 s and was transferred into the equivalent fuel consumption value of 5.03 g. The acceleration of the hybrid electric vehicle from 0 to 47 km/h in the normal mode lasted 4.5 s and was transferred to the value of 4.23 g. The hybrid electric vehicle acceleration from 0 to 90 km/h in the normal mode lasted 11 s and corresponded to the cost function value of 26.43 g. The presented results show how the fundamental importance of the hybrid electric vehicle acceleration process with a fully depressed gas pedal is (in these conditions the selected driving mode is a little importance).
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Hirvonen, Janne, Juha Jokisalo, and Risto Kosonen. "The Effect of Deep Energy Retrofit on The Hourly Power Demand of Finnish Detached Houses." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071773.
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This study examines how the energy renovation of old detached houses affects the hourly power consumption of heating and electricity in Finland. As electrification of heating through heat pumps becomes more common, the effects on the grid need to be quantified. Increased fluctuation and peak power demand could increase the need for fossil-based peaking power plants or call for new investments to the distribution infrastructure. The novelty in this study is the focus on hourly power demand instead of just annual energy consumption. Identifying the influence of building energy retrofits on the instantaneous power demand can help guide policy and investments into building retrofits and related technology. The work was done through dynamic building simulation and utilized building configurations obtained through multi-objective optimization. Deep energy retrofits decreased both the total and peak heating power consumption. However, the use of air-source heat pumps increased the peak power demand of electricity in district heated and wood heated buildings by as much as 100%. On the other hand, peak power demand in buildings with direct electric heating was reduced by 30 to 40%. On the building stock level, the demand reduction in buildings with direct electric heating could compensate for the increase in the share of buildings with ground-source heat pumps, so that the national peak electricity demand would not increase. This prevents the increase of demand for high emission peaking power plants as heat pump penetration rises. However, a use is needed for the excess solar electricity generated by the optimally retrofitted buildings, because much of the solar electricity cannot be utilized in the single-family houses during summer.
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Mebarki, Brahim, Belkacem Draoui, Boumediène Allaou, Lakhdar Rahmani, and Elhadj Benachour. "Impact of the Air-Conditioning System on the Power Consumption of an Electric Vehicle Powered by Lithium-Ion Battery." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/935784.
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The car occupies the daily universe of our society; however, noise pollution, global warming gas emissions, and increased fuel consumption are constantly increasing. The electric vehicle is one of the recommended solutions by the raison of its zero emission. Heating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is a part of the power system of the vehicle when the purpose is to provide complete thermal comfort for its occupants, however it requires far more energy than any other car accessory. Electric vehicles have a low-energy storage capacity, and HVAC may consume a substantial amount of the total energy stored, considerably reducing the vehicle range, which is one of the most important parameters for EV acceptability. The basic goal of this paper is to simulate the air-conditioning system impact on the power energy source of an electric vehicle powered by a lithium-ion battery.
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GANDOLE, Y. B., S. P. YAWALE, and S. S. YAWALE. "SIMULATION OF PULSER RECEIVER SYSTEM FOR ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 17 (2006): 2395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206034753.
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The success of modern electronics is built on the possibility to accurately predict system behavior by using simulation tools. This paradigm can be extended to components such as piezoelectric transducers attached to the electronics. The ability to simulate both piezoelectric transducer and electronics together renders possible effective optimizations at system level, i.e. minimizing size, cost and power consumption. In this paper a computer simulation of a combined electronics and piezoelectric transducer system is explored. The analogy between acoustic wave propagation and wave propagation in an electric transmission line is given. The simulation approach is applied to a pulser-receiver setup for the determination of speed of sound and attenuation in liquids. Experiments and simulations are made for fixed temperature and in the frequency range 1–10 MHz using ethanol, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, benzene and distilled water as test samples. Comparison shows a good agreement between simulation and experiments. Furthermore, the use of an ultrasonic simulation package allows for the development of the associated electronics to amplify and process the received ultrasonic signals.
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Niestrój, Roman, Tomasz Rogala, and Wojciech Skarka. "An Energy Consumption Model for Designing an AGV Energy Storage System with a PEMFC Stack." Energies 13, no. 13 (2020): 3435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133435.
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This article presents a methodology for building an AGV (automated guided vehicle) power supply system simulation model with a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack (PEMFC). The model focuses on selecting the correct parameters for the hybrid energy buffering system to ensure proper operating parameters of the vehicle, i.e., minimizing vehicle downtime. The AGV uses 2 × 1.18 kW electric motors and is a development version of a battery-powered vehicle in which the battery has been replaced with a hybrid power system using a 300 W PEMFC. The research and development of the new power system were initiated by the AGV manufacturer. The model-based design (MBD) methodology is used in the design and construction of a complete simulation model for the system, which consists of the fuel cell system, energy processing, a storage system, and an energy demand models. The energy demand model has been developed based on measurements from the existing AGV, and the remaining parts of the model are based on simulation models tuned to the characteristics obtained for the individual subsystems or from commonly available data. A parametric model is created with the possibility for development and determination by simulation of either the final system or from the parameters of the individual models’ elements (components of the designed system). The presented methodology can be used to develop alternative versions of the system, in particular the selection of the correct size of supercapacitors and batteries which depend on the energy demand profile and the development of the DC/DC converter and controllers. Additionally, the varying topology of the whole system was also analyzed. Minimization of downtime has been presented as one of many possible uses of the presented model.
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He, Hengjing, Shangli Zhou, Leping Zhang, Junhong Lin, Weile Chen, and Di Wu. "Beetle Swarm Optimization Algorithm-Based Load Control with Electricity Storage." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2020 (November 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896612.
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Based on the intelligent bidirectional interactive technology, this paper studies the flexible working mode and optimal power consumption strategy of several typical power consumption loads including energy storage equipment. Based on the real-time price scheme, the objective function and constraints are obtained, and the adaptive algorithm for beetle swarm optimization with variable whisker length is used to optimize so that the electric equipment can automatically change its power load through the intelligent terminal and even work in the way of reverse power transmission. The proposed optimal scheduling algorithm can not only maximize the interests of users but also ensure the minimum peak to average ratio so as to realize peak shaving and valley filling. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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Wu, Mei, Yu-Qing Bao, Gang Chen, Jinlong Zhang, Beibei Wang, and Weixing Qian. "Hierarchical Distributed Control Strategy for Electric Vehicle Mobile Energy Storage Clusters." Energies 12, no. 7 (2019): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071195.
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The stability problem of the power system becomes increasingly important for the penetration of renewable energy resources (RESs). The inclusion of electric vehicles (EVs) in a power system can not only promote the consumption of RESs, but also provide energy for the power grid if necessary. As a mobile energy storage unit (MESU), EVs should pay more attention to the service life of their batteries during operation. A hierarchical distributed control strategy was proposed in this paper for mobile energy storage clusters (MESCs) considering the life loss of each EV’s battery. This strategy was divided into a two-layer control structure. Firstly, numerous EVs were divided into different clusters according to their regional relationships. The lower layer adopted a distributed collaborative control approach for allocating energy among EVs in the cluster. Under this condition, an aggregate EVs response model was established and the characteristic of the MESC was analyzed. Secondly, the upper layer applied the multi-agent consensus algorithm to achieve the optimal allocation among different clusters. Therefore, the control strategy realized the two-way communication of energy between EVs and the power grid, and ensured the optimal economical dispatch for the mobile energy storage system (MESS). Finally, the simulation of testing examples verified the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
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Tsach, U., D. B. Geselowitz, A. Sinha, and H. K. Hsu. "A Novel Output Feedback Pusher Plate Controller for the Penn State Electric Ventricular Assist Device." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, no. 1 (1989): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153020.
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This paper addresses the development of an output feedback controller for the Penn State Electric Ventricular Assist Device (EVAD). The control law is designed to minimize the electric power consumption of the motor, while utilizing the measured pusher plate position as its only feedback signal. The control algorithm results in a suboptimal performance. The feedback gain function is calculated such that the expected value of the deviations between the suboptimal and full state feedback power consumption values is minimized. The system state initial conditions are treated as random variables with specified probability density functions. Numerical simulations indicate that the output feedback controller of the EVAD has a near optimum performance (the excessive electric power consumption is less than 1 percent), and a time shift manipulation of a single feedback gain function can drive the EVAD in various speeds with minimal energy losses.
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Angermeier, Sebastian, Jonas Ketterer, and Christian Karcher. "Liquid-Based Battery Temperature Control of Electric Buses." Energies 13, no. 19 (2020): 4990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13194990.
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Previous research identified that battery temperature control is critical to the safety, lifetime, and performance of electric vehicles. In this paper, the liquid-based battery temperature control of electric buses is investigated subject to heat transfer behavior and control strategy. Therefore, a new transient calculation method is proposed to simulate the thermal behavior of a coolant-cooled battery system. The method is based on the system identification technique and combines the advantage of low computational effort and high accuracy. In detail, four transfer functions are extracted by a thermo-hydraulic 3D simulation model comprising 12 prismatic lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells, housing, arrestors, and a cooling plate. The transfer functions describe the relationship between heat generation, cell temperature, and coolant temperature. A vehicle model calculates the power consumption of an electric bus and thus provides the input for the transient calculation. Furthermore, a cell temperature control strategy is developed with respect to the constraints of a refrigerant-based battery cooling unit. The data obtained from the simulation demonstrate the high thermal inertia of the system and suggest sufficient control of the battery temperature using a quasi-stationary cooling strategy. Thereby, the study reveals a crucial design input for battery cooling systems in terms of heat transfer behavior and control strategy.
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Nguyễn, Bảo-Huy, João Pedro F. Trovão, Ronan German, and Alain Bouscayrol. "Real-Time Energy Management of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Linear Quadratic Regulation." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215538.
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Optimization-based methods are of interest for developing energy management strategies due to their high performance for hybrid electric vehicles. However, these methods are often complicated and may require strong computational efforts, which can prevent them from real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel real-time optimization-based torque distribution strategy for a parallel hybrid truck. The strategy aims to minimize the engine fuel consumption while ensuring battery charge-sustaining by using linear quadratic regulation in a closed-loop control scheme. Furthermore, by reformulating the problem, the obtained strategy does not require the information of the engine efficiency map like the previous works in literature. The obtained strategy is simple, straightforward, and therefore easy to be implemented in real-time platforms. The proposed method is evaluated via simulation by comparison to dynamic programming as a benchmark. Furthermore, the real-time ability of the proposed strategy is experimentally validated by using power hardware-in-the-loop simulation.
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Hussein, Mohammed, Abdellatif Abu-Issa, Iyad Tumar, and Abdalkarim Awad. "Reducing power consumption in LEO satellite network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2256-2265.
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Current low earth orbit (LEO) satellite network display poor power efficiency, running network devices at full capacity all the time regardless of the traffic matrix and the distribution of the population over the Globe. Most of the research on energy efficiency of LEO satellites has focused on component level or link level. Therefore, this kind of research is not holistic to try to look at the satellite system as a single node. To enhance the energy efficiency. The solution should exploits multipath routing and load balancing. LEO network is overprovisioned, and hence selectively shutting down some satellite nodes and links during off-peaks hours seems like a good way to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we exploit the fact that due to geographical and climatic conditions, some satellite links are expected to be loaded with data while others remain unused. Our approach is to power down satellite nodes and links during period of low traffic, while guaranteeing the connectivity and QoS. Finding the optimal solution is NP-problem and therefore, we explore in this work two heuristic algorithms. We evaluate our heuristics on a realistic LEO topology and real traffic matrices. Simulation results show that the power saving can be significant.
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Lee, Gye-Seong, Dong-Hyun Kim, Jong-Ho Han, Myeong-Hwan Hwang, and Hyun-Rok Cha. "Optimal Operating Point Determination Method Design for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles Based on Real Driving Tests." Energies 12, no. 5 (2019): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050845.
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In this study, a method to determine the optimal generator operating point is proposed to enhance the utilization of power resources in a range-extended electric vehicle (Re-EV). Currently, the Re-EV is being developed as one of the solutions to the short driving range and charge problem of electric vehicles (EVs). In particular, we present a method for flexibly determining the operating point of the generators mounted on Re-EVs based on the power consumption trends of the users. Our proposed method can address the problem in existing algorithms wherein all the available resources are not utilized, even though there is fuel remaining in the EV because the battery is not completely discharged. The proposed algorithm was developed based on data acquired through actual driving tests using an agricultural utility vehicle; these data can be applied to various power consumption patterns, including nonlinear consumption patterns. In addition, this algorithm can be applied to other types of Re-EV with different battery and generator specifications. We perform simulations and experiments to verify the proposed algorithm and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with other existing methods.
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Hinov, Nikolay, Plamen Punov, Bogdan Gilev, and Gergana Vacheva. "Model-Based Estimation of Transmission Gear Ratio for Driving Energy Consumption of an EV." Electronics 10, no. 13 (2021): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131530.
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This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of the transmission configuration on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle. The first part of this study is related to a vehicle simulation model that takes into consideration vehicle resistances such as aerodynamic, rolling and inertial resistance as well as the traction force. The model was then validated by means of vehicle acceleration time, from 0 to 100 km/h in the case of a single-speed gearbox. Vehicle power demand and electrical energy consumption were then evaluated over three standardized test cycles: WLTC-Class 3, NEDC and FTP-75. For each cycle, two cases were studied: a single-speed and dual-speed gearbox. Very different power demand was observed between the cycles in terms of maximum and average driving power. The most power-demanding cycle was WLTC, while NEDC was less power demanding. However, the specific driving energy per kilometer was very similar for NEDC and FTP-75, as it respectively accounted to 0.118/0.116 kWh/km and 0.117/0.115 kWh/km. WLTC led to a higher specific consumption of 0.127/0.124 kWh/km. A dual-speed gearbox led to better efficiency, within the range of 1.7% to 2.4%. The higher value was obtained for highly dynamic WLTC.
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Nilsson, Peter. "Architectures and Arithmetic for Low Static Power Consumption in Nanoscale CMOS." VLSI Design 2009 (January 17, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/749272.
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This paper focuses on leakage reduction at architecture and arithmetic level. A methodology for considerable reduction of the static power consumption is shown. Simulations are done in a typical 130 nm CMOS technology. Based on the simulation results, the static power consumption is estimated and compared for different filter architectures. Substantial power reductions are shown in both FIR-filters and IIR-filters. Three different types of architectures, namely, bit-parallel, digit-serial, and bit-serial structures are used to demonstrate the methodology. The paper also shows that the relative power ratio is strongly dependent on the used word length; that is, the gain in power ratio is larger for longer word lengths. A static power ratio at 0.48 is shown for the bit-serial FIR-filter and a power ratio at 0.11 is shown in the arithmetic part of the FIR-filter. The static power ratio in the IIR-filter is 0.36 in the bit-serial filter and 0.06 in the arithmetic part of the filter. It is also shown that the use of storage, such as registers, relatively the arithmetic part, affects the power ratio. The relatively lower power consumption in the IIR-filter compared to the FIR-filter is due to the lower use of registers.
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Çakmak, Hüseyin, Anselm Erdmann, Michael Kyesswa, Uwe Kühnapfel, and Veit Hagenmeyer. "A new distributed co-simulation architecture for multi-physics based energy systems integration." at - Automatisierungstechnik 67, no. 11 (2019): 972–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2019-0081.
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Abstract Simulating energy systems integration scenarios enables a comprehensive consideration of interdependencies between multimodal energy grids. It is an important part of the planning for the redesign of the current energy system infrastructure, which is essential for the foreseen drastic reduction of carbon emissions. In contrast to the complex implementation of monolithic simulation architectures, emerging distributed co-simulation technologies enable the combination of several existing single-domain simulations into one large energy systems integration simulation. Accompanying disadvantages of coupling simulators have to be minimized by an appropriate co-simulation architecture. Hence, in the present paper, a new simulation architecture for energy systems integration co-simulation is introduced, which enables an easy and fast handling of the therefore required simulation setup. The performance of the new distributed co-simulation architecture for energy systems integration is shown by a campus grid scenario with a focus on the effects of power to gas and the reversal process onto the electricity grid. The implemented control strategy enables a successful co-simulation of electrolysis coupled with photovoltaics, a hydrogen storage with a combined heat and power plant and a variable power consumption.
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Yanine, Fernando, Antonio Sánchez-Squella, Aldo Barrueto, Antonio Parejo, Felisa Cordova, and Hans Rother. "Grid-Tied Distributed Generation Systems to Sustain the Smart Grid Transformation: Tariff Analysis and Generation Sharing." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051187.
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In this paper a novel model is being proposed and considered by ENEL—the largest electric utility in Chile—and analyzed thoroughly, whereby electric power control and energy management for a 60-apartments’ residential building is presented as an example of the utility’s green energy program, part of its Smart Grid Transformation plan to install grid-tied distributed generation (DG) systems, namely microgrids, with solar generation and energy storage in Santiago, Chile. The particular tariffs scheme analysis shown is part of the overall projected tentative benefits of adopting the new scheme, which will require the utility’s customers to adapt their consumption behavior to the limited supply of renewable energy by changing energy consumption habits and schedules in a way that maximizes the capacity and efficiency of the grid-tied microgrid with energy storage. The change in behavior entails rescheduling power consumption to hours where the energy supply capacity in the DG system is higher and price is lower as well as curtailing their power needs in certain hourly blocks so as to maximize DG system’s efficiency and supply capacity. Nevertheless, the latter presents a problem under the perspective of ENEL’s renewable energy sources (RES) integration plan with the electric utility’s grid supply, which, up until now and due to current electric tariffs law, has not had a clear solution. Under said scenario, a set of strategies based on energy homeostasis principles for the coordination and control of the electricity supply versus customers’ demand has been devised and tested. These strategies which consider various scenarios to conform to grid flexibility requirements by ENEL, have been adapted for the specific needs of these types of customers while considering the particular infrastructure of the network. Thus, the microgrid adjusts itself to the grid in order to complement the grid supply while seeking to maximize green supply capacity and operational efficiency, wherein the different energy users and their energy consumption profiles play a crucial role as “active loads”, being able to respond and adapt to the needs of the grid-connected microgrid while enjoying economic benefits. Simulation results are presented under different tariff options, system’s capacity and energy storage alternatives, in order to compare the proposed strategies with the actual case of traditional grid’s electricity distribution service, where no green energy is present. The results show the advantage of the proposed tariffs scheme, along with power control and energy management strategies for the integration of distributed power generation within ENEL’s Smart Grid Transformation in Chile.
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Song, Pengxiang, Yulong Lei, and Yao Fu. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Matching of Power Source for PHEV Based on Genetic Algorithm." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051127.
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Power system parameter matching is one of the key technologies in the development of hybrid electric vehicles. The power source is the key component of the power system which composed of engine, motor, and battery. Reasonable power source parameters are conducive to improve the power, fuel economy, and emission performance of vehicles. In this paper, regarding the problem that the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) parameter matching needs to weigh different design objectives, a multi-objective optimization and matching method based on a genetic algorithm is proposed. The vehicle dynamic model is established based on MATLAB/Simulink (Mathworks in Natick, Massachusetts, USA), and the feasibility of the model is verified by simulation. The main performance parameters of the power source are matched by theoretical analysis, and the PHEV integrated optimization simulation platform is established based on Isight(Dassault Systemes in Paris, France) and MALTAB/Simulink. Power source components are optimized considering fuel economy and lightweight objectives under the performance constraints. Firstly, the optimal matching results under different weights are obtained by transforming different objectives into single objective, and the multi-island genetic algorithm is used to obtain the optimal matching results in which the equivalent fuel consumption of 100km is reduced by 1%. Then the Pareto solution is obtained using the NSGA-II algorithm. The optimal matching results can be found after determining the weights of different design objectives, which proves the effectiveness and superiority of the multi-objective optimization matching method. The optimization results show that compared with the original vehicle, the fuel economy effect is increased by 2.26% and the lightweight effect is increased by 8.26%.
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Xing, Jiaming, Liang Chu, and Chong Guo. "Optimization of Energy Consumption Based on Traffic Light Constraints and Dynamic Programming." Electronics 10, no. 18 (2021): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182295.
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Traffic lights are an important part of urban roads. They improve traffic conditions but bring about a limitation of driving speed in the space–time domain for vehicles. In this paper, a traffic light model based on a vehicle–road cooperative system is built. The model provides the vehicle with speed constraints when passing the green light in the time–space domain. A global-optimization-based energy management strategy based on dynamic programming (DP) is constructed with the constraints. The simulations are performed for two driving situations of different signal phases with the electric vehicle driven by a single power source. Compared with the traditional fixed speed driving strategy and green light optimal speed advisory (GLOSA) system, the energy management strategy proposed in this paper is able to control operating points of the motor to be distributed in more efficiency areas. A higher economy is achieved from simulation results.
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Boukhnifer, Moussa, Nadir Ouddah, Toufik Azib, and Ahmed Chaibet. "Intelligent energy management for hybrid fuel cell/battery system." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 35, no. 5 (2016): 1850–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2015-0309.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose two energy management strategies (EMS) for hybrid electric vehicle, the power system is an hybrid architecture (fuel cell (FC)/battery) with two-converters parallel configuration. Design/methodology/approach First, the authors present the EMS uses a power frequency splitting to allow a natural frequency decomposition of the power loads and second the EMS uses the optimal control theory, based on the Pontryagin’s minimum principle. Findings Thanks to the optimal approach, the control objectives will be easily achieved: hydrogen consumption is minimized and FC health is protected. Originality/value The simulation results show the effectiveness of the control strategy using optimal control theory in term of improvement of the fuel consumption based on a comparison analysis between the two strategies.
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Chan-Soo Hwang and Hichan Moon. "Power consumption analysis of user-identity feedback." IEEE Communications Letters 13, no. 2 (2009): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2009.081958.
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Lombardi, Simone, Manfredi Villani, Daniele Chiappini, and Laura Tribioli. "Cooling System Energy Consumption Reduction through a Novel All-Electric Powertrain Traction Module and Control Optimization." Energies 14, no. 1 (2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010033.
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In this work, the problem of reducing the energy consumption of the cooling circuit for the propulsion system of an all-electric vehicle is approached with two different concepts: improvement of the powertrain efficiency and optimization of the control strategy. Improvement of the powertrain efficiency is obtained through a modular design, which consists of replacing the electric powertrain with several smaller traction modules whose powers sum up to the total power of the original powertrain. In this paper, it is shown how modularity, among other benefits, also allows reducing the energy consumption of the cooling system up to 54%. The energy consumption of the cooling system is associated with two components: the pump and the fan. They produce a so-called auxiliary load on the battery, reducing the maximum range of the vehicle. In conventional cooling systems, the pump and the fan are controlled with a thermostat, without taking into account the energy consumption. Conversely, in this work a control strategy to reduce the auxiliary loads is developed and compared with the conventional approach, showing that the energy consumption of the cooling system can be reduced up to 27%. To test the control strategy, numerical simulations have been carried out with a 1-D model of the cooling system. On the other hand, all the thermal loads of the components have been calculated with a vehicle simulator, which is able to predict the vehicle’s behavior under different driving cycles.
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Tymchenko, L. "FPGA USAGE FOR PROCESSING IMAGE OF LASER BEAM." Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies" 1, no. 37 (2021): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2021-37-14.
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Considered modern problems of laser image processing. An analysis of existing solutions and recent research in the field of image processing of laser beam. Determined that the latter solutions have a number of disadvantages in terms of increasing the speed and density of information flow. There are also problems with excessive power consumption during image processing due to excess power. Also presented method of processing image of laser beam with the use of FPGA and parallelhierarchical transformation. Performing simulation modeling of methods for processing the coordinates of laser beam spots and its results are presented. Presented comparison of the results of image processing using a personal computer and using FPGA. The obtained results allow to evaluate the efficiency of FPGA application and methods with the use of parallel-hierarchical transformation during image processing of laser beams. Due to low power consumption and efficient image processing using FPGA and parallelhierarchical transformation - this technology has great prospects for use in the automotive industry. It can be used to improve the development of unmanned vehicle control, especially for electric vehicles.
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Yang, Yang, Zhen Zhong, Fei Wang, Chunyun Fu, and Junzhang Liao. "Real-time Energy Management Strategy for Oil-Electric-Liquid Hybrid System based on Lowest Instantaneous Energy Consumption Cost." Energies 13, no. 4 (2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040784.
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For the oil–electric–hydraulic hybrid power system, a logic threshold energy management strategy based on the optimal working curve is proposed, and the optimal working curve in each mode is determined. A genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal parameters. For driving conditions, a real-time energy management strategy based on the lowest instantaneous energy cost is proposed. For braking conditions and subject to the European Commission for Europe (ECE) regulations, a braking force distribution strategy based on hydraulic pumps/motors and supplemented by motors is proposed. A global optimization energy management strategy is used to evaluate the strategy. Simulation results show that the strategy can achieve the expected control target and save about 32.14% compared with the fuel consumption cost of the original model 100 km 8 L. Under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) working conditions, the energy-saving effect of this strategy is close to that of the global optimization energy management strategy and has obvious cost advantages. The system design and control strategy are validated.
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Wang, Xin, Yong-qiang Feng, Tzu-Chen Hung, Zhi-xia He, Chih-Hung Lin, and Muhammad Sultan. "Investigating the System Behaviors of a 10 kW Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Prototype Using Plunger Pump and Centrifugal Pump." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051141.
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Based on a 10-kW organic Rankine cycle (ORC) experimental prototype, the system behaviors using a plunger pump and centrifugal pump have been investigated. The heat input is in the range of 45 kW to 82 kW. The temperature utilization rate is defined to appraise heat source utilization. The detailed components’ behaviors with the varying heat input are discussed, while the system generating efficiency is examined. The exergy destruction for the four components is addressed finally. Results indicated that the centrifugal pump owns a relatively higher mass flow rate and pump isentropic efficiency, but more power consumption than the plunger pump. The evaporator pressure drops are in the range of 0.45–0.65 bar, demonstrating that the pressure drop should be considered for the ORC simulation. The electrical power has a small difference using a plunger pump and a centrifugal pump, indicating that the electric power is insensitive on the pump types. The system generating efficiency for the plunger pump is approximately 3.63%, which is 12.51% higher than that of the centrifugal pump. The exergy destruction for the evaporator, expander, and condenser is almost 30%, indicating that enhancing the temperature matching between the system and the heat (cold) source is a way to improve the system performance.
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Colantoni, Andrea, Mauro Villarini, Vera Marcantonio, Francesco Gallucci, and Massimo Cecchini. "Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale ORC Trigeneration System Powered by the Combustion of Olive Pomace." Energies 12, no. 12 (2019): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122279.
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The utilisation of low- and medium-temperature energy allows to reduce the energy shortage and environmental pollution problems because low-grade energy is plentiful in nature and renewable as well. In the past two decades, thanks to its feasibility and reliability, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has received great attention. The present work is focused on a small-scale (7.5 kW nominal electric power) combined cooling, heating and power ORC system powered by the combustion of olive pomace obtained as a by-product in the olive oil production process from an olive farm situated in the central part of Italy. The analysis of the employment of this energy system is based on experimental data and Aspen Plus simulation, including biomass and combustion tests, biomass availability and energy production analysis, Combined Cooling Heat and Power (CCHP) system sizing and assessment. Different low environmental impact working fluids and various operative process parameters were investigated. Olive pomace has been demonstrated to be suitable for the energy application and, in this case, to be able to satisfy the energy consumption of the same olive farm with the option of responding to further energy users. Global electrical efficiency varied from 12.7% to 19.4%, depending on the organic fluid used and the working pressure at the steam generator.
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Porras, Juan Ernesto Wyss, Sususmu Shimada, Jun Yoshino, and Tomonao Kobayashi. "Evaluation of the Photovoltaic System Installation Impact to an Electric Power Grid Part 1: Simulation of photovoltaic generation by applying a meteorological model." Labor e Engenho 9, no. 4 (2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/lobore.v9i4.8641639.
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The impact of the installation of a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) system to the electric power grid management is analyzed numerically in this series of works. In this part 1, the solar irradiance at the target country, Guatemala, is evaluated with a weather forecasting model, and PV energy potential is estimated. From the computed potential distribution, the appropriate area for installation of a large-scale PV system is selected. This area is where the solar irradiance is large and the energy consumption regions are close by. The optimal tilted angle of the PV panels is proposed as well from the PV output simulation. The time series data of the PV output is also evaluated in this part, and it will be applied to the analysis of the impact of the PV installation to the electric power grid management in the following part of this series of works.
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Hinov, Nikolay, Vladimir Dimitrov, and Gergana Vacheva. "Model for Vehicle to Home System with Additional Energy Storage for Households." Electronics 10, no. 9 (2021): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091085.
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Smart integration of the upcoming proliferation of electric forms of transport in our energy system is the key in order to make it more robust and ready for a greener future. As such, technologies as Vehicle to Home are key in order to optimize the house consumption on an individual level. This paper develops the key blocks of a modified Vehicle to Home system, where in addition to the EV, a stationary battery pack is added. The paper presents models for household consumption, bidirectional AC/DC converter, its control system, dc/dc controllers, and their controllers. The goal is to design a system capable of consuming a desired power over time from the AC grid. Any energy difference is used to charge or discharge the available energy sources. As such, optimal control strategies are developed for the control of both the charging/discharging process. The presented optimized models allow for system level simulation for several weeks on a typical computer. Using this model some allows bot sizing the dc energy storage needed, along with comparison of different control algorithms for the power converters.
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Tamburrano, Paolo, Andrew R. Plummer, Pietro De Palma, Elia Distaso, and Riccardo Amirante. "A Novel Servovalve Pilot Stage Actuated by a Piezo-Electric Ring Bender (Part II): Design Model and Full Simulation." Energies 13, no. 9 (2020): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092267.
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In part I of this study, we experimentally and numerically investigated the pilot stage of a novel two-stage servovalve architecture. The novelty of the proposed configuration is the torque motor being removed and replaced with two small two-way two-position (2/2) valves actuated by piezoelectric ring benders, which can effectively control the opening degree of a main spool valve. With this novel architecture, the typical drawbacks of two-stage servovalves can be overcome, such as the high complexity of the torque motor and the high internal leakage in the pilot stage when the main valve is at rest in the neutral position (null). The low complexity and the negligible internal leakage of the piezo-valves are accompanied by the high response speed typical of piezoelectric actuators. The valve assessment is completed in the present study, since the entire valve architecture (main stage + pilot stage) is investigated. In particular, a simplified numerical model is developed to provide a design tool that allows, for a given main stage spool, the values of the geometrical parameters of the pilot stage to be chosen along with the characteristics of the ring bender. This design procedure is applied to a 7 mm diameter main spool; afterward, a detailed numerical model of the entire valve, solved by SimScape Fluids software, is employed to demonstrate that the response of the main stage valve is very rapid while ensuring negligible internal leakage through the piezo-valves when the main stage is closed (resulting in lower power consumption). For this reason, the proposed valve can be regarded as a “clean” component for energy conversion, having lower energy consumption than commercially available servovalves.
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Liu, Xixue, Datong Qin, and Shaoqian Wang. "Minimum Energy Management Strategy of Equivalent Fuel Consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Improved Global Optimization Equivalent Factor." Energies 12, no. 11 (2019): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112076.
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A parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is used to investigate the fuel economy effect of the equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) with the equivalent factor as the core, where the equivalent factor is the conversion coefficient between fuel thermal energy and electric energy. In the conventional ECMS strategy, the battery cannot continue to discharge when the state of charge (SOC) is lower than the target value. At this time, the motor mainly works in the battery charging mode, making it difficult to adjust the engine operating point to the high-efficiency zone during the acceleration process. To address this problem, a relationship model of the battery SOC, vehicle acceleration a, and equivalent factor S was established. When the battery SOC is lower than the target value and the vehicle demand torque is high, which makes the engine operating point deviate from the high-efficiency zone, the time that the motor spends in the power generation mode during the driving process is reduced. This enables the motor to drive the vehicle at the appropriate time to reduce the engine output torque, and helps the engine operate in the high-efficiency zone. The correction function under US06 condition was optimized by genetic algorithm (GA). The best equivalent factor MAP was obtained with acceleration a and battery SOC as independent variables, and the improved global optimal equivalent factor of ECMS was established and simulated offline. Simulation results show that compared with conventional ECMS, the battery still has positive power output even when the SOC is less than the target value. The SOC is close to the target value after the cycle condition, and fuel economy improved by 1.88%; compared with the rule-based energy management control strategies, fuel economy improved by 10.17%. These results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy.
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Kwon, Hyukjoon, and Monika Ivantysynova. "System Characteristics Analysis for Energy Management of Power-Split Hydraulic Hybrids." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071837.
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Hydraulic hybrid powertrains provide an opportunity for specific applications, such as heavy-duty vehicles based on high-power density, which has not been included in other types of hybrid powertrains. Among the various architectures of hybrid vehicles, power-split hybrids have a greater possibility of producing better fuel efficiency than other hybrid architectures. This study analyzed the possible energy-saving characteristics of power-split hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHVs); this has not been comprehensively described in previous studies. A typical configuration of power-split HHVs was modeled with the FTP-72 driving cycle using a novel simulation method that considered the dynamic and thermal behaviors together. The characteristics were analyzed in comparison to a power-split hydrostatic transmission (HST), which is designed with the same conditions except for hydraulic energy storage. The power-split HHV not only has a better fuel efficiency, but it also shows system energy-saving characteristics. The power-split HHV has more chances for engine idling, which is directly related to fuel consumption savings due to engine stop. Additionally, more engine idling time enables the system to operate in a more efficient area on the engine map by load leveling. The results for the system temperature show that the power-split HHV offers the possibility to deliver better thermal management because it prevents the waste of braking power, which is especially crucial for hydraulic systems in comparison to other power systems such as electric or mechanical power systems. The ease of thermal management results in less energy consumption for cooling down the system temperature by minimizing the cooling system, as well as in a better thermal stability for the hydraulic system. The power-split HHV characteristics analyzed in this study can be used to design and organize the system control logic while developing power-split HHVs.
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Ortenzi, Fernando, Natascia Andrenacci, Manlio Pasquali, and Carlo Villante. "On the Hybridization of Microcars with Hybrid UltraCapacitors and Li-Ion Batteries Storage Systems." Energies 13, no. 12 (2020): 3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123230.
Full textAbstract:
The objective proposed by the EU to drastically reduce vehicular CO2 emission for the years up to 2030 requires an increase of propulsion systems’ efficiency, and accordingly, the improvement their technology. Hybrid electric vehicles could have a chance of achieving this, by recovering energy during braking phases, running in pure electric mode and allowing the internal combustion engine to operate under better efficiency conditions, while maintaining traditionally expected vehicle performances (mileage, weight, available on-board volume, etc.). The energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have different requirements than those designed for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs); high specific power is normally the most critical issue. Using Li-ion Batteries (LiBs) in the designing of on-board Energy Storage Systems (ESS) based only on power specifications gives an ESS with an energy capacity which is sufficient for vehicle requirements. The highest specific power LiBs are therefore chosen among those technologically available. All this leads to an ESS design that is strongly stressed over time, because current output is very high and very rapidly varies, during both traction and regeneration phases. The resulting efficiency of the ESS is correspondingly lowered, and LiBs lifetime can be relevantly affected. Such a problem can be overcome by adopting hybrid storage systems, coupling LiBs and UltraCapacitors (UCs); by properly dimensioning and controlling the ESS’ components, in fact, the current output of the batteries can be reduced and smoothed, using UCs during transients. In this paper, a simulation model, calibrated and validated on an engine testbed, has been used to evaluate the performances of a hybrid storage HEV microcar under different operative conditions (driving cycles, environment temperature and ESS State of Charge). Results show that the hybridization of the powertrain may reduce fuel consumption by up to 27%, while LiBs lifetime may be more than doubled.
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Dunkelberg, Heiko, Maximilian Sondermann, Henning Meschede, and Jens Hesselbach. "Assessment of Flexibilisation Potential by Changing Energy Sources Using Monte Carlo Simulation." Energies 12, no. 4 (2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040711.
Full textAbstract:
In the fight against anthropogenic climate change, the benefit of the integration of fluctuating renewable energies (wind and photovoltaics) into the electricity grid is a widely proved concept. At the same time, a fluctuating and decentralised supply of energy, especially at lower voltage levels, leads to a local discrepancy in the power balance between generation and consumption. A possible solution in connection with demand side management is the grid-oriented flexibilisation of energy demand. The present study shows how the use of an innovative hybrid-redundant high-temperature heat system (combined heat and power (CHP), power-to-heat system (PtH), gas boiler) can contribute to a flexibilisation of the electrical energy demand of plastics processing companies. In this context, the flexibilisation potential of a company is to be understood as the grid-related change of the energy supply through a change of the energy sources within the framework of the process heat supply. For this purpose, an omniscient control algorithm is developed that specifies the schedule of the individual system components. A sensitivity analysis is used to test the functionality of the control algorithm. Determination of the electrical flexibilisation potential is carried out via a comprehensive simulation study using Monte Carlo methods. For this purpose, the residual load curves of four characteristic distribution grids with a high share of renewable energies as well as heat load profiles of injection moulding machines are taken into consideration. A frequency distribution provides information on the electrical flexibilisation potential to be expected depending on the various combinations. The evaluation is carried out using a specially introduced logic, which identifies grid-relevant changes in the company's power consumption as flexibilisation potential based on a reference load curve. The results show that a reliable energy supply for production is possible despite flexibilisation. Depending on the grid under consideration, there are differences in the exploitation of the potential, which essentially depends on the installed renewable capacity. Depending on the scenario under consideration, an average of up to 1486 kWhel can be shifted in a positive direction and 1199 kWhel in a negative direction.
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Farissi, M. Salim, Stefano Carletta, Augusto Nascetti, and Paolo Teofilatto. "Implementation and Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation of a Magnetic Detumbling and Pointing Control Based on Three-Axis Magnetometer Data." Aerospace 6, no. 12 (2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6120133.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this work is the implementation and experimental testing of a purely magnetic attitude control strategy, which can provide stabilization after the deployment and pointing of the spacecraft without any attitude information. In particular, the control produces the detumbling of the satellite and leads it to a desired attitude with respect to the direction of the Earth magnetic field, based on the only information provided by a three-axis magnetometer. The system is meant to be used as a backup solution, in case of failure of the primary strategy and is designed considering the constraints set on time of operations, power consumption, and peak electric current for a typical CubeSat mission. The detumbling and pointing algorithms are implemented on the FPGA core of a CubeSat on-board computer and tested by Hardware-in-the-loop simulations. The simulation setup includes a Helmholtz cage, recreating the magnetic environment along the orbit, the on-board computer, a MEMS three-axis magnetometer and Simulink software, on which the attitude dynamics is propagated. Test on the real system can provide useful information to select the parameters of the control, such as the gains, to estimate the limits of the system, the time of operations and prevent failures.