Academic literature on the topic 'Electric power-plants – Equipment and supplies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electric power-plants – Equipment and supplies"
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Larson, D. L. "Performance of the Coolidge Solar Thermal Electric Power Plant." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268173.
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Energy performance and equipment evaluation results are presented for the grid-connected Coolidge solar thermal-electric power plant. Performance was determined for each of the major subsystems—line-focus collector array, thermal energy storage and 200 kW, organic Rankine cycle engine and generator. Day-long collector array efficiency was about 32, 26, and 9 percent in June, September, and December, respectively. Energy conversion efficiency was about 20 percent; electrical parasitics reduced this by 12 percent. Operation and maintenance required about 90 h/mo, only 20 percent requiring special skills or training. Operating supplies and repair services cost about $6300 per year. Major equipment problem catagories were fluid leakage and electric motor and electronic component failures. The presented operating data provide a basis for improved design and analysis.
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Vukosavic, Slobodan, Nikola Popov, and Zeljko Despotovic. "Power electronics solution to dust emissions from thermal power plants." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 7, no. 2 (2010): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1002231v.
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Thermal power stations emit significant amounts of fly ash and ultra fine particles into the atmosphere. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) or electro filters remove flying ashes and fine particles from the flue gas before passing the gas into the chimney. Maximum allowable value of dust is 50 mg/m3 and it requires that the efficiency of the ESPs better than 99 %, which calls for an increase of active surface of the electrodes, hence increasing the filter volume and the weight of steel used for the filter. In previous decades, electrostatic precipitators in thermal power plants were fed by thyristor controlled, single phase fed devices having a high degree of reliability, but with a relatively low collection efficiency, hence requiring large effective surface of the collection plates and a large weight of steel construction in order to achieve the prescribed emission limits. Collection efficiency and energy efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator can be increased by applying high frequency high voltage power supply (HF HV). Electrical engineering faculty of the University of Belgrade (ETF) has developed technology and HF HV equipment for the ESP power supply. This solution was subjected to extensive experimental investigation at TE Morava from 2008 to 2010. High frequency power supply is proven to reduce emission two times in controlled conditions while increasing energy efficiency of the precipitator, compared to the conventional thyristor controlled 50Hz supply. Two high frequency high voltage unit AR70/1000 with parameters 70 kV and 1000 mA are installed at TE Morava and thoroughly testes. It was found that the HF HV power supply of the ESP at TE Morava increases collection efficiency so that emission of fine particles and flying ashes are halved, brought down to only 50 % of the emissions encountered with conventional 50 Hz thyristor driven power supplies. On the basis of this study, conclusion is drawn that the equipment comprising HF HV supplies are the best solution for new ESP installations, as well as for the reconstruction of existing facilities. The paper describes the topology of the HF HV power supply, power management and controls, and brings the most important details of the implementation. It is found that the HF HV solution achieves several significant improvements over the conventional thyristor system. It is possible to provide more precise control of the ESP parameters such as the output voltages and currents. It is also possible to make a rapid increase or decrease in voltage and to effectuate a very fast response to load changes. Due to this advantages it is possible to suppress the supply quickly in the case of sparking, reducing the spark energy and the quantity of ionized gasses produced by the electric arc. Reduction in the spark energy is up to 10 times compared to conventional thyristors solution. This means that the erosion of the electrode system is significantly reduced, and that the quality of the collection plates is preserved for much longer periods. At the same time, lower quantity of ionized gasses produced by the spark contribute to much shorter deionization intervals, required to quit sparking and evacuate charged particles in order to reinstate the voltage and proceed with the operation. In addition, HF HV power supply provides a significant reduction in size and weight of the complete ESP installation, hence reducing the tons of steel that has to be built in. Therefore, the HF HV power supply may be the key instrument to reducing the cost of the dedusting ecological equipment. Besides, size and weight reduction leads to cost savings of installation and maintenance. According to estimates, savings in steel may reach 30%, contributing to the overall cost savings of roughly 20%. Within this paper, in addition to describing the AR70/1000 unit topology and principles of operation, the paper presents the results and measurements obtained during extensive experimental investigations wherein performances of 50 Hz based thyristor units with T/R sets are compared to HF HV power supply.
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Ariyarathna, Thilanga, Nihal Kularatna, and D. Alistair Steyn-Ross. "Transformer Isolated SCALDO Based High Current DC Power Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 884 (August 2018): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.884.122.
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With increasing component count inside the microprocessor, computer has become a power hungry device and powering IT equipment is one of the largest operating expenses and challenge for data centre in USA. According to the data published by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA global data centres cloud power market is expanding at over 10 percent annually to reach 200 billion kilowatt-hour energy consumption by 2020. Reducing power loss by 1% inside a server power supplies could result in 2 billion kilowatt-hour energy saving.SCALDO is a patented technique developed by the power electronics research group, University of Waikato which improves the efficiency of low drop-out regulators. This technique can be used inside silver box power supplies to enhance the quality of the output power. Practically realising some SCALDO configuration is challenging due to its large switch count. Novel power converter topology presents in this paper helps SCALDO to be used efficiently inside silver box power supplies with electrical isolation and reduced number of switches.
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Zhao, Ke, Song Bai He, Qi Zhi Huang, and Liang Zhang. "Research and Development of Engine-Generator Set Control System for Tracked Vehicle Electric Transmission System." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.949.
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As an energy generating equipment, the engine-generator set supplies power to the electric transmission. Therefore, its control is one of the key technologies of electric vehicles. Based on the discussion about the demands to the engine-generator set in tracked vehicles, the detailed function of engine-generator and the contro1 strategy are determined. The hardware and software of the control system are also developed and tested in a prototype vehicle. The experiment results show that the control system has good reliability and can satisfy the power requirements of vehicles under all operating conditions.
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Suprianto. "The Implementation of ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) System Between Solar Power Plants and Grid Systems for the Household Electric Power Service to Maintain Sustainability and Save Electricity Costs." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9150.
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The continuity of electric power service is a major factor determining electrical customer satisfaction. Research on the implementation of the ATS system between solar cells and grid system as a supplier of electrical power to household electrical loads for continuity and savings in electricity consumption costs aims to design an ATS system for delivering electrical power to the load system that can maintain the continuity of the supply of electricity, reducing costs electricity consumption while reducing dependence on grid electricity supply. The specific target to be achieved in this research is to design an ATS system for the distribution of electric power between grid system and solar power system and find out the cost of savings while maintaining continuity of electricity services, so that electricity consumers can benefit from technical and economic aspects. The method used in this study is an experimental method that is designing an electrical power supply ATS system to get the results of a good design and as planned. The equipment used is solar panels, relays, timers, inverters, household electrical loads, contactors, electrical measuring devices, temperature gauges and light intensity, battery systems and control panels. The results showed that the automatic transfer switch must attention to the design of an accurate and meticulous to avoid damage to the inverter. So that continuity of service of electric power is maintained. Electric power service using a solar cell system with 2 units of 100 Ah batteries and 6 units of 100 Wp solar panels can serve household electrical loads for 1 day of battery charging and discharging, 1 day of battery charging and 1 day of battery discharging with average electric energy generated at 1485 W-hours. Costs can be saved in 1 month if the price of electricity is Rp. 1352/Kwh, is Rp. 20,104.-/month with an investment cost of Rp. 27,956,000.
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Zhdanova, Olga Aleksandrovna, Tatiana Grigorievna Bondarenko, Margarita Vasilievna Pashkovskaya, and Svetlana Vladimirovna Plyasova. "Russian-Chinese Cooperation Prospects in the Electric Power Industry." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 27 (March 21, 2020): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.27.03.61.
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Russia and China have long been trading partners and cooperated in most industries, including the electric power sector. Even with close and long-standing ties, the further scope of Russian-Chinese relations in the electric power sector should be defined taking into account China's currently implemented Belt and Road Initiative requiring enormous resources, particularly in commodities. An analysis of Russia's electric power market shows an imbalance between the levels of demand and supply skewing to the supply side. Russian excess supply of electricity could be feasibly channelled to China under long-term contracts. For now, such supplies have not been operated at the levels planned several years ago, which indicates low utilisation of the existing potential of cooperation between the countries in the sector. Besides, considerable potential exists for partnership between Russia and China in upgrading electric power facilities and supplying electricity equipment and its subsequent maintenance.
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Buratynskyi, I. M., and T. P. Nechaieva. "Modeling of the combined operation of a solar photovoltaic power plant and a system of electric energy storage." Problems of General Energy 2020, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2020.03.030.
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In view of the dependence of power generation at photovoltaic solar power plants on the level of intensity of solar radiation and cloud cover, their operation creates a number of problems in the power system. This article describes the problems of operation of such power plants of non-guaranteed capacity during their parallel operation as a part of the Unified Energy System of Ukraine. One of the measures of stabilizing the operation of power plants of non-guaranteed capacity is the use of systems of electric energy storage. The article describes the conditions of electrical connection, which ensure the possibility of combined operation of a system of electric energy storage and a photovoltaic solar power plant. The article presents the developed mathematical model of the combined operation of a photovoltaic solar power plant (PSPP) and a system of electric energy storage. We consider the daily mode of recharging from a PSPP and discharging batteries into the power system in order to preserve the excess of generated electricity at the PSPP, which earlier was lost due to the restriction on inverters caused by the overload with photovoltaic power. The model enables one to identify the key parameters of batteries – power and capacity, taking into account the physical and technical features of the operation of battery storage as to the conversion efficiency, the number of working cycles and the depth of possible discharge depending on the structure of PSPP equipment and solar radiation intensity. Using the developed model, we determined the values of power, charging and discharging capacities of a lithium-ion system for storing electrical energy, when it works together with a 10 MWAC photovoltaic solar power plant at different overload factors. The article presents some results of technical and economic assessment of the combined operation of a PSPP and a lithium-ion system for storing electrical energy. The results showed an increase in the power and capacity of a storage device with increase in the overload factor of PSPP, which leads to the growth of cost of electrical energy at their combined work. At the same time, the amounts and quality of electricity supplied increase. Keywords: mathematical model, photovoltaic solar power plant, system of electric energy storage, cost of electricity, power system
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Kai, Tatsuro, Takashi Ukai, Muneo Ohta, and Ernesto Pretto. "Hospital Disaster Preparedness in Osaka, Japan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 1994): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040802.
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AbstractPurpose:To investigate the adequacy of hospital disaster preparedness in the Osaka, Japan area.Methods:Questionnaires were constructed to elicit information from hospital administrators, pharmacists, and safety personnel about self-sufficiency in electrical, gas, water, food, and medical supplies in the event of a disaster. Questionnaires were mailed to 553 hospitals.Results:A total of 265 were completed and returned (Recovery rate; 48%). Of the respondents, 16% of hospitals that returned the completed surveys had an external disaster plan, 93% did not have back-up plans to accept casualties during a disaster if all beds were occupied, 8% had drugs and 6% had medical supplies stockpiled for disasters. In 78% of hospitals, independent electric power generating plants had been installed. However, despite a high proportion of power-plant equipment available, 57% of hospitals responding estimated that emergency power generation would not exceed six hours due to a shortage of reserve fuel. Of the hospitals responding, 71% had reserve water supply, 15% of hospitals responding had stockpiles of food for emergency use, and 83% reported that it would be impossible to provide meals for patients and staff with no main gas supply.Conclusions:No hospitals fulfilled the criteria for adequate disaster preparedness based on the categories queried. Areas of greatest concern requiring improvement were: 1) lack of an external disaster plan; and 2) self-sufficiency in back-up energy, water, and food supply. It is recommended that hospitals in Japan be required to develop plans for emergency operations in case of an external disaster. This should be linked with hospital accreditation as is done for internal disaster plans.
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Suhanto, Suhanto. "SIMULASI AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH DAN AUTOMATIC MAINS FAILURE DENGAN PLC OMRON SYSMAC CP1E." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics 4, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jmem.v4i1.662.
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<p>Electric power supply is the main requirement of equipment at the airport, therefore the reliability of the supply of power supplies is a top priority to support flight services. In addition to PLN as the main power supply the generator is used to supply a backup power supply. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Automatic Mains Failure (AMF) control systems are needed to regulate the switching of power supplies from PLN to Genset or vice versa. The ATS and AMF control systems use the Omron Sysmac CP1E PLC with a display using Easy Builder 8000 from Weintek which functions as an ATS and AMF monitor and control. Test results on ATS and AMF in manual and automatic modes, the system runs well.<br />Keywords. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS), Automatic Mains Failure (AMF), PLC</p>
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Howard, Matt, J. Bakker-Dyos, L. Gallagher, J. P. O’Hara, D. Woods, and A. Mellor. "Power supplies and equipment for military field research: lessons from the British Service Dhaulagiri Research Expedition 2016." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 164, no. 1 (December 25, 2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000767.
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IntroductionThe British Service Dhaulagiri Research Expedition (BSDMRE) took place from 27 March to 31 May 2016. The expedition involved 129 personnel, with voluntary participation in nine different study protocols. Studies were conducted in three research camps established at 3600, 4600 and 5140 m and involved taking and storing blood samples, cardiac echocardiography and investigations involving a balance plate. Research in this remote environment requires careful planning in order to provide a robust and resilient power plan. In this paper we aim to report the rationale for the choices we made in terms of power supply, the equipment used and potential military applicability.MethodsThis is a descriptive account from the expedition members involved in planning and conducting the medical research.ResultsPower calculations were used to determine estimates of requirement prior to the expedition. The primary sources used to generate power were internal combustion engine (via petrol fuelled electric generators) and solar panels. Having been generated, power was stored using lithium-ion batteries. Special consideration was given to the storage of samples taken in the field, for which electric freezers and dry shippers were used. All equipment used functioned well during the expedition, with the challenges of altitude, temperature and transport all overcome due to extensive prior planning.ConclusionsPower was successfully generated, stored and delivered during the BSDMRE, allowing extensive medical research to be undertaken. The challenges faced and overcome are directly applicable to delivering military medical care in austere environments, and lessons learnt can help with the planning and delivery of future operations, training exercises or expeditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electric power-plants – Equipment and supplies"
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Minkley, Warick. "Analysis of restricted earth fault relay application within a shunt capacitor bank design impacting on protection stability." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021106.
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This research is aimed at analyzing the performance of the restricted earth fault relay used on a 400kV capacitor bank scheme used on the Eskom Transmission network. After the commissioning of two Capacitor Banks using the above mentioned scheme design the plant was energized. As a result of the energization the Shunt Capacitor Bank (SCB) then experienced spurious trips. The cause of the trips was found to be the operation of the restricted earth fault relay. In this research project, restricted earth fault protection on SCBs in the Eskom Transmission environment will be the area of interest. The proposed research will analyze the current SCB protection scheme in service specifically looking at the restricted earth fault circuit design and relay performance. An equivalent model of the SCB from primary plant perspective based on theory will be derived. Recording and analyzing of Comtrade transient waveforms respectively, when the bank is nergized, will be done in order to provide a reference base to work from. Manual alculations of various parameters from the derived model including transient inrush currents and fault currents will be performed to access applicable scheme parameters. Further calculations will include the voltage setting for the restricted earth fault relay. As a result of the analysis a recommendation will be made on a viable solution or a revised design will be put forward, based on the results, to improve the scheme’s performance. The protection scheme is used on the two 400kV 100MVAR capacitor banks 11 and 12 at Hydra Substation.
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Tan, Pee-Chin 1975. "A VSI-based power quality conditioner for 25kV electrified railway systems." Monash University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5537.
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Johnson, Bryan. "A review of customer satisfaction as a critical success factor for suppliers of power equipment in the South African market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97334.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Power equipment suppliers that manufacture goods to customer requirements face various opposing forces, such as increasing customer expectations, increasing competition and escalating costs. To sustain margins, companies need to understand what constitutes customer satisfaction, thereby enabling them to differentiate their goods and services from those of competitors, and to charge appropriately for those goods and services. Although customer satisfaction is important to industrial goods suppliers such as power equipment suppliers, most studies have been conducted in the business-to-consumer (B2C) environment, focusing on consumer goods and services, with very few studies focusing on the business-to-business (B2B) environment. Compounding the difficulties with customer satisfaction for South African industrial suppliers is that most literature on the subject is applicable to markets outside of South Africa. This paper aims to give South African industrial goods suppliers some insight into those factors that improve customer satisfaction. The identification of critical success factors seen as important by customers was, therefore, the focus of this research assignment. First, customer satisfaction as a critical success factor is reviewed by comparing it to other success factors in an attempt to validate whether it influences organisational performance positively. Second, a list of appropriate items comprising customer satisfaction is identified from the literature review, and the differences between direct customers and indirect customers are identified and discussed. To reduce the number of constructs to be surveyed, the variables that make up customer satisfaction were ranked using prioritisation matrices against Porter’s Five Forces model (Porter, 2008) and the Blue Ocean Strategy model (Kim & Mauborgne, 2004). The shortened list comprised 39 items, which measured ten constructs of customer satisfaction. Questionnaires were sent to customer representatives who were critical decision-makers when deciding on purchases of industrial equipment. The responses were evaluated as a complete group and showed some statistical significance between the constructs. The responses were then evaluated according to organisational types, which showed no statistical significant differences or interaction effects.
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Lwana, Mkuseli. "Investigation of 3 terminal differential protection using standard-based numerical relays." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2578.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Transmission lines are a vital part of the electrical distribution system, as they provide the path to transfer power between generation and load. Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, etc. have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits. Current differential criterion is used with success to protect various elements in power systems, i.e. transmission lines, power transformers, generators and busbars. The alpha plane differential relaying system provides sensitive protection for transmission lines, security and dependability for external faults. This thesis focuses on three terminal alpha plane differential protection with the aim to develop a complete test method using OMICRON test universe software essentially defining security, dependability and sensitivity of the alpha plane characteristic. The research analyses the three terminal alpha plane characteristic and existing primitive test methods and develops an improved test method using IEC 61850 standard. The primitive methods are time consuming and result in unnecessary prolonged outages. These methods have been discussed and improved in the thesis by implementing IEC 61850 standard. First the standard IED Capability Description (ICD) file is modified by developing new logical nodes using AcSELerator Architect and XML Maker software. Then the developed logical nodes, three terminal differential protection alpha plane characteristic with its additional infeed/outfeed check logic, and the developed test method are tested simultaneously using Test Universe software. A laboratory test bench is built using three SEL311L relays, two CMC 356 Omicron injection devices, PC, MOXA switch, CMIRIG-B time synchronising unit, SEL 2407 satellite synchronised clock, and a DC power supplier. The test method developed in this research vindicates benefits of IEC 61850 standard over hard wired systems. Prolonged outage times due to test set preparation using hard wires are drastically reduced. The thesis findings and deliverables will be used as a solution to industrial problems, postgraduate studies of other students and research project.
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Jones, Peter Gibson. "Evaluation of Voltage Instability Countermeasures in Constrained Sub-transmission Power Networks." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/112.
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This paper investigates the various parameters that effect voltage stability in sub-transmission power networks. The paper first looks at contributions from equipment: generators, transmission lines, transformers, capacitors, SVCs and STATCOMs. The paper also looks at the effects of loads on voltage stability. Power flow solutions, PV and VQ curves are covered. The study models an existing voltage problem i.e., a long, radial, 115 kV sub-transmission network that serves a 65 MW load. The network model is simulated with the following voltage instability countermeasures: adding a capacitor, adding an SVC, adding a STATCOM, tying to a neighboring transmission system, adding generation and bringing in a new 230 kV source. Then, using the WECC heavy-winter 2012 power flow base case and Siemens PTI software, VQ and PV curves are created for each solution. Finally, the curves are analyzed to determine the best solution.
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Newman, Michael John 1976. "Design and control of a Universal Custom Power Conditioner (UCPC)." Monash University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5651.
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Rajasekaran, Vinod. "Power delivery in systems with lossy cables or interconnects." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11252003-095456/unrestricted/rajasekaranvinod200312phd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004.Dr. Bonnie S. Heck, Committee Chair; David G. Taylor, Committee Member; Thomas. G. Habetler, Committee Member; Linda M. Wills, Committee Member; Eric Johnson, Committee Member. Includes bibliography.
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Park, Jin-Woo. "Core lamination technology for micromachined power inductive components." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131319/unrestricted/park%5Fjin-woo%5F200405%5Fphd.pdf.
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Kopeloff, Leonardo. "Modern control theory application in mill main drive design." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50037.
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Modern Control Theory is applied to analyze an existing aluminum mill drive, which was originally designed by Classical Methods.
The system is studied with Optimal Control and z-transform zero-pole locus tools.
The results and also the original design are compared with the performance of simulation. The models are built with the transition matrix and iterative procedures.
Conclusions about the appropriated design methods and improvements to the control scheme result from the investigation.Master of Science
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Zimmerman, Nicole P. "Time-Variant Load Models of Electric Vehicle Chargers." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2297.
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In power distribution system planning, it is essential to understand the impacts that electric vehicles (EVs), and the non-linear, time-variant loading profiles associated with their charging units, may have on power distribution networks. This research presents a design methodology for the creation of both analytical and behavioral models for EV charging units within a VHDL-AMS simulation environment.
Voltage and current data collected from Electric Avenue, located on the Portland State University campus, were used to create harmonic profiles of the EV charging units at the site. From these profiles, generalized models for both single-phase (Level 2) and three-phase (Level 3) EV chargers were created. Further, these models were validated within a larger system context utilizing the IEEE 13-bus distribution test feeder system.
Results from the model's validation are presented for various charger and power system configurations. Finally, an online tool that was created for use by distribution system designers is presented. This tool can aid designers in assessing the impacts that EV chargers have on electrical assets, and assist with the appropriate selection of transformers, conductor ampacities, and protection equipment & settings.
Books on the topic "Electric power-plants – Equipment and supplies"
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Babington, Mary F., Margaret K. Strekal, Tonia P. Bell, and Eric A. Neumore. Electric power equipment. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 1999.
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Griffith, David C. Uninterruptible power supplies: Power conditioners for critical equipment. New York: M. Dekker, 1989.
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Electric power distribution equipment and systems. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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Artamonov, V. V. Mikrostrukturnyĭ monitoring energooborudovanii︠a︡. Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka, 2010.
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Hester, Edward, Diana E. Kole, and Dawn J. Trebec. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) & other power protection systems. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 2001.
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United States. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Draft regulatory guide DG-1028: Periodic testing of electric power and protection systems. 3rd ed. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, 1994.
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Sokolov, M. M. Diskretnyĭ ėlektroprivod mekhanizmov ėlektrotermicheskikh ustanovok. Moskva: Ėnergoatomizdat, 1986.
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Power plant equipment operation and maintenance guide: Maximizing efficeincy and profitability. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.
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Branch, United States Bureau of Reclamation Denver Office Facilities Engineering. Review of power operation and maintenance program: Review report : mechanical features, Great Plains Region, Montana Projects Office. Denver, Colo: Facilities Engineering Branch, Engineering Division, Denver Office, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1992.
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United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Facilities Engineering Branch. Review of power operation and maintenance program: Review report : electrical features, Lower Colorado Region, Boulder Canyon Project, Parker-Davis Project, October 29 - November 1, 1991. Denver, Colo: Facilities Engineering Branch, Engineering Division, Denver Office, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Electric power-plants – Equipment and supplies"
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Liang, Zhong-Qi, Hua-Ming Zou, Hong-Wei Pei, Guo-Jin Jiang, and Chun-Ming Liu. "Electric Isolation Test Research and Application of Safety Class Equipment Qualification in Nuclear Power Plants." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 156–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7416-5_20.
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Strebkov, Dmitry, Alexey Nekrasov, and Anton Nekrasov. "Wireless Technology of Electric Power Transmission Using Non-Metal Conductive Media." In Handbook of Research on Smart Technology Models for Business and Industry, 376–98. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3645-2.ch016.
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Over two million kilometers of power grids in Russia exist. They have to be replaced in the coming 15 years. However, nowadays we witness and participate in the development of advanced technologies. New wireless resonant electric-power systems for different power consumers are considered including stationary single-conductor transmission lines and single-trolley and noncontact high-frequency electric transport, using non-metal conductive media. The trends of the future development and application of wireless resonant systems for electric power transmission are described. In the future, electrified mobile robots with external wireless electric power supplies will allow the organization of agricultural production with full automation of technological processes. The chapter describes the method and means for electric power transmission without metal wires. In this case, several components of conventional transmission lines, such as metal wires, insulators, and cables, are excluded, which results in considerable reduction in the equipment cost.
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"9 Resilience of digital protection relay’s power supplies to powerful nanosecond pulses." In Protecting Electrical Equipment, 105–15. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110723144-009.
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Vishwakarma, Suresh, and Alka Dwivedi. "Customers' Expectations from Frontline Managers in Utility Sector." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 105–24. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0143-5.ch006.
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Consequent to power sector reforms, customers' satisfaction is gaining vital importance at power distribution companies. Customers are now getting a choice of choosing their electricity supplier as well as options of investing in their own power generating equipment. The threat of losing customers is driving power distribution companies towards ensuring customer satisfaction. Apart from availability of electricity supply on a 24 / 7 basis, electricity customers now expect ease in getting new electricity connection, advice on most suitable category of supply, timely meter reading, billing, and handling of grievance. To provide customers with great satisfaction, power distribution companies have to give quality attention to offering excellent services that attracts customers and clear up all customers' complaints. Frontline managers play a very significant role in the electric utility companies. They act as an inter-face between the customers / public and the company. This chapter attempts to elaborate customers' expectations from the frontline managers in power distribution companies.
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Ponnambalam, Suriya, Subramanian Srikrishna, Ganesan Sivarajan, and Abirami Manoharan. "Generation Extension Arrangement in Power Engineering Networks Using Chaotic Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm." In Handbook of Research on New Solutions and Technologies in Electrical Distribution Networks, 207–31. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1230-2.ch012.
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Electric utilities over the domain affected with ecological issues associated with standard fossil fuel-established plants are examining more within the potentiality of interposing energy sources type of plants into the system as an alternative. Integration of Demand Side Management (DSM) and Supply Side Management (SSM) is required in a rational power system planning that implies concurrent deliberation of both qualitative and quantitative problems like costs, fuel mix, and reliability of power supply. This chapter examines the economic and environmental ability of power supplies initiation into an existing peak deficit power system, incorporating both DSM and SSM plans. The Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) study is carried out in the power system for the period of 24 years planning horizon.
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Maruthakutti, Maheswari, Loganathan Nachimuthu, and Suthanthira Vanitha N. "Role of Smart Metering and Implementation Issues in Smart Grid." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 29–47. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4027-5.ch002.
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Smart grid provides the digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and the customers. The smart grid consists of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together. The smart grid will move the energy industry into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency with economic and environmental health. A smart meter plays a major role in the smart grid and it is an electronic device that measures and records the energy consumption. It enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier through advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The mode of communication is enabled by either wireless or wired. The wireless communication includes Wi-Fi, wireless mesh networks, Zig Bee, cellular communications, and low power range Wi-Fi. This chapter deliberates about the evolution of electricity metering, major components of smart meter, communication infrastructure and protocols for smart metering, demand-side integration, recent developments, issues faced and solutions, merits and demerits.
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"Design and Implementation of Monitoring System Using PLC for ICT-Integrated Fish Farm." In Smart Grid Test Bed Using OPNET and Power Line Communication, 119–38. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2776-3.ch007.
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The key to a Smart Grid is to manage electric power within the grid efficiently. There are many advantages in building a smart grid but it is useful in using it as an ancillary power grid for the business that can be damaged extensively due to blackout or interruption of power caused by hurricanes at power plants, substations and other related infrastructures. Fish farms in the republic of Korea use a considerable power and suffer a serious loss from a mass stranding caused by power interruptions. This chapter introduces a case study which aims to design a power line-based communication for the fish farms/vertical farms as the cost of constructing an internet network at the farm with UTP cables and other communication equipment is very high. This section includes a designing technique for the entire system and its necessary applications.
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Jelley, Nick. "7. Renewable electricity and energy storage." In Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction, 93–107. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198825401.003.0007.
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‘Renewable electricity and energy storage’ addresses the transmission of electricity using high voltage alternating or direct current (HVAC or HVDC), the effect of the variability of renewable energy supplies, and the importance of energy storage. Solar and wind farms are now providing an increasing proportion of electricity on many electricity grids. This is changing the requirements on power plants, requiring fast-reacting generators, interconnectors to other grids, demand response, smart grids, and energy storage. There is a cost in accommodating the variability in supply of electricity from wind and solar farms, and surplus supply can lower revenues and give rise to a ‘missing money problem’. Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly important in providing storage for the grid and for electric vehicles. Other storage options are explored, including pumped and compressed air storage, flow batteries, and using electricity to heat or cool water or to generate a combustible fuel (power-to-gas), such as hydrogen, which can be used to provide heat sustainably.
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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "OTEC Closed-Cycle Systems Cost Evaluation." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0014.
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Innovative technologies such as OTEC achieve commercial development when potential investors decide that the return on the investment will repay the estimated development costs plus a profit, with an acceptably low risk of cost overruns. Industrial experience shows that the estimated cost to complete development of a new technology generally increases as development proceeds from the conceptual design through pilot development, demonstration, field testing, and final commercial manufacture (Merrow et al., 1981). The ratio between final cost and initial design estimate is strongly dependent on the extent to which the manufacturing process employs already developed equipment, procedures, and facilities. New projects that require “high technology” for their success, such as jet engines or nuclear power plants, have been characterized by large underestimates of the final costs, whereas the costs of projects that are firmly based on existing technology, such as the development of “supertankers,” have been accomplished well within the usual industrial uncertainty margin of ± 15 to 20%. The accuracy of the estimate is also strongly dependent on the thoroughness of the systems engineering evaluation that is done before development proceeds. Commercial applications of OTEC have been proposed in three principal categories. The first includes OTEC power plants mounted on floating platforms that would generate 50- to 400 MWe (net) of onboard electric power. The need to minimize plant size makes it mandatory to use closed-cycle OTEC for these applications. The second category includes land-based or shelf-mounted plants designed to supply power in the 50- to 400-MWe range to municipal utilities. Either open- or closed-cycle systems could be suitable. The third category comprises small (5- to 20-MWe) land-based or shelf-mounted OTEC plants designed for island applications where electric power generation, mariculture, fresh-water production, supply of cold water for air-conditioning systems, and fuel production could be combined to offer an economically attractive OTEC system despite the relatively high cost of power for small OTEC installations. Open-cycle OTEC plants may be the preferred choice for the third category. The estimated investment costs of installed complete OTEC systems, measured in dollars per kilowatt of net OTEC electric power generated, differ significantly among the three categories.
Conference papers on the topic "Electric power-plants – Equipment and supplies"
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Ban˜o´ Azco´n, Alberto, and Jose´ Mollera Barriga. "Electrical Network Modeling and Electrical Transfer Simulation of C.N. Asco´ I and C.N. Asco´ II, to Obtain Voltage and Frequency Limit Values Allowing the Electrical Transfer From the Main Generator to the External 110 kV Power Grid." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75546.
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Broadly speaking, a simple electrical diagram of Asco´ I and Asco´ II power nuclear plants could be two power supply bus bars for general equipment classified No-1E, three power supply bus bars class No-1E for the Reactor Coolant Pumps (RCP) and two more bus bars classified 1E for safety related equipment. In normal operating mode, all the five power supply bus bars class No-1E are connected to the main generator (GP1) through two unit transformers (TAG1/2), while the two class 1E power supply bus bars are always connected to an external 110 kV power grid through two auxiliary transformer (TAA1/2). The main generator supplies power to an external 400 kV grid through the main transformer (TP1). The main circuit breaker is placed between the high voltage side of the main transformer and the 400 kV grid. With this configuration, the appearance of an abnormal condition that originates the trip of the main generator and the opening of the main circuit breaker from the external network, involves an electric transfer of the supply bus bars connected to the turbo generator to the external 110 kV power grid. The electric transfer to the external 110 kV power grid will be only possible if the frequency and voltage values are within the allowed range allowed by the grid’s protective relays. Two kinds of electrical transfers are possible: fast transfers and slow transfers. It will be necessary then to evaluate the limit values of voltage and frequency of the power grid that makes the electrical transfer possible in each case. In order to obtain the limit values previously mentioned, the electric system of the plant has been modeled. Different scenarios have been analyzed, taking into account the dynamic behavior of the system components and the delay of the protective relays actuation, verifying the electrical transfer for those situations. This analysis will give enough information to take the correct decisions for future design modifications, and it will assure that the electrical transfer will be done always with success.
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Willey, Lawrence D., and Joel Chalfin. "Electric Power Generation Equipment Specification and Supply in the Rapidly Changing Global Regulatory Scene." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30161.
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The proliferation of new codes & standards for power generation equipment procurement, and their increased frequency of revision, contributes to an atmosphere of increasingly rapid change in global trade considerations. This dynamic environment has amplified intensely with each year, to an extent that the life cycle of a given standard is in many instances appreciably less than the delivery cycles of heavy machinery. Other issues are created by the slower pace of harmonization of codes & standards in the European Union (EU), US and elsewhere. These codes & standards cover requirements that include emissions, acoustics, and safety that exert pronounced effects on the design, manufacture, and integration of power plant components. Conformity assessment partnering and the importance of other expert interpretation services are a key component to successfully meeting evolving compliance requirements. Delivering Customer Fulfillment for the Order to Remittance (OTR) phase of a project must be circled back to the Inquiry to Order (ITO) front end of the business cycle for new proposals. Another interesting arena is the relationship of advanced prime mover design balanced with the need for standardization to meet these regulatory challenges in the face of high production volume. The typical power generation project cycle, measured in terms of years, coupled with the present high demand worldwide results in orders for equipment that in many cases can’t foresee regulatory requirements 2 to 3 years into the future. Examples include projects in the EU where the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) and Atmospheres Explosive (ATEX) Directive have mandatory compliance dates of May 2002 and June 2003 respectively. Electric power generation Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and their suppliers must plan for and price into contracts compliance with these laws years before the equipment is built and shipped. This is further complicated by the interpretation of specific requirements and the definition of the OEM conformity assessment strategy. To rectify this situation, it is recommended that steps be initiated to accelerate the worldwide harmonization of technical standards. In addition, consideration for the delivery cycles and commissioning of new power plants must be included in the regulatory process and in setting the dates for mandatory compliance with regional law.
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Sheikh, Ali, Joseph Rozewicz, and R. V. Kadkol. "Project Optimisation and Construction of Cogeneration Power Plant for a Large Refinery and Petrochemical Complex in India." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-200.
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Configuration and design of cogeneration power plant supplying 374 MW electric power and 1500 t/h process steam for a new Reliance Jamnagar Refinery and Petrochemical Complex have been optimised on the basis of (i) reliability of power and steam supplies, (ii) fuel availability, (iii) capital and operating cost, and (iv) synergy between the refinery and petrochemical complex, and power plant start-up schedules. The basic equipment of the power plant consists of 8 Gas Turbines of average site rated power output 31.7 MW per unit, 4 Steam Turbines of 30 MW power output each, 8 HRSG with supplementary firing each having capacity of 125 t/h and 4 conventional Steam Generators of capacity 125 t/h each. The steam generation parameters are: pressure 113.8 bar and temperature 510 °C. The cogeneration power plant also supplies for the refinery complex high pressure steam and intermediate pressure steam extracted from steam turbines. An analysis of various normal and upset operating scenarios of the refinery complex was carried out to achieve optimal selection of the equipment ensuring the required steam and power supply.
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Huynh, Co, Patrick McMullen, Alexei Filatov, Shamim Imani, Hamid A. Toliyat, and Salman Talebi. "Flywheel Energy Storage System for Naval Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90270.
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A recent trend in designing naval ships is to improve performance through using more electric equipment. The reliability and quality of the onboard electric power, therefore, becomes critical as the ship functionality would entirely depend on its availability. This paper investigates the possibility of using Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS), similar to those earlier developed for commercial applications, to address issues related to onboard power supplies. A design of a FESS for onboard power backup and railroad electrical stations is presented. The FESSs power output parameters are 500kWx30sec in high-duty mode and up to 2MW in pulse mode. High power output is one of the main advantages of FESS over commercially available electrochemical batteries. The other advantages include essentially an unlimited number of charge/discharge cycles, observable state of charge and environmental friendliness. Designs of the main FESS components are discussed: low-loss magnetic bearings, an energy-storage hub, a high-efficiency motor/generator and power electronics.
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Zhao, Yongjun, Vitali Volovoi, Mark Waters, and Dimitri Mavris. "A Sequential Approach for Gas Turbine Power Plant Preventive Maintenance Scheduling." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50131.
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Traditionally the gas turbine power plant preventive maintenances are scheduled with constant maintenance intervals based on recommendations from the equipment suppliers. The preventive maintenances are based on fleet wide experiences, and they are scheduled in a one-size-fit-all fashion. However, in reality, the operating conditions for each gas turbine may vary from site to site, and from unit to unit. Furthermore, the gas turbine is a repairable deteriorating system, and preventive maintenance usually restores only part of its performance. This suggests the gas turbines need more frequent inspection and maintenance as it ages. A unit specific sequential preventive maintenance approach is therefore needed for gas turbine power plants preventive maintenance scheduling. Traditionally the optimization criteria for preventive maintenance scheduling is usually cost based. In the deregulated electric power market, a profit based optimization approach is expected to be more effective than the cost based approach. In such an approach, power plant performance, reliability, and the market dynamics are considered in a joint fashion. In this paper, a novel idea that economics drive maintenance expense and frequency to more frequent repairs and greater expense as the equipment and components age is introduced, and a profit based unit specific sequential preventive maintenance scheduling methodology is developed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, this methodology is implemented using a base load combined cycle power plant with single gas turbine unit.
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Ion, C. P., and C. Marinescu. "Experimental testing of an isolated micro-grid supplied by two micro hydro power plants." In 2014 International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/optim.2014.6851028.
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Morioka, Noriko, Hitoshi Oyori, Yukinori Gonda, Kenji Takamiya, and Yasuhiko Yamamoto. "Development of the Electric Fuel System for the More Electric Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26277.
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This paper describes the experimental rig test result of the electric motor-driven fuel pump system for the MEE (More Electric Engine). The MEE is an aircraft engine system concept, which replaces conventional mechanical/hydraulic driven components with electric motor-driven components. Various MEE approaches have been studied since the early 2000s and one of its key concepts is an electric motor-driven fuel pump [1–4]. The authors commenced a feasibility study of the electric motor-driven gear pump system for what was assumed to be a small-sized turbofan engine. The concept study and system design were conducted, whereupon technical issues for the electric fuel pump system, which both supplies and meters fuel via the motor speed control, were clarified [5, 6]. Since one of the key issues is fuel-metering accuracy, the electric fuel system, including a flow feedback closed-loop control, was designed to ensure accurate fuel-flow metering for aircraft engine applications. To verify the rig system, an experimental model of the electric fuel pump system is assumed for a small-sized turbofan engine. The hardware of the motor-driven fuel pump and flow measurement mechanism, including an FPV (Fuel-Pressurizing Valve) and orifice, were designed, manufactured and fabricated and a differential pressure sensor for flow feedback was selected. Other equipment was also prepared, including a motor controller, power source and measurement devices, and the entire rig set-up was constructed. A bench test using the rig test set-up was conducted to verify the fuel-metering accuracy, response and system stability. Data, including the static performance and frequency response, were obtained for the electric motor, motor-driven fuel pump and entire fuel system respectively. The rig test results indicate the feasibility of the system, which will provide an accurate engine fuel flow (Wf) measurement and frequency response required for actual engine operation, via an electric motor speed control and fuel-flow feedback system, as proposed in the MEE electric fuel system.
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Carlson, Matthew D., Bobby M. Middleton, and Clifford K. Ho. "Techno-Economic Comparison of Solar-Driven SCO2 Brayton Cycles Using Component Cost Models Baselined With Vendor Data and Estimates." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3590.
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Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton power cycles have the potential to significantly improve the economic viability of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants by increasing the thermal to electric conversion efficiency from around 35% using high-temperature steam Rankine systems to above 45% depending on the cycle configuration. These systems are the most likely path toward achieving the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) SunShot targets for CSP tower thermal to electric conversion efficiency above 50% with dry cooling to air at 40 °C and a power block cost of less than 900 $/kWe. Many studies have been conducted to optimize the performance of various sCO2 Brayton cycle configurations in order to achieve high efficiency, and a few have accounted for drivers of cost such as equipment size in the optimization, but complete techno-economic optimization has not been feasible because there are no validated models relating component performance and cost. Reasonably accurate component cost models exist from several sources for conventional equipment including turbines, compressors, and heat exchangers for use in rough order of magnitude cost estimates when assembling a system of conventional equipment. However, cost data from fabricated equipment relevant to sCO2 Brayton cycles is very limited in terms of both supplier variety and performance level with most existing data in the range of 1 MWe power cycles or smaller systems, a single completed system around 7 MWe by Echogen Power Systems, and numerous ROM estimates based on preliminary designs of equipment for 10 MWe systems. This data is highly proprietary as the publication of individual data by any single supplier would damage their market position by potentially allowing other vendors to undercut their stated price rather than competing on reduced manufacturing costs. This paper describes one approach to develop component cost models in order to enable the techno-economic optimization activities needed to guide further research and development while protecting commercially proprietary information from individual vendors. Existing cost models were taken from literature for each major component used in different sCO2 Brayton cycle configurations and adjusted for their magnitude to fit the limited vendor cost data and estimates available. A mean fit curve was developed for each component and used to calculate updated cost comparisons between previously-reviewed sCO2 Brayton cycle configurations for CSP applications including simple recuperated, recompression, cascaded, and mixed-gas combined bifurcation with intercooling cycles. These fitting curves represent an average of the assembled vendor data without revealing any individual vendor cost, and maintain the scaling behavior with performance expected from similar equipment found in literature.
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Marion, John, Brian Lariviere, Aaron McClung, and Jason Mortzheim. "The STEP 10 MWe sCO2 Pilot Demonstration Status Update." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58981.
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Abstract The Gas Technology Institute (GTI®), Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®) and General Electric Global Research (GEGR) are executing the “STEP” [Supercritical Transformational Electric Power] project, to design, construct, commission, and operate an integrated and reconfigurable 10 MWe sCO2 [supercritical CO2] pilot plant test facility. The $122* million project is funded $84 million by the US DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL Award Number DE-FE0028979) and $38* million (*including building investment) by the team members, component suppliers and others interested in sCO2 technology. This paper provides an update on the project’s progress. The pilot facility is currently under construction at SwRI’s San Antonio, Texas, USA campus. Now well into Phase 2, a ground-breaking was held in October of 2018, and civil work and the construction of a dedicated 22,000 ft2 building is complete. Most major equipment is in fabrication or delivered to site. Efforts have already provided valuable project learnings for technology commercialization. This project is a significant step toward sCO2 cycle based power generation commercialization and is informing the performance, operability, and scale-up to commercial plants.
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Rusowicz, Artur, Adam Ruciński, and Rafał Laskowski. "The Analysis of Modifications in Cooling Systems for High-Performance Data Centers. A Case Study." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.273.
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One of main issues concerning server room operation is appropriate cooling of electronic modules to prevent excessive heat generation resulting in their damage. Since high cooling powers are required, precision air conditioning systems are used that are specially designed for cooling server and equipment rooms, server cabinets, etc. These devices require very large energy supplies. The paper proposes an upgrade of a cooling system for three server rooms in which refrigeration equipment with a cooling power of 1.873 MW is installed. The average actual cooling power demand is 890 kW, and some units work as a standby. Thir-eight direct-evaporation air-conditioning cabinets are installed. The refrigerant is R407C. The devices have been operated for 14 years; therefore, the refrigeration equipment should be replaced with modern units. The paper compares three approaches: replacing the units with similar ones based on newer technology, introducing contained aisle configurations of rack cabinets and units based on newer technology with additional EconoPhase modules. The application of free cooling was not analyzed since mounting additional heat exchangers was impossible (due to the lack of space and limited roof loading capacity). The paper provides capital and operating costs of the solutions. The introduction of up-to-date units and replacing condensers resulted in lowering the electric power demand by 16%. The simple payback time (SPBT) of this solution is 18.8 years. The energy savings achieved through the second solution (contained aisle configurations of rack cabinets) amount to 37.8%, with SPBT equal to 8.38 years. Variant III, consisting in using modern units with additional EconoPhase modules, significantly improves energy savings (48.3%) but it requires large capital expenditure, with simple payback time of 12.1 years.