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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric power transmission – Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Akpojedje, France Onoabedje, and E. C. Mormah. "Transmission System and Rural Electrification Scheme in Nigeria: Issues, Challenges, Constraints and Way forward." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v2i2.60.

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This paper x-rayed the transmission system and rural electrification scheme in Nigeria. The electric power transmission network and rural electrification scheme were critically reviewed in terms of issues, challenges, constraints, roles and current state of the power systems to identify their areas of strength and shortcomings in the Nigeria power sector. The paper further proposes the way forward to enhance the performance of the Nigeria’s electric power transmission system and rural electrification scheme.

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2

Akuru, Udochukwu B., and Ogbonnaya I. Okoro. "Economic implications of constant power outages on SMEs in Nigeria." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 3 (September 23, 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i3a2658.

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This paper is concerned with the unabated epileptic power (electric) delivery which is seen to be periodic with a struggling generation capacity and losses-prone inefficient transmission network in Nigeria. Ordinarily, it should mean that only an average Nigerian suffers directly, and only, the burden of this inefficiency, whereby electricity supply to power both household and commercial appliances becomes unpredictable. Yet, further studies have revealed that there is almost no other sector that this ineptitude does not impact indirectly, especially as adverse economic consequences. GDP per Capita versus electrical energy production data for Nigeria and selected countries for the year 2004 served as input parameters which underwent research validation. Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) were a case study in this paper. In the end, submissions are that apart from the internal devastating effect on SMEs, constant power outages have a major connection with the recent trends of big companies closing or relocating from Nigeria. To sum up, measures were suggested for improvement.

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3

Olosunde, Akinlolu, and Rowland Benjamin Ekpo. "HALF EXPONENTIAL POWER MODEL FOR THE FIRST TIME FAILURE OF POWER DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS IN NIGERIA." Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v4i2.640.

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Transformer failure is a major problem confronting the Nigerian power sector, hindering the transmission and distribution of electric power to various households, institutions, and industries. Many of these transformer developed problem due to the old age of the transformers, overloading, in-availability of technical expertise, poor maintenance culture, manufacturer's faults, just to mention few. The present research focuses on providing half exponential power model for the failure of already installed transformers, with respect to years of installation up to the time of the first failure, using secondary data from the south western part of Nigeria as a case study. The results obtained showed that half exponential power performed better in modeling the first time failure of power transformers. This was possible because of the present of shape parameter which gives flexibility to half exponential power when compared with a half normal distribution.

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4

O. Akpojedje, France, Monday E. Onogbotsere, Emmanuel C. Mormah, and Peter E. Onogbostere. "A Comprehensive Review of Nigeria Electric Power Transmission Issues and Rural Electrification Challenges." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 31, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v31p201.

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5

Senbanjo, A. A., and J. O. Coker. "An overview of integrated power supply system: Solution to Nigeria’s electricity problem." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i1.315.

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This work traces the causes of electricity problem in Nigeria to inadequate power generation. Though other militating factors such as faulty transmission and distribution systems were highlighted, the study insists that the major contributing factor to the epileptic electric power supply in the country is due to the inadequate power generation system currently in place. The study further proposes an integrated powers supply system whereby several sources of primary energy are harnessed and combined to give a robust generation system, as the solutionto the epileptic power supply in the country. The study further recommends that the reactivation and repairs of the country’s power transmission and distribution networks, is germane to the attainment of this goal.

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6

Ebigenibo Genuine Saturday. "Nigerian Power Sector: A new structure required for effective and adequate power generation, transmission and distribution." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 06–018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.1.0035.

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In this paper, the structure of the Nigerian power sector is examined, the problems in the structure are identified and a new structure is proposed for effective power generation, transmission and distribution. Besides the problems usually canvassed, the current structure is defective from the perspective of the ownership of the power infrastructures, passive involvement of state governments and undue influence of the federal government. The reforms in the sector were driven by the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) of 2005, leading to the creation of Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) to take both the assets and the liabilities of the then National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), and the subsequent unbundling of PHCN to 18 successor companies – 6 power generating companies, one power transmission company and 11 power distribution companies. The new structure proposed in this work gives room for every state government to own power plants and distribute power in the various states. They can equally buy power from independent power producers. Power plants owned by the federal government in the present structure are to continue sending power to the national grid and made available to states with insufficient power generation in the new structure. Independent power producers can also send power to the national grid. The federal government will continue managing power transmission in the new structure. Each state government will own at least two power distribution companies in partnership with private organizations who will equally have a stake in the ownership of the power generating plants. The tariff of grid-connected power will be higher, encouraging states to go into active power generation. The new structure will enable the federal government to do away with rural electrification programme and other power generation options regulated by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission which should be under the control of various state governments. New laws are needed in the place of the EPSRA to achieve the new structure. The federal government will make money from the proposed structure instead of spending huge sums of money in the present structure.

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7

Okoro, O. I., and E. Chikuni. "Power sector reforms in Nigeria: opportunities and challenges." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i3a3386.

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Constant power supply is the hallmark of a devel-oped economy. Any nation whose energy need is epileptic in supply, prolongs her development and risks losing potential investors. Nigeria, a country of over 120 million people, has for the past 33 years of establishment of the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) agency empowered with the elec-tricity generation, transmission and distribution, wit-nessed frequent and persistent outages. Presently, the federal government has embarked on power sector reforms with the intention of improving the above unpalatable scenario and in turn reduce the scope of monopoly control of the nation’s power industry. This paper therefore looks at the overall power sector reforms as well as evaluates the opportunities and challenges there from; while advocating introduction of a demand side manage-ment (DSM) program by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) as a way of reducing energy con-sumption among customers with emphasis on ener-gy conservation, energy efficiency and load man-agement.

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8

Popoola, Jide Julius, Michael Rotimi Adu, and Emmanuel Samson Itodo. "Assessment of Possible Health Risks Potential of Electromagnetic Fields from High Voltage Power Transmission Lines in Akure, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 684–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.3033.2021.

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The primary objective of this paper is to assess and predict the health risk potential of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) emitted from high voltage power transmission lines (HVPTLs) in Akure metropolis, Nigeria. The assessment was conducted using BENETECH GM3120 Electromagnetic Radiation Tester to measure both the electric field strength and magnetic flux density emitted from 33 kV, 132 kV, 132/330 kV and 330 kV power transmission lines within the metropolis. The data collected were analysed and compared with limiting tolerable values by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines for both occupational and the general public. The comparative result shows that the maximum measured electric field strength and magnetic flux density in this study are lower than 40% of the limiting tolerable values in ICNIRP guidelines. Thus, the result of this study has shown clearly that the emitted ELF-EMFs from HVPTLs is not strong enough to cause any adverse effect health on human. In addition, analysis of the measured data also shows that the emitted ELF-EMFs from the HVPTLs vanish completely at about 60 m radius from the transmission lines, which implies that 60 m radius from transmission lines is an ideal experimental shortest possible distance residential building and people should be from HVPTLs in order to reduce the exposure level of people to EMFs radiations from HVPTLs.

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Kareem, Olalekan Kabiru, Aderibigbe Adekitan, and Ayokunle Awelewa. "Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in Nigeria." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2803-2812.

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Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.

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10

Oluseyi, PO, TS Adelaja, and TO Akinbulire. "ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT STABILITY LIMIT OF NIGERIA’S 330kV TRANSMISSION SUB-NETWORK." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.26.

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The poor investment in the network expansion programme has led to high level of grid fragility experienced in the power transmission system in Nigeria. Thus, any little disturbance often results in cascaded outage which is very hazardous to the power system equipment and operation. In order to overcome or ameliorate the influence of this challenge, the network engineers have to devise methodologies based on the dynamic stability analysis. This motivates the development of power system transient stability model presented herein. The developed model is thus applied to a specimen of the Nigeria’s transmission power system, i.e. the Ikeja-West Sub-network. This choice is influenced by the fact that the Ikeja-West sub-network is the hub of power transmission arteries in Nigeria. Thus the Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP) software is deployed to operate on the ensuing model. This then leads to generating a series of results that demonstrates the different scenarios in respect of the system stability studies. The method adopted is quite appealing and promising as a tool in sustaining system stability and security during slight disturbance to the network during operation.http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.26

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11

Adigun, Saladin Quadri. "Evaluation of Protection of Critical Infrastructure in Nigeria. A Case Study of Protection of Power Facilities in Abuja." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 11 (April 30, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n11p80.

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This research work investigated the protection of critical infrastructure in Nigeria with special attention to electric power infrastructure within Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The study was guided by six research questions and the instrument employed for the research was titled ‘Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Protection of Critical Infrastructure’ (EEPCI). The study was carried out among the consumers of electricity in three of the six Area Councils, the security personnel employed to guard as well as the workers of the power facilities called Abuja Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC) and Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) in the capital territory. The entire population of the study was 3,750 and this cut across the strata of the stakeholders in power industry. The data gathered were analyzed by the use of frequency, percentages and statistical mean distribution technique. Findings from the study showed that the existing protection techniques are weak, unassertive and the power companies are slow to mitigating effects of attacks on their facilities. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that policies and equipment protection strategies be utilized by the power companies and the government. The study laid emphasis on establishment of community anti-crime group and provision of free toll hotline for emergency purposes. Furthermore, the penalty for damages to power facilities was recommended to be stiffer and the security should be empowered to excel in their profession.

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12

Airoboman, Abel, and T. M. Tyo. "Power Loss Determination, Assessment and Enhancement of the Nigerian Power System Network." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 15, 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v1i2.22.

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For sustainability to be recorded in the Nigeria power sector (NPS), there must be a well-integrated system that is not easily prone to failure and is readily available when called into action. The NPS has overtime suffered from degraded infrastructure, policy paralysis to mention but few. However, if the needful is done with respect to identifying weak links in the network and a corresponding fast action in clearing failures along the line(s) then, some remarkable achievements could be recorded. This paper, therefore, carried out power flow analysis using the Newton Raphson Algorithm on the Electrical Transient Analyser Program (ETAP) version 12.6 on the NPS network using Maryland transmission station (MTS), Lagos, Nigeria as a case study. The choice of the location was as a result of the sensitivity of Lagos State in the economic activities of Nigeria. Results from the load flow indicated several voltage violations at load1 bus, load3 bus and load5 bus with magnitudes of 94.51, 94.91 and 94.79 % respectively. Consequently, transformers designated as T2A and T3A were said to have the highest and lowest branch losses of 150.0kW and 18.2kW respectively. Compensation of the losses along the line was carried out using optimal capacitor placement (OCP) subjected to constraints on the ETAP environment. The results from the OCP showed that it optimally sized and placed four capacitor banks on four of the candidate buses, which include load1 bus, load2 bus, load3 bus and load5 bus. An improvement of 2.26%, 1.12%, 1.93%, 1.12% and 2.006% were recorded for load1 bus, load2 bus, load3 bus, load4 bus and load5 bus respectively.

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13

Ebhota*, Williams S,, and Pavel Y. Tabakov. "Simplified and Precise Design of Crossflow Turbine Power Transmission Components." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.c2136.0210321.

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Despite the merits of small hydropower (SHP), coupled with the perennial inadequate and unreliable electricity supply in SSA, the huge SHP potential in the region is hugely untapped. This is largely attributed to the lack of adequate technical components for the development of SHP turbines, which are: technical personnel, and production facilities in the region. The hydraulic power possessed by flowing water in SHP resources can be harnessed and transformed into usable electrical energy via the deployment of a hydro turbine plant. Commonly used hydro turbines include crossflow (CFT), Pelton, Turgo, and Francis turbines. Amongst these turbines, CFT is mostly applied in low head sites and has efficiency ranging from 70–85%. The CFT power transmission subsystem is considered vital to its performance; the shaft, which transmits the generated motion to drive the alternator, is the most critical part of the CFT transmission subsystem and it requires careful design and production processes. This study centres on the development of a simplified systematic design process for power transmission shaft, pulley, and belt, to facilitate CFT power generation efficiency. .Further, the study is geared towards boosting CFT technology capacity domestically for the benefit of local production. The hydrological properties of the Ayiba SHP site in Osun state, Nigeria, were adopted for this work as a case study. The head and power for this resource are 11.8 m and 122.4 kW, respectively, and are served as the fundamental parameters for the design of the power transmission subsystem. The design computation shows that a shaft of diameter 65 mm and a D-type of V-belt with a corresponding pulley will be required to transmit the generated turbine power to the alternator. A 3-D model was created based on the design values and this was used to validate the integrity of the shaft by static stimulation. The simulation result, which is based on von Mises was satisfactory as the highest stress obtained in the shaft was 205 N/mm2; resulting in a 2.6 factor of safety.

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Omoroghomwan, A. E., S. O. Igbinovia, and F. O. Odiase. "Vulnerability Assessment of Components in a Typical Rural Nigerian Power Distribution System." March 2021 5, no. 1 (March 2021): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.01.0237.

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The major aim of any power system is the continuous provision of safe, quality and reliable electric power to the customers. One of the greatest challenges to meeting up with this goal is the failure of components in the system. In this article, the frequency of outages caused by failure of different components in the distribution system was investigated to ascertain the ones that are more susceptible to failure by comparing their proportions in the entire failure events. The outage data obtained from Irrua Transmission Station comprising Ehor, Ubiaja and Uzebba 33kV feeders were analyzed using Microsoft Excel while the hazard rates were measured using the failure rate index. Findings revealed that 93.77% of all the forced outages in the distribution subsystem in the power sector are caused by the high exposure rate of the bare aluminum conductors used in the construction of the various overhead feeders. Subsequently, the yearly failure rates of aluminum conductors, cross arms, relay, insulators, fuses, electric poles, breakers, transformers, isolators, cables lightning surge arresters were found to be 836.0, 17.5, 17.0, 10.3, 4.3, 2.0, 1.5, 1.3, 1.0, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively in the studied network. A comparison between this study and a related work showed that the rural feeders are more prone to faults as compared to the ones in the urban areas. It was therefore recommended that regular tree trimming along the network corridor should be done. Proper conductor size should be used in every subsequent construction and every segment with undersized conductor should be replaced with the appropriate size. This study will help the power system engineers in the design, construction, maintenance and operation of the distribution power system for optimum and improved system performance.

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Oyeleye, M. O. "Evaluation of Lightning Protection Efficacy on Nigerian Installations High Voltage Installations Using Screen and Cone of Protection Methods." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.7.1401.

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This study evaluated lightning protective system efficacy on 11kV-132kV substation-power line installation in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria with reference to cloud to ground(C-G) lightning strike (LS) events. It focus on interception of lightning strikes and its protection with reference to direct lightning strike (DLS) and indirect lightning strike (IDLS). Data were collected from Ikorodu 132/33 kV Transmission Substation and its four major injection stations. This work was carried out using physical measurement of raw data obtained from the high voltage substation. Installations were scaled down and modelled dimensionally using AutoCAD software in order to measure spatial parameters in order to measure the screening of the existing substations and connected lines, as well as the existing cone angles of protection. Probability of lightning efficiency of lightning protective level (LPL) are used for screening evaluation while spike and sky wire angle of protection are used for cone of protection evaluation. Physical measurement of six substations (33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations) in the studied area were also carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the installed lightning arresters with respect to the protected devices using applicable standard. The results under the prevailing lightning protective system, LPS, (screening method), revealed that the existing 33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations are not adequately protected against lightning strike; 132/33 kV substation is more vulnerable to lightning strike than 33/11kV substation and that the incoming 132kV power lines to the substation are adequately protected. The evaluation of the installed distances of all lightning arresters are within standard range and would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The installed lightning arresters (LAs) would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The adequate protection should be reinforced with proposed design scheme in further study in order to mitigate the disastrous effects of lightning strike. Any proposed design of protective system for electric power installations in Nigeria should be simulated using computer aided design software for scaled validation of dimensional and spatial design values in order to mitigate reported failures and uncertainties in identifying causes of observed failures in the system.

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16

Ignatius, Okakwu Kema. "Transient Stability Improvement using Resistive-type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (R-SFCL)." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v6i2.2841.

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The rapid growth in the demand for electrical energy due to the astronomic growth in population has led to increase in the system fault current levels. This increase in fault current if not properly checked, could lead to system collapse. Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCLs) are used in power system networks to mitigate against high fault current levels. In this study, the transient stability enhancement capability of three commercially available Resistive-type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (R-SFCLs) based on Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide (YBCO) and Bismuth-Strontium-Calcium-Copper-Oxide (BSCCO) Coated Conductors of different lengths were simulated. The test case was the Nigeria 330kV transmission network. The Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the differential equations characterizing the swing equations of the generators. The proposed method shows the effectiveness of the SFCL in enhancing transient stability of a Multi-Machine System.

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17

Uwaoma, Onyinyechi A., Jonas N. Emechebe, Muhammed Uthman, Omotayo Oshiga, and Samuel Olisa. "The Modelling and Simulation of 330 KV, 600 MW Shiroro Substation in the DIgSILENT Environment for Integration of Hybrid Solar PV – Hydro System to Improve Power Supply in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja from Shiroro, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.2428.

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This research paper focuses on modelling and simulation of 330 KV, 600 MW Shiroro Substation in the DIgSILENT Environment for the integration of Hybrid Solar PV – Hydro System to improve power supply in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja, Nigeria. A hybrid energy system is a system that combines multiple types of energy generations to satisfy the demand of the users effectively and efficiently. The Solar Photovoltaic (PV)/Hydro hybrid system consists of electrical energy generated from solar PV and hydro energy. Effect of environmental issues, reduction of fossil fuels in addition to its high cost have actively encouraged interest in great integration of renewable energy sources in power systems. This work capitalized on the possibilities of harnessing commercial solar energy and feeding it to the National grid through a nearby 330 KV substation at Shiroro Dam. The simulation is carried out in DIgSILENT (Power factory) environment. The Shiroro 16 kV, 330 kV, 600 MW Transmission Lines are modelled, and results of simulations of the five bus bars (Jebba, Shiroro, Gwagwalada, Katampe and Kaduna) voltages directly connected to Shiroro Network are: 331.8kV, 331.7 kV, 329.3 kV, 325.6 kV and 332.2 kV, respectively. All the values are within the Operational and Statutory Limits of the National Grid Code.

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18

Voronin, V. A., N. S. Gritsenko, S. N. Makarovskii, and V. N. Pod’yachev. "Controllable Electric Power Transmission." Power Technology and Engineering 49, no. 3 (September 2015): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-015-0605-3.

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19

Campbell, L. C. "Electric Power Transmission System Engineering." Power Engineering Journal 3, no. 2 (1989): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19890015.

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20

Oluyomi Ajibade, Adedayo, llesanmi Banjo Oluwafemi, and Israel Esan Owolabi. "Characterisation of Signal Amplitude-Frequency for Indoor Power Line Communication Channel in the 1 — 30 MHz Broadband Frequencies." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 12, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.12.1.4.

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The transmission of data signals over power lines is a very promising technique for delivering indoor broadband communication services. However, since power grids were originally designed for high-voltage low-frequency signal transmission, there is a frequency mismatch between the power grid and high-frequency data signals. This mismatch poses a challenge to deploying power lines as a communication channel. Although, studies and researches conducted in several countries have made transmission of data over power lines possible, the behaviour and properties of the power grid cannot be generalised. Hence, the need for in-depth experiment and measurement on the suitability and capability of the Nigerian power grid for data transmission is crucial for proper characterising and modelling of the power line communication (PLC) channel. In this paper, we present experimental measurements and results of the effects of frequency variations on the attenuation experienced by broadband high-speed data signals transmitted over the Nigerian indoor power line network.

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21

Silva, Washington Martins, and Osvaldo Candido. "Assessing Brazilian electric power transmission auctions." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 182–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-06-2018-0212.

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PurposeThis paper aims to assess all the Brazilian electric power transmission line auctions occurred between 1999 and 2017.Design/methodology/approachA copula-based Roy/endogenous switching regression model is used. The suitability of this model is twofold: it takes into account the selection bias problem involving auctions data and it allows more flexibility in modeling the joint distribution between the unobserved components of the selection and outcome equations; thus, normal distribution assumptions are not needed.FindingsThe main results suggest that stated-owned companies have the highest probability of winning an auction, and there is a non-competitive behavior among the players in the auction. The results also suggest some departure from joint normality in the data.Originality/valueThe copula-based sample selection approach used in this paper is consistent under non-normality and allows one to address different types of nonlinearities in the data such as asymmetry and heavy tails.

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22

Petina, David A., Michael Murphy, and Andrew C. Gross. "Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment." Business Economics 46, no. 4 (October 2011): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/be.2011.22.

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23

Krokhin, Oleg N. "Electric power transmission using laser radiation." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 176, no. 4 (2006): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0176.200604i.0441.

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24

Hogan, William W. "Contract networks for electric power transmission." Journal of Regulatory Economics 4, no. 3 (September 1992): 211–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00133621.

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25

Joskow, Paul L., and Jean Tirole. "Transmission Rights and Market Power on Electric Power Networks." RAND Journal of Economics 31, no. 3 (2000): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600996.

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26

Nozari, F., and H. S. Patel. "Power electronics in electric utilities: HVDC power transmission systems." Proceedings of the IEEE 76, no. 4 (April 1988): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.4434.

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27

Furby, Lita, Paul Slovic, Baruch Fischhoff, and Robin Gregory. "Public perceptions of electric power transmission lines." Journal of Environmental Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 1988): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(88)80021-5.

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28

Chao, Hung-Po, and Stephen Peck. "A market mechanism for electric power transmission." Journal of Regulatory Economics 10, no. 1 (July 1996): 25–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00133357.

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29

Sozer, Sevin, Chan S. Park, and Jorge Valenzuela. "Economic Analysis of Electric Power Transmission Expansion." Engineering Economist 53, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137910802482261.

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30

Prosser, J., J. Selinsky, H. Kwatny, and M. Kam. "Supervisory control of electric power transmission networks." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 10, no. 2 (May 1995): 1104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.387957.

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31

Suzuki, Yuya, and Kenji Shiba. "512 Wireless Electric Power Transmission for Notebook Computer : Analysis of Efficiency of Electric Power Transmission and Biological Effect." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2011.19 (2011): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2011.19.137.

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32

Kitajima, Takashi. "The Bulk Power Transmission System of Tokyo Electric Power Company." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 128, no. 3 (2008): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.128.153.

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33

Billinton, R., G. Singh, and J. Acharya. "Failure Bunching Phenomena in Electric Power Transmission Systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 220, no. 1 (June 2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1748006xjrr11.

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34

Doukas, H., C. Karakosta, A. Flamos, and J. Psarras. "Electric power transmission: An overview of associated burdens." International Journal of Energy Research 35, no. 11 (July 26, 2010): 979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1745.

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35

Aldrich, William S. "ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF POWER FOR NAVY YARDS.-I." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 14, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1902.tb01330.x.

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Aldrich, William S. "ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF POWER FOR NAVY YARDS.-II." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 14, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 814–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1902.tb01366.x.

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Aldrich, William S. "ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF POWER FOR NAVY YARDS.-III." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 14, no. 4 (March 18, 2009): 1109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1902.tb03414.x.

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38

Palanichamy, C., and G. Q. Kiu. "Enhanced Electric Power Transmission by Hybrid Compensation Technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 78 (April 2, 2015): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/78/1/012014.

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39

Hsu, Yuan-Yih, and Wah-Chun Chan. "Optimal transmission expansion planning for electric power systems." Electric Power Systems Research 9, no. 2 (September 1985): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(85)90031-8.

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40

Eti, M. C., S. O. T. Ogaji, and S. D. Probert. "Reliability of the Afam electric power generating station, Nigeria." Applied Energy 77, no. 3 (March 2004): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(03)00094-1.

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41

Akarakiri, Joshua B. "Private electric power generation as an alternative in Nigeria." Energy 24, no. 5 (May 1999): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(98)00094-2.

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42

Kaganov, W. I., and Bui Huu Chuc. "Wireless power transmission." Russian Technological Journal 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2500-316x-2020-8-6-47-53.

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Abstract:

Electrical energy from power plants to industrial facilities and settlements is mostly transmitted by wire-connected air or underground lines covering vast territories. However, in some rare cases there is a need for wireless transmission of electrical power to objects located in hard-to-reach areas. The problem of wireless transmission of electrical energy will become especially urgent as space electric power industry based on the placement of solar power plants in outer space is being developed. In this regard, several countries are conducting studies on the problem of electrical energy transmission using both laser and microwave radiation. The fundamentals of building systems for wireless transmission of electrical energy over short distances using microwave radiation are considered. Two options for constructing such systems are analyzed and calculated: using parabolic antennas and using phased array antennas. For both options the main parameters of systems for wireless transmission of electrical energy at 200 m were calculated. In the first case, powerful microwave devices are used: a magnetron or a direct-flight klystron; in the second case, microwave powerful field-effect transistors. For the second option the summation of the powers of microwave generators by means of their mutual synchronization is proposed.

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43

Schulz, M. "Circulating mechanical power in a power-split hybrid electric vehicle transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 218, no. 12 (December 2004): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407042707759.

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44

Doroshenko, A. I., S. A. Borisenko, and P. P. Nenov. "ABOUT INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION PHYSICS AND ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMERS DUE TO THEM." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 29, no. 105 (December 18, 2018): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.29.105.2018.5.

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45

Yu. F. Romaniuk, Yu F., О. V. Solomchak, and М. V. Hlozhyk. "Improving the efficiency of oilfield electric power distribution." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-79-87.

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Abstract:

The issues of increasing the efficiency of electricity transmission to consumers with different nature of their load are considered. The dependence of the efficiency of the electric network of the oil field, consisting of a power line and a step-down transformer, on the total load power at various ratios between the active and reactive components of the power is analyzed, and the conditions under which the maximum transmission efficiency can be ensured are determined. It is shown by examples that the power transmission efficiency depends not only on the active load, but also largely on its reactive load. In the presence of a constant reactive load and an increase in active load, the total power increases and the power transmission efficiency decreases. In the low-load mode, the schedule for changing the power transmission efficiency approaches a parabolic form, since the influence of the active load on the amount of active power loss decreases, and their value will mainly depend on reactive load, which remains unchanged. The efficiency reaches its maximum value provided that the active and reactive components of the power are equal. In the case of a different ratio between them, the efficiency decreases. With a simultaneous increase in active and reactive loads and a constant value of the power factor, the power transmission efficiency is significantly reduced due to an increase in losses. With a constant active load and an increase in reactive load, efficiency of power transmission decreases, since with an increase in reactive load, losses of active power increase, while the active power remains unchanged. The second condition, under which the line efficiency will be maximum, is full compensation of reactive power. Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of power transmission, it is necessary to compensate for the reactive load, which can reduce the loss of electricity and the cost of its payment and improve the quality of electricity. Other methods are also proposed to increase the efficiency of power transmission by regulating the voltage level in the power center, reducing the equivalent resistance of the line wires, optimizing the loading of the transformers of the step-down substations and ensuring the economic modes of their operation.

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da Silva, M. A., G. P. Viajante, E. N. Chaves, G. Moraes, M. A. A. Freitas, S. B. Silva, O. C. Souto, V. R. Bernadelli, and M. E. Oliveira. "A Study of the Inductive Power Transmission for Electric." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1 (April 2018): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj16.278.

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NAKAGAWA, Shinya, Yuya YAMANAKA, Katsuaki OHDOI, Juro MIYASAKA, Hiroshi SHIMIZU, Hiroshi NAKASHIMA, Kozo HASHIMOTO, Naoki SHINOHARA, and Tomohiko MITANI. "Development of an Electric Vehicle by Microwave Power Transmission." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 26 (2010): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20101206-3-jp-3009.00036.

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48

Chowdhuri, P., C. Pallem, J. A. Demko, and M. J. Gouge. "Feasibility of Electric Power Transmission by DC Superconducting Cables." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 15, no. 4 (December 2005): 3917–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2005.859046.

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49

Abdel-Salam, M., H. Abdallah, M. Th El-Mohandes, and H. El-Kishky. "Calculation of magnetic fields from electric power transmission lines." Electric Power Systems Research 49, no. 2 (March 1999): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7796(98)00078-9.

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50

Hsu, Michael. "An introduction to the pricing of electric power transmission." Utilities Policy 6, no. 3 (September 1997): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-1787(97)00013-1.

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