Dissertations / Theses: 'Electric vehicle battery'

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Hsieh, Ming-Kuang (Leo). "A Battery Equalisation System for Electric Vehicle." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1172.

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Abstract In 1999, the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Canterbury started building their third electric vehicle (EV3) based on a TOYOTA MR2 with the goal of building a higher performance vehicle to match present combustion engined vehicles. The car is powered by 26 12volt sealed lead-acid batteries connected in series to achieve a nominal 312V DC source. A battery voltage equaliser is a device that draws energy from a higher charged battery, then discharges into a lower charged battery. The need for a voltage equaliser is principally due to the differences in cell chemistry, temperature gradients along the battery string and the ages of the batteries. During the charging or discharging process, some batteries reach their nominal voltage or reach deep discharge states before the others. Then if the charger keeps charging the batteries or the load keeps drawing energy from these batteries, it results in damage to the batteries. Therefore maintaining the charge level on each battery becomes important. In addition, it also improves the battery life and vehicle travelling range. This thesis details the analysis of three different types of battery equaliser, which are based on a 24W buck-boost converter, 192W buck-boost converter and 192W flyback converter. In this design, all converters are designed to work under current mode control with average of 2A. To make each converter install without significant effect on the performance and the cost, each converter is also built with the goals of being small, lightweight, cost effective, flexible for mounting, maintenance free and highly efficient. At the end, the prototype battery equalisation converters were designed, constructed and tested, and the efficiencies from each converter are measured around 90 ~ 92%. The experimental results show two banks of series connected batteries can be successfully equalised by the designed equaliser. This thesis covers the design, simulation and the construction procedures of this battery equaliser system, and also details on some considerations and possible future improvement that were found during the experimental test.

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Cunningham, John Shamus. "An analysis of battery electric vehicle production projections." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54532.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
"June 2009." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30).
In mid 2008 and early 2009 Deutsche Bank and The Boston Consulting Group each released separate reports detailing projected Battery Electric Vehicle production through 2020. These reports both outlined scenarios in which BEVs gained significant market share (1-2%) by the end of the decade. To analyze the magnitude of the annual growth rates needed to obtain these sales figures, similar case studies were identified and evaluated. The transition from gasoline to diesel power in France between 1970 and 2005 (11% average annual growth) as well as the introduction of Hybrid Gasoline-Electric vehicles to the US (46% average annual growth) were selected as relevant points of comparison. Through a review of all major automotive manufacturers, as well as BEV-focused startups, press releases best case and worst case estimates for total BEV production in 2010 and 2011 were obtained. Using these figures it was determined that in a best case, near term production scenario annual production rates would need to average 35 to 40% annual growth over the next 10 years, and in a worst case near term production scenario would need to average in excess of 45% annual growth to reach production estimates.
by John Shamus Cunningham.
S.B.

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Klass, Verena. "Battery Health Estimation in Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173544.

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For the broad commercial success of electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to deeply understand how batteries behave in this challenging application. This thesis has therefore been focused on studying automotive lithium-ion batteries in respect of their performance under EV operation. Particularly, the need for simple methods estimating the state-of-health (SOH) of batteries during EV operation has been addressed in order to ensure safe, reliable, and cost-effective EV operation. Within the scope of this thesis, a method has been developed that can estimate the SOH indicators capacity and internal resistance. The method is solely based on signals that are available on-board during ordinary EV operation such as the measured current, voltage, temperature, and the battery management system’s state-of-charge estimate. The approach is based on data-driven battery models (support vector machines (SVM) or system identification) and virtual tests in correspondence to standard performance tests as established in laboratory testing for capacity and resistance determination. The proposed method has been demonstrated for battery data collected in field tests and has also been verified in laboratory. After a first proof-of-concept of the method idea with battery pack data from a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) field test, the method was improved with the help of a laboratory study where battery electric vehicle (BEV) operation of a battery cell was emulated under controlled conditions providing a thorough validation possibility. Precise partial capacity and instantaneous resistance estimations could be derived and an accurate diffusion resistance estimation was achieved by including a current history variable in the SVM-based model. The dynamic system identification battery model gave precise total resistance estimates as well. The SOH estimation method was also applied to a data set from emulated hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) operation of a battery cell on board a heavy-duty vehicle, where on-board standard test validation revealed accurate dynamic voltage estimation performance of the applied model even during high-current situations. In order to exhibit the method’s intended implementation, up-to-date SOH indicators have been estimated from driving data during a one-year time period.

QC 20150914

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Sinclair, Paul Grant. "An adaptive battery monitoring system for an electric vehicle." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Electrical Engineering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2353.

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In electric vehicles it is important to know the state of charge of the batteries in order to prevent vehicle strandings and to ensure that the full range of the vehicle is exploited. It is also useful to know state of health information about the batteries in the battery bank, This information can be used to predict when the batteries need replacing and can also identify batteries that are not performing optimally within the battery bank. This thesis describes a battery monitoring system that is able to calculate the state of charge and state of health of niultiple batteries in a battery bank, It has been designed specifically to monitor lead-acid batteries in an electric car environment using noninvasive measurement techniques. The monitor incorporates an adaptive monitoring method, which is based on coulometric measurements when the batteries are under load and predicted open circuit voltage measurements under no-load conditions. The battery monitor is micro controller based and uses remote battery monitoring modules to make the necessary battery measurements. Information is presented to the user of the car in the form of a state of charge meter on the instrument panel, similar to a fuel gauge in a conventionally power vehicle, and an alphanumeric LCn panel on the car's dashboard. . Aspects of both the monitor hardware and software are considered in this thesis. Results obtained from bench tests of the monitor are presented which are followed by an evaluation of the monitor's performance. Consideration is also given to possible future improvements to the monitoring system.

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Grau, Iñaki. "Management of electric vehicle battery charging in distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/48664/.

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This thesis investigated the management of electric vehicle battery charging in distribution networks. Different electric vehicle fleet sizes and network locations were considered. The energy storage capacity and backup generator’s energy requirements were calculated to achieve daily energy balance in a low voltage distribution network with micro-generation. The effect of the electric vehicle battery demand as controllable loads on the backup generator energy requirements was assessed. It was found that the use of electric vehicles as controllable loads reduced the energy requirements from the backup generator or made it unnecessary to achieve energy balance. Two control algorithms for the battery charging management of electric vehicles clustered in battery charging facilities were designed and developed. One algorithm calculates electric vehicle battery charging profiles for vehicles located in a parking space. Different charging policies were investigated, showing the ability of the control algorithm to define the electricity profile of the parking space according to network constraints and the policies’ objectives. The second algorithm calculates the number of batteries and chargers that are required to satisfy the battery demand of electric vehicle battery swapping stations. The impact of the number of chargers and batteries on the swapping station’s electricity load profile were evaluated. An agent-based control system was designed and developed for the battery charging management of electric vehicles dispersed in distribution networks. The electric vehicle battery charging schedules are calculated according to electricity prices and distribution network technical constraints. The real-time operation of the agent-based control system was demonstrated in the laboratory of TECNALIA’s research centre in Bilbao, Spain. A series of experiments showed the ability of the control system to operate and manage the electric vehicle battery charging when the distribution network is operated within its loading capacity and when the network technical limits are violated.

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Jiao, Na. "Business models for second-life electric vehicle battery systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278615.

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Innovative Business Models (BMs) are essential in commercialising new technologies that are initially seen as inferior. Battery second use (B2U) brings used batteries from an electric vehicle (EV) into a secondary storage application and holds the potential to improve the sustainability of EVs while generating value for stakeholders across the automotive and energy sectors, as well as for the environment and society (Gohla-Neudecker et al. 2015; Neubauer et al. 2015). However, important knowledge gaps exist as the potential value of second-life batteries and how to better extract that value are still poorly understood by both practitioners and researchers. To fill the knowledge gap, this study explores the BMs of repurposing a second life for the retired EV batteries through rich empirical case studies. The main outcomes of the research are firstly, a deeper understanding of the sustainable value of second-life batteries as is currently being achieved by industry, which also provides a comprehensive view of the potential value of B2U. Secondly, the critical B2U challenges are identified from a multi-stakeholder’s perspective across the value chain that present a fresh overview of the key factors that might impair the potential value of B2U. Thirdly, an empirically-generated typology of existing B2U business models is proposed that shows how B2U stakeholders are interacting in different ways to create and capture value from B2U. Fourthly, three critical BM design elements, namely, lifecycle thinking, system-level design and the shift to services are proposed as helpful aspects for B2U stakeholders to consider to better design their B2U business models. Fifthly, Business Model of a Technology (BMoT) is proposed as a new perspective to understand the value potential of second-life batteries and how to maximise the total value creation from B2U at the system level. The research has filled a literature gap, has met an industrial need, and has made contributions to knowledge on sustainability and BMs in the specific context of B2U. Practically, the findings have the potential to inspire practitioners toward better understanding the potential value of second-life batteries and improve their BMs to better extract value from B2U.

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Chu, Kim-chiu. "Development of intelligent battery charger and controller for electric vehicle /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12599074.

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Sousa, Ana Carolina Monteiro de. "Battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles : an economic and environmental evaluation." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10533.

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Mestrado em Economia
A mobilidade elétrica pode ser um fator importante na promoção de um crescimento económico mais sustentável, mais inteligente e mais inclusivo. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a viabilidade económica e ambiental dos Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos, em Portugal. Para isso, são estimados os custos totais suportados durante a vida útil do veículo em três perspetivas: consumidor, sociedade e emissão de Dióxido de Carbono; para três tecnologias distintas: elétrica, híbrida e convencional. É também realizada uma análise de sensibilidade. Os resultados obtidos indicam que nem o veículo elétrico nem o veículo híbrido são competitivos no mercado automóvel português, por enquanto.
This paper aims to estimate the costs and the performance of an electrically powered and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in relation to a conventional internal combustion engine car in the consumer, society and the exhaust Well-to-Wheel (WtW) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, using portuguese data. This goal will be achieved by building a total ownership cost model. A sensibility analysis is also conducted to assess the impact of alterations on the values of the key parameters. The results of this study suggest that neither the hybrid electric vehicle neither the battery electric vehicle (BEV) are yet competitive with the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) in the Portuguese market.

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Bjerkan, Kristin Ystmark, Tom E. Nørbech, and Marianne Elvsaas Nordtømme. "Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway." Elsevier, 2016. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73224.

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Norway has become a global forerunner in the field of electromobility and the BEV market share is far higher than in any other country. One likely reason for this is strong incentives for promoting purchase and ownership of BEVs. The purpose of this study is to describe the role of incentives for promoting BEVs, and to determine what incentives are critical for deciding to buy a BEV and what groups of buyers respond to different types of incentives. The questions are answered with data from a survey among nearly 3400 BEV owners in Norway. Exemptions from purchase tax and VAT are critical incentives for more than 80% of the respondents. This is very much in line with previous research, which suggests that up-front price reduction is the most powerful incentive in promoting EV adoption. To a substantial number of BEV owners, however, exemption from road tolling or bus lane access is the only decisive factor. Analyses show that there are clear delineations between incentive groups, both in terms of age, gender, and education. Income is a less prominent predictor, which probably results from the competitive price of BEVs in the Norwegian market. Perhaps most interesting is the assumed relation between incentives and character of transport systems the respondents engage in.

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Carroll, James. "Feasibility and sustainability of an electric vehicle battery exchange system." Thesis, Carroll, James (2013) Feasibility and sustainability of an electric vehicle battery exchange system. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/21453/.

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There is increasing concern over the depletion of fossil fuels and the role transport plays in greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid vehicles while generally more efficient, still use fossil fuels. A technology with promise is the battery electric vehicle, recharged from the mains or by locally generated renewable energy. Obstacles to growth in battery electric vehicle sales include higher cost than equivalent internal combustion engine vehicles and shorter driving range. Range is seen as a major difficulty by potential buyers, even though 95% of travel in a typical day is within the reach of current generation electric vehicles. Among the solutions to increasing the range of electric vehicles is the swappable battery. When the vehicle’s battery nears exhaustion, the driver pulls into a roadside battery exchange station. A robotised system removes the battery from underneath the vehicle and replaces it with a charged unit. The process takes a few minutes, approximately the same as a fuel refill. This paper examines the processes involved in this technology and estimates the feasibility of a network of such stations. The conclusion is that the infrastructure is very expensive to set up, to the point where it can take a decade or more to show a return on investment even under the most optimistic scenarios. Using mains power from the Australian average generation mix, principally derived from coal, means that the use of the system shows little or no reduction in carbon emissions compared with similar fossil fuelled vehicles. The extra cost to the business of using renewable energy for recharging the batteries places financial viability even further out of reach. With advances in battery efficiency and fast charging methods, a network of fast chargers shows greater promise at lower cost.

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Milligan, Ross. "Critical evaluation of the battery electric vehicle for sustainable mobility." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2017. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/978220.

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Can Battery Electric Vehicles replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles for commuting purposes when exposed to a busy corporate activity within the city of Edinburgh? This thesis investigates the application of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) use in a commercial business environment in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland UK. The motivation behind this work is to determine if the Battery Electric Vehicle can replace conventional fossil fuel vehicles under real world drive cycles and the desire by many to combat the causes of climate change. Due to the nature of this work a significant part of the work will be underpinned by the quantitative methodology approach to the research. As the question indicates the research is supported by real live data coming from the vehicle both in proprietary data logging as well as reading and analysing the data coming from the vehicles own Electronic Control Unit (ECU).There will be mixed research methodology encompassing quantitative and qualitative research to obtain a complete response in respect to the management of the vehicle these methodologies will be the analysis of the measurable data as well as explorative, to gain the underlying reasons and motivations for choosing a battery electric vehicle as an option to the conventional vehicle for this type of application use.

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Rose, Garrett. "Electrical subsystem for Shell eco-marathon urban concept battery powered vehicle." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2814.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
The purpose of this paper was to design and develop an electrical power train for an Urban Concept electric vehicle geared to complete the Shell Eco-Marathon Africa in 2019. Various technologies which make up the electrical drive train of an electrical vehicle were also reviewed which include the battery pack, the battery management system, the motors, the motor management system and the human interface. Upon completion of this, the various topologies best suited for this project were selected, designed, constructed and developed. Two motors were re-designed and constructed for this vehicle and the motor drive was also constructed to control these motors. A Lithium-Ion battery pack was constructed and developed to drive the motors and an off-the-shelf battery management system was purchased and developed to suit the requirements for the Shell Eco- Marathon competition rules. A human interface was also developed in order for the driver to see various parameters of the electric vehicle defined by the Shell Eco-Marathon competition rules. After each component of the drive train was constructed, they underwent various testing procedures to determine the efficiency of each individual component and the overall efficiency for the complete drive train of this electric vehicle was ascertained. The Product Lifecycle Management Competency Centre group developed the chassis for this vehicle. For this reason, only the electric subsystems were evaluated and a simulation was completed of the complete drive train. After the complete drive train was constructed and all the individual subsystems evaluated and simulated, a vehicle with an overall efficiency of about sixty percent was expected and the completed drive train should be adequate enough to complete the entire Shell Eco-Marathon Africa circuit.

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Mathieson, Grant Alexander. "Interfacing solar panels with a high voltage electric vehicle battery bus." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2352.

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Czechowski, Karolina. "Assessment of Profitability of Electric Vehicle-to-Grid Considering Battery Degradation." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170380.

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The electric vehicle (EV) fleet is expected to continue growing in the near future. The increasing electrification of the transportation sector is a promising solution to the global dependency on oil and is expected to drive investments in renewable and intermittent energy sources. In order to facilitate the integration, utilize the potential of a growing EV fleet and to avoid unwanted effects on the electric grid, smart charging strategies will be necessary. The aspect of smart EV charging investigated in this work is the profitability of bidirectional energy transfer, often referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G), i.e. the possibility of using aggregated EV batteries as storage for energy which can be injected back to the grid. A mixed integer linear problem (MILP) for minimizing energy costs and battery ageing costs for EV owners is formulated. The battery degradation due to charging and discharging is accounted for in the model used. A realistic case study of overnight charging of EVs in Sweden is constructed, and the results show that given current energy prices and battery costs, V2G is not profitable for EV owners. Further, a hypothetical case for lower battery costs is formulated to demonstrate the ability of our MILP model to treat a number of charging scenarios
Antalet elbilar väntas fortsätta öka de närmsta åren. Den tilltagande elektrifieringen av transportsektorn är en lovande lösning på det globala beroendet av olja och förväntas stimulera investeringar i förnybara intermittenta energikällor. För att främja denna utveckling, och för att till fullo utnyttja potentialen hos en växande elbilsflotta, samt för att undvika oönskade negativa effekter på elnätet kommer smarta strategier för laddning behövas. I detta arbete undersöks lönsamheten av den aspekt av smart laddning som brukar benämnas vehicle-to-grid (V2G), det vill säga möjligheten att använda aggregerade elbilsbatterier för att lagra energi som sedan kan återföras till elnätet. Hänsyn tas till att batteriet åldras för varje laddning och urladdning som sker. Heltalsoptimering används för att formulera ett problem som minimerar kostnaderna för energi samt för batteriets åldrande. Ett realistiskt scenario där elbilarna ska laddas över natten i svenska förhållanden konstrueras, och resultaten visar att V2G inte är lönsamt för bilägarna givet dagens batteripriser och energipriser. Vidare formuleras ett hypotetiskt fall med lägre batteripriser för att visa att modellen är lösbar för olika scenarion.

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Wu, Kwok-Chiu, and 胡國釗. "Development of electric vehicle battery capacity estimation using neuro-fuzzy systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B27777716.

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Kay, Ian P. "ROBOTIC DISASSEMBLY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACKS FOR RECYCLING." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1574240105621598.

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Eltoumi, Fouad. "Charging station for electric vehicle using hybrid sources." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCA009.

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Une plus grande utilisation des véhicules électriques (VE) et hybrides rechargeables exige une conception efficace des stations de recharge pour fournir des taux de charge appropriés. Le raccordement d'une station sur le réseau électrique conventionnel provoquerait des perturbations, ce qui augmenterait le coût de la recharge. Par conséquent, dans ce scénario, l'utilisation de sources renouvelables sur site telles que l'énergie photovoltaïque (PV) en appui au réseau conventionnel peut augmenter les performances de la station de recharge. Dans cette thèse, une source PV est utilisée conjointement avec le réseau pour compléter la charge des VE. Cependant, le PV est connu pour sa nature intermittente qui dépend fortement des conditions géographiques et météorologiques. Ainsi, pour compenser l'intermittence du PV, un système de stockage à batterie (BSS) est combiné avec le PV dans un système raccordé au réseau, fournissant un fonctionnement stable de la station de recharge PV hybride.En général, les stations de recharge hybrides devraient être rentables, efficientes et fiables pour répondre aux besoins variables de la charge des VE dans différents scénarios. Dans cette thèse, une stratégie efficace de gestion hiérarchique de l'énergie est proposée et appliquée pour maximiser l'énergie photovoltaïque sur site, pour répondre à la charge variable des VE en utilisant une réponse rapide du BSS et en réduisant la sollicitation de réseau. Cette stratégie globale améliore la performance ainsi que la fiabilité et la rentabilité.Un étage de conversion de puissance bidirectionnel efficace est introduit pour le BSS sous la forme d'un convertisseur buck-boost entrelacé pour assurer le fonctionnement du BSS et réduire les pertes pendant la phase de conversion. Cette topologie a des caractéristiques qui permettent d'améliorer les ondulations du courant et par conséquent, d'augmenter considérablement la qualité de l'énergie. De même, pour extraire la puissance maximale du système PV dans des conditions météorologiques intermittentes, une MPPT est utilisée en même temps que le convertisseur élévateur entrelacé pour assurer la continuité de la puissance de la source PV. De même, pour l'étage de charge des véhicules, afin de répondre aux demandes dynamiques de puissance des VE ; tout en maintenant l'équilibre entre les quantités de production disponibles, un convertisseur d'entrelacement est proposé en complément de la stratégie de sous-gestion. En particulier, cette étape de conversion et de gestion porte sur la faible utilisation du réseau notamment lors de pointes de puissance. Ceci diminue considérablement la perturbation sur le réseau, surtout aux heures de pointe, et améliore donc la performance du système dans son ensemble.Pour exploiter l'ensemble du système dans des conditions souhaitables, une stratégie de gestion de l'énergie en ligne est proposée. Cette stratégie en temps réel fonctionne de manière hiérarchique, en s'initialisant à partir d'une utilisation maximale de la source PV, puis en utilisant le BSS pour compléter l'alimentation et en utilisant le réseau en cas de conditions intermittentes ou lorsque la quantité de PV est faible. La stratégie de gestion assure un fonctionnement fiable du système, tout en maximisant l'utilisation du PV, en répondant à la demande des VE et en maximisant la durée de vie du BSS. Dans cette thèse, un système de charge hybride basé sur le PV, le BSS et le réseau conventionnel est proposé pour répondre aux besoins de charge des VE. Une étape efficace de conversion de l'énergie a été proposée en utilisant des convertisseurs entrelacés de type buck-boost pour améliorer la qualité de l'énergie et, en fin de compte, une stratégie de gestion en ligne est développée pour maximiser l'utilisation de l'énergie renouvelable, en insérant moins de stress sur le réseau et en améliorant l'utilisation du BSS
Higher penetration of electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles requires efficient design of charging stations to supply appropriate charging rates. This would trigger stress on conventional grid, thus increasing the cost of charging. Therefore, in this scenario the use of on-site renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) energy alongside to the conventional grid can increase the performance of charging station. In this thesis, a PV source is used in conjunction with grid to supplement EV load. However, the PV is known for its intermittent nature that is highly dependent on geographical and weather conditions. So, to compensate the intermittency of PV, a battery storage system (BSS) is combined with the PV in a grid-tied system, providing a stable operation of hybrid PV based charging station.Generally, hybrid sources based charging station should be cost effective, efficient, and reliable to supplement the variable needs of EVs load in different scenarios. In this thesis, efficient hierarchical energy management strategy is proposed and applied to maximize on-site PV energy, to meet the variable load of EVs using quick response of BSS and putting less stress on grid. This strategy overall improves the performance and is reliable and cost-effective.An efficient bidirectional power conversion stage is introduced for BSS in the form of interleaved buck-boost converter to ensure the safe operation of BSS and reduce the losses during conversion stage. This topology has characteristics to improve the current ripples and therefore, increase the power quality drastically. Similarly, to extract the maximum power from PV system under intermittent weather conditions, MPPT is used alongside with interleaved boost converter to ensure the continuity of power from PV source. Similarly, for vehicles charger stage, to meet the dynamic power demands of EVs; while, keeping the balance between available generation amounts, interleave converter is proposed combined to sub-management strategy. Particularly, this conversion stage and management addresses the low utilization of grid sources for charging purpose when, peak load is present at grid side. This charging behaviour greatly decreases the stress on grid especially at peak hours and therefore, improves the performance of system in overall.To operate whole system under desirable conditions, an online energy management strategy is proposed. This real-time strategy works in hierarchical manner, initializing from maximized utilization of PV source, then using BSS to supplement power and utilizing grid during intermittent conditions or when there is low amount of PV. The management strategy ensure reliable operation of system, while maximizing the PV utilization, meeting the EVs demand and maximizing the life the BSS.In this thesis, a hybrid charging system based on PV, BSS and conventional grid is proposed to support the needs of EVs load. Efficient energy conversion stage has been proposed using interleave buck-boost converters to improve the quality of power and at the end, an online management strategy is developed to maximize the renewable energy utilization, inserting lesser stress on grid and improving the utilization of BSS to improve its life

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Haines, Sam P. "Design and application of a smart battery management system for a small electric vehicle." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228154/1/Sam_Haines_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis outlines the development and application of a battery management system for a small electric vehicle, and the hardware required to test and validate these systems. The project applies state-of-the-art methods for estimating the remaining charge of a battery pack in a real-world environment. In doing so, the limitations of existing estimation methods are identified and addressed.

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Mude, Kishore Naik. "Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424096.

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Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems transfer electric energy from a source to a load without any wired connection. WPTs are attractive for many industrial applications because of their advantages compared to the wired counterpart, such as no exposed wires, ease of charging, and fearless transmission of power in adverse environmental conditions. Adoption of WPTs to charge the on-board batteries of an electric vehicle (EV) has got attention from some companies, and efforts are being made for development and improvement of the various associated topologies. WPT is achieved through the affordable inductive coupling between two coils termed as transmitter and receiver coil. In EV charging applications, transmitter coils are buried in the road and receiver coils are placed in the vehicle. Inductive WPT of resonant type is commonly used for medium-high power transfer applications like EV charging because it exhibits a greater efficiency. This thesis refers to a WPT system to charge the on-board batteries of an electric city-car considered as a study case. The electric city-car uses four series connected 12V, 100A•h VRLA batteries and two in-wheel motors fitted in the rear wheels, each of them able to develop a peak power of 4 kW to propel the car. The work done has been carried out mainly in three different stages; at first an overview on the wired EV battery chargers and the charging methodologies was carried out. Afterwards, background of different WPT technologies are discussed; a full set of Figures of Merit (FOM) have been defined and are used to characterize the resonant WPTs to the variations in resistive load and coupling coefficient. In the second stage, the WPT system for the study case has been designed. In the third stage, a prototypal of the WPT system has been developed and tested. Design of the WPT system is started by assessing the parameters of the various sections and by estimating the impact of the parameters of the system on its performance. The design process of the coil-coupling has come after an analysis of different structures for the windings, namely helix and spiral, and different shapes for the magnetic core; further to the preliminary results that have shown the advantages of the spiral structure, a more detailed analysis has then been executed on this structure. The coil design has encompassed the determination of the inductive parameters of the two-coil coupling as a function of the coil distance and axial misalignment. Both the analysis and the design was assisted by a FEM-approach based on the COMSOL code. Design of the power supply stages of the WPT system has consisted of the assessment of values and ratings of a) the capacitors that make resonant the coil-coupling, b) the power devices of the PFC rectifier and of the high frequency inverter (HF) that feeds the transmitting coil, c) the power devices of the converters supplied by the receiver coil: the rectifier diode and the in-cascade chopper that feeds the battery in a controlled way. For the converters that operate at high frequency (inverter and the rectifier in the receiver section), power electronic devices of the latest generation (the so-called Wide Band Gap (WBG) devices) have been used in order to maximize the efficiency of the WPT system. A prototypal WPT battery charger was arranged by using available cards with the power and signal circuits. Relevant experimental activities were: a) measurement of the parameters of the coils, b) desk assembling of the prototype, and c) conducting tests to verify proper operation of the prototype. The thesis work includes also a brief overview of i) emerging topics on WPT systems such as on-line electric vehicle (OLEV), ii) shielding of the magnetic fields produced by a WPT system, and iii) standards on WPT operation. These three issues play a significant role in the advancement of the WPT technology. The thesis work has been carried out at the Laboratory of “Electric systems for automation and automotive” headed by Prof. Giuseppe Buja. The laboratory belongs to the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Padova, Italy.
I sistemi per il trasferimento di potenza wireless (WPT) trasferiscono energia elettrica da una sorgente ad un carico senza alcuna connessione via cavo. I sistemi WPT sono attraenti per molte applicazioni industriali grazie ai loro vantaggi rispetto alla controparte cablata, come l’assenza di conduttori esposti, la facilità di ricarica e la trasmissione senza rischi della potenza in condizioni ambientali avverse. L’adozione di sistemi WPT per la carica delle batterie di bordo di un veicolo elettrico (EV) ha ricevuto l'attenzione di alcune aziende, e sforzi sono stati fatti per lo sviluppo e il miglioramento delle varie topologie ad essi associate. Il WPT è ottenuto tramite l'accoppiamento induttivo tra due bobine, definite bobina trasmittente e bobina ricevente. Nelle applicazioni per la carica delle batterie, le bobine trasmittenti sono installate sotto il manto stradale mentre le bobine riceventi sono poste a bordo del veicolo. Il WPT induttivo di tipo risonante è comunemente utilizzato nelle applicazioni per il trasferimento di potenze medio-alte, come la carica degli EV, perché presenta una maggiore efficienza. Questa tesi tratta un sistema WPT per caricare le batterie di bordo di una city-car elettrica considerato come caso di studio. La city-car elettrica utilizza quattro batterie da 12V, 100A•h VRLA collegate in serie e due motori-ruota montati sull’assale posteriore, ognuno in grado di sviluppare una potenza di picco di 4 kW per la propulsione del veicolo. Il lavoro svolto è stato effettuato principalmente in tre fasi diverse; in un primo momento è stata effettuata una panoramica sui caricabatteria cablati per EV e sulle metodologie di ricarica. Successivamente, sono stati discussi i principi base di diverse tecnologie WPT; è stato definito un insieme di figure di merito (FOM) che sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare il comportamento dei WPT risonanti rispetto alle variazioni di carico resistivo e al coefficiente di accoppiamento. Nella seconda fase, è stato progettato il sistema WPT per il caso di studio. Nella terza fase, è stato sviluppato e sperimentato un prototipo del sistema WPT. La progettazione del sistema WPT è stata iniziata con una valutazione dei parametri delle varie sezioni e stimando l'impatto dei parametri del sistema sulle sue prestazioni. La progettazione della bobina di accoppiamento è stata effettuata dopo l'analisi di avvolgimenti con strutture diverse, ovvero elica e spirale, e con forme differenti del nucleo magnetico; a seguito dei risultati preliminari che hanno mostrato i vantaggi della struttura a spirale, è stata poi eseguita un'analisi più dettagliata su questa struttura. Il progetto della bobina ha compreso la determinazione dei parametri induttivi dell’accoppiamento in funzione della distanza e del disallineamento assiale delle bobine. Sia l'analisi che la progettazione sono state assistite da un approccio FEM basato sul codice COMSOL. La progettazione degli stadi di alimentazione del sistema WPT è consistita nella valutazione dei valori e dei dati di targa di a) i condensatori che rendono risonante l’accoppiamento tra le bobine, b) i dispositivi di potenza del raddrizzatore PFC e dell'inverter ad alta frequenza (HF) che alimenta la bobina di trasmissione, c) i dispositivi di potenza dei convertitori alimentati dalla bobina ricevente, segnatamente il raddrizzatore a diodi e il chopper collegato a valle che carica la batteria in modo controllato. Per i convertitori che operano ad alta frequenza (l’invertitore e il raddrizzatore della sezione ricevente), sono stati utilizzati dispositivi elettronici di potenza di ultima generazione (i cosiddetti dispositivi Wide Band Gap (WBG)) al fine di massimizzare l'efficienza del sistema WPT. E’ stato realizzato un caricabatteria WPT prototipale utilizzando schede elettroniche disponibili in Laboratorio con i circuiti di potenza e di segnale. Le relative attività sperimentali sono state: a) misurazione dei parametri delle bobine, b) assemblaggio a banco del prototipo, e c) esecuzione di prove sperimentali per verificare il corretto funzionamento del prototipo. Il lavoro di tesi comprende anche una breve panoramica su temi emergenti in materia di sistemi WPT come i) IL WPT dinamico, chiamato anche “on-line electric vehicle” (OLEV), ii) la schermatura dei campi magnetici prodotti da un sistema WPT, e iii) la normativa sui sistemi WPT. Questi tre temi svolgono un ruolo significativo nello sviluppo della tecnologia WPT. Il lavoro di tesi è stato effettuato presso il Laboratorio di “Sistemi elettrici per l'automazione e la veicolistica” diretto dal Prof. Giuseppe Buja. Il Laboratorio fa parte del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale dell'Università degli Studi di Padova, Italia.

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Merkle, Matthew Alan. "Variable Bus Voltage Modeling for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36565.

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A growing dependence on foreign oil, along with a heightened concern over the environmental impact of personal transportation, had led the U. S. government to investigate and sponsor research into advanced transportation concepts. One of these future technologies is the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), typically featuring both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, with the goal of producing fewer emissions while obtaining superior fuel economy. While vehicles such as the Virginia Tech designed and built HEV Lumina have provided a substantial proof of concept for hybrids, there still remains a great deal of research to be done regarding optimization of hybrid vehicle design. This optimization process has been made easier through the use of ADVISOR, a MATLAB simulation program developed by the U. S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Lab. ADVISOR allows one to evaluate different drivetrain and subsystem configurations for both fuel economy and emissions levels. However, the present version of ADVISOR uses a constant power model for the auxiliary power unit (APU) that, while effective for cursory simulation efforts, does not provide for a truly accurate simulation. This thesis describes modifications made to the ADVISOR code to allow for the use of a load sharing APU scheme based on models developed from vehicle testing. Results for typical driving cycles are presented, demonstrating that the performance predicted by the load sharing simulation more closely follows the results obtained from actual vehicle testing. This new APU model also allows for easy adaptation for future APU technologies, such as fuel cells. Finally, an example is given to illustrate how the ADVISOR code can be used for optimizing vehicle design. This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract XCG-6-16668-01 for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Master of Science

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21

yang, fan. "TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF BATTERY-POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1586168947699415.

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22

Qin, Helen. "Powertrain technology and cost assessment of battery electric vehicles." Thesis, UOIT, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/86.

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This thesis takes EV from the late 90’s as a baseline, assess the capability of today’s EV technology, and establishes its near-term and long-term prospects. Simulations are performed to evaluate EVs with different combinations of new electric machines and battery chemistries. Cost assessment is also presented to address the major challenge of EV commercialization. This assessment is based on two popular vehicle classes: subcompact and mid-size. Fuel, electricity and battery costs are taken into consideration for this study. Despite remaining challenges and concerns, this study shows that with production level increases and battery price-drops, full function EVs could dominate the market in the longer term. The modeling shows that from a technical and performance standpoint both range and recharge times already fall into a window of practicality, with few if any compromises relative to conventional vehicles. Electric vehicles are the most sustainable alternative personal transportation technology available to-date. With continuing breakthroughs, minimal change to the power grid, and optimal GHG reductions, emerging electric vehicle performance is unexpectedly high.

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Sandin, Carl-Oscar. "Developing Infrastructure to Promote Electric Mobility." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-55326.

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Electric mobility, E-mobility, will play a central role in a sustainable future transport system. The potential of curbing climate change in both short and long term are significant. Emobility will also offer the possibility to leapfrog the Internal Combustion car, IC-car, economy for developing countries. The low dependence of oil will be a benefit but E-mobility will demand a well functional electricity grid. Development of this grid will be beneficial for the developing world. For the European society E-mobility will in long term offer lower operating costs, decreased dependence of oil and lower emission of pollutants and Green House Gases, GHGs. All these factors are beneficial for the European society. The transition to E-mobility will depend upon a set of different factors and will call for different actions in order to overcome the barriers of E-mobility. A well developed charging infrastructure will be important in order to offer the full potential of E-mobility. The infrastructure will develop along with the market introduction of Electrical Vehicles, EVs. It is important that there are existing charging alternatives in the early introduction phase of EV in order to avoid the stagnation in the transition toward E-mobility. In order to provide the proper conditions for E-mobility, the determining factors must be investigated and evaluated. The four main factors are economical, social, R&D and infrastructure. The European driving patterns meet the offered operating range of an EV with ease. This means that EV has the potential to become an inner city vehicle under existing conditions. The investigation of the four determining factors leads to a base from which an implementation plan is suggested. The implementation plan is directed toward governments, energy utilities and other active participants in the development. The key factors of the implementation plan are to actively engage in the market, see E-mobility as a disruptive technology, use spin-off companies and social transparency. In order to gain the most from the implementation plan it is important that the correct actions are taken at the correct time. Therefore the transition period is divided into three phases; the introduction phase, the commercial phase and the re-development phase. The introduction phase will create the basic conditions for E-mobility. Government’s main action will be to invest in EVs and offer subsidies and other incentives to major companies that will equip their vehicle fleets with EVs. These actions will send signals toward vehicle Original Equipment Manufactures, OEMs, and other actors that the market of EVs is worth investing in. During the introduction phase try-out sessions, demonstrations and hearings will be important in order to communicate the advantages of E-mobility to society. Energy utilities will work to create roaming deals and standardization of important components and characteristics. The commercial phase is the most important phase for social adoption of E-mobility. During this phase commercial businesses will use EV charging a competitive advantage. New business models will be one of the keys to fully adoption of E-mobility. Cross industry alliances will reduce the initial cost, offer the service of a vehicle without owning it and leasing deals. The perception of travelling will shift and reduction of operating cost will be evaluated against travel time and planning. The re-development phase is based on a society that has adopted E-mobility. The development will proceed in order to offer more advantages to drivers but also to increase efficiency and to use the full potential of E-mobility.

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Kim, Young Hee S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A global analysis and market strategy in the electric vehicle battery industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90747.

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Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014.
123
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-58).
As use of electric vehicles has been expected to grow, the batteries for the electric vehicles have become critical because the batteries are a key part of the paradigm shift in the automotive industry. However, the demand for electric vehicles has been growing slowly and the electric vehicle battery industry still has internal and external competitions to become a standardized energy source for electric vehicles. The electric vehicle batteries will need to improve their performance, safety, life cycle, charging time and infrastructure to succeed in the market. Since the electric vehicle battery industry is associated with a variety of stakeholders, it should enhance its performance in complex internal and external competitions by cooperating closely with them. Automobile makers in particular are becoming competitors as well as clients to the electric vehicle battery industry. As automobile makers aggressively invest in electric vehicle battery manufacturing, the internal competitions to achieve technology, cost, and market leadership are accelerating. In addition, automobile makers have developed fuel cell technologies for fuel cell electric vehicles. Since the fuel cell has the advantages in electric driving ranges, in charging time, and in vehicle design, the fuel cell electric vehicles could well restructure the entire electric vehicle market if they reduce fuel prices and establish charging infrastructures. The electric vehicle battery industry should seek to speed technology advances for the next generation of battery technologies by identifying key materials, improve battery performance, enhance manufacturing capabilities, and reduce manufacturing costs by expanding the scope of its R&D. If it needs strategic partnerships, the electric vehicle battery industry should look for long-term strategic partners with whom it can grow together. Moreover, the electric vehicle battery industry should enhance its value chain by interacting with suppliers at all tiers from raw material companies to final product makers. Furthermore, the electric vehicle battery industry should seek to attain the economies of scale for the cost and market leadership by diversifying the batteries' applications. Finally, it should compete not on price but on value while strengthening the industry's power.
by Young Hee Kim.
S.M. in Management Studies

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Schropp, Elke [Verfasser]. "Life Cycle Assessment of an Average German Battery Electric Vehicle / Elke Schropp." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121947617X/34.

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BATTAGLIA, DANIELE. "Modelling and Application of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicle Charge." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/333518.

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The present PhD dissertation deals with the dynamic modelling and implementation of a molten salt battery storage system of the SMHB (Sodium Metal Halide) topology. Chapter 1 focuses on the state of the art of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) technologies, highlighting the most widespread technologies and their relative advantages and disadvantages. In addition, different modelling techniques are presented for the description of the storage system behaviour. Next, the main fields of application for BESS are presented. Chapter 2 introduces the Sodium Metal Halide Battery. Its chemical characteristics have been deeply investigated. In particular, an equivalent circuit model of Thevenin is presented for the description of the dynamic behaviour of the battery. A comparison between two different models of iron (present in SMHB) has been investigated, showing the improvements through experimental tests. Chapter 3 concerns the development of a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter to be interfaced with the SMHB battery. The converter has been developed in two configurations: the standard and the partial. The two configurations have been compared considering the efficiency of the battery-converter system. A round trip efficiency analysis has been performed, the results of which show higher efficiencies for the partial configuration. In Chapter 4, the main applications of second-life batteries (SLBs) are presented. In particular, the DCFC application has been analysed and compared with other power profiles. The application of Li-ion SLB battery packs has been considered for the DCFC application, developing different power profiles and studying the impact of degradation and replacement rate for a specific system design. Correlations between the characteristics of SLBs and the replacement rate are presented. Finally, a comparison between the lithium-ion SLB technologies and the SMHB for the application of DCFC is presented. The aging effects of SMHB highlight how this technology is a good candidate for the application of DCFC in support of SLBs.

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Marcos, Pastor Adrià. "Design and control of a battery charger for electric vehicles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/397739.

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En aquesta tesis es presenta el disseny i control d’un carregador de bateries bidireccional per a vehicles elèctrics connectables a la xarxa. El prototip implementat és bidireccional, de 3 kW i està dissenyat per una tensió de bateria d’entre 200 V i 380 V. El control digital s’ha implementat en un Digital Signal Controller (DSC) tipus TMS320F28335. La topologia del carregador proposada consisteix un pont rectificador síncron seguit de dues etapes connectades en cascada. La primera la formen tres convertidors elevadors bidireccionals connectats en paral·lel, mentre que la segona són tres convertidors reductors bidireccionals connectats a la bateria. La primera etapa del carregador té la funció de corregir el factor de potència i regular a 400 V la tensió del bus DC que connecta les dues etapes. En canvi, la segona etapa entrega a la bateria el corrent calculat pel control de càrrega de la bateria. El disseny dels algorismes de control de corrent dels inductors del sistema s’ha realitzat per mitjà de l’aplicació de la teoria de control en mode de lliscament de temps discret amb l’objectiu que els convertidors operin a freqüència constant. Aquesta característica permet l’aplicació del mode d’operació en “interleaving” o entrellaçat dels diferents convertidors de forma directa. D’altra banda, aquesta tesi també estudia la reducció del condensador del bus DC intermig, generalment present en aplicacions monofàsiques basades en dues etapes, amb l’objectiu d’evitar l’ús de condensadors electrolítics per la seva baixa vida útil. En un cas, es considera la segona etapa del sistema com una font que absorbeix una potència constant i que la tensió del bus DC és regulada per la primera etapa. El segon cas proposa que la segona etapa reguli la tensió del bus mentre que la primera etapa es comporta com una font de potència constant.
En esta tesis se presenta el diseño y control de un cargador de baterías para vehículos eléctricos conectables a la red. El prototipo implementado es bidireccional, de 3 kW y se ha diseñado para una tensión de batería de entre 200 V y 380 V. El control digital se ha implementado en un Digital Signal Controller (DSC) tipo TMS320F28335. La topología del cargador propuesta consiste en un puente rectificador síncrono seguido de dos etapas conectadas en cascada. La primera la forman tres convertidores elevadores conectados en paralelo, mientras que la segunda son tres convertidores reductores conectados a la batería. La primera etapa tiene la función de corregir el factor de potencia y regular a 400 V la tensión del bus DC que conecta las dos etapas. La segunda etapa entrega a la batería la corriente calculada por el control de carga de la batería. Los algoritmos de control de corriente de los inductores se han diseñado por medio de la aplicación de la teoría de control en modo de deslizamiento de tiempo discreto con el objetivo que los convertidores trabajen a frecuencia constante. De esta forma, la aplicación del modo de operación en entrelazado de los diferentes convertidores es directa. Por otro lado, esta tesis también estudia la reducción del condensador del bus intermedio, generalmente presente en aplicaciones monofásicas basadas en dos etapas, con el fin de evitar la necesidad de usar condensadores electrolíticos dada su baja vida útil. En un caso se ha considerado que la segunda etapa del sistema actúa como una fuente que absorbe una potencia constante y que la regulación de tensión del bus DC la realiza la primera etapa. El segundo caso propone que la segunda etapa regule la tensión del bus mientras que la primera etapa se comporta como una fuente de potencia constante.
This thesis presents the design and control of a battery charger for plug-in electric vehicles. The implemented prototype is bidirectional, with a rated power of 3 kW and it has been designed for a battery voltage range of 200 V and 380 V. The digital control has been implemented on one Digital Signal Controller (DSC) type TMS320F28335. The proposed topology of the battery charger is based on a full bridge synchronous rectifier followed by two cascaded stages. The first stage consists of three boost converters connected in parallel, while the second stage is composed by three parallel buck converters connected to the battery. The first stage is meant to correct the power factor and to regulate the DC-link voltage at 400 V. The second stage delivers to the battery the current calculated by the battery state of charger controller. The inductor current controllers have been designed by means the applications of the discrete-time sliding-mode control theory, so that their operation at a constant switching frequency is possible. Hence, the application of interleaving operation mode is directly applicable. Besides, the reduction of the DC-link capacitors, generally present in single-phase applications based on two-cascaded stages, is also addressed in order to avoid the use of electrolytic capacitors owing to their reduced lifespan. Two different scenarios have been taken into account. The first one considers that the second stage is meant to operate as a constant power sink and the DC-link voltage regulation is carried out by the first stage. The second scenario proposes the DC-link voltage is regulated by the second stage while the first stage behaves as a constant power source.

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Knutsen, Daniel, and Oscar Willén. "A study of electric vehicle charging patterns and range anxiety." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201099.

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Range anxiety is a relatively new concept which is defined as the fear of running out of power when driving an electric vehicle. To decrease range anxiety you can increase the battery size or decrease the minimum state of charge, the least amount of power that can be left in the battery, or to expand the available fast charging infrastructure. But is that economical feasible or even technically possible in today’s society? In this project we have used a theoretical model for estimating range anxiety and have simulated the average electricity consumption using two different kinds of electric vehicles, to see how often they reach range anxiety according to a specific definition of range anxiety implemented in this model. The simulations were performed for different scenarios in order to evaluate the effect of different parameters on range anxiety. The result that we got were that range anxiety can be decreased with bigger batteries but to get range anxiety just a few times a year you have to use battery sizes which aren’t economical feasible today. Despite the shortcomings of todays electric vehicles there are promising new and future technologies such as better batteries which might help alleviate range anxiety for electric vehicle owner. The conclusion from this study is that in the present fleet of electric vehicles is in need of more charging stations and faster charging to get by the problem with range anxiety and having a chance to compete with gasoline and diesel vehicles.

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LARSSON, FREDRIK. "Evaluation of thermal expansion in busbarsused for battery electric vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302111.

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Thermal expansion can be an issue in solid busbars, the expansion is caused by several factors and can cause plastic deformation in connection points or structure around it. The expansion occurs due to temperature differences in the busbar as a result of altered ambient temperature and/or joule heating. The environment where a vehicle is used can be harsh and varying in temperatures a lot. For future fast charging systems, a high amount of current will be passed in the conductors. In a stationary installation, this could be solved by increasing the cross-section area. In vehicles, the weight, cost, and space limitations callfor optimization of the conductor. In this thesis, there are several geometrical alterations done to the busbar to investigate the possibility to reduce the amount of stress acting on the connection points. The main geometrical evaluation is to compare a straight busbar to a U-shaped busbar. In the U-shape, the height, bend radius, and cross-section shape are investigated. To investigate this issue a simulation model was developed using Comsol, this software was used to evaluate stress values, max temperature, losses, and displacement. The results from the simulation showed that the U-shape has a large potential to reduce the amount of stress. Also, the cross-section shape tests showed that the steady-state temperature was lower for the more flatter shaped busbar. This is true both for the U-shape and straight busbar. This resulted inreduced amount of thermal expansion causing lower amount of stress, without adding any weight. The weight parameter is extremely important for vehicle implementation. The last test is looking at the busbar material where nickel-plated copper is compared to anodized aluminum. This test is divided into two parts, the first one is looking at an aluminum busbar compared to a copper busbar of the same geometry. This test showed that the losses in the aluminum busbar were much higher, but the steady-state temperature and max stress were lower. The second part of the test investigated the compensated aluminum busbar, this one is modeled by compensating the cross-section area for the higher resistance value of aluminum. The results from this busbar compared to the standard-shaped busbar showed a substantially lower stress, temperature and weight. But the overall dimensions are larger due to the compensated cross-section area. Having this larger Cross section area might hinder the implementation of aluminium busbars in parts of the vehicle where there is a lack of space, like in a battery box.
Termisk expansion i solida busbars är ett vanligt problem vid kraftig temperaturvariation. Problemet ökar med längden av busbaren och kan leda till plastisk deformation i infästningen av busbaren. Temperaturvariationen kan ske genom varierad omgivningstemperatur eller genom resistiv uppvärmning. Om en busbar ska användas i ett fordon för kraftöverföring är arbetsmiljön mycket påfrestande. Den termiska uppvärmningen går normalt att motverka genom att öka tvärsnittsarean, men i ett fordon där vikt, kostnad och platsbrist minskar möjligheten för ökad tvärsnittsarea blir optimering av ledaren extra viktig. För att undersöka problemet utvecklades en simuleringsmodell med hjälp av Comsol. Denna programvara använder för att utvärdera spänningskoncentrationer, maxtemperatur, förluster och utböjningar i busbaren. För att undersöka eventuella lösningar togs det fram flera geometriska variationer till busbaren, där möjligheten att använda en “U-form” utgjorde basen i en jämförelse mot en vanlig rakbusbar. För U-formen undersöktes U-höjden, böj-radien samt tvärsnittsformen. Även en jämförelse mellan nickelpläterad koppar och anodiserad aluminiumgenomfördes för att urskilja eventuella för och nackdelar med materialen. Resultaten från simuleringarna visade att U-formen gav klart lägre spänning i kontaktpunkterna. Även tvärsnittsformen påverkade temperaturen och spänningen i busbaren, där den plattare varianten presterade bättre på alla parametrar som undersöktes i simuleringen. För utvärderingen av materialet utfördes två tester, det första testet jämför en busbar i aluminium mot en i koppar med exakt samma geometri, detta testvisade att temperaturen samt spänningen blir lägre i aluminiumvarianten, dock ökar förlusterna kraftigt då aluminium har högre resistans än koppar. I den andra testet användes en kompenserad aluminiumbusbar där tvärsnittsarean har ökats för att ge samma resistans som kopparvarianten. Denna busbar fick en mycket lägre sluttemperatur, spänning och vikt. Förlusterna blev detsamma. Den högre tvärsnittsarean ger dock en fysiskt större busbar.

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Norstedt, Erik, and Olof Bräne. "Model Predictive Climate Control for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446435.

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This thesis explores the possibility of using an optimal control scheme called Model Predictive Control (MPC), to control climatization systems for electric vehicles. Some components of electric vehicles, for example the batteries and power electronics, are sensitive to temperature and for this reason it is important that their temperature is well regulated. Furthermore, like all vehicles, the cab also needs to be heated and cooled. One of the weaknesses of electric vehicles is their range, for this reason it is important that the temperature control is energy efficient. Once the range of electric vehicles is increased the down sides compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles decrease, which could lead to an increase in the usage of electric vehicles. This could in turn lead to a decrease of greenhouse gas emission in the transportation sector. With the help of MPC it is possible for the controller to take more factors into consideration when controlling the system than just temperature and in this thesis the power consumption and noise are also taken into consideration. A simple model where parts of the climate system’s circuits were seen as point masses was developed, with nonlinear heat transfers occurring between them, which in turn were controlled by actuators such as fans, pumps and valves. The model was created using Simulink and MATLAB, and the MPC toolbox was used to develop nonlinear MPC controllers to control the climate system. A standard nonlinear MPC, a nonlinear MPC with custom cost functions and a PI controller where all developed and compared in simulations of a cooling scenario. The controllers were designed to control the temperatures of the battery, power electronics and the cab of an electric vehicle. The results of the thesis indicate that MPC could reduce power consumption for the climate control system, it was however not possible to draw any final conclusions as the PI controller that the MPC controllers were compared to was not well optimized for the system. The MPC controllers could benefit from further work, most importantly by applying a more sophisticated tuning method to the controller weights. What was certain was that it is possible to apply this type of centralized controller to very complex systems and achieve robustness without external logic. Even with the controller keeping track of six different temperatures and controlling 15 actuators, the control loop runs much faster than real time on a modern computer which shows promise with regard to implementing it on an embedded system.

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Doucette, Reed. "The Oxford Vehicle Model : a tool for modeling and simulating the powertrains of electric and hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfff8f27-f4a4-4c77-953e-09253aba3aa0.

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This dissertation addresses the challenges of scoping and sizing components and modeling the tank to wheel energy flows in new and rapidly evolving classes of automotive vehicles. It introduces a system of computer models, known as the Oxford Vehicle Model (OVEM), which provide for the novel simulation of the powertrains of electric (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). OVEM has a three-level structure that makes a unique contribution to the field of vehicle analysis by enabling a user to proceed from performing scoping and sizing exercises through to accurately simulating the energy flows in powertrains of EVs and HEVs utilizing existing and emerging technologies based on real world data. Level 1 uses simplified models to support initial component scoping and sizing exercises in an analysis environment where uncertainty regarding component specifications is high. Level 2 builds on Level 1 by obtaining more refined component scoping and sizing estimates via the use of component models based on well-understood scientific principles that are product-independent – a crucial feature for obtaining unbiased scoping and sizing estimates. Level 3 employs a high degree of fidelity in that its models impose actual physical limits and are based on data from real technologies. This dissertation concludes with two chapters based on studies published as journal articles that used OVEM to address key issues facing the development of EVs and HEVs. The first study used OVEM to make the novel comparison between high-speed flywheels, batteries, and ultracapacitors on the bases of cost and fuel consumption while functioning as the energy storage systems in an HEV. The second study applied OVEM towards a novel examination of the CO2 emissions from plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) and compares their CO2 emissions to those from similar EVs and ICE-based vehicles.

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Olofsson, Jens, and Sandra Nymo. "Fossil fuel- free by 2030 : A quantitative study on battery electric vehicle adoption and the moderating role of total cost of ownership." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161397.

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Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are promoted as a viable near-term technology to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). With Sweden's relatively slow adoption of the BEV in combination with the Swedish government's target of a vehicle fleet independent of fossil fuels by 2030, we study how adoption intentions are influenced by vehicle attribute and when these effects influence BEV adoption. This thesis builds on previous research investigating the effects of barriers and drivers on consumers intentions to adopt electric vehicles. Our study has more specifically examined Swedish consumers intentions to adopt a BEV by conducting a quantitative designed study. We considered the barrier of high perceived price and the driver of environmental self-identity, alongside demographic factors. Furthermore, we also highlight the understudied concept of total cost of ownership (TCO) by studying its moderating role on the relationship between high perceived price, environmental self-identity and consumers intention to adopt BEV’s. We find that the barrier of high perceived price had no significant influence on intentions to adopt BEV’s, while environmental self-identity was positive and a strong predictor of consumers intentions. Additionally, our results show that the moderating effect of attention to cost (TCOA) and level of information (TCOB) was only significant at one of the four interactions. Concluding that the moderator TCOB has a positive effect on the relationship between high perceived price and intention to adopt BEV’s. These results have implication for BEV marketing, policy and consumers, and suggests that symbolic attributes of the battery electric vehicle have a tendency to reinforce consumers self-identity. This serves as a promising non-financial strategy for increasing BEV adoption. Moreover, the results indicate that consumer with little knowledge of the cost associated with car ownership (low TCOB) are more sensitive to the negative effects from the price of BEV’s in relation to their adoption intentions.

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Stienecker, Adam W. "An Ultracapacitor - Battery Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1121976890.

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Li, Qingyuan. "Development and refinement of a hybrid electric vehicle simulator and its application in "design space exploration" /." Connect to this title online, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu11085884154.

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de, Fluiter Travis. "Design of lightweigh electric vehicles." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2438.

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The design and manufacture of lightweight electric vehicles is becoming increasingly important with the rising cost of petrol, and the effects emissions from petrol powered vehicles are having on our environment. The University of Waikato and HybridAuto's Ultracommuter electric vehicle was designed, manufactured, and tested. The vehicle has been driven over 1800km with only a small reliability issue, indicating that the Ultracommuter was well designed and could potentially be manufactured as a solution to ongoing transportation issues. The use of titanium aluminide components in the automotive industry was researched. While it only has half the density of alloy steel, titanium aluminides have the same strength and stiffness as steel, along with good corrosion resistance, making them suitable as a lightweight replacement for steel components. Automotive applications identified that could benefit from the use of TiAl include brake callipers, brake rotors and electric motor components.

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Björnsson, Lars-Henrik, Sten Karlsson, and Frances Sprei. "Objective functions for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery range optimization and possible effects on the vehicle fleet." Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72804.

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This study analyzes how, in a possible electrification of the car fleet through plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), the choice of objective function, which potentially reflects different stakeholders’ interests, may influence the resulting optimal PHEV battery range, the PHEV share in the vehicle fleet, the fleet total cost of ownership (TCO) savings, and the fleet electric drive fraction under various economic conditions and policy options. The optimal battery range can differ considerably among objective functions, especially between the objectives of maximizing the number of PHEVs and maximizing driving on electricity. Increased viability of the PHEV, for instance, through lower battery costs, higher running cost savings, or PHEV-promoting subsidies, will strengthen this effect. Therefore, a high share of viable PHEVs in the vehicle fleet does not necessarily result in a high share of electric driving. When designing policies to promote PHEVs, both the short- and long-term policy objectives and their potential effects need to be considered explicitly.

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LARSSON, FREDRIK. "Evaluation of thermal expansion in busbars used for battery electric vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302111.

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Thermal expansion can be an issue in solid busbars, the expansion is caused by several factors and can cause plastic deformation in connection points or structure around it. The expansion occurs due to temperature differences in the busbar as a result of altered ambient temperature and/or joule heating. The environment where a vehicle is used can be harsh and varying in temperatures a lot. For future fast charging systems, a high amount of current will be passed in the conductors. In a stationary installation, this could be solved by increasing the cross-section area. In vehicles, the weight, cost, and space limitations callfor optimization of the conductor. In this thesis, there are several geometrical alterations done to the busbar to investigate the possibility to reduce the amount of stress acting on the connection points. The main geometrical evaluation is to compare a straight busbar to a U-shaped busbar. In the U-shape, the height, bend radius, and cross-section shape are investigated. To investigate this issue a simulation model was developed using Comsol, this software was used to evaluate stress values, max temperature, losses, and displacement. The results from the simulation showed that the U-shape has a large potential to reduce the amount of stress. Also, the cross-section shape tests showed that the steady-state temperature was lower for the more flatter shaped busbar. This is true both for the U-shape and straight busbar. This resulted inreduced amount of thermal expansion causing lower amount of stress, without adding any weight. The weight parameter is extremely important for vehicle implementation. The last test is looking at the busbar material where nickel-plated copper is compared to anodized aluminum. This test is divided into two parts, the first one is looking at an aluminum busbar compared to a copper busbar of the same geometry. This test showed that the losses in the aluminum busbar were much higher, but the steady-state temperature and max stress were lower. The second part of the test investigated the compensated aluminum busbar, this one is modeled by compensating the cross-section area for the higher resistance value of aluminum. The results from this busbar compared to the standard-shaped busbar showed a substantially lower stress, temperature and weight. But the overall dimensions are larger due to the compensated cross-section area. Having this larger Cross section area might hinder the implementation of aluminium busbars in parts of the vehicle where there is a lack of space, like in a battery box.
Termisk expansion i solida busbars är ett vanligt problem vid kraftig temperaturvariation. Problemet ökar med längden av busbaren och kan leda till plastisk deformation i infästningen av busbaren. Temperaturvariationen kan ske genom varierad omgivningstemperatur eller genom resistiv uppvärmning. Om en busbar ska användas i ett fordon för kraftöverföring är arbetsmiljön mycket påfrestande. Den termiska uppvärmningen går normalt att motverka genom att öka tvärsnittsarean, men i ett fordon där vikt, kostnad och platsbrist minskar möjligheten för ökad tvärsnittsarea blir optimering av ledaren extra viktig. För att undersöka problemet utvecklades en simuleringsmodell med hjälp av Comsol. Denna programvara använder för att utvärdera spänningskoncentrationer, maxtemperatur, förluster och utböjningar i busbaren. För att undersöka eventuella lösningar togs det fram flera geometriska variationer till busbaren, där möjligheten att använda en “U-form” utgjorde basen i en jämförelse mot en vanlig rakbusbar. För U-formen undersöktes U-höjden, böj-radien samt tvärsnittsformen. Även en jämförelse mellan nickelpläterad koppar och anodiserad aluminiumgenomfördes för att urskilja eventuella för och nackdelar med materialen. Resultaten från simuleringarna visade att U-formen gav klart lägre spänning i kontaktpunkterna. Även tvärsnittsformen påverkade temperaturen och spänningen i busbaren, där den plattare varianten presterade bättre på alla parametrar som undersöktes i simuleringen. För utvärderingen av materialet utfördes två tester, det första testet jämför en busbar i aluminium mot en i koppar med exakt samma geometri, detta testvisade att temperaturen samt spänningen blir lägre i aluminiumvarianten, dock ökar förlusterna kraftigt då aluminium har högre resistans än koppar. I den andra testet användes en kompenserad aluminiumbusbar där tvärsnittsarean har ökats för att ge samma resistans som kopparvarianten. Denna busbar fick en mycket lägre sluttemperatur, spänning och vikt. Förlusterna blev detsamma. Den högre tvärsnittsarean ger dock en fysiskt större busbar.

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Svens, Pontus. "Methods for Testing and Analyzing Lithium-Ion Battery Cells intended for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145166.

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Lithium-ion batteries designed for use in heavy-duty hybrid vehicles are continuously improved in terms of performance and longevity, but they still have limitations that need to be considered when developing new hybrid vehicles. The aim of this thesis has been to study and evaluate potential test and analysis methods suitable for being used in the design process when maximizing lifetime and utilization of batteries in heavy-duty hybrid vehicles. A concept for battery cell cycling on vehicles has been evaluated. The work included development of test equipment, verification of hardware and software as well as an extended period of validation on heavy-duty trucks. The work showed that the concept has great potential for evaluating strategies for battery usage in hybrid vehicles, but is less useful for accelerated aging of battery cells. Battery cells encapsulated in flexible packaging material have been investigated with respect to the durability of the encapsulation in a demanding heavy-duty hybrid truck environment. No effect on water intrusion was detected after vibration and temperature cycling of the battery cells. Aging of commercial battery cells of the type lithium manganese oxide - lithium cobalt oxide / lithium titanium oxide (LMO-LCO/LTO) was investigated with different electrochemical methods to gain a deeper understanding of the origin of performance deterioration, and to understand the consequences of aging from a vehicle manufacturer's perspective. The investigation revealed that both capacity loss and impedance rise were largely linked to the positive electrode for this type of battery chemistry. Postmortem analysis of material from cycle-aged and calendar-aged battery cells of the type LMO-LCO/LTO and LiFePO4/graphite was performed to reveal details about aging mechanisms for those cell chemistries. Analysis of cycle-aged LMO-LCO/LTO cells revealed traces of manganese in the negative electrode and that the positive electrode exhibited the most severe aging. Analysis of cycle-aged LFP/graphite cells revealed traces of iron in the negative electrode and that the negative electrode exhibited the most severe aging.
Litiumjonbatterier anpassade för användning i tunga hybridfordon förbättras kontinuerligt med avseende på prestanda och livslängd men har fortfarande begränsningar som måste beaktas vid utveckling av nya hybridfordon. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att studera och utvärdera potentiella prov- och analysmetoder lämpliga för användning i arbetet med att maximera livslängd och utnyttjandegrad av batterier i tunga hybridfordon. Ett koncept för battericykling på fordon har utvärderats. Arbetet innefattade utveckling av testutrustning, verifiering av hårdvara och mjukvara samt en längre periods validering på lastbilar. Arbetet har visat att konceptet har stor potential för utvärdering av strategier för användandet av batterier i hybridfordon, men är mindre användbar för åldring av batterier. Batterier kapslade i flexibelt förpackningsmaterial har undersökts med avseende på kapslingens hållbarhet i en krävande hybridlastbilsmiljö. Ingen påverkan på fuktinträngning kunde påvisas efter vibration och temperaturcykling av de testade battericellerna. Åldring av kommersiella battericeller av typen litiummanganoxid - litiumkoboltoxid/litiumtitanoxid (LMO-LCO/LTO) undersöktes med olika elektrokemiska metoder för att få en djupare förståelse för prestandaförändringens ursprung och för att förstå konsekvenserna av åldrandet ur en fordonstillverkares användarperspektiv. Undersökningen visade att både kapacitetsförlust och impedanshöjning till största delen var kopplat till den positiva elektroden för denna batterityp. Post-mortem analys av material från cyklade och kalenderåldrade kommersiella battericeller av typen LMO-LCO/LTO och LiFePO4/grafit utfördes för att avslöja detaljer kring åldringsmekanismerna för dessa cellkemier. Vid analys av cyklade LMO-LCO/LTO celler påvisades mangan i den negativa elektroden samt uppvisade den positiva elektroden kraftigast åldring. Vid analys av cyklade LFP/grafit celler påvisades järn i den negativa elektroden samt uppvisade den negativa elektroden kraftigast åldring.

QC 20140520

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Elger, Ragna. "On the behaviour of the lithium ion battery in the HEV application." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1708.

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The lithium ion battery is today mainly used in cell phonesand laptops. In the future, this kind of battery might beuseful in hybrid electric vehicles as well.

In this work, the main focus has been to gain more knowledgeabout the lithium ion battery in the hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) and more precisely to examine what processes of thebattery that are limiting at HEV currents. Both experiments andmathematical modelling have been used. In both cases, highrate, pulsed currents typical for the HEV, have been used.

Two manuscripts have been written. Both of them concern thebehaviour of the battery at HEV load, but from different pointsof view. The first one concerns the electrochemical behaviourof the battery at different ambient temperatures. Theexperimental results of this paper were used to validate amathematical model of a Li-ion battery. Possiblesimplifications of the model were identified. In this work itwas also concluded that the mass transfer of the electrolyte isthe main limiting process within the battery. The mass transferof the electrolyte was further studied in the second paper,where the concentration of lithium ions was measured indirectlyusing in situ Raman spectroscopy. This study showed that themathematical description of the mass transfer of theelectrolyte is not complete. One main reason of this issuggested to be the poor description of the physical parametersof the electrolyte. These ought to be further studied in orderto get a better fit between concentration gradients predictedby experiments and model respectively.

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Ambaripeta, Hari Prasad. "Range Extender Development for Electric Vehicle Using Engine Generator Set." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1424202532.

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Arenas, Guerrero Claudia Patricia. "ENERGY REDUCTION IN AUTOMOTIVE PAINT SHOPS A REVIEW OF HYBRID/ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY MANUFACTURING." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/65.

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Automotive industry is facing fundamental challenges due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, energy saving and environmental concerns. The need of sustainable energy development has motivated the research of energy reduction and renewable energy sources. Efficient use of energy in vehicle manufacturing is demanded, as well as an alternative energy source to replace gasoline powered engines. In this thesis, we introduce a case study at an automotive paint shop, where the largest amount of energy consumption of an automotive assembly plant takes place. Additionally, we present a summary of recent advances in the area of hybrid and electrical vehicles battery manufacturing, review commonly used battery technologies, their manufacturing processes, and related recycling and environmental issues. Our study shows that energy consumption in paint shops can be reduced substantially by selecting the appropriate repair capacity, reducing the number of repainted jobs and consuming less material and energy. Also, it is seen that considerable effort needs to be devoted to the development of batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles in the near future, which will make this area challenging and research opportunities promising.

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Embrandiri, Manoj. "Implementation and in-depth analyses of a battery-supercapacitor powered electric vehicle (E-Kancil)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14269/.

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This thesis contributes to the research issue pertaining to the management of multiple energy sources on-board a pure electric vehicle; particularly the energy dense traction battery and the power dense supercapacitor or ultracapacitor. This is achieved by analysing real world drive data on the interaction between lead acid battery pack and supercapacitor module connected in parallel while trying to fulfil the load demands of the vehicle. The initial findings and performance of a prototype electric vehicle conversion of a famous Malaysian city car; the perodual kancil, is presented in this thesis. The 660 cc compact city car engine was replaced with a brushless DC motor rated at 8KW continuous and 20KW peak. The battery pack consists of eight T105 Trojan 6V, 225 Ah deep cycle lead acid battery which builds up a voltage of 48V. In addition to this, a supercapacitor module (165F, 48V) is connected in parallel using high power contactors in order to investigate the increase in performance criteria such as acceleration, range, battery life etc. which have been proven in various literatures via simulation studies. A data acquisition system is setup in order to collect real world driving data from the electric vehicle on the fly along a fixed route. Analysis of collected driving data is done using MATLAB software and comparison of performance of the electric vehicle with and without supercapacitor module is made. Results show that with a parallel connection, battery life and health is enhanced by reduction in peak currents of up to 49%. Peak power capabilities of the entire hybrid source increased from 9.5KW to 12.5KW. A 41% increase in range per charge was recorded. The author of this work hopes that by capitalizing on the natural peak power buffering capabilities of the supercapacitor, a cost effective energy management system can be designed in order to utilize more than 23.6% of the supercapacitor energy.

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Infante, William Ferrer. "Stochastic Approaches in Developing Business Models and Strategies for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21341.

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With the influx of electric vehicles, rise of renewable energy sources, and increased deregulation in the electricity market, aggregators such as battery swapping stations with sustainable operational strategies and business models are needed to resolve these challenges to benefit the relevant stakeholders: electric vehicle drivers, battery swapping station owners and distributing company operators. Attempts were already made to create models and strategies for swapping stations, but unfortunately, no comprehensive model addresses the uncertainties inherent in the design and the decisions of relevant stakeholders. This research aims to present practical yet comprehensive stochastic approaches for swapping station business models and operational strategies. Depending on the available information and computing power, the developed models and strategies explored the long-term feasibility and stakeholder reviews using the time-sequence Monte Carlo approach, two-stage optimization techniques and distributed optimization. Two-stage techniques used are optimization with recourse, bilevel programming with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality condition reformulations and multiobjective optimization. Aggregated EV batteries in the station act as a form of distributed energy storage supporting the intermittent renewable energy sources in managing peak loads. For the practical implementation of the business models, complementary electric vehicle station visit forecasting strategies were also proposed ranging from peak-based, conventional arrival, and previous visit dependency techniques. This research has shown how policies for swapping station business models and operational strategies can be developed considering the uncertainties in the swapping design and the decisions of relevant stakeholders.

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Mercan, Aybüke. "Driveline Modelling for Full Electric Bus." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Mysore, Shamprasad Shreyak. "Validation of EcoRouting and an Analysis of the Impact of Traffic on Route Choice." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89537.

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Battery Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles are increasingly becoming more popular in recent years. Stricter regulations from government agencies to curb emissions and reduce impact on climate have led to automobile makers adopt electric powertrains. Eco- Routing is one such method to reduce energy usage in personal transport. EcoRouting is a methodology that determines the route with the least energy consumption between two points. Standard navigation systems often determine the shortest or the fastest route, emphasizing travel time. EcoRouting considers an alternative criterion - energy consumption. In this thesis, an automation methodology is presented that determines the EcoRoute among given route alternatives based on route distance, speed limits, road grades, traffic signs, driver aggression and the powertrain. There are three major objectives in this thesis: Developing the automation methodology for the determination of EcoRoute for use in on-board applications, validating the EcoRouting methodology on actual driving conditions and studying the impact of traffic on the choice of EcoRoute. The automation methodology has been developed on the Android framework for use with on-board applications on Android mobile devices. The automation methodology used to conduct sensitivity studies show that factors such as driver aggression, distance and conditional stops impact energy consumption. The comparison of results of simulation using the automation methodology against results from actual driving to validate the methodology on actual driving conditions show that transient traffic conditions can have significant impact on energy consumption. Finally, route energy consumptions for various traffic conditions are estimated using simulation to understand the impact of traffic on energy consumption and EcoRoute choice. Results that are obtained show that apart from traffic affecting the energy consumption, travel times can have an impact on choice of EcoRoute.
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Hardman, Scott, Eric Shiu, and Robert Steinberger-Wilckens. "Comparing high-end and low-end early adopters of battery electric vehicles." Elsevier, 2016. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72827.

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Battery electric vehicle adoption research has been on going for two decades. The majority of data gathered thus far is taken from studies that sample members of the general population and not actual adopters of the vehicles. This paper presents findings from a study involving 340 adopters of battery electric vehicles. The data is used to corroborate some existing assumptions made about early adopters. The contribution of this paper, however, is the distinction between two groups of adopters. These are high-end adopters and low-end adopters. It is found that each group has a different socio-economic profile and there are also some psychographic differences. Further they have different opinions of their vehicles with high-end adopters viewing their vehicles more preferentially. The future purchase intentions of each group are explored and it is found that high-end adopters are more likely to continue with ownership of battery electric vehicles in subsequent purchases. Finally reasons for this are explored by comparing each adopter group’s opinions of their vehicles to their future purchase intentions. From this is it suggested that time to refuel and range for low-end battery electric vehicles should be improved in order to increase chances of drivers continuing with BEV ownership.

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Morini, Lorenzo. "Thermal management model for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12960/.

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L’elettrificazione dei veicoli diventerà sempre più preminente sia per ridurre i consumi sia per soddisfare le sempre più stringenti normative sulle emissioni. L' aggiunta di nuovi componenti, cioè motori elettrici, inverter e batteria ad alto voltaggio, permette di aumentare la massima coppia disponibile alle ruote e l’energia immagazzinata a bordo, ma aumenta anche il peso della vettura. Inoltre, questi componenti, pur avendo una efficienza molto elevata, producono una rilevante quantità di calore che deve essere opportunamente rimossa. Al fine di garantire efficienza e affidabilità dell’intero sistema veicolo, l’impianto di raffreddamento deve essere riprogettato. Lo sviluppo di un modello termico può certamente aiutare a progettare al meglio il completo sistema di gestione e controllo della temperatura, visti i molteplici aspetti da considerare. Il veicolo considerato nel presente lavoro di tesi ha un’architettura ibrida P1-P4 e comprende tre circuiti di raffreddamento tra loro separati. Il modello permette di conoscere portata, pressioni e temperature del refrigerante. In primo luogo, la parte idraulica è stata modellata, comprensiva di curva caratteristica della pompa e perdite di carico. In secondo luogo, è stata inclusa la descrizione termica. L’obiettivo principale del presente lavoro è quello di costruire un ambiente in cui successivamente sviluppare strategie di controllo di gestione termica. Gli input del modello sono principalmente parametri legati al powertrain (coppia e velocità di rotazione del motore termico ed elettrico) più i segnali di controllo (per pompe elettriche, ventilatori e compressore) mentre gli output sono la descrizione idraulica e termica del refrigerante nei tre diversi circuiti, più le temperature di batteria e motori elettrici. Il modello costruito è stato poi validato, basandosi sui dati sperimentali a disposizione.

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Jaganathan, Sharanya. "Battery charging power electronics converter and control for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2000377781&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1277474966&clientId=28564.

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Vagg, Christopher. "Optimal control of hybrid electric vehicles for real-world driving patterns." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648946.

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Optimal control of energy flows in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is crucial to maximising the benefits of hybridisation. The problem is complex because the optimal solution depends on future power demands, which are often unknown. Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) is among the most advanced control optimisation algorithms proposed and incorporates a stochastic representation of the future. The potential of a fully developed SDP controller has not yet been demonstrated on a real vehicle; this work presents what is believed to be the most concerted and complete attempt to do so. In characterising typical driving patterns of the target vehicles this work included the development and trial of an eco-driving driver assistance system; this aims to reduce fuel consumption by encouraging reduced rates of acceleration and efficient use of the gears via visual and audible feedback. Field trials were undertaken using 15 light commercial vehicles over four weeks covering a total of 39,300 km. Average fuel savings of 7.6% and up to 12% were demonstrated. Data from the trials were used to assess the degree to which various legislative test cycles represent the vehicles’ real-world use and the LA92 cycle was found to be the closest statistical match. Various practical considerations in SDP controller development are addressed such as the choice of discount factor and how charge sustaining characteristics of the policy can be examined and adjusted. These contributions are collated into a method for robust implementation of the SDP algorithm. Most reported HEV controllers neglect the significant complications resulting from extensive use of the electrical powertrain at high power, such as increased heat generation and battery stress. In this work a novel cost function incorporates the square of battery C-rate as an indicator of electric powertrain stress, with the aim of lessening the affliction of real-world concerns such as temperatures and battery health. Controllers were tested in simulation and then implemented on a test vehicle; the challenges encountered in doing so are discussed. Testing was performed on a chassis dynamometer using the LA92 test cycle and the novel cost function was found to enable the SDP algorithm to reduce electrical powertrain stress by 13% without sacrificing any fuel savings, which is likely to be beneficial to battery health.

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Zimmerman, Nicole P. "Time-Variant Load Models of Electric Vehicle Chargers." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2297.

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In power distribution system planning, it is essential to understand the impacts that electric vehicles (EVs), and the non-linear, time-variant loading profiles associated with their charging units, may have on power distribution networks. This research presents a design methodology for the creation of both analytical and behavioral models for EV charging units within a VHDL-AMS simulation environment. Voltage and current data collected from Electric Avenue, located on the Portland State University campus, were used to create harmonic profiles of the EV charging units at the site. From these profiles, generalized models for both single-phase (Level 2) and three-phase (Level 3) EV chargers were created. Further, these models were validated within a larger system context utilizing the IEEE 13-bus distribution test feeder system. Results from the model's validation are presented for various charger and power system configurations. Finally, an online tool that was created for use by distribution system designers is presented. This tool can aid designers in assessing the impacts that EV chargers have on electrical assets, and assist with the appropriate selection of transformers, conductor ampacities, and protection equipment & settings.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electric vehicle battery'

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