Academic literature on the topic 'Electric vehicle charging station'

The electric vehicle industry is under rapid development and the fleet of chargeable cars in society is increasing fast. As a result, a high demand for public chargers has emerged. Simultaneous to the expansion of the electric vehicle fleet and charging infrastructure the power grid is occasionally highly strained. Additionally, factors like cities expanding and the digitization of society also have a large effect on the power grid. This master's thesis investigates the characteristics of electric vehicle users and presents a prototype of an information display for electric vehicle charging stations. The design is is based on the user studies and founded in theory about sustainable user behaviour with the goal of encouraging behaviours that minimize the strain on the local power grid of Uppsala. It concerns the research topic of how to design for sustainable behaviour and address research questions of how to design electric vehicle charging station information to communicate multiple charging alternatives to a broad variety of users. The work reveals that electric vehicle users suffer from the charging infrastructure being underdeveloped, feel frustration towards payment solutions available and lack information regarding electric vehicle use. Also, electric vehicle user's common passion for tech and environmental consciousness are revealed in the study. These facts are used as the foundation for the mobile application design prototype suggested.

Une plus grande utilisation des véhicules électriques (VE) et hybrides rechargeables exige une conception efficace des stations de recharge pour fournir des taux de charge appropriés. Le raccordement d'une station sur le réseau électrique conventionnel provoquerait des perturbations, ce qui augmenterait le coût de la recharge. Par conséquent, dans ce scénario, l'utilisation de sources renouvelables sur site telles que l'énergie photovoltaïque (PV) en appui au réseau conventionnel peut augmenter les performances de la station de recharge. Dans cette thèse, une source PV est utilisée conjointement avec le réseau pour compléter la charge des VE. Cependant, le PV est connu pour sa nature intermittente qui dépend fortement des conditions géographiques et météorologiques. Ainsi, pour compenser l'intermittence du PV, un système de stockage à batterie (BSS) est combiné avec le PV dans un système raccordé au réseau, fournissant un fonctionnement stable de la station de recharge PV hybride.En général, les stations de recharge hybrides devraient être rentables, efficientes et fiables pour répondre aux besoins variables de la charge des VE dans différents scénarios. Dans cette thèse, une stratégie efficace de gestion hiérarchique de l'énergie est proposée et appliquée pour maximiser l'énergie photovoltaïque sur site, pour répondre à la charge variable des VE en utilisant une réponse rapide du BSS et en réduisant la sollicitation de réseau. Cette stratégie globale améliore la performance ainsi que la fiabilité et la rentabilité.Un étage de conversion de puissance bidirectionnel efficace est introduit pour le BSS sous la forme d'un convertisseur buck-boost entrelacé pour assurer le fonctionnement du BSS et réduire les pertes pendant la phase de conversion. Cette topologie a des caractéristiques qui permettent d'améliorer les ondulations du courant et par conséquent, d'augmenter considérablement la qualité de l'énergie. De même, pour extraire la puissance maximale du système PV dans des conditions météorologiques intermittentes, une MPPT est utilisée en même temps que le convertisseur élévateur entrelacé pour assurer la continuité de la puissance de la source PV. De même, pour l'étage de charge des véhicules, afin de répondre aux demandes dynamiques de puissance des VE ; tout en maintenant l'équilibre entre les quantités de production disponibles, un convertisseur d'entrelacement est proposé en complément de la stratégie de sous-gestion. En particulier, cette étape de conversion et de gestion porte sur la faible utilisation du réseau notamment lors de pointes de puissance. Ceci diminue considérablement la perturbation sur le réseau, surtout aux heures de pointe, et améliore donc la performance du système dans son ensemble.Pour exploiter l'ensemble du système dans des conditions souhaitables, une stratégie de gestion de l'énergie en ligne est proposée. Cette stratégie en temps réel fonctionne de manière hiérarchique, en s'initialisant à partir d'une utilisation maximale de la source PV, puis en utilisant le BSS pour compléter l'alimentation et en utilisant le réseau en cas de conditions intermittentes ou lorsque la quantité de PV est faible. La stratégie de gestion assure un fonctionnement fiable du système, tout en maximisant l'utilisation du PV, en répondant à la demande des VE et en maximisant la durée de vie du BSS. Dans cette thèse, un système de charge hybride basé sur le PV, le BSS et le réseau conventionnel est proposé pour répondre aux besoins de charge des VE. Une étape efficace de conversion de l'énergie a été proposée en utilisant des convertisseurs entrelacés de type buck-boost pour améliorer la qualité de l'énergie et, en fin de compte, une stratégie de gestion en ligne est développée pour maximiser l'utilisation de l'énergie renouvelable, en insérant moins de stress sur le réseau et en améliorant l'utilisation du BSS<br>Higher penetration of electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles requires efficient design of charging stations to supply appropriate charging rates. This would trigger stress on conventional grid, thus increasing the cost of charging. Therefore, in this scenario the use of on-site renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) energy alongside to the conventional grid can increase the performance of charging station. In this thesis, a PV source is used in conjunction with grid to supplement EV load. However, the PV is known for its intermittent nature that is highly dependent on geographical and weather conditions. So, to compensate the intermittency of PV, a battery storage system (BSS) is combined with the PV in a grid-tied system, providing a stable operation of hybrid PV based charging station.Generally, hybrid sources based charging station should be cost effective, efficient, and reliable to supplement the variable needs of EVs load in different scenarios. In this thesis, efficient hierarchical energy management strategy is proposed and applied to maximize on-site PV energy, to meet the variable load of EVs using quick response of BSS and putting less stress on grid. This strategy overall improves the performance and is reliable and cost-effective.An efficient bidirectional power conversion stage is introduced for BSS in the form of interleaved buck-boost converter to ensure the safe operation of BSS and reduce the losses during conversion stage. This topology has characteristics to improve the current ripples and therefore, increase the power quality drastically. Similarly, to extract the maximum power from PV system under intermittent weather conditions, MPPT is used alongside with interleaved boost converter to ensure the continuity of power from PV source. Similarly, for vehicles charger stage, to meet the dynamic power demands of EVs; while, keeping the balance between available generation amounts, interleave converter is proposed combined to sub-management strategy. Particularly, this conversion stage and management addresses the low utilization of grid sources for charging purpose when, peak load is present at grid side. This charging behaviour greatly decreases the stress on grid especially at peak hours and therefore, improves the performance of system in overall.To operate whole system under desirable conditions, an online energy management strategy is proposed. This real-time strategy works in hierarchical manner, initializing from maximized utilization of PV source, then using BSS to supplement power and utilizing grid during intermittent conditions or when there is low amount of PV. The management strategy ensure reliable operation of system, while maximizing the PV utilization, meeting the EVs demand and maximizing the life the BSS.In this thesis, a hybrid charging system based on PV, BSS and conventional grid is proposed to support the needs of EVs load. Efficient energy conversion stage has been proposed using interleave buck-boost converters to improve the quality of power and at the end, an online management strategy is developed to maximize the renewable energy utilization, inserting lesser stress on grid and improving the utilization of BSS to improve its life

The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the potential for electric vehicle charging at the high school Fyrisskolan, located in central Uppsala. The idea relies on charging electric vehicles (EV:s) outside of the hours of peak power consumption of the school which in this report is assumed to be solved by a suitable smart charger. In this project, various stochastic models are built to simulate solar energy production and school energy consumption using data collected from various sources. This generated data along with  driving distances and EV:s energy consumptions are used to calculate the available energy for EV charging. The available energy is then used to distinguish a minimal, mean and maximal amount of cars that could potentially be charged outside Fyrisskolan for each chosen month. The data collected is taken from December, March and June. Calculations and simulations are done in MATLAB. Results show that with available energy outside the peak energy consumption hours, there is a possibility to charge around 104 EV:s in one work day. The main conclusion is that there is not only a big potential to expand the charging of EV:s outside the school by installing smart charging stations in a technical view, but also a desire from employees at the school and neighbours living near it, to charge their future electric vehicles.

Electric Vehicles represent a small niche market today, but is predicted to grow rapidly over the next years. In order to prepare for this upcoming trend it is the networks of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) must expand, leading to an increasing demand for EVCSs. The EVCS market is thus becoming increasingly more popular to companies, and therefore this study’s purpose is to investigate this market and its competitive situation. The method used in this study includes a brief market analysis and a competitor analysis. The market analysis includes identification of the EVCS markets together assessing the future of the markets, and identification of EVCS market drivers and restraints. The competitor analysis includes competitor identification, classification and analysis. The top ten competitors are analyzed by the use of document content analysis, the analysis involves understanding the competitors’ target customers, how they do business and how their marketing material is structured. The three most promising EVCS markets, both currently and in the future, are the Asia Pacific, Europe and the North America markets. Most of the top competitors are active within these three markets. Regional developments, and market drivers and restraints of these markets have been identified. The opportunities in the EVCS markets are many as they are relatively unexploited markets without any actual market leaders, and also that all markets are predicted to grow at a very high rate over the coming decade in parallel with the projected mass adoption if Electric Vehicles (EVs).<br>Idag utgör elfordon endast en liten nischmarknad i transportmarknaden, men denna förväntas växa snabbt under de närmaste åren. För att kunna hantera marknadsetableringen av elfordon måste elfordonsladdningsinfrastrukturen byggas ut, vilket leder till en ökad efterfrågan på elfordonsladdningsstationer. Elfordonsladdningsmarknaden förespås således bli allt mer intressant för företag. Detta examensarbete genomförs på grund av detta växande intresse, då studiens syfte är att undersöka elfordonsladdstationsmarknaden och dess konkurrenssituation. Metoden som används i denna studie inbegriper en kort marknadsanalys och en konkurrensanalys. Marknadsanalysen innehåller identifiering av elfordonsladdningsmarknaderna, vad som driver och hindrar marknaderna, och en bedömning av hur framtiden ser ut för marknaderna. I konkurrensanalysen ingår identifiering, klassificering och analys av de olika konkurrenterna. De tio mest konkurrenskraftiga konkurrenterna analyseras med hjälp av dokumentinnehållsanalys, syftet med analysen är att förstå konkurrenternas målgrupper, hur de gör affärer och hur deras marknadsföringsmaterial är strukturerad. De tre mest lovande elfordonsladdningsmarknaderna, både nu och i framtiden, är marknaderna i Asien och Stillahavsområdet, Europa och Nordamerika. De flesta av de analyserade konkurrenterna är verksamma inom dessa tre marknader. Den regionala utvecklingen, och vad som driver och begränsar marknaderna har identifierats för de tre mest lovande marknaderna. Eftersom dessa marknader är relativt oexploaterade i samband med att de förväntas växa med väldigt hög takt det kommande decenniet parallellt med massanvändningen av elfordon är möjligheterna många för de företag som inriktar sig mot elbilsladdning.

The aim of this master thesis is to develop a suggested methodology for how to use Mavenoid infrastructure to improve customer support of DEFA EV chargers. Mavenoid is a company that helps other companies automate customer support, especially troubleshooting. This is done with Mavenoid models, interactive selfhelp tools that guide end users without technical knowledge through the troubleshooting process. Mavenoid models provide value both by deflecting cases (the end user solves the problem on their own using the model) and triaging cases (collect relevant information about the problem before escalating the case to a human support agent) The main methodology to develop a suggested methodology was learning by doing, using the suggested methodology to actually implement Mavenoid models available to end users on DEFA’s home page. This was complemented with a literature review, interviews and data analysis from model usage. The suggested methodology is to iteratively follow the steps of deciding which models to build, make priorities within these models, build the models, analyze their performance and continuously improve the models. To decide models, carefully evaluate DEFA’s support situation to decide where Mavenoid models would have the greatest impact. Force yourself to make quantitative assumptions to estimate a payback time for each possible model. For each model, carefully prioritize what to include and where the focus should be using estimates of frequency, value and time to model. Build the models to maximize deflection and triage and minimize abandoned sessions. Collect and analyze data from model usage and use this information to improve the models. To prioritize between possible improvements, force yourself to make quantitative assumptions of value and time to model and rank improvements by payback time. Limit the improvements you make either by time available or desired payback time. The potential business opportunity between Mavenoid and its customers is more attractive the more support cases the customer has and the larger fraction of end users that use Mavenoid. The business opportunity varies greatly with assumptions that are very difficult to estimate accurately at the early stages of a Mavenoid implementation. This indicates that Mavenoid models should be implemented step by step and assumptions updated when more data is available. Implementing Mavenoid models can be both positive and negative from a sustainable development perspective. They could encourage people to repair products instead of replacing them, scale renewable energy technology faster and remove boring and repetitive tasks from support staff. On the other hand, they might not be appreciated by all end users, could lead to increased electricity consumption and potential unemployment for support staff. Being about a largely unresearched topic, the results in this thesis are relatively subjective. This suggested methodology was used and proved to work to implement Mavenoid models for DEFA EV charging stations but it should be seen as one possible methodology, not the confirmed best methodology.<br>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utveckla en metodologi för hur Mavenoids teknologi kan användas till att förbättra kundsupporten för DEFAs elbilsladdare. Mavenoid är ett företag som hjälper andra företag att automatisera kundsupport, särskilt felsökning. Detta görs med Mavenoidmodeller, interaktiva självhjälpsverktyg som guidar slutanvändare utan teknisk kunskap genom felsökningsprocessen. Mavenoidmodeller ger värde både genom att slutanvändaren löser problemet på egen hand genom att använda modellen (deflection) och genom att samla relevant information om problemet innan ärendet eskaleras till teknisk support (triage). Den huvudsakliga metoden för att utveckla metodologin var att lära genom att göra, faktiskt implementera Mavenoidmodeller och göra de tillgängliga för slutanvändare på DEFA: s hemsida. Detta kompletterades med en litteraturöversikt, intervjuer och dataanalys av hur modellerna användes. Den föreslagna metodologin är att iterativt följa stegen besluta vilka modeller som ska byggas, prioritera inom dessa modeller, bygga modellerna, analysera data från dem och kontinuerligt förbättra modellerna. För att bestämma modeller, utvärdera DEFAs supportsituation noggrant för att bestämma var Mavenoid-modellerna skulle ha störst inverkan. Tvinga dig själv att göra kvantitativa antaganden för att uppskatta en återbetalningstid för varje möjlig modell. För varje modell ska du noggrant prioritera vad du ska inkludera och var fokus ska vara genom att använda uppskattningar av frekvens, värde och tid att modellera. Bygg modellerna för att maximera deflection och triage och minimera övergivna sessioner. Samla och analysera data från modellerna och använd denna information för att förbättra modellerna. För att prioritera mellan möjliga förbättringar, tvinga dig själv att göra kvantitativa antaganden om värde och tid att modellera och rangordna förbättringar efter återbetalningstid. Begränsa de förbättringar du gör antingen utifrån tillgänglig tid eller önskad återbetalningstid. Den potentiella affärsmöjligheten mellan Mavenoid och dess kunder är mer attraktiv ju fler supportärenden kunden har och ju större andel slutanvändare som använder Mavenoid. Affärsmöjligheten varierar kraftigt med antaganden som är mycket svåra att uppskatta i början av ett projekt att implementera Mavenoidmodeller. Detta indikerar att Mavenoidmodeller bör implementeras steg för steg och antaganden uppdateras när mer data finns tillgängligt. Implementering av Mavenoid-modeller kan vara både positivt och negativt sett till hållbar utveckling. De kan uppmuntra människor att reparera produkter istället för att byta ut dem, skala upp förnybar energiteknologi snabbare och ta bort tråkiga och repetitiva uppgifter från teknisk support. Å andra sidan kanske de inte uppskattas av alla slutanvändare, kan leda till ökad elförbrukning och potentiell arbetslöshet för de som jobbar inom teknisk support. Eftersom examensarbetet handlar om ett relativt outforskat ämne är resultaten relativt subjektiva. Denna föreslagna metodologi användes och visade sig fungera för att implementera Mavenoidmodeller för DEFAs elbilsladdare men den bör ses som en möjlig metodologi, inte den bekräftat bästa metodologin.

With the increasing interest in green technologies in transportation, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) have proven to be the best short-term solution to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Despite such interest, conventional vehicle drivers are still reluctant in using such a new technology, mainly because of the long duration (4-8 hours) required to charge PHEV batteries with the currently existing Level I and II chargers. For this reason, Level III fast-charging stations capable of reducing the charging duration to 10-15 minutes are being considered. The present thesis focuses on the design of a fast-charging station that uses, in addition to the electrical grid, two stationary energy storage devices: a flywheel energy storage and a supercapacitor. The power electronic converters used for the interface of the energy sources with the charging station are designed. The design also focuses on the energy management that will minimize the PHEV battery charging duration as well as the duration required to recharge the energy storage devices. For this reason, an algorithm that minimizes durations along with its mathematical formulation is proposed, and its application in fast charging environment will be illustrated by means of two scenarios.<br>Depuis le développement de l'intérêt porté aux technologies propres appliquées au domaine de l'automobile et du transport, les véhicules hybrides et électriques rechargeables (VHER) sont reconnus comme le meilleur compromis qui diminuerait les émissions de gaz a effet de serre. Malgré ce progrès pour l'environnement, la plupart des usagers de véhicules conventionnels refusent de s'adapter à cette nouvelle technologie a cause du long temps requis (4 à 8 heures) pour recharger les batteries des VHERs si les chargeurs de Niveau I et II existants sont utilisés. Pour cette raison, les stations de recharge rapide de Niveau III sont largement considérées. La présente thèse propose une station qui emploi comme sources d'énergie le réseau électrique ainsi que deux sources de stockage d'énergie : une roue d'inertie et un supercondensateur. Les convertisseurs qui permettent l'interface de ces sources avec le chargeur sont également conçus et dimensionnés en énergie. Afin d'optimiser le temps requis pour recharger la batterie du VHER ainsi que le temps requis pour recharger les sources de stockage, un algorithme est proposé avec son application à la technologie de recharge rapide. Deux différents scenarios sont mis en oeuvre pour illustrer l'efficacité de cet algorithme.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 33).<br>This is an analysis of the feasibility of electric vehicle rapid-charging stations at power levels above 300 kW. Electric vehicle rapid-charging (reaching above 80% state-of-charge in less than 15 minutes) has been demonstrated, but concerns have been raised about the high levels of electrical power required to recharge a high-capacity battery in a short period of time. This economic analysis is based on an existing project run by MIT's Electric Vehicle Team, of building a 200-mile range battery electric sedan capable of recharging in 10 minutes. The recharging process for this vehicle requires a power source capable of delivering 350 kW; while this is possible in controlled laboratory environments, this thesis explores the viability of rapid-charging stations on the grid-scale and their capability of servicing the same volume of vehicles as seen by today's gas stations. At this volume, building a rapid-charging station is not only viable, but has the potential to become a lucrative business opportunity.<br>by Radu Gogoana.<br>S.B.