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1
Li, Yuhang, Bo Zhu, Nong Zhang, Hao Peng, and Yongzhong Chen. "Parameters optimization of two-speed powertrain of electric vehicle based on genetic algorithm." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 168781402090165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020901652.
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Aiming at the shortcomings of only optimizing the gear ratios of two-speed transmission in the optimization process of two-speed powertrain parameters of electric vehicles, the optimization of two-speed powertrain parameters of electric vehicles based on genetic algorithm is proposed. The optimization process is to optimize the main performance parameters of the drive motor and the gear ratios of two-speed transmission. That is, taking the economy and dynamic of the electric vehicle as the fitness function, the gear ratios of two-speed transmission is optimized under the main performance parameters of different drive motors, so as to find the powertrain parameter with the best fitness function value. Among them, the AMESim software is used to build the vehicle optimization model, the genetic algorithm is improved by MATLAB, and the improved genetic algorithm is used to optimize the vehicle optimization model. The results show that the optimization of the vehicle’s economic and dynamic performance has been improved, indicating that this optimization method is effective.
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Wang, Ren Guang, Guang Kui Shi, Hong Tao Chen, Lin Tao Zhang, and Chao Yu. "One Electric Motor System for Steering Hydraulic Pump and Braking Air Pump in HEV BuS." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.910.
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The pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are being developed and used wildly to save energy and reduce air pollution. In pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, most of the steering hydraulic pump and braking sir pump have one electric motor to drive its pump. A new system with one electric motor for these two bumps was developed for application in pure electric vehicles（EVs） and hybrid electric vehicle ( HEVs). Comparison with conventional configuration, this new method can reduce cost and mounting space with compact size and higher energy efficiency. And the test results show that the new system can meet the requirements of HEV operation quite well.
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Mao, Xu, Xin Wang, Jun Chao Zhang, Kai Chen, Jiang Zhao, and Yu Zhang. "Design of Electric Orchard Vehicle Four-Wheel Steering Control System." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1966.
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Nowadays, the operation of orchard vehicle which is used in China has the disadvantages such as single function poor automation level etc. Therefore, it can hardly adapt to the complex environment in orchard. The electric vehicle that powered by electrical drive motor can not only save energy, but also achieve the goal of controlling more conveniently and efficiently. Some electrical vehicles in China can take a variety of steering modes. However, most orchard vehicles lack of targeted terrain design. Electric four-wheel independent drive and steering vehicles have strongly strengthened this weakness. This paper uses four-wheel independent drive & four-wheel independent steering structure and completes the design of the control system. The aim is to achieve five different orchard vehicle driving modes which based on microcontroller system, real-time feedback and achieve differential speed calculating model through the multi-channel sensor in the steering modes. Thus, it can ensure the slip angle within the allowable range and driving stability. It also proposes the design & manufacturing of wireless remote control device and operation panel in order to simplify drivers operation and increase the efficiency.
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Pan, Hao, and Run Sheng Song. "The Control Strategy and Experimental Analysis of Electronic Differential Steering for Four Independent Drive Hub Motor Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1550.
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Wheel hub motor used in drive system of pure electric vehicle has become hot research and future development. Based on a four-wheel independent drive(4WID) electric vehicles with wheel hub motors, the paper has made the research on electronic differential steering control strategy by using Ackermann steering model conditions, and the experimental results have also been analyzed for the actual steering control effects under differential control strategy.
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Fan, Yi. "The Research and Design on the Electric Vehicles’ Centrifugal Automatic Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.12.
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Aiming at the deficiencies of the commonly used AMT and DSG structure in the electric vehicles’ transmission, a kind of three-speed automatic transmission structured by the planetary gear trains is designed. It uses the centrifugal components to realize the gear shifting, while using the electromagnetic brake and the motor reversal to realize the reversing. Based on the design concepts proposed, we did some matching calculations on the transmission system of a three-wheel pure electric vehicle, and finally made the optimization design on the driving motor’s selection and transmission parameters. The designed electric vehicle’s centrifugal automatic transmission has the characteristics of simple structure, small size and shifting smoothness, which can not only meet the requirements of the automobile power, but also improve the efficiency of the driving motor.
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Wang, Ren Guang, Ming Jun Zhang, and Chuan Long Shi. "New Powertrain Development for Electric Hybrid Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (October 2014): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.217.
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A new type of powertrain system was developed for electric hybrid vehicles. It is mainly composed of engine, first electric motor, first shaft, synchronizer mechanism, second electric motor, planetary gear set and second shaft. The adoption of one planetary gear set and synchronizer mechanism make it can be operated in four different operation modes with high energy efficiency and lower cost, its four operation modes are pure electric driving, hybrid driving, independent engine driving and regenerative braking. These four operation modes can fit the vehicle practical conditions according to order from the control system.
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Jing, Hui, Rongrong Wang, Cong Li, and Jinxiang Wang. "Differential steering-based electric vehicle lateral dynamics control with rollover consideration." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 234, no. 3 (July 2, 2019): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819855810.
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This article investigates the differential steering-based schema to control the lateral and rollover motions of the in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicles. Generated from the different torque of the front two wheels, the differential steering control schema will be activated to function the driver’s request when the regular steering system is in failure, thus avoiding dangerous consequences for in-wheel motor electric vehicles. On the contrary, when the vehicle is approaching rollover, the torque difference between the front two wheels will be decreased rapidly, resulting in failure of differential steering. Then, the vehicle rollover characteristic is also considered in the control system to enhance the efficiency of the differential steering. In addition, to handle the low cost measurement problem of the reference of front wheel steering angle and the lateral velocity, an [Formula: see text] observer-based control schema is presented to regulate the vehicle stability and handling performance, simultaneously. Finally, the simulation is performed based on the CarSim–Simulink platform, and the results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control schema.
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Gong, Xian Wu, De Jun Wu, and Jian Ma. "Matching Design and Simulation of Powertrain Parameters for Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.596.
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This paper is aimed at developing a design methodology of powertrain parameters matching for electric vehicles. The vehicles’ dynamics were studied in an attempt to find an optimal torque-speed profile for the electric propulsion system. This study reveals that the motor peak-power characteristic is associated with acceleration and grade ability of vehicles, and the motor rated-power characteristic is related with maximum vehicle velocity. Powertrain parameters of a model vehicle were also designed through theoretical calculation and simulation. To reduce the vehicle mass, a fixed gear ratio transmission is adopted, and the transmission ratio was optimized aimed to improve the energy efficiency. The simulation with chosen driving cycles indicate that parameters matching of the vehicle powertrain are reasonable and can meet the design specification of vehicle power performance and driving range capability.
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Mills, V. D., and J. R. Wagner. "Behavioural modelling and analysis of hybrid vehicle steering systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703321645061.
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Hybrid vehicles integrate an internal combustion engine, electric motor with accompanying battery pack and generator, and potentially fuel cells to realize greater fuel economy and reduced emission levels. A variety of powertrain operating scenarios exist including engine with belt-driven generator, electric motor using battery pack and/or fuel cell and, finally, engine and electric motor. Automotive subsystems such as hydraulic power steering cannot be consistently powered by a conventional belt-driven hydraulic pump since the engine may be frequently turned off to conserve energy. Thus, a need exists to investigate the dynamic behaviour of various steering systems for hybrid vehicles in terms of platform steering characteristics and power consumption. In this paper, empirical and analytical mathematical models will be presented for power (e.g. hydraulic, electric and steer by wire) rack and pinion steering units. The influence of chassis, tyre-road interface and steering system non-linearities are introduced. Representative numerical results will be presented and discussed to investigate a vehicle's transient response for each steering system configuration.
10
Chen, Te, Xing Xu, Yong Li, Wujie Wang, and Long Chen. "Speed-dependent coordinated control of differential and assisted steering for in-wheel motor driven electric vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 9 (October 6, 2017): 1206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017728189.
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In this paper, we present a coordinated control system of differential and assisted steering for in-wheel motor driven (IMD) electric vehicles (EVs) with two independent front-wheel drives. An electric differential (ED) control strategy is proposed to track the expected yaw rate based on sliding mode control (SMC). Meanwhile, to realize differential drive assisted steering (DDAS), a variable speed integral PID controller is used to follow the ideal steering wheel torque. The impacts of the coupling with the ED and DDAS systems on EVs are analyzed, and a coordinated control system with adaptive weighting dependent on vehicle speed is designed. Results of the simulation on the CarSim-Simulink joint platform for IMD EVs model show that the proposed coordinated control approach can effectively reduce the torque of a steering wheel while ensuring the vehicle’s stability. Finally, road testing results of IMD EVs are demonstrated to be comparable with joint simulations, indicating the correctness of this solution.
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Jin, Liqiang, Duanyang Tian, Qixiang Zhang, and Jingjian Wang. "Optimal Torque Distribution Control of Multi-Axle Electric Vehicles with In-wheel Motors Based on DDPG Algorithm." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061331.
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In order to effectively reduce the energy consumption of the vehicle, an optimal torque distribution control for multi-axle electric vehicles (EVs) with in-wheel motors is proposed. By analyzing the steering dynamics, the formulas of additional steering resistance are given. Aiming at the multidimensional continuous system that cannot be solved by traditional optimization methods, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm for deep reinforcement learning is adopted. Each wheel speed and deflection angle are selected as the state, the distribution ratio of drive torque is the optimized action and the state of charge (SOC) is the reward. After completing a large number of training for vehicle model, the algorithm is verified under conventional steering and extreme steering conditions. The maximum SOC decline of the vehicle can be reduced by about 5% under conventional steering conditions based on the motor efficiency mapused. The combination of artificial intelligence technology and actual situation provides an innovative solution to the optimization problem of the multidimensional state input and the continuous action output related to vehicles or similar complex systems.
12
Wang, Bin, Xin Yan Lin, Shi Heng Li, and Bin Zhang. "Research on a Hub Hydraulic Motor Driving System of Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.482.
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This paper applies hydraulic transmissions advantages of small volume, light weight, quick response, stable transmission, great transmission torque and agile spatial arrangement etc. to hub electromotor drive electric vehicle, substitutes hub hydraulic motors for hub electromotors, propose a hub hydraulic motor driving system of electric vehicle. The constitution and working principle of system is then described in detail. The hub hydraulic motor driving system proposed in this paper will help electric vehicle to realize continuously variable transmission, leave out reducer and differential mechanism, reduce the unsprung mass of electric vehicle, make the spatial arrangement of electromotors and batteries more flexible, and achieve the integration control of electric vehicles driving, braking and steering.
13
Zeng, Qing Liang, Yu Shan Li, Cheng Long Wang, and Zhi Hai Liu. "Modelling and Analysis for an Electric Power Assisted Steering System of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Car." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.229.
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been seen as promising vehicles which have merits of hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. Because of difficulties of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles’ development, it is necessary to study revamped method on the base of original car. Electric power steering (EPS) is an advanced steering system that uses an electric motor to provide steering assist. Because PHEVs are often on electric-electric operating mode, steering system power should be supplied with electric motor. Also, reconfigration of the power system including batteries results in added weight and the load change on front axle and rear axle. The steering characteristic of the revamped car are different from that of the original car. Based on the analysis and actual size, mass-force, etc. of the overall car and the parts of EPS, the multi-body dynamic model of the car equipped with EPS is established with multi-rigid-body dynamics analysing software (ADAMS). Based on the virtual prototype, simulation of steady state steering characteristic and transient state response characteristic of revamped car compared with original car under angulus step input of steering wheel have been finished. According to the simulation results, steering characteristic of the revamped car meets the design requirements. The research method is feasible.
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Morimoto, Yuta, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, and Yasuhiro Uenishi. "Precise and High Response Measuring Method of Meshing Force of Planetary Gear Mechanism." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.469.
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Recently, technology for electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid vehicles (HEV) has been focused on by the automotive industry to address environmental problems including CO2 reduction [. In particular, in HEV, planetary gears are used to control differential rotation of the motor, engine and generator. For these vehicles, the noise level inside the vehicle is low because the motor is used as the main power source. As a result, further decrease of gear noise is desired compared with the conventional planetary gear mechanism. However, research into the gear noise of the planetary gear mechanism is extremely scarce. Therefore, in this study, we focus on the three axes of I/O rotation, and a new method of measuring the meshing force of the planetary gear mechanism. In this report, a gear-driving device, which is able to make 3-axis differential rotation, was designed for experimentation.
15
Song, Hong, and Xiao Long Huang. "Study on Electric Differential Control Scheme for Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 648 (January 2013): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.648.348.
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In order to improve control performance of the electric vehicles independent motor driven wheel steering , using the Ackerman angle relation to design electronic differential system of electric vehicles based on DSP2407 . This control strategy considering various pavement condition and slip rate, will be able to realize the electric vehicles in the complex road conditions, and have fast response requirements. Electronic differential controller of electric vehicles based on DSP2407 can deal with between speed of body and Angle of the nonlinear relationship effectively, when steering operation, is about to drive wheel with input different torque, realized the good adaptive differential, and has advantages of good real-time performance and strong robustness etc.
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Nazaruddin, Nazaruddin, Danardono A. Sumarsono, Mohammad Adhitya, Ghany Heryana, Rolan Siregar, Sonki Prasetya, and Fuad Zainuri. "Development of alternative steering models for ev bus: a preliminary study on the conversion of hydraulic to electric power steering." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 1 (111) (June 10, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.227329.
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This study aims to develop alternative steering models for the EV bus. The EV bus uses its energy source from the main 384 VDC 300 Ah battery and the secondary battery with a capacity of 25.8 VDC 100 Ah. The use of energy in this electric bus is divided into the main components, namely the BLDC motor as the main drive of 200 kW, 15 kW of air conditioning, 7.5 kW of hydraulic power steering, a compressor for the air braking system of 4 kW, and accessory components. The other is 2.4 kW. It is expected that this 7.5 kW electric power can be reduced by an electric system by up to 20 %. This research will study the steering system with an electric power system (EPS) to convert the hydraulic steering system (HPS). With this EPS system, it is hoped that controlling the vehicle’s motion towards the steer by wire will be easier. Initially, data were collected from the types of large vehicles from various well-known brands about the steering system used. A large commercial vehicle that purely uses EPS is not yet found. The model developed for EPS on this electric bus is through the reverse engineering method by redrawing all the components involved in the previous steering system. Because this type of EV bus is included in the upper mid-size class, this paper proposes two new EPS models, namely the addition of an assist motor on the drag link and on the steering rack. The links involved in this system are wheel drive, steering column, lower steering column, rack and pinion gear, assist motor, drop link, drag link, drop link extension, drag link extension, tie rod, knuckle, kingpin, tire, axle beam and several others. The values of stiffness, inertia, and damping of each link will affect the driver’s torque and the assist motor as a wheel speed function on this electric bus. The steering structure of the EV bus consists of a truss structure and a frame structure with a kinematic structure consisting of two four-bar linkages joined together
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Li, Pei, Jun Yan, Qunzhang Tu, Ming Pan, and Chengming Jiang. "A steering control strategy based on torque fuzzy compensation for dual electric tracked vehicle." Filomat 32, no. 5 (2018): 1953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1805953l.
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A steering control strategy based on bilateral torque fuzzy compensation for dual electric tracked vehicle is proposed in this paper. After the dynamic analysis of tracked vehicles, the mapping relationship between acceleration signal, braking signal, steering signal and bilateral motor torque is established. According to different driving states, the steering wheel real-time rotation angle and its change rate are interpreted as the motor torque compensation coefficients K1 and K2 by fuzzy algorithm to achieve quick response of driving intention. The steering control model of the electric tracked vehicle is built, and the HILS (hardware in loop simulation) platform is constructed with dSPACE. The HILS result shows that, by torque fuzzy compensation strategy, steering sensitivity and controllability could get better improvement compared with direct torque control strategy.
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Jin, Liqiang, Zhiyang Zhang, Jianhua Li, and Junnian Wang. "Fail-Operation Control of In-Wheel Motor Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Wheel Isolation and Yaw Moment Compensation." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 3214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123214.
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To improve the trackability of in-wheel motor drive (IWMD) and wheel-individual steer electric vehicles (EVs) when steering actuators fail, the fail-operation control strategy was proposed to correct vehicles in a steering failure situation and avoid losing control of vehicle steering. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) decides the additional yaw moment of the vehicle according to vehicle state errors. The tire force estimation module estimates the compensating resistance moment generated by the failed wheel according to the tire slip angle and the vertical tire force. By isolating the failed wheel, the optimal torque distribution (OTD) controller allocates the additional yaw moment and the compensating resistance moment to normal wheels to realize the fail-operation control of the IWMD vehicle. The control effect was verified through co-simulation of MATLAB/Simulink and Trucksim. Compared with the uncontrolled and direct torque allocation methods, the proposed OTD method reduces the lateral trajectory error of the vehicle by 86% and 60.5%, respectively, when failure occurs, and achieves better velocity maintaining ability, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed fail-operation control strategy.
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Wang, Qing Nian, Wen Wang, Peng Yu Wang, and Feng Li. "Mode Analysis of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1807.
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EVT transmission in Planetary Gear Hybrid Electric Vehicles makes it available that the engine works on the optimal curves; yet because of the speed limitation of motor MG1, the maximum output power of the engine is a function of vehicle speed. The maximum traction and regenerative braking power is also a function of vehicle speed. Based on this, the vehicle drive modes consist of EV mode, economy mode and power mode, and braking modes include the regenerative braking mode and electromechanical braking mode.
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Credo, Andrea, Marco Tursini, Marco Villani, Claudia Di Lodovico, Michele Orlando, and Federico Frattari. "Axial Flux PM In-Wheel Motor for Electric Vehicles: 3D Multiphysics Analysis." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082107.
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The Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) motor represents a valid alternative to the traditional radial flux motor due to its compact structure; it is suitable for in-wheel applications so that the transmission gear can be suppressed. The modeling of the motor is a purely Three-Dimensional (3D) problem and the use of 3D finite element tools allows the attainment of accurate results taking also into account the effects of the end-windings. Moreover, a 3D multiphysics analysis is essential to evaluate not only the motor performance and its thermal behavior, but also the electromagnetic forces acting on the surfaces of the stator teeth and of the magnets that face the air gap. Moreover, as the vehicle’s motors often work in variable-speed conditions, the prediction of vibrations and noise for electric motors over a wide speed range is usually necessary. The paper presents a double-sided AFPM motor for a small pure electric vehicle; the basic drive architecture includes four axial flux motors installed directly inside the vehicle’s wheels. The aim is to propose advanced and integrated electromagnetic, vibroacoustic and thermal analyses that allow the investigation of the axial flux motor behavior in a detailed and exhaustive way.
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Tan, Di, Haitao Wang, and Qiang Wang. "Study on the Rollover Characteristic of In-Wheel-Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles Considering Road and Electromagnetic Excitation." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2450573.
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For in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles, the motor is installed in the wheel directly. Tyre runout and uneven load can cause magnet gap deformation in the motor, which will produce electromagnetic forces that further influence the vehicle rollover characteristics. To study the rollover characteristics, a verified 16-degree-of-freedom rollover dynamic model is introduced. Next, the vehicle rollover characteristics both with and without electromagnetic force are analyzed under conditions of the Fixed Timing Fishhook steering and grade B road excitation. The results show that the electromagnetic force has a certain effect on the load transfer and can reduce the antirollover performance of the vehicle. Therefore, the effect of the electromagnetic force on the rollover characteristic should be considered in the vehicle design. To this end, extensive analysis was conducted on the effect of the road level, vehicle speed, and the road adhesion coefficient on the vehicle rollover stability. The results indicate that vehicle rollover stability worsens when the above-mentioned factors increase, the most influential factor being the road adhesion coefficient followed by vehicle speed and road level. This paper can offer certain theory basis for the design of the in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles.
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Nie, Shida, Ye Zhuang, Fan Chen, Yong Wang, and Shu Liu. "A method to eliminate unsprung adverse effect of in-wheel motor-driven vehicles." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 37, no. 4 (April 19, 2018): 955–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418767096.
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In-wheel motor-driven vehicles are the development trend for future vehicles due to its high energy efficiency and low emission as well as its flexibility to achieve independent steering, driving, etc. However, the weighted wheel of in-wheel electric vehicles involves more unexpected unsprung vibrations, which imposes adverse effect on vehicle ride comfort. In addition, there exists an invariant point around the unsprung resonance frequency in both controlled and uncontrolled suspensions, which greatly limits the elimination of unsprung adverse effect of in-wheel electric vehicles. In this paper, a combined structure is proposed to eliminate the unsprung adverse effect. The structure is composed of the vehicle suspension and a tuned mass damper, which are both controlled by a sliding mode controller, aiming at eliminating the unsprung adverse effect as well as improving ride comfort across the whole frequency spectrum. The tunes mass damper is used to get rid of the constraint of the invariant point. The simulation and hardware-in-the-loop results show that the root mean square of the sprung mass acceleration and tire deflection is reduced by 31.2% and 2.2% respectively, which indicates that the proposed method is effective and ride comfort is greatly improved.
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Leng, Jing, and Fan He. "Research on the Traction Fuzzy Control of Articulated Vehicles Based on Matlab." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817502014.
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In this paper, the slip rate of the articulated electric-wheel vehicles is monitored with the traction control system during running. Using fuzzy control system to control the traction force can effectively control the output torque of the motor so as to realize the effective control of the slip rate in different running roads. The full vehicle dynamic model of the articulated electric-wheel vehicles was built, and the dynamic equation of the steering process was analyzed. The motor control model and the traction fuzzy controller suitable for the system were constructed. Based on Matlab, the fuzzy controller was integrated with the full vehicle model to build the fuzzy control analysis model of full vehicle traction force. The running condition of the full vehicle on the low adhesion coefficient road and bisectional road was analyzed. The analysis results show that when vehicles run at different adhesion coefficients, the slip rate fuzzy control system can effectively reduce the skidding degree of wheels, so that the adhesive force provided by the pavement can be used to the maximum extent, so as to ensure the vehicle stability and improve the running safety, and the control has achieved good results.
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Othaganont, Pongpun, Francis Assadian, and Daniel J. Auger. "Multi-objective optimisation for battery electric vehicle powertrain topologies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 8 (October 6, 2016): 1046–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016671275.
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Electric vehicles are becoming more popular in the market. To be competitive, manufacturers need to produce vehicles with a low energy consumption, a good range and an acceptable driving performance. These are dependent on the choice of components and the topology in which they are used. In a conventional gasoline vehicle, the powertrain topology is constrained to a few well-understood layouts; these typically consist of a single engine driving one axle or both axles through a multi-ratio gearbox. With electric vehicles, there is more flexibility, and the design space is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we evaluate several different topologies as follows: a traditional topology using a single electric motor driving a single axle with a fixed gear ratio; a topology using separate motors for the front axle and the rear axle, each with its own fixed gear ratio; a topology using in-wheel motors on a single axle; a four-wheel-drive topology using in-wheel motors on both axes. Multi-objective optimisation techniques are used to find the optimal component sizing for a given requirement set and to investigate the trade-offs between the energy consumption, the powertrain cost and the acceleration performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relative merits of the different topologies and their applicability to real-world passenger cars.
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Chen, Po-Tuan, Ping-Hao Pai, Cheng-Jung Yang, and K. David Huang. "Development of Transmission Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081538.
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This study investigated the matching designs between a power integration mechanism (PIM) and transmission system for single-motor parallel hybrid electric vehicles. The optimal matching design may lead to optimal efficiency and performance in parallel hybrid vehicles. The Simulink/Simscape environment is used to model the powertrain system of parallel hybrid electric vehicles, which the characteristics of the PIM, location of the gearbox at the driveline, and design of the gear ratio of a gearbox influenced. The matching design principles for torque-coupled–type PIM (TC-PIM) parameters and the location of the gearbox are based on the speed range of the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. The parameters of the TC-PIM (i.e., k 1 and k 2 ) are based on the k ratio theory. Numerical simulations of an extra-urban driving cycle and acceleration tests reveal that a higher k r a t i o has greater improved power-assist ability under a pre-transmission architecture. For example, a k r a t i o of 1.6 can improve the power-assist ability by 8.5% when compared with a k r a t i o of 1. By using an appropriate gear ratio and k r a t i o , the top speed of a hybrid electric vehicle is enhanced by 9.3%.
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Wang, Jianjun, and Jingyi Zhao. "Research on Cooperative Control of the Hydraulic System of Multiple Intelligent Vehicles Combined Transportation." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 24, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2676105.
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The multi-vehicle combined transportation of large-scale equipment or goods is studied, and various combined transportation modes are obtained. The research on four-vehicle combined transportation is studied, the four transport vehicles must ensure synchronization in the process of running, and the steering must be coordinated, otherwise major accidents may occur. Aiming at the stability control of multi-vehicle running synchronization, the system transfer function of pump-controlled motor in driving system is established, and the PID control is added. The simulation results show that adding the PID control algorithm can improve the speed stability of the transport vehicle. And the geometric model of the steering mechanism is established, the functional relationship between the steering angle and the stroke of the steering cylinder is obtained, and the relationship between the electric signal of proportional valve and the steering angle is deduced. On this basis, the coordinated control system of four-vehicle running synchronization and steering coordination based on CAN (controller area network) bus is designed. The master-slave synchronization control strategy and the PID control are applied to the four-vehicle combined transportation. According to the data collected from the test, it is proved that the control strategy fully meets the transportation requirements, and can provide theoretical basis and design method reference for the safe and reliable combined transportation of various types of transport vehicles.
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Dorsch, Christian, Xiao Wang, and Ferit Küçükay. "Objective Rating of the Launch Behavior of Conventional, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-020-00131-z.
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AbstractThe calibration of conventional, hybrid and electric drivetrains is an important process during the development phase of any vehicle. Therefore, to optimize the comfort and dynamic behavior (known as driveability), many test drives are performed by experienced drivers during different driving maneuvers, e.g., launch, re-launch or gear shift. However, the process can be kept more consistent and independent of human-based deviations by using objective ratings. This study first introduces an objective rating system developed for the launch behavior of conventional vehicles with automatic transmission, dual-clutch transmission, and alternative drivetrains. Then, the launch behavior, namely comfort and dynamic quality, is compared between two conventional vehicles, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and a battery electric vehicle. Results show the benefits of pure electric drivetrains due to the lack of launch and shifting elements, as well as the usage of a highly dynamic electric motor. While the plug-in hybrid achieves a 10% higher overall rating compared to the baseline conventional vehicle, the pure electric vehicle even achieves a 21% higher overall rating. The results also highlight the optimization potential of battery electric vehicles regarding their comfort and dynamic characteristics. The transitions and the gradient of the acceleration build-up have a major influence on the launch quality.
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Yildiz, Ahmet, and Mert Ali Özel. "A Comparative Study of Energy Consumption and Recovery of Autonomous Fuel-Cell Hydrogen–Electric Vehicles Using Different Powertrains Based on Regenerative Braking and Electronic Stability Control System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 2515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062515.
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Today, with the increasing transition to electric vehicles (EVs), the design of highly energy-efficient vehicle architectures has taken precedence for many car manufacturers. To this end, the energy consumption and recovery rates of different powertrain vehicle architectures need to be investigated comprehensively. In this study, six different powertrain architectures—four independent in-wheel motors with regenerative electronic stability control (RESC) and without an RESC, one-stage gear (1G) transmission, two-stage gear (2G) transmission, continuously variable transmission (CVT) and downsized electric motor with CVT—were mathematically modeled and analyzed under real road conditions using nonlinear models of an autonomous hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicle (HFCEV). The aims of this paper were twofold: first, to compare the energy consumption performance of powertrain architectures by analyzing the effects of the regenerative electronic stability control (RESC) system, and secondly, to investigate the usability of a downsized electrical motor for an HFCEV. For this purpose, all the numerical simulations were conducted for the well-known FTP75 and NEDC urban drive cycles. The obtained results demonstrate that the minimum energy consumption can be achieved by a 2G-based powertrain using the same motor; however, when an RESC system is used, the energy recovery/consumption rate can be increased. Moreover, the results of the article show that it is possible to use a downsized electric motor due to the CVT, and this powertrain significantly reduces the energy consumption of the HFCEV as compared to all the other systems. The results of this paper present highly significant implications for automotive manufacturers for designing and developing a cleaner electrical vehicle energy consumption and recovery system.
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Tan, Guang Xing, Yang Song, Chuan Lin, and Wen Guo Jian. "A Research on Impact Compensation Control Strategy of Electric Power Steering System Based on Whole Vehicle Dynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 1969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1969.
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In order to improve the vehicles steering performance, based on a whole vehicle dynamics model，the electric power steering system(EPS) control strategy is studied under road surface impact condition. An AIS controller is executed on the output current of assist motor hence further improving control effects. Accompanied the methodology of combining the full vehicle model in CarSim and EPS model in MATLAB, this co-simulation model is verified by test data. By comparison yaw rate and slip angle of the results show that: implementing the control of EPS by AIS compensation strategy is an effective way of enhancing the capability of steering and the stability of operation, which can make it more accurate and flexible.
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Mantriota, Giacomo, and Giulio Reina. "Dual-Motor Planetary Transmission to Improve Efficiency in Electric Vehicles." Machines 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9030058.
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Electric cars are typically subject to highly variable operational conditions, especially when they drive in urban environments. Consequently, the efficiency of the electric motors may degrade significantly, possibly leading to lower autonomy and higher running costs. Latest advances in power electronics and motion control have paved the way to the development of novel architectures of full electric power transmissions. In this paper, a dual-motor solution is proposed where two smaller motors are coupled via a planetary gear, in contrast to the standard configuration that uses one larger motor directly connected to the drive wheels with a fixed ratio reducer. The dual-motor architecture guarantees that both motors operate in the vicinity of their optimal working range, resulting in a higher overall energy efficiency. The technical requirements and the control strategy of the dual-motor system are selected through a parametric optimization process. Results included were obtained from extensive simulations performed over different standard driving cycles, showing that the dual-motor power transmission generally outperforms the single-motor counterpart with an average efficiency improvement of about 9% that is reached in both the power delivery and regeneration stage.
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Nah, Jaewon, and Seongjin Yim. "Vehicle Stability Control with Four-Wheel Independent Braking, Drive and Steering on In-Wheel Motor-Driven Electric Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111934.
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This paper presents a method to design a vehicle stability controller with four-wheel independent braking (4WIB), drive (4WID) and steering (4WIS) for electric vehicles (EVs) adopting in-wheel motor (IWM) system. To improve lateral stability and maneuverability of vehicles, a direct yaw moment control strategy is adopted. A control allocation method is adopted to distribute control yaw moment into tire forces, generated by 4WIB, 4WID and 4WIS. A set of variable weights in the control allocation method is introduced for the application of several actuator combinations. Simulation on a driving simulation tool, CarSim®, shows that the proposed vehicle stability controller is capable of enhancing lateral stability and maneuverability. From the simulation, the effects of actuator combinations on control performance are analyzed.
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Ahssan, Md Ragib, Mehran Ektesabi, and Saman Gorji. "Gear Ratio Optimization along with a Novel Gearshift Scheduling Strategy for a Two-Speed Transmission System in Electric Vehicle." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195073.
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A novel gearshift scheduling strategy has been framed for a two-speed transmission system in electric vehicles that can save energy during hilly driving and frequently changing driving conditions through efficient electric motor operation. Unlike the traditional approach, the proposed gearshift strategy is based on the preferred vehicle speed range, vehicle acceleration, and road grade to ensure desired vehicle performances with minimum energy consumption. Meanwhile, the vehicle speed range is chosen around the electric motor rated speed, and two gearshift schedules in relation to vehicle acceleration and road grade are developed based on the motor torque generating capacity and efficiency. Appropriate gear is selected through a combined assessment of the required vehicle speed, acceleration, and road grade information. A guideline is developed and explained for the primary gearshift schedule. Next, the gear ratios and gearshift schedules are optimized combinedly in a Simulink environment using the gradient descent method and pattern search method on three driving cycles separately. Depending on the driving scenarios, around 4% to 7.5% energy saving has been experienced through optimization, while the gear ratios and gearshift schedule in relation to the road grade are found to be major contributors to the vehicle economic driving compared to that with the gearshift schedule for vehicle acceleration.
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Zhen, Yongcheng, Yong Bao, Zaimin Zhong, Stephan Rinderknecht, and Song Zhou. "Development of a PHEV Hybrid Transmission for Low-End MPVs Based on AMT." Vehicles 2, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2020013.
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In order to improve the fuel economy of vehicles, based on the automated mechanical transmission (AMT), a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) hybrid transmission for low-end multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) is developed. To obtain the statistics of the best-selling models, we took several best-selling models in the Chinese market as the research object to study the relationship between power demand, energy demand, weight, and cost. The power requirements and energy requirements of PHEVs are decoupled. According to the decoupled theory, a single-motor parallel scheme based on the AMT is adopted to develop a PHEV hybrid transmission. In the distribution of engine and motor power, the engine just needs to meet the vehicle’s constant driving power, and the backup power can be provided by the motor, which means we can use an engine with a smaller power rating. The energy of short-distance travel is mainly provided by the motor, which can make full use of the battery, reducing the fuel consumption. The energy of long-distance travel is mainly provided by the engine, which can reduce the need for battery capacity. The working modes of the electrified mechanical transmission (EMT) are proposed, using P3 as the basic working mode and setting the P2 mode at the same time, and the gear ratios are designed. Based on the above basic scheme, two rounds of prototype development and assembling prototype vehicles for testing are carried out for the front-engine-front-drive (FF) layout. The test results show that the vehicle’s economy has been improved compared to the unmodified vehicle, and the fuel-saving rate of 100 kilometers has been achieved at 35.18%. The prototype development and the vehicle matching verify the effectiveness of the new configuration based on AMT.
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Tuononen, Ari J., and Antti Lajunen. "Modal analysis of different drivetrain configurations in electric vehicles." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 1 (March 9, 2016): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316635857.
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This paper presents a modal analysis of different drivetrain configurations in electric vehicles; 1) an in – wheel motor, 2) direct drive, and 3) an electric motor with a reduction gear and a differential gear. A specific simulation model was developed to analyze the vibrations while taking into account the traction motor, possible mechanical reduction gears, and the driveshaft, as well as a Rigid Ring Model (RRM) to describe the tire. On the basis of the simulation results, the frequency responses were calculated for each drivetrain configuration and also for a non-drive, free-rolling tire. The analyzed results show interesting differences between the different drivetrain configurations. However, most of the negative aspects can be compensated for if identified in the early design phase. For instance, the frequency response of the in-wheel motor configuration indicated that the vibrations that occur might cause negative effects in terms of driving comfort and wheel speed signal noise. The direct drive configuration has an additional mode at 24 Hz, and the differential configuration at 4 Hz. It is possible that these modes would resonate strongly if some drivetrain design parameters were poorly defined.
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Jiang, Haobin, Aoxue Li, Xinchen Zhou, and Yue Yu. "Establishment and tracking control of trapezoidal steering wheel angle model for autonomous vehicles." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 172988142098278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420982781.
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Human drivers have rich and diverse driving characteristics on curved roads. Finding the characteristic quantities of the experienced drivers during curve driving and applying them to the steering control of autonomous vehicles is the research goal of this article. We first recruited 10 taxi drivers, 5 bus drivers, and 5 driving instructors as the representatives of experienced drivers and conducted a real car field experiment on six curves with different lengths and curvatures. After processing the collected driving data in the Frenet frame and considering the free play of a real car’s steering system, it was interesting to observe that the shape enclosed by steering wheel angles and the coordinate axis was a trapezoid. Then, we defined four feature points, four feature distances, and one feature steering wheel angle, and the trapezoidal steering wheel angle (TSWA) model was developed by backpropagation neural network with the inputs were vehicle speeds at four feature points, and road curvature and the outputs were feature distances and feature steering wheel angle. The comparisons between TSWA model and experienced drivers, model predictive control, and preview-based driver model showed that the proposed TSWA model can best reflect the steering features of experienced drivers. What is more, the concise expression and human-like characteristic of TSWA model make it easy to realize human-like steering control for autonomous vehicles. Lastly, an autonomous vehicle composed of a nonlinear vehicle model and electric power steering (EPS) system was established in Simulink, the steering wheel angles generated by TSWA model were tracked by EPS motor directly, and the results showed that the EPS system can track the steering angles with high accuracy at different vehicle speeds.
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He, Zhiwei, Linzhen Nie, Zhishuai Yin, and Song Huang. "A Two-Layer Controller for Lateral Path Tracking Control of Autonomous Vehicles." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 3689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133689.
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This paper presents a two-layer controller for accurate and robust lateral path tracking control of highly automated vehicles. The upper-layer controller, which produces the front wheel steering angle, is implemented with a Linear Time-Varying MPC (LTV-MPC) whose prediction and control horizon are both optimized offline with particle swarm optimization (PSO) under varying working conditions. A constraint on the slip angle is imposed to prevent lateral forces from saturation to guarantee vehicle stability. The lower layer is a radial basis function neural network proportion-integral-derivative (RBFNN-PID) controller that generates electric current control signals executable by the steering motor to rapidly track the target steering angle. The nonlinear characteristics of the steering system are modeled and are identified on-line with the RBFNN so that the PID controller’s control parameters can be adjusted adaptively. The results of CarSim-Matlab/Simulink joint simulations show that the proposed hierarchical controller achieves a good level of path tracking accuracy while maintaining vehicle stability throughout the path tracking process, and is robust to dynamic changes in vehicle velocities and road adhesion coefficients.
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Wang, Ren Guang, Ming Jun Zhang, and Chuan Long Shi. "A New Powertrain System for Electric Hybrid Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.408.
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A new powertrain system was developed for electric vehicle driving application with adoption of one electric motor and one set of planetary gear set. With the control of fork, the sleeve of synchronizer can mesh two different parts on the left and right side; the system can provide pure electric driving, hybrid driving and regenerative braking operation modes to meet vehicle practical conditions. It can reduce both power train structure size and cost with fewer parts.
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Zhang, Zijun, Wanzhong Zhao, Chunyan Wang, and Liang Li. "Stability control of in-wheel motor electric vehicles under extreme conditions." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 10 (December 19, 2018): 2838–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331218814899.
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To investigate the stability of in-wheel motor electric vehicles (IWMEVs) under extreme conditions, a novel control strategy including active rear steering (ARS) mode and direct yaw moment control (DYC) mode is proposed in this paper, utilizing the adaptive dynamic neural network (ADNN) algorithm to make the most of the two control modes. Firstly, a three-degree of freedom nonlinear vehicle model as well as some subsystems is established. Then, a two-layer stability control strategy is put forward, where the upper-layer calculates the desired rear steering angle as well as the differential torque of the rear wheels and the lower-layer executes commands and returns relevant signals. Besides, a stability controller based on ADNN algorithm is designed in the upper-layer so as to take advantage of the two modes under extreme conditions. Next, the impacts of initial values of the connection weights on the ability of ADNN algorithm to train and learn are revealed. Consequently, the optimal initial values can be ascertained before the following simulations. Finally, the closed loop simulations of ARS and DYC are carried out under some extreme conditions such as high velocity and low adhesion coefficient roads, and the results indicate that compared with DYC’s difficulty in playing its role, ARS mode can significantly improve the stability of IWMEVs even under extreme conditions.
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Zhong, Zai Min, and Qiang Wei. "Modeling and Torsional Vibration Control Based on State Feedback for Electric Vehicle Powertrain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.411.
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Electric vehicles will longitudinally vibrate obviously under acceleration and regenerative braking conditions (because of torsional vibration of the electric vehicle powertrain). This paper includes models of motor rotor, gear reducer and differential assembly, half shafts, tire and body and nonlinear powertrain dynamic model in consideration of gear backlash and frictional characteristics between tire and ground. Real car tests confirm that it is correct under acceleration conditions. Then a two mass-spring damper linear model which is simplified from the nonlinear powertrain dynamic model is proposed to design torsional vibration control algorithm based on state feedback. The simulation results show that the algorithm can actively eliminate torsional vibration.
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Yoshioka, Eiji, Shin Itou, and Junji Yoshida. "Influence of steering vibration on vehicle speed recognition and comfortableness in cabin." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 1954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2006.
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In recent years, electric vehicles are becoming more popular. This transition makes interior noise and vibration smaller according to the engine rest and makes interior more comfortable. On the other hand, this reduction has a possibility to decrease important information for drivers. In this study, we focused on the steering vibration as the vehicle speed information and investigated the influence on the comfortableness in cabin for the compatibility through subjective evaluation test using a simple driving simulator. In the test, vehicle speed controlling task was given to the participants without speed meter at acceleration conditions. In addition, subjective evaluation about the comfortability to the presented sound and vibration was conducted after the speed recognition test. As the presented steering vibration, the following four patterns were prepared. 1: internal combustion engine noise and vibration with road and wind noise (background noise), 2: electric-powered vehicle noise without vibration (background noise without vibration), 3: tire vibration with background noise, 4: motor vibration with background noise. As the result, the steering vibration of internal combustion engine or motor was found to be suitable stimuli for compatibility between the speed recognition performance and the comfortability in cabin.
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Kim, Sooyoung, and Seibum Choi. "A robust torque control approach for gear shift of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle with dual clutch transmission." Noise Control Engineering Journal 68, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/376834.
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This article proposes a robust control strategy for gear shifts of a parallel-type hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with a dry dual clutch transmission (DCT). A vehicle equipped with DCT requires accurate torque transfer control through the driveline during gear shifts to ensure good shift quality in the absence of smoothing effects from torque converter. Unlike conventional vehicles driven only by internal combustion engines, a HEV can utilize the drive motor to improve its gear shifting performances. In this article, an integrated torque and speed control strategy is developed to minimize the driveline oscillations that occur during gear shifts and to complete the shift as fast as the driver wants. A robust H-infinity controller is designed to control transmission output torque as well as clutch slip speed, particularly in inertia phase that mostly determines the total shift quality. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy as well as its robustness is verified by comparative studies using a proven vehicle model developed in MATLAB/SimDriveline.
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Dobretsov, Roman, Gennadii Porshnev, and Darya Uvakina. "Performance improvement of Arctic tracked vehicles." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 17001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824517001.
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The technical tenders aimed at improving of track-type vehicles performances are considered and substantiated, and that vehicles are the irreplaceable basis of the Arctic transport network. The questions of the improving of reliability and Energy Performance of crawler due to the application of caterpillars with modernized tracks that have a lower mass and provide less resistance to movement of the vehicle are considered. The variants of transmission modernization with the purpose of improving the quality of turn control due to the use of a split-transmission diagram with a steering based on an electric motor and other solutions are proposed. An economically expedient approach to the introduction of a hybrid power plant of a parallel-serial type based on the developed kinematic scheme of a electromechanical split-transmission is proposed. It is shown the main technical proposals can be realize based on domestic units.
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Ma, Chao, Shiwei Jin, Kun Yang, Di Tan, Jie Gao, and Dechao Yan. "Particle Swarm Optimization and Real-Road/Driving-Cycle Analysis Based Powertrain System Design for Dual Motor Coupling Electric Vehicle." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040069.
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In this study, a planetary gear based dual motor coupling electric vehicle is proposed, which achieves higher system efficiency by enabling motor working under high operating efficiency area. Firstly, the dynamic characteristics of the proposed configuration are analyzed and the reasonable working modes are established. Secondly, the optimal dual motor parameters are derived according to the statistical analysis on the typical driving conditions and the collected real road driving data. Especially, the optimal parameters of planetary gear and final transmission ratio are obtained using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, based on the developed mode shift algorithm, the dual motor coupling full vehicle model is developed and the vehicle performance is analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. For the UDDS (Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule) driving cycle, it is seen from the simulation results of motor operating points that the proposed dual motor configuration is mostly operated under the high efficiency range, and the power consumption is significantly reduced by 7.6% compared with the single motor configuration. For the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle), WLTC (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle) and real road driving conditions, the proposed dual motor configuration also achieves system efficiency improvement of 5.0%~16.3%, which confirms the validity of the proposed configuration and its corresponding parameter matching and control algorithm development.
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Heidfeld, Hannes, and Martin Schünemann. "Optimization-Based Tuning of a Hybrid UKF State Estimator with Tire Model Adaption for an All Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051396.
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Novel drivetrain concepts such as electric direct drives can improve vehicle dynamic control due to faster, more accurate, and more flexible generation of wheel individual propulsion and braking torques. Exact and robust estimation of vehicle state of motion in the presence of unknown disturbances, such as changes in road conditions, is crucial for realization of such control systems. This article shows the design, tuning, implementation, and test of a state estimator with individual tire model adaption for direct drive electric vehicles. The vehicle dynamics are modeled using a double-track model with an adaptive tire model. State-of-the-art sensors, an inertial measurement unit, steering angle, wheel speed, and motor current sensors are used as measurements. Due to the nonlinearity of the vehicle model, an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is used for simultaneous state and parameter estimation. To simplify the difficult task of UKF tuning, an optimization-based method using real-vehicle data is utilized. The UKF is implemented on an electronic control unit and tested with real-vehicle data in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. High precision even in severe driving maneuvers under various road conditions is achieved. Nonlinear state and parameter estimation for all wheel drive electric vehicles using UKF and optimization-based tuning is shown to provide high precision with minimal manual tuning effort.
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Manca, Raffaele, Salvatore Circosta, Irfan Khan, Stefano Feraco, Sara Luciani, Nicola Amati, Angelo Bonfitto, and Renato Galluzzi. "Performance Assessment of an Electric Power Steering System for Driverless Formula Student Vehicles." Actuators 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10070165.
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In the context of automated driving, Electric Power Steering (EPS) systems represent an enabling technology. They introduce the ergonomic function of reducing the physical effort required by the driver during the steering maneuver. Furthermore, EPS gives the possibility of high precision control of the steering system, thus paving the way to autonomous driving capability. In this context, the present work presents a performance assessment of an EPS system designed for a full-electric all-wheel-drive electric prototype racing in Formula Student Driverless (FSD) competitions. Specifically, the system is based on the linear actuation of the steering rack by using a ball screw. The screw nut is rotated through a belt transmission driven by a brushless DC motor. Modeling and motion control techniques for this system are presented. Moreover, the numerical model is tuned through a grey-box identification approach. Finally, the performance of the proposed EPS system is tested experimentally on the vehicle through both sine-sweep profiles and co-simulated driverless sessions. The system performance is assessed in terms of reference tracking capability, thus showing favorable results for the proposed actuation solution.
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Sepp, Sebastian, Joshua Goetz, and Karsten Stahl. "Acoustical behavior of loss-optimized involute gears." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1574–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1876.
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The progressing electrification of vehicle drive systems focuses more and more on efficient high-speed concepts. Increasing the motor speed leads to a higher power density of the electrified power train and thereby to an increased range for battery electric vehicles. The high rotational speeds cause new challenges in designing gearboxes regarding the efficiency and the acoustical behavior. Most present gearings in conventional vehicles are designed with high tooth depths to ensure low noise excitation behavior combined with the best possible efficiency. By changing the gear geometry to smaller tooth depths with higher pressure angles, it is possible to further decrease gear losses. However, the loss-optimized gear geometry must not jeopardize the beneficial acoustical behavior. In theoretical studies, the acoustical behavior of loss-optimized gears are investigated and compared to gearings designed according to the state of the art. Design calculations of the excitations of all ideal gears without deviations are on similar levels. However, application of such gear geometries faces severe challenges because the sensitivity to manufacturing deviations may be high. In this paper, simulation results and test results between low-NVH gears and loss-optimized gears are documented and analyzed.
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Gago-Calderón, Alfonso, Lucia Clavero-Ordóñez, Jose Ramón Andrés-Díaz, and Jose Fernández-Ramos. "Hardware Architecture and Configuration Parameters of a Low Weight Electronic Differential for Light Electric Vehicles with Two Independent Wheel Drive to Minimize Slippage." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10020023.
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This article presents a design and performance analysis of an Electronic Differential (ED) system designed for Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs). We have developed a test tricycle vehicle with one front steering wheel and two rear fixed units in the same axis with a brushless DC (BLDC) motor integrated in each of them. Each motor has an independent controller unit and a common electronic Arduino CPU that can plan specific speeds for each wheel as curves are being traced. Different implementations of sensors (input current/torque, steering angle and speed of the wheels) are discussed related to their hardware complexity and performance based on speed level requirements and slipping on the traction wheels. Two driving circuits were generated (slalom and circular routes) and driven at different speeds, monitoring and recording all the related parameters of the vehicle. The most representative graphs obtained are presented. The analysis of these data presents a significant change of the behaviour of the control capability of the ED when the lineal speed of the vehicle makes a change of direction that passes 10 Km/h. In this situation, to obtain good performance of the ED, it is necessary to include sensors related to the wheels.
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Cho, Kwan-Yuhl, Hak-Wone Kim, and Young-Hoon Cho. "Review of BLAC Motor and Drive Technology for Electric Power Steering of Vehicles." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 12, no. 9 (September 30, 2011): 4083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2011.12.9.4083.
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Zuo, Yanyan, Rui Sun, Jiuyu Zang, and Mingyin Zheng. "Coordinated Control for Driving Mode Switching of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Shock and Vibration 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7325456.
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Taking a hybrid electric vehicle using double-row planetary gear power coupling mechanism as a research object, this study proposes a coordinated control algorithm of “torque distribution, engine torque monitoring, and motor torque compensation” in an attempt to realize coordinated control for driving mode switching. Characteristic analysis of the power coupling mechanism was carried out, and the control strategy model in MATLAB/Simulink was built. Subsequently, the analysis of mode switching from the electric mode into joint driving mode was simulated. In addition, a multibody dynamics model of the power coupling mechanism was established and the simulation analysis during mode switching process was carried out. The results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy serves to effectively reduce the torque fluctuation and the impact degree during the mode switching process and improve the ride comfort of the vehicle. In the meantime, the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of gear meshing force and bearing restraint force indicate that the mode switching process of the dynamic coupling mechanism is quite stable and this control strategy contributes to improving the characteristics such as vibration and noise.
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Akutagawa, Keizo, and Yasumichi Wakao. "Stabilization of Vehicle Dynamics by Tire Digital Control—Tire Disturbance Control Algorithm for an Electric Motor Drive System." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10020025.
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We propose an algorithm with disturbance control for tires on electric vehicles (EVs) so as to improve the steering stability of the vehicle. The effect was validated on EVs equipped with twin independent electric motors on a skid pad. The algorithm with the disturbance controller can remove the external noise generated on tires in order to suppress the abrupt slip and micro vibration generated between the tire and road surface, especially on low friction surfaces at the critical speed of the vehicle. The effective frequency corresponded to tire scale length. The effect was verified by the fact that the hysteresis loop with control on the chart of steer angle and yaw rate showed a smaller loop than those without control. The hysteresis loop with control also appeared at the oversteering area, which can be interpreted as evidence that the algorithm can make the vehicle more stable and gain faster speed on the skid pad. It is concluded that the tire digital control works well without any information from sensors on the vehicle body and without any cooperative control between tires.