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Greif, Steffi. "Ökonomische Analyse der Rückgewinnung von hochwertigen Metallen aus elektrischen und elektronischen Altgeräten in Deutschland." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1243336773453-61654.
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Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Ökonomische Analyse der Rückgewinnung von hochwertigen Metallen aus elektrischen und elektronischen Altgeräten in Deutschland“. Elektro- und Elektronikgeräte sind aus dem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken; die Unternehmen entwickeln und produzieren immer leistungsfähigere Produkte, wobei durch die immer schnelleren und kurzlebigeren Innovationszyklen die Abfallberge ausgedienter Elektro(nik)geräte beständig wachsen. Mit Inkrafttreten des Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz am 24. März 2005 werden alte Elektro(nik)geräte zukünftig getrennt gesammelt und weitgehend verwertet. Neu ist, dass die Hersteller mehr Verantwortung für ihre Produkte übernehmen und zur Verwertung der getrennt gesammelten Elektro- und Elektronik-Altgeräten verpflichtet sind. Das Elektro- und Elektronikgerätegesetz geht zum einen aus der europäischen Richtlinie über die Entsorgung von Elektro- und Elektronik-Altgeräten (WEEE) und zum anderen aus der europäischen Richtlinie über die Verwendung bestimmter gefährlicher Stoffe in Elektro- und Elektronikgeräten (RoHS) hervor und gilt als Reaktion auf die wachsenden Elektro(nik)schrott-Berge. Für die Unternehmen der Entsorgungs- und Recyclingbranche ergeben sich mit diesen gesetzlichen Neuerungen neue Chancen auf Weiterentwicklung ihres Geschäftsfeldes. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt den Demontageunternehmen, mit deren Hilfe erst die gesetzlichen Forderungen, hinsichtlich der zu erzielenden Rückgewinnungsquoten und der notwendigen selektiven Behandlung einiger Baugruppen, erfüllt werden können. Die Rückgewinnung hochwertiger Metalle aus Elektro(nik)schrott bedarf im Hinblick der Preissteigerungen auf den Rohstoffmärkten höchster Priorität. Mit Etablierung eines Sekundärrohstoffmarktes kann ein rohstoffarmes Land wie Deutschland der Abhängigkeit des Importes von Primärrohstoffen signifikant entgegenwirken.
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El-Gomla, Randa A. M. "A plan-do-check-act framework for WEEE and RoHS : a model for implementing WEEE and RoHS by integrating eco-design factors and activities into business operation and strategy." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5432.
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Eco-design is relatively new and fast growing field of research due to its vital importance to the manufacturing industry and its related environmental issues such as reducing waste, and CO2 emission. A major EU programme relating to the environment is the waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive. The (WEEE) directive specifies ten categories and a voltage range which is up to 1.000 volts AC or 1.500volts DC.
The developed framework came for the implementation of Eco-design principles that helps to take into account the adaption of the (WEEE) directive and the restriction of hazard substances (RoHS) used in electrical and electronic equipments. As a result of identify gaps and needs such as a lack of a comprehensive Eco-design framework and the need to integrate it to the normal business operation.
In this research the PDCA framework for Eco-design and WEEE directive will be discussed. The framework will encompass all of the Eco-design¿s implementation and integration factors and activities such as WEEE and RoHS directives, Eco-design management, Environmental legislations, Eco-design tools and considerations. The literature review covers the topic of Eco-design¿s related issues, and WEEE and RoHS directives rules.
Based on comprehensive questionnaire survey of Eco-design, WEEE and RoHS issues and activities among a sample of environmentally aware companies, statistical analysis is carried out using SPSS software. Then the findings of the survey triangulated with the findings of the literature review formed the basis of the design and implementation plan of the proposed framework
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Feszty, Katalin. "An economic appraisal of collection systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289505.
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Md, Ali Umi Fazara. "Electrochemical separation and purification of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7108.
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This thesis reports on results of a novel process to recover metals selectively by electrodeposition by pumping aqueous acidic chloride solutions produced by leaching of shredded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) through the potentiostatically controlled cathode of an electrochemical reactor. The WEEE solutions contained low concentrations of precious metals, including Ag, Au, Pd and high concentrations of Cu. Electrodeposition from low concentrations of such dissolved metals requires electrodes with high mass transport rate coefficients and specific surface areas to increase cross-sectional current densities and optimise capital and operating costs. Hence, to recover gold from solutions with concentrations < 10 mol m-3 in the WEEE leachate, a three-dimensional cathode was used consisting of a circulating particulate bed of 0.5-1.0 mm diameter graphite particles, on which (AuIIICl4 - + AuICl2 -) ions were reduced. The temporal decay of the solution absorbance of AuCl4 - ions at 312 nm was recorded on-line by a quartz flow cell connected to a UV-visible spectrophotometer using fibre optics, enabling its time dependent concentration to be determined in real time. Total dissolved gold concentrations were determined by Inductively-coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results from the reactor experiments were modelled in terms of a mass transport controlled reaction in a plug flow electrochemical reactor operated in batch recycle with a continuous stirred tank reservoir. As copper is the dominant element in WEEE, and hence in the leach solution, its electrodeposition was investigated using an electrochemical reactor with a Ti/Ta2O5-IrO2 anode, cation-permeable membrane and a Ti mesh cathode in a fluidised bed of 590-840 μm glass beads to enhance mass transfer rates and to improve copper deposit morphologies. As for other metals, the effects were determined of cathode potential and solution flow rate on electrodeposition rates, charge yields, specific electrical energy consumptions, and deposit morphologies, imaged subsequently by scanning electron microscopy, and purities determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). While depleting CuII concentrations from 500 to 35 mol m-3, copper purities of > 99.79 %, as required for commercial purity Cu, were achieved with charge yields of 0.90 and specific electrical energy consumptions of 2000 kW h tonne-1. In addition, the circulating particulate bed cathode depleted solutions rapidly from 15 mol m-3 CuII ca. 100 ppm. Experiments with a rotating vitreous carbon cathode confirmed predictions from a kinetic model for a small electrode potential window within which to achieve selective electrodeposition of tin from synthetic SnIV-PbII aqueous chloride solutions, from which Pb could be electrodeposited subsequently. AlIII, FeII, ZnII and NiII remained in solution after the recovery of Au, Cu, Sn and Pb from the WEEE leachate. Unlike Al, it is possible to electrodeposit Fe from aqueous solution, and it was decided to add NaOH (+ air) to increase the pH to ca. 3.25 to precipitate ‘Fe(OH)3’, which was recovered by filtration. This option also enabled subsequent electro-co-deposition of Ni and Zn with high charge yields, as the higher pH decreased the driving force for H2 evolution. A one- dimensional mathematical model was developed in MAPLETM to predict the kinetics of Ni-Zn electro-co-deposition, which was validated experimentally. The model also considered the potential and concentration profiles in the cathode | electrolyte boundary layer for conditions in which migration and convective diffusion all contribute to overall transport rates, to predict the behaviour and optimize the process parameters of the electrochemical reactors.
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Larsson, Anders. "High frequency distortion in power grids due to electronic equipment." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet/Tillämpad fysik, maskin- och materialteknik/Energiteknik, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/63/LTU-LIC-0663-SE.pdf.
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Asvestas, Ioannis. "Pyrolysis of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Plastics for Energy and Material Recovery." Thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240087.
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The society is striving to tackle the over-extraction of Earth’s resources due to the ongoing population rise. The increased needs of energy and material resources leads to a growing volume of materials waste, which include a variety of dangerous pollutants among them. Waste of electrical and electronic equipment poses a universal problem due to its vast quantities, responsible for environmental pollution and numerous diseases to humans and animals. The high demand in electrical and electronic equipment along with its short-life time due to its obsolescence, leads to the expansion of WEEE waste stream. Energy and material recovery from WEEE can minimize significantly the over extraction of precious metals and minerals along with fuels towards a more sustainable future. Currently, there are several ways to treat WEEE and recover material fractions along with energy, such as incineration and landfilling. Thermochemical treatment of WEEE offers the possibility to convert waste into energy and material simultaneously, in an environmentally friendlier way, resulting in a more sustainable waste management. In this research, pyrolysis is examined as a method for energy and material recovery from WEEE. Brominated plastics along with Polyethylene plastic mixtures have been acquired from Stena and Boliden AB separation processes respectively. Both materials are subjected to pyrolysis in a fixed bed and an auger reactor. The pyrolysis products show their strong relation to the pyrolysis temperature, the type of the reactor and the initial composition of the feedstock material. The carried-out experiments depict the upward trend of the gaseous products in favor of the oils as the pyrolysis temperature increase. The amount of solid residue remained almost at the same levels throughout the temperature range, meaning that no higher temperatures are needed in order to achieve higher decomposition rates of the tested material. Unreacted carbon and inorganic compounds end up in the solid residue that could be used as fuel in a combustion process. The metal fraction can be separated and recycled, as it possesses commercial value. Main oil compounds listed were, styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, alpha methylstyrene benzene, phenol. Compounds such as benzene, indene and p-xylene were produced as the organic compounds were further decomposed during the experiments at the highest temperatures. Chlorine and bromine content must be separated in order to be a formidable fuel. The amount of combustible gases was increasing and their energy potential with the temperature rise. The gaseous fraction consists mainly of: H2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. Both the gaseous and oil compounds can be used as fuels in a combustion process. The amount of halogens was measured at low levels within the product range, though their separation is important. Pyrolysis of WEEE is a promising method for energy and material recovery that can boost the sustainability of our society.Samhället strävar efter att ta itu med överutvinningen av jordens resurser på grund av den pågåendebefolkningsökningen. De ökade behoven hos energi och materiella resurser leder till en ökandemängd materialavfall, vilket inkluderar en mängd farliga föroreningar bland dem. Avfall av elektriskoch elektronisk utrustning utgör ett universellt problem på grund av sin stora mängd, ansvarig förmiljöföroreningar och många sjukdomar hos människor och djur. Den stora efterfrågan på elektriskoch elektronisk utrustning tillsammans med den korta livslängden på grund av dess föryngring ledertill utvidgningen av WEEE-avfallsströmmen. Energi och materialåtervinning från WEEE kanbetydligt minska över-extraktion av ädelmetaller och mineraler tillsammans med bränslen mot en merhållbar framtid. För närvarande finns det flera sätt att behandla WEEE och återvinna materialfraktioner tillsammansmed energi, såsom förbränning och deponering. Termokemisk behandling av WEEE erbjudermöjlighet att omvandla avfall till energi och material samtidigt, på ett miljövänligare sätt, vilketresulterar i en mer hållbar avfallshantering.I denna forskning undersöks pyrolys som en metod för energi och materialåtervinning från WEEE.Bromerad plast tillsammans med polyetylenplastblandningar har förvärvats från Stena och BolidenAB separationsprocesser. Båda materialen utsätts för pyrolys i en fast bädd och en skruvreaktor.Pyrolysprodukterna visar deras starka förhållande till pyrolys-temperaturen, reaktortypen och denursprungliga sammansättningen av råmaterialet. De utförda experimenten visar den uppåtgåendetrenden hos de gasformiga produkterna till förmån för oljorna som pyrolystemperaturökningen.Mängden fast substans förblev nästan vid samma nivåer genom temperaturintervallet, vilket innebäratt inga högre temperaturer behövs för att uppnå högre sönderdelningshastigheter för det testadematerialet. Oreagerat kol och oorganiska föreningar hamnar i den fasta återstoden som kan användassom bränsle vid förbränningsprocessen. Metallfraktionen kan separeras och återvinnas, eftersom denhar kommersiellt värde. De angivna huvudolja-föreningarna var styren, toluen, etylbensen, alfa-metylstyrenbensen, fenol.Föreningar såsom bensen, inden och p-xylen framställdes när de organiska föreningarnasönderdelades vidare under försöken vid de högsta temperaturerna. Klor och brominnehåll måstesepareras för att vara ett formidabelt bränsle.Mängden brännbara gaser ökade och deras energipotential med temperaturökningen. Den gasformigafraktionen består huvudsakligen av: H2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. Bådegasformiga och oljeföreningar kan användas som bränslen i en förbränningsprocess. Mängdenhalogener mättes vid låga halter inom produktsortimentet, fastän deras separation är viktig.Pyrolys av WEEE är en lovande metod för energi och materialåtervinning som kan öka vårt samhälleshållbarhet.
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Martin, Alexander Dennis. "Risk assessment and the management of environmentally hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492991.
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Producers that distribute and/or sell electrical and electronic equipment in the EU must ensure compliance with a raft of legislation that restricts environmentally hazardous substances in such equipment. Producers must also address the concerns of their stakeholders (e.g. consumers and pressure groups) regarding environmentally hazardous substances in their products. Producers are at risk of losing sales, profitability and market share as well as diminishing the value of their bands and tarnishing their reputations if they do not comply with legislation or address stakeholder expectations. For example, an enforcement official could detect non-compliance with the law and impose a distribution block that stopped a producer from supplying products and subsequently bring an abrupt end to its trading. Ensuring compliance with the law involves identifying and understanding the requirements of relevant legislation and devising and implementing plans to meet these requirements. This is challenging when the legislation restricts substances in individual product parts that, in the case of electronic products, are numerous as well as sourced by producers from hundreds of suppliers. Hence producers must manage their supply chains to manage the risks that they are exposed to. While producers use risk assessment in product design and manufacture, few producers have assessed risks in their supply chains. A tool was developed for use by producers to assess their exposure to such risks. This tool was tested at Sony Computer Entertainment Europe and proved a powerful method for identifying and prioritising key risks in the management of environmentally hazardous substances in products. The tool could be readily adapted and used by other producers that wished to assess the same or similar risks in their supply chains and complements existing management practices (e.g. auditing, product testing).
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Chavez, Jose Luis Fierro. "Diagnostic techniques of electrical failures in organic insulators installed in the field." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306080.
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Booth, M. J. "Design and development of a distributed planar pressure sensor utilising electrical impedance tomography." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2000. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19369/.
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This thesis describes an investigation into the use of electrical impedance tomography used in conjunction with a flexible conductive sensor for the measurement of distributed pressure. The main application areas are for the constant monitoring of the pressure distribution between a patient and their support surface i.e. beds and wheel chairs, in order to reduce the formation of pressure sores and tactile sensing for robotics. A number of systems have been developed for the monitoring of patients but non-have proved suitable for constant monitoring and these are reviewed. A review of the tactile sensor techniques used in robotic grippers is presented and when the area to be monitored is relatively small (1-2 cm2) the techniques already under development can provide the resolution required. However no technique exists to measure distributed pressure over a large area. A review of both the hardware and reconstruction algorithms used in electrical impedance tomography is presented and the design of the hardware and software developed for the investigation into the sensor design is detailed. As the sensor is such that electrodes are not limited to the periphery both an experimental and computer simulated comparison of three different electrode configurations is described. The three-electrode arrangements investigated are with the electrodes placed at the periphery of both a circular and square boundary, and with electrodes evenly distributed across a square area. The results from the comparisons show that the new distributed electrode arrangement performs significantly better than when the electrodes are confined to the periphery. It also shows that the geometry of the boundary when using peripheral electrodes can also effect the performance of an EIT system. The initially investigated sensor design was based on a conductive polymer sheet and a number of samples were characterised in term of their V/I characteristics and their creep and resistance change due to applied pressure. Only one of the sample tested had a response worth investigating further but the material could not be obtained for larger area tests. Therefore an alternative sensor design was investigated. This novel sensor consisted of a conductive fluid retained beneath a flexible rubber membrane. From electrical impedance tomography images obtained from the experimental evaluation of the new sensor design it is shown that the system can image the pressure distribution across its surface. In addition, the analysis of the unprocessed data from the new sensor shows the system to have a well-defined response with a wide applied pressure range and the construction of the sensor is such that its response could be tailored to the range of pressure to be measured.
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Rodgers, Cheryl. "Producer responsibility and the role of industry in managing waste from electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264632.
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Dahlgren, Linus. "Case Study on Applications of Measurement Equipment for Dynamic Line Rating." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284242.
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Dynamic Line Rating is the concept of rating the ampacity of power lines depending on the thermodynamicconditions of the lines. It is an alternative to Static Line Ratings, which are set to maintainnetwork safety requirements under unfavourable operating conditions. Thus Dynamic Line Rating allowsthe network operator to utilise unused capacity of the lines, and operate network assets closer to theirlimits while still maintaining network safety requirements.This thesis explores the potential of Dynamic Line Rating through an analysis of a pilot project fromEllevio AB and Heimdall Power. The goal is to ascertain the ideal placement of monitoring equipment forDynamic Line Rating purposes, determine an estimate of the transmission capacity increase, and studythe economic impact of Dynamic Line Rating implementation.Data from the measurement equipment used in the pilot project has been analysed to ensure that it isoperating correctly. This analysis showed that the line temperature measurements were malfunctioning.Because of this, the analysis of Dynamic Line Rating in this thesis is strictly weather based.The most critical spans along a line have been identied through a method that has been developed forthis thesis. The capacity increase is estimated to 23% when Dynamic Line Rating is implemented. Aneconomic analysis quantied the potential value of this capacity increase from both the perspective of awind power producer and a DSO. This analysis also showed that DLR show a correlation towards windpower generation and no correlation towards the general load prole of the line.Dynamisk gradering är ett alternativt sätt att gradera utrustning i elkraftsystem (luftledningar, transfor-matorer). Den rådande normen är en statisk gradering som är satt för att säkerställa att systemet håller sig inom säkerhetsgränserna även vid ofördelaktiga förhållanden. En dynamisk gradering beräknar lastbarheten kontinuerligt utifrån realtids eller prognosticerade mätvärden. Detta tillåter drift närmare de faktiska säkerhetsgränserna, vilket ökar utrustningens överföringskapacitet. Det är således ett attraktivt forskningsområde inom elkraftmarknaden, då utbyggnad av överföringskapacitet i nuläget ofta är förenat med stora kostnader och långa handläggningstider.I Oktober 2019 påbörjade Ellevio AB tillsammans med Heimdall Power ett pilotprojekt om dynamisk lastbarhet. Mätutrustning utvecklad av Heimdall Power monterades på en regionalledning, för att utforska potentialen hos både mätutrustningen och den dynamiska lastbarheten för ledningen i fråga. Det här examensarbetet har som en del i pilotprojektet haft som mål att besvara frågor gällande den potentiella ökningen i överföringskapacitet och de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av detta, samt analysera mätutrustningens tillförlitlighet och optimala placering längs ledningen.En metod för att finna de mest kritiska punkterna längs ledningen har tagits fram i samband med examensarbetet. Metoden är baserad på en litteraturstudie av tidigare metoder, och använder tre faktorer för att göra en riskskattning av varje span på ledningen. Metoden applicerades sedan på ledningen i pilotprojektet för att finna de mest kritiska punkterna för att placera mätutrustning.Analysen av mätutrustningens tillförlitlighet visade att temperaturmätningarna hos Heimdalls neuroner inte fungerade korrekt. Detta har senare bekräftats genom tester från Heimdall.Den potentiella överföringskapaciteten ökade i genomsnitt med 23% då dynamisk gradering implementerades. En positiv korrelation mellan den dynamiska graderingen och lastprofilen från vindkraftsproduktion i området har också påvisats. Den ekonomiska analysen visade att det potentiella ekonomiska värdet från denna ökning beror på mängden nyetablering av vindkraft, och att värdet från implementering av dynamisk gradering då som mest är 4.1 MSEK.Sammanfattningsvis har det här examensarbetet påvisat både möjligheter och utmaningar kring dynamisk gradering. Vidare behöver ovanstående analyser göras ånyo då mer mätdata samlats in, för att kunnabekräfta eller förkasta slutsatserna i rapporten.
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Abu, Baker Muhammad Shahzad. "An integrated approach to planning of recycling activites for the waste from electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500380.
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SENA, FABRICIO ROBERTO. "EVOLUTION OF MOBILE PHONES TECHNOLOGY AND THE IMPACT ON THE WASTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22231@1.
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Os produtos da indústria de eletroeletrônicos possuem alta empregabilidade no dia a dia. No entanto, por terem um ciclo de vida curto impactam na demanda por recursos naturais não renováveis. Dentro do universo de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, os telefones celulares estão entre os mais complexos e os que empregam maior quantidade de elementos químicos diferentes. Apesar de pequenos, são vendidos aos milhares, em parte devido a sua curta vida útil. Esses fatores aliados indicam a existência de riscos à saúde e ao meio ambiente, o que faz repensar como destinar corretamente esses aparelhos no pós-consumo. A proposta do trabalho é fazer uma análise de como os telefones celulares impactam no volume e na complexidade dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos, explicar a razão desse bem essencial ter uma vida útil tão curta e expor os motivos que tornam a sua reciclagem absolutamente necessária para continuar o seu desenvolvimento tecnológico, atender a demanda dos consumidores e reduzir o impacto ambiental da produção ao descarte.In the last century, through new production processes, the industry has increased the variety and availability of products offered to the population, providing better quality of life. This has happened because the inception of series production has offered a greater supply of consumer goods, including the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE). The evolution of electronics technology has provided, and will continue to provide a better quality of life than the one we used to have. However, the technology of these products is continuously evolving, and this brings advantages and disadvantages.
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Ylä-Mella, J. (Jenni). "Strengths and challenges in the Finnish waste electrical and electronic equipment recovery system:consumers’ perceptions and participation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526209821.
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Abstract The production and use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) have significantly increased during the last three decades due to technological innovations and new applications of EEE. Fast technological progress, EEE becoming a part of everyday life and rising incomes have led to the situation where EEE are more replaceable than ever causing the rapid growth of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In order to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and to improve the recovery of valuable substances from WEEE, the European Union has implemented Directives related to EEE. In this thesis, the national implementation of the WEEE Directive and the development of the WEEE recovery infrastructure in Finland were studied. Furthermore, consumers’ awareness and perceptions toward the WEEE recovery system were assessed through a survey conducted in the Oulu region. Finally, the role of consumer behaviour in storing electronics at home and its impact on the realisation of the waste hierarchy were considered. Results indicate that the implementation of the WEEE Directive has succeeded in Finland. The legislative basis and functional WEEE recovery system with high collection and recovery rates have been enacted within a few years. The study revealed that consumers’ awareness of the importance and existence of WEEE recovery system is high among the residents in Oulu; however, the high storing rates of mobile phones indicate that the proximity and the convenience of the WEEE recovery system are inadequate to motivate the return of small WEEE. Analysing the lifespan of electronics indicates that stockpiling deprives the re-use potential of mobile phones and thus hinders waste prevention. Storage also delays the return of valuable substances for recycling and risks the realisation of the waste management hierarchy. It is concluded that education and awareness raising will continue to be a crucial element in the progress towards a more environmentally conscious WEEE recovery in FinlandTiivistelmä Sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteiden (SE-laitteiden) tuotanto ja käyttö ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi viime vuosikymmenten aikana uusien teknologisten ratkaisujen ja sovellusten myötä. Nopea teknologinen kehitys, SE-laitteiden jokapäiväistyminen sekä elintason nousu ovat johtaneet tilanteeseen, jossa ne ovat helpommin vaihdettavissa kuin koskaan aikaisemmin. Tämän seurauksena myös sähkö- ja elektroniikkaromun (SE-romu, SER) määrä on nopeassa kasvussa. Vähentääkseen SE-romun aiheuttamia haitallisia ympäristö- ja terveysvaikutuksia sekä tehostaakseen hyödyllisten materiaalien talteenottoa SE-romusta Euroopan Unioni on ottanut käyttöön sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteisiin liittyviä direktiivejä. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu SER-direktiivin kansallista käyttöönottoa ja keräysverkoston kehittymistä Suomessa. Lisäksi kuluttajakäsitystä ja -tietoisuutta arvioitiin Oulun alueella toteutetulla kyselytutkimuksella. Työssä on arvioitu myös kuluttajien roolia käytöstä poistettujen SE-laitteiden kotivarastoinnissa ja sen vaikutuksia jätehierarkian toteutumiseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että kansallinen implementointi on onnistunut Suomessa; kansallinen lainsäädännöllinen perusta ja toimiva keräysjärjestelmä on saavutettu vain muutamassa vuodessa. Tutkimuksesta selviää, että kuluttajatietoisuus keräysjärjestelmän tärkeydestä ja sen olemassaolosta on hyvällä tasolla; matkapuhelinten korkea säilytysaste kotitalouksissa viittaa kuitenkin nykyisen järjestelmän riittämättömyyteen motivoida kuluttajia palauttamaan pientä SE-romua keräysjärjestelmään. SE-laitteiden elinkaaren vaikutusten tarkastelu osoittaa, että varastointi estää matkapuhelinten uudelleenkäyttöä ja estää jätteen synnyn ehkäisyä. Lisäksi se viivästyttää hyödyllisten materiaalien palautumista kierrätykseen vaarantaen myös jätehierarkian toteutumisen. Siksi koulutus ja tietoisuuden lisääminen ovat tärkeässä roolissa ympäristömyötäisemmän keräysjärjestelmän saavuttamiseksi Suomessa
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Pennock, Michael. "Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) creating an electronics equipment takeback program in light of current European Union directives and possible U.S. legislation /." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003pennockm.pdf.
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Brinkle, Ray Franklin. "Automotive electrical/electronics unit plans for Fontana High School." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1880.
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Charles, Rhys G. "Assessment and exploitation of the inherent value of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) for circular economy." Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa39601.
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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a global environmental and resource-efficiency crisis. However, WEEE is a valuable urban mine of economically, strategically and environmentally important materials e.g. precious metals (PMs) and critical raw materials (CRMs). Economic value derived from WEEE can drive solutions to the ‘WEEE problem’ which are conducive to circular economy, enhance global resource-efficiency, and generate environmental and social benefits. This thesis examines the value of WEEE, and methods for its exploitation to the benefit of global sustainability. The ‘WEEE problem’ is examined in the context of global sustainability, considering environmental & resource-efficiency implications and linear resources use by the electrical & electronic equipment (EEE) industry. Solutions are considered which exploit WEEE as an ‘urban mine’ and embrace circular economy. Within this context, recycling potential of future WEEE is evaluated through projections of PM & Cu content of PCBs, based on temporal trends in historic RAM modules. CRMs are then identified in WEEE and methods of enhancing their recovery through intervention in pre-processing stages of recycling are evaluated. An industrial symbiosis process which recovers Pt from waste thermocouples for use in solar cells is presented as an example of the greater value generation potential offered by circular economy and the potential of such processes to overcome barriers to CRM recovery. Challenges and opportunities in lifecycle optimisation of printable photovoltaics for circular economy is considered as a means of enhancing the industrial ecology of this industry to avoid WEEE generation, reduce primary materials demand and enhance the value derived from these technologies at all stages of their lifecycles. Appropriate battery selection for solar off-grid systems in South Africa is then considered, demonstrating that greater value can be derived from EEE for local economies if compatibility of technologies with local skills and infrastructure for in-use and EoL management.
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Changcheng, Yao, and Zhang Le. "Inventory Control of WEEE (Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment) Reverse Logistics in parts of China : The HEA (household electrical appliances) manufacturers’ perspective." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11956.
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Title: Inventory Control of WEEE (Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment) Reverse Logistics in parts of China --The HEA (household electrical appliances) manufacturers’ perspective Background: With economic development, the requirement of public for enterprises and products has become increasingly rational. Price is no longer the only consideration of public, they also pay attention to other factors, such as energy conservation. The manufacturers face enormous challenges because of the late start of products recycling in China. So enterprises start to build their own recycling logistics system in order to have more competitive for themselves. Purpose: The purpose is to describe the methods of inventory controls in the case HEA manufacturers and the problems of inventory controls, find out what problems exsist in the case manufacturers, then analyze what are the origins of these issues for HEA manufacturers as well as propose how these issues can be alleviated, and what methods would be suitable. By solving these research questions, the thesis tries to offer some suggestions about inventory control improvement not only to the cases, but also wider to the whole HEA manufacturers in China. Method: Multiple - case study as research method has been applied. Specifically, two case companies, Chinese HEA manufacturers, have been selected. Two telephone focused interviews combined with open-ended interviews have been conducted with two related managers. The empirical evidence has been analyzed by using with-in case study and cross-case analysis method, then model analysis is applied. Results, conclusion: First, the methods are not good enough in the two case companies, a new model is built to help inventory control in the case companies. Second, from external and internal perspective, the origins to cause the problems are a lot, but the main causes are environmental factors, and in busy seasons of these companies. Besides, for doing reverse logistics is a capital costing job, none of the enterprises would like to step in. and reverse logistics is in an uncertainty environment, doing so need to make sure everything clearly and orderly, or costs will be a large amount. The best way of improving inventory control of WEEE reverse logistics in China is that the enterprises standing together to restore the orders. Limitations and drawbacks: For one thing, there are not enough previous studies references in China, this brought some difficulties of supporting the view points in the thesis. Two empirical cases are not persuasive enough to represent the whole China due to the limitation of the authors’ knowledge and the huge area of China. Nevertheless, the ideal model in model analysis is not that complicated, which means, for more complex problems and processes, the model would be lame.
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Gottberg, Annika. "Producer responsibility for WEEE as a driver of ecodesign: Case studies of business responses to producer responsibility charges." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/745.
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Due to potential environmental, resource and health problems associated with waste, waste
minimisation is a prioritised waste management strategy in many countries. Producer
responsibility policies promote waste minimisation by stipulating separate collection and
recycling of particular waste streams. In addition, a purpose of the policy is to encourage
product development that reduces waste generation and improves recyclability. It is
sometimes assumed that the financial responsibility assigned to producers for collection
and recycling of their end-of-life products will instigate waste minimising product
development in order to reduce costs. However, this view has also been contested.
Following the adoption of the WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) all EU member states have to
implement producer responsibility for WEEE. Taking a qualitative multiple case study
approach, this study explores company responses to the costs of existing national producer
responsibility policies for WEEE in relation product development. The purpose is to inform
policy-making on the effectiveness of producer responsibility charges in achieving waste
minimising product development.
The study comprises both large companies and SMEs in the lighting equipments sector. It
also includes companies in EU member states without producer responsibility for WEEE in
order to see if there are any differences in waste-minimising product design among
countries and if national policies have an impact beyond national borders. Economic
principles and previous research findings on ecodesign make up the analytical framework
for the study.
Quantitative data on cost-benefits of ecodesign and waste minimisation achievements were
scarce. However, the company responses show that the costs imposed on the producers by
the WEEE policy have had little effect on product development so far. The costs can
generally be transferred to customers via product prices. The price increases were generally
small and without any negative effects on competitiveness. Other drivers such as bans on
certain substances, environmental industry product declarations, commercial advantages
including direct customer demands from for instance public procurers, are more effective.
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Chongwatpol, Jongsawas. "Analysis of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Thailand and implementation of risk management plan to comply with future WEEE regulations." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004chongwatpolj.pdf.
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Lindström, Anton. "Design and implementation of a power distribution network for control equipment for electric vehicle charging." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fysik och elektroteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-137674.
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This thesis treats the design and implementation of a power distribution network for a controller PCB for controlling charging of electric vehicles. The controller PCB is powered by mains power, and thus needs both AC to DC conversion and DC to DC conversion in order to operate. The thesis focuses on the design of an isolated flyback topology AC to DC converter, while also describing the design and implementation of the DC to DC converters needed for the controller PCB to operate. The work started with some theoretical study, and then progressed into designing the converters. The AC to DC and the DC to DC converters where designed in parallel. After the design phase was complete the converters where implemented on PCBs for evaluation. The evaluation of the AC to DC converter involved evaluation of several different transformers from different suppliers, as well as evaluation of the circuit design itself. All converters designed proved functional after evaluation.
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Zhang, Chan. "The impact of and solutions to electronic and electrical waste management in Hong Kong SAR." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1176.
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Eskitürk, Cennet, Mandy Gädeke, and André Willing. "The effect of supply chain integration on the environmental and social performance : Based on German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44129.
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In the past years supply chain integration has become focus of interest, due to the discussion in the literature, that a positive direct relationship exists between higher supply chain integration and higher performance. Additionally, the environmental and social performance of supply chains gained much interest based on the new sustainability focus in the 21st century. The production of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing global manufacturing activities. However, due to technological advancements, the quick obsolescence of electronics result in increased generation of waste of electrical and electronic equipment. Germany is one of the leading electrical and electronic equipment markets within Europe and is strongly affected by the EU directives and regulations, which aim not only to protect human health but also to improve the environmental performance of the electrical and electronic equipment operators in particular. Therefore, the environmental and social performance of German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers is increasingly gaining importance. Respectively, the purpose of this study is to investigate what effect the depth of upstream supply chain integration has on the environmental and social performance of German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers. This study is based on the quantitative research method. The required empirical data is generated through an online questionnaire, which has been sent to German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers. An initial operationalization of upstream supply chain integration depth and environmental and social performance is used as a foundation for the questionnaire. It can be concluded that German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers seem to have a coordinative upstream supply chain integration and presumably have a Abstract 4 moderate environmental and social performance. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the upstream supply chain integration depth has an effect on the environmental and social performance of German electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers.
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Peagam, Richard. "An investigation into the fate of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) at end-of-life to inform strategies for management." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665474.
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Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) contains materials which can have a significant financial value, it can also be damaging to the environment if it is not treated properly at end-of-life. It is therefore essential to collect and treat EEE effectively at end-of-life to ensure scarce resources are not wasted, avoid the detrimental environmental impacts of improper treatment, mitigate the dwindling availability of virgin materials and to conserve potential value. The policy principle of Extended Producer Responsibility states that manufacturers are responsible for the units they put on the market at end-of-life. This is enacted in the EU through the WEEE Directive, implemented in 2003 and due to be revised in 2012 for implementation in 2014. WEEE collection rates, based on the mass sold in the two previous years (the measure used by the European Commission), reported under the WEEE Directive are low; around 30% for all household and 6% for non-household IT units (2009 figures). Accounting for WEEE and treating it correctly is not a straightforward waste management issue as there are incentives to divert it (from the financial value of the material it contains), which results in dispersal. This dispersal could account for some of the reported shortfall in collection. The goals of the thesis were to establish how the current approach to WEEE regulation reflected the reality of waste arising, through a detailed analysis of two established routes for the collection and treatment of end-of-life IT; the first being that for household equipment, which is monitored and reported under the WEEE Directive, and the second is for nonhousehold collections which is not. This thesis includes the only contemporary documentation of non-household WEEE collection and treatment. Findings indicated that while there was a financial value attached to WEEE, reuse was often a more attractive option than recycling but only for certain product types. The economic factors that make WEEE units either a potential resource or a burden were shown to be highly sensitive to several influences, which could present barriers to collection, treatment and regulation. While there are incentives to divert WEEE from the waste stream to extract the material value, this means that the WEEE that enters current collection networks often has had the value removed already, impacting the profitability of exploiting it. The current approach to WEEE regulation was shown not to reflect reality of waste arising, and the role of the manufacturer in collection and treatment at end-oflife is discussed extensively, arguing that directly linking producer responsibility costs to recycling is not feasible nor particularly useful. The goal of policy should be that all WEEE is accounted for at end-of-life, the environmental impact of disposal is minimal and the correct party has the cost attributed to them, and the thesis uses unique data to outline strategies to do this. © Richard
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Westerlund, Per. "Condition measuring and lifetime modelling of disconnectors, circuit breakers and other electrical power transmission equipment." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214984.
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The supply of electricity is important in modern society, so the outages of the electric grid should be few and short, especially for the transmission grid. A summary of the history of the Swedish electrical system is presented. The objective is to be able to plan the maintenance better by following the condition of the equipment. The risk matrix can be used to choose which component to be maintained. The risk matrix is improved by adding a dimension, the uncertainty of the probability. The risk can be reduced along any dimension: better measurements, preventive maintenance or more redundancy. The number of dimensions can be reduced to two by following iso-risk lines calculated for the beta distribution. This thesis lists twenty surveys about circuit breakers and disconnectors, with statistics about the failures and the lifetime. It also presents about forty condition-measuring methods for circuit breakers and disconnectors, mostly applicable to the electric contacts and the mechanical parts. A method for scheduling thermography based on analysis of variance of the current is tried. Its aim is to reduce the uncertainty of thermography and it is able to explain two thirds of the variation using the time of the day, the day of the week and the week number as explanatory variables. However, the main problem remains as the current is in general too low. A system with IR sensors has been installed at the nine contacts of six disconnectors with the purpose of avoiding outages for maintenance if the contacts are in a good condition. The measured temperatures are sent by radio and regressed against the square of the current, the best exponent found. The coefficient of determination $R^2$ is high, greater than 0.9. The higher the regression coefficient is, the more heat is produced at the contact. So this ranks the different contacts. Finally a framework for lifetime modelling and condition measuring is presented. Lifetime modelling consists in associating a distribution of time to failure with each subpopulation. Condition measuring means measuring a parameter and estimating its value in the future. If it exceeds a threshold, maintenance should be carried out. The effect of maintenance of the contacts is shown for four disconnectors. An extension of the risk matrix with uncertainty, a survey of statistics and condition monitoring methods, a system with IR sensors at contacts, a thermography scheduling method and a framework for lifetime modelling and condition measuring are presented. They can improve the planning of outages for maintenance. Finally a framework for lifetime modelling and condition measuring is presented. Lifetime modelling consists in associating a distribution of time to failure with each subpopulation. Condition measuring means measuring a parameter and estimating its value in the future. If it exceeds a threshold, maintenance should be carried out. The effect of maintenance of the contacts is shown for four disconnectors. An extension of the risk matrix with uncertainty, a survey of statistics and condition monitoring methods, a system with IR sensors at contacts, a thermography scheduling method and a framework for lifetime modelling and condition measuring are presented. They can improve the planning of outages for maintenance.Elförsörjningen är viktig i det moderna samhället, så avbrotten bör vara få och korta, särskilt i stamnätet. En kortfattad historik över det svenska elsystemet presenteras. Målet är att kunna planera avbrotten för underhåll bättre genom att veta mera om apparaternas skick. Det är svårt att planera avbrott för underhåll och utbyggnad. Riskmatrisen är verktyg för att välja vad som ska underhållas och den kan förbättras genom att lägga till en dimension, sannolikhetens osäkerhet. Risken kan minskas längs med varje dimension: bättre mätningar, förebyggande underhåll och mer redundans. Antalet dimensioner kan igen bli två genom att följa linjer med samma risk, som är beräknade för betafördelningen. Denna avhandling tar upp tjugo studier av fel i brytare och frånskiljare med data om felorsak och livslängd. Den har också en översikt av ett fyrtiotal olika metoder för tillståndsmätningar för brytare och frånskiljare, som huvudsakligen rör de elektriska kontakterna och de mekaniska delarna. Ett system med IR sensorer har installerats på de nio kontakterna på sex frånskiljare. Målet är att minska antalet avbrott för underhåll genom att skatta skicket när frånskiljarna är i drift. De uppmätta temperaturerna tas emot genom radio och behandlas genom regression mot kvadraten av strömmen, då den bästa exponenten för strömmen visade sig vara 2,0. Förklaringsfaktorn $R^2$ är hög, över 0,9. För varje kontakt ger det en regressionskoefficient. Ju högre koefficienten är, desto mer värme utvecklas det i kontakten, vilket kan leda till skador på materialet. Koefficienterna ger en rangordning av frånskiljarna. Systemet kan också användas för att minska eller öka den tillåtna strömmen baserat på skicket. Slutligen förklaras ett ramverk för livslängdsmodellering och tillståndsmätning. Livslängdsmodellering innebär att koppla en fördelning för tiden till fel med varje delpopulation. Med tillståndsmätning avses att mäta en parameter och skatta dess värde i framtiden. Om den överskrider en tröskel, måste apparaten underhållas. Effekten av underhåll visas för fyra frånskiljare. En utveckling av riskmatrisen med osäkerheten, en sammanställning av statistik och metoder för tillståndsövervakning, ett system med IR-sensor vid kontakerna, en metod för termografiplanering och ett ramverk för livslängdsmodellering och tillståndsmätningar presenteras. De kan förbättra avbrottsplaneringen.
El suministro de energía eléctrica es importante en la sociedad moderna. Por eso los cortes eléctricos deben ser poco frecuentes y de poca duración, sobre todo en la red de transmisión. Esta tesis resume la historia del sistema eléctrico sueco. El objetivo es planificar los cortes mejor siguiendo la condición de los aparatos. La matriz de riesgo se utiliza muchas veces para escoger en qué aparatos debería realizarse mantenimiento. Esta matriz se puede mejorar añadiendo una dimensión: la incertidumbre de la probabilidad. El riesgo puede ser disminuido siguiendo cada una de las tres dimensiones: mejores mediciones, mantenimiento preventivo y mayor redundancia. El número de dimensiones puede reducirse siguiendo líneas del mismo riesgo calculadas para la distribución beta. Esta tesis presenta veinte estudios de fallos en interruptores y seccionadores con datos sobre la causa y el tiempo hasta la avería. Contiene también una visión general de cuarenta métodos para medir la condición de seccionadores e interruptores, aplicables en su mayoría a los contactos eléctricos y los componentes mecánicos. Se ha instalado un sistema con sensores infrarrojos en los seis contactos de nueve seccionadores. El objetivo es disminuir los cortes de servicio para mantenimiento, estimando la condición con el seccionador en servicio. Las temperaturas son transmitidas por radio y se hace una regresión con el cuadrado de la corriente, ya que el mejor exponente de la corriente resultó ser 2,0. $R^2$ alcanza un valor de 0,9 indicando un buen ajuste de los datos por parte del modelo. Existe un coeficiente de regresión para cada contacto y este sirve para ordenar los contactos según la necesidad de mantenimiento, ya que cuanto mayor sea el coeficiente más calor se produce en el contacto. Finalmente se explica que el modelado de tiempo hasta la avería consiste en asignar una distribución estadística a cada equipo. La monitorización del estado consiste en medir y estimar un parámetro y luego predecir su valor en el futuro. Si va a sobrepasar un cierto límite, el equipo necesitará de mantenimiento. Se presenta el efecto de mantenimiento de cuatro seccionadores. Un desarrollo de la matriz de riesgo, un conjunto de estadísticas y métodos de monitoreo de condición, un sistema de sensores IR situados cerca de los contactos, en método de planificación de termografía y un concepto para explicar la modelización de tiempo hasta la avería y de la monitorización de la condición han sido presentados y hace posible una mejor planificación de los cortes de servicio.
QC 20170928
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Hideblad, Daniel. "Equipment for Accelerated Vibration Testing." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-62587.
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The increasing complexity with the decrease in size of EEE – components (Electronic, electric and electromagnetic) raises the question on how higher energy frequencies will affect the components and their continuous development. The most common vibration testing equipment currently in use within the automotive industry and SCANIA CV AB are the electrodynamic shaker (ED system). This thesis covers the characteristics of different vibration testing equipment while analysing their strengths and weaknesses, not only for the automotive industry but also including equipment more commonly handled within the aero and space industry. The project aims to find a complement for the ED system and study the possibility for its replacement in the automotive industry.In particular, experiments are carried out and documented on a so-called “Repeatable shaker system” (RS system) for the purpose to get a better understanding on the functions of the equipment and its overall differences compared to the electrodynamic system when it comes to random vibration testing.It became clear that complementing or replacing the ED system is difficult and that the RS system work fundamentally different in comparison. Accordingly, the RS system is not a potential replacement for our purpose and it cannot perform at the same level of precision but instead is able to achieve higher energy frequencies overall, making it still ideal for its intended purposes, but not as a replacement of the ED system.
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Chancerel, Perrine. "Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical and electronic equipment an assessment of the recovery of gold and palladium." [Clausthal-Zellerfeld] [Papierflieger], 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003018734/34.
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Rubin, Ricardo Soares. "Método de desmontagem de placas de circuito impresso provenientes de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos para reciclagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-03082016-165434/.
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Nesta tese é apresentado um novo método de desmontagem das placas de circuito impresso obsoletas ou defeituosas, provenientes de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, para aplicação no processo de reciclagem. A desmontagem tem por objetivo segregar a PCI para que o material reciclado apresente maior pureza, bem como facilitar as etapas posteriores no processo de reciclagem. A desmontagem proposta é classificada como automática, simultânea e destrutiva. O método apresentado não requer o uso de tecnologias avançadas e de alto custo. Para aplicação deste método foi desenvolvido um protótipo que utiliza aquecimento do ar para derretimento da solda e força centrífuga para remoção dos componentes. O desenho deste equipamento permite a separação da PCI em 3 partes distintas: substrato, solda e componentes eletrônicos. Para a desmontagem no protótipo foram usadas placas marrons de fontes de alimentação, e placas verdes de memórias tipo RAM, com substrato de fenolite e de fibra de vidro respectivamente. A desmontagem foi realizada com sucesso em ambos os casos. Para as placas pesadas ou marrons, a faixa de operação que apresentou maior taxa de recuperação de solda (entre 2,2 e 2,8% do peso da PCI) e de componentes (entre 60 e 80% do peso da PCI) situa-se entre 200 e 206°C e 900 rpm. Para placas leves ou verdes, a desmontagem deve se situar entre 210 e 225°C e 900 rpm, sendo a quantidade de solda recuperada inferior a 1% e a de componentes aproximadamente 32% do peso da PCI. A liga de solda recuperada dos dois tipos de placas possui contaminação abaixo de 3%, teor semelhante à da borra proveniente de processos industriais de soldagem e que é utilizada como matéria prima.In this work, is presented a new method for disassembly of obsolete or defective printed circuit board, from waste of electrical and electronic equipmente, for use in recycling. Disassembly objetives separate PCB to achives purer recycled material as well facilited the subsequent step in recycling process. Proposed disassembly is classified as automatic, simultaneous and destructive. The presented method doesn\'t required the use of advanced and expensives technologies. For this method, a prototype was developed. It utilizes centrifugal force and air heating for solder melting and components removal. Design of the prototype allows separation of PCB in 3 parts: substrate, solder and electronics components. Very low grades boards of paper laminated phenolic resins, from power supply of computers was used, as well as very high grade boards from RAM memory, made of fiberglass. Disassembly was sucessfully for both cases. For very low grade boards, operation range which has a greater amount of recovered solder (between 2,2 and 2,8% of weight of PCB) and components (between 60 and 80% of weight of PCB) is inside the range of temperature of 200 and 206°C and 900 rpm. For very high grade boards, disassembly is inside the range of temperature of 210 and 225°C and 900 rpm, with quantity of recovered solder under 1% and components aproximatelly 32% of weight of the PCB. Recovery solder for the two kinds of PCB has a contamination under 3%, similar to spare from industrial welding process, used as input in the production of new solders.
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Roy, Axel. "From a complex to a simpler building product Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) : Focus on simplification of LCA conduct for electronic and electrical equipment." Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119851.
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Ardi, Romadhani [Verfasser], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Leisten. "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Management Systems in the Developed and the Developing Countries : A Comparative Structural Study / Romadhani Ardi ; Betreuer: Rainer Leisten." Duisburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119705657/34.
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Diaz, Fabian [Verfasser]. "Process concept based on pyrolysis for integration of Shredder light fractions (SLF) in the Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) / Fabian Diaz." Düren : Shaker, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1208599194/34.
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Gezelius, Jonatan. "Reuse and Verification of Test Equipment for ISO 7637." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175013.
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Standards exist to unify requirements and to make it possible to make sure that equipment is tested in the same way, even when several different test labs perform the test. But as new technology comes to market, and old technology evolves, so must the standards. The International Organization for Standardization are continuously developing new standards and updating existing standards, and sometimes the specified tests changes, rendering old test equipment obsolete. In this thesis, we will look at the differences between the old and the current versions of the ISO 7637 standards as well as how we can verify if older test equipment lives up to the new requirements. A verification method will be designed, partly implemented and evaluated. Several of the aspects for automating the verification will be considered. The results will show that older equipment most likely will be usable with the newer version of the standard, as well as point out some of the difficulties of verifying that this is the case.
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Doidge, Euan Douglas. "Designing reagents for the solvent extraction of critical metal resources." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31070.
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The work in this thesis aims to develop new systems for the more efficient recovery of metals from aqueous solution using solvent extraction. Understanding the underlying coordination chemistry to improve hydrometallurgical methods is crucial in order to meet the demand for critical metals for use in modern technologies, reduce the environment impact of recovery from primary mining deposits, and recycle valuable metals from secondary sources (e.g. mobile phones, WEEE). Chapter 2 examines the use of a simple primary amide that can load gold and other chloridometalates into a toluene phase through an outer-sphere mechanism. The loading of a variety of metals/metalloids from varying [HCl] is reported, highlighting the selectivity for gold over other metalates and chloride due to a combination of speciation of those metals and the relative ease of extraction of lower charged species (the Hofmeister bias). The advantages in loading/stripping, toxicity and mass balances compared to commercial alternatives are also outlined, in particular the efficacy of separating gold from a mixed-metal solution representative of those found in WEEE. The mode of action of the primary amide (and secondary/tertiary analogues) is determined using slope analysis, Karl-Fischer water determinations, NMR and MS measurements, EXAFS and computational models. The extraction occurs by the dynamic assembly of multiple amide ligands and gold metalates to generate supramolecular clusters held together through hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions. The secondary and tertiary amides are found to be able to extract monoanionic metalates in a similar manner as the primary amide, although clustering occurs to a lesser extent. Whilst the secondary and tertiary amides are stronger gold extractants than the primary amide, they are not observed to be as successful when extracting from a mixed-metal solution. Instead, a 3rd phase is seen to form from these amides and some metals at higher metal concentrations, which removes the ligands from solution and prevents successful extraction of gold. Chapter 3 builds on an observation in Chapter 2 that a synergistic combination of a simple primary amide and an amine can extract chloridometalates that are typically difficult to solvent extract, such as iridium(III) and rhodium(III). These metalates, complexes with increased anionic charge and varying speciation in aqueous solution, are typically recovered last in a metal production flowsheet. The combination of a primary amide and primary amine was found to be the most effective at extracting the chloridometalates; the strength and strippability of the system is of particular interest in the context of rhodium(III) recovery as this metal currently is not extracted in commercial circuits. The mode of action of the system is investigated using similar techniques to Chapter 2, and reveals that the amine is the more important component of the synergistic mixture compared to the amide, with an improvement in extraction observed when both components are present. Rh(III) is extracted as a mixture of RhCl6 3– and RhCl5(OH2)2– complexes, dependent on the initial [HCl] concentration and the age of the initial aqueous solution. Chapter 4 investigates the feasibility of the recovery of lanthanides as anionic metalates from chloride-, nitrate- or sulfate-rich feeds. Reagents that have been found to be strong chloridometalate extractants, fragmented versions of these, and ‘classic’ commercial outer-sphere reagents are studied. The variations of ligand, anion type and concentration, proton concentration and solvent for the extraction of lanthanides is investigated. However, despite these permutations, no extraction of lanthanides is observed due to the difficulty in extracting more highly hydrated species and the lack of stability of the metalates in aqueous solution.
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Chancerel, Perrine [Verfasser]. "Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical and electronic equipment : an assessment of the recovery of gold and palladium / vorgelegt von Perrine Chancerel." [Clausthal-Zellerfeld] : [Papierflieger], 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003018734/34.
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Simsir, Bilge. "Analysis, Design, And Implementation Of A Two-switch Single Phase Electronic Line Voltage Regulator." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606043/index.pdf.
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Present day electrical equipment is rapidly becoming more and more sensitive to
power quality problems, especially voltage sags. Various voltage sag correction
devices are avaliable. This thesis analyzes a two-switch, single-phase electronic
voltage regulator for correcting voltage sags. The theory of this voltage regulator has
been investigated. An analytical method for sizing the energy storage capacitors has
been established. The voltage regulator has been modeled and its steady-state and
dynamic behavior has been studied by means of detailed computer simulations. A
220-V, 50-Hz, 1-kW rated regulator has been designed, simulated, and built. The
results on the performance of voltage regulator and conclusions are also given.
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Relkman, Anna. "The European Union WEEE and RoHS directives : How are Atlas Copco and CP’s handheld industrial tools and assembly systems affected by the WEEE and RoHS directives?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5089.
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The European Union Member States has a common environmental policy. The intention of the environmental policy and the WEEE and RoHS directives are to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, protect human health and make use of natural resources. The WEEE is abbreviation for “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The WEEE directive purpose is to improve the reuse, recycling and recovery in order to reduce the amount of disposal of equipment and the contents going to landfill. The RoHS directive is abbreviation for “Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment”. The six restricted substances are lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and two brominated flame-retardants; PPB and PBDE. The purpose of the RoHS directive is to approximate the laws of the European Member States on the restrictions of the use of hazardous substances in EEE, “Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The common legislation is needed because the companies shall have the same terms of concerns.
The amount of EEE that the European Member States generate is growing rapidly and that is why a common waste management is needed. The content of hazardous components in EEE is a major concern during the waste management phase and recycling of WEEE. The landfills do not have the possibility to handle the upcoming volumes of waste and the rubbish incineration creates high levels of heavy-alloy metal in our surroundings. The WEEE and RoHS directives covers ten categories of EEE and the producer responsibility shall encourage the design and production of EEE, which take into full account and facilitate their repair, possible upgrading, disassembly, reuse and recycling.
The Commission has not drawn up distinct guidelines and boundaries for the EEE within some of the categories in the WEEE and RoHS directives. This makes it difficult for the producers of EEE to determine if their products are within the scope of the directives. The definition of “large-scale stationary industrial tools” is one of the most difficult definitions to interpret. This definition includes four points that the EEE shall comply with to be allowed as an exemption.
Atlas Copco and CP are two of the concerned companies that have products within the scope of the WEEE and RoHS directives. In the Atlas Copco group there are two divisions; Atlas Copco and CP. Atlas Copco and CP develop, manufacture and market industrial tools, compressed air equipment, construction and mining equipment and assembly systems. It is Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems, which are affected by the WEEE and RoHS directives. Due to this Atlas Copco and CP needs to decide which of their products that is within the scope of the directives. Some of their industrial tools and assembly systems are in the grey-area of the legislation. The purpose of this thesis is to interpret the WEEE and RoHS directives and review Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems. The author believes that the majority of Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems are not “large-scale stationary industrial tools” because they sells as single units which the customers combine as they wish, to get the accurate performance. The tools are furthermore handhold and driven by electricity through a cable or battery and the industrial tools and assembly systems are not permanently fixed. The author’s decision which industrial tools and assembly systems are within the scope of the directives differentiates from Atlas Copco and CP’s decision.
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Van, Wyk John Foster. "Reusable software defined radio platform for micro-satellites." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1346.
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Ueberschaar, Maximilian [Verfasser], Vera Susanne [Akademischer Betreuer] Rotter, Vera Susanne [Gutachter] Rotter, Sabine [Gutachter] Flamme, and Helmut [Gutachter] Antrekowitsch. "Assessing recycling strategies for critical raw materials in waste electrical and electronic equipment / Maximilian Ueberschaar ; Gutachter: Vera Susanne Rotter, Sabine Flamme, Helmut Antrekowitsch ; Betreuer: Vera Susanne Rotter." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156179459/34.
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Mallela, Vamsi Krishna. "E-waste Management by Developing Countries." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Electronic waste, also called e-waste, are various forms of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that have ceased to be of value to their users or no longer satisfy their original purpose. E-waste products have exhausted their utility value through either redundancy, replacement, or breakage and include both “white goods” such as refrigerators, washing machines, and microwaves and “brown goods” such as televisions, radios, computers, and cell phones. Given that the technology revolution has exponentially increased the use of new electronic equipment, it has also produced growing volumes of obsolete products; e-waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams. Although e-waste contains complex combinations of highly toxic substances that pose a danger to health and the environment, many of the products also contain recoverable precious materials, making it a different kind of waste compared with traditional municipal waste. Globally, e-waste constitutes more than 5 percent of all municipal solid waste and is increasing with the rise of sales of electronic products in developing countries. Most of the world’s e-waste is recycled in developing countries, where informal and hazardous setups for the extraction and sale of metals are common. Recycling companies in developed countries face strict environmental regulatory regimes and an increasing cost of waste disposal and thus may find exportation to small traders in developing countries more profitable than recycling in their own countries. There is also a significant illegal transboundary movement of e-waste in the form of donations and charity from rich industrialized nations to developing countries. E-waste profiteers can harvest substantial profits owing to lax environmental laws, corrupt officials, and poorly paid workers, and there is an urgent need to develop policies and strategies to dispose of and recycle e-waste safely to achieve a sustainable future.
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Goulding, John Robert. "Adaptive Color Correlation of Knots in Wood Images and Weighted-value Product Selection Methods in a Machine Vision System." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5189.
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The biggest obstacle to robust color image processing of wood is in developing a color model that represents all possible defect colors. When the color model is too general or too specific, defect recognition fails because too many or too few non-defect pixels match the model, respectively. Because a color image of wood contains far more clear and clear-grain colored pixels than grain-knot and knot colored pixels, it is beneficial to first statistically identify and remove the clear and clear-grain colors and to use the accumulated data to simultaneously enhance and normalize the remaining grainknot and knot colored pixels. This process is here called adaptive color correlation. The normal image processing strategy is to search and test for defect features directly. The strategy proposed and developed here is to instead classify all wood pixels containing non-defect colors first, and then identify defect features. Once non-defect features are removed from an image, the task of finding candidate defects becomes easier and faster. This improvement is realized in a sigmoid-shaped color correlation implemented as an adaptive look-up table. As wood has become more expensive relative to manufacturing costs, more efficient methods of maximizing the recovery of clear wood in every board are sought. Optimization, in the present context, is a broad term for selecting products that are made from wood boards so the value of products produced is maximized for a given production requirement. Wood contains random defects which prohibit the production of some products. The normal optimization strategy is to mathematically change the value of under/over-produced products directly. The strategy proposed and developed here is to instead separate optimization into two steps: 1) determine all possible product solutions for a board; and 2) select the single best solution that satisfies value and production goals. Maximum utilization of clear wood is achieved because the solution is "frozen" before mathematically changing the value of products. Recovering long-lengths of clear wood is achieved because various length-based valuation strategies may be implemented as postsolution processes. Separating the product selection process from the solution generation process is shown by this work (simulation) to maximize value recovery.
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Streicher-Porte, Martin. "Material flow analysis and economic evaluation as tools for system design in recycling of waste from electrical and electronic equipment : special focus on the recycling of personal computers /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16957.
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Santos, Carlos Alberto Frantz dos. "A gestão dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos e suas consequências para a sustentabilidade : um estudo de múltiplos casos na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/55137.
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A popularização dos equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, como computadores, notebooks, telefones celulares levaram a um aumento exponencial na geração deste tipo de resíduo. Uma das principais preocupações deste fenômeno está relacionada às práticas de descarte destes equipamentos e aos possíveis impactos causados por eles no meio ambiente, em função da presença de produtos químicos, tóxicos e de metais pesados no seu interior. Por outro lado, os Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos (REEE) possuem metais preciosos que justificam sua reciclagem e ainda contribuem para a redução da exploração dos recursos naturais. Inserido neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar as consequências ambientais, sociais e econômicas decorrentes das práticas organizacionais de descarte, coleta, segregação, remanufatura e envio para destinação final dos REEE. Além disso, a pesquisa tem como objetivos específicos mapear a cadeia reversa dos REEE, identificar as limitações e as oportunidades presentes nesta cadeia reversa e, com base nestes resultados, propor sugestões de políticas públicas baseadas nos conceitos de Intersetorialidade. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, foi realizado um estudo de múltiplos casos na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre com três organizações usuárias de equipamentos eletrônicos; quatro organizações que realizam a coleta, segregação, remanufatura e o envio para destino final dos REEE; quatro órgãos públicos relacionados diretamente com a gestão deste tipo de resíduo, além de entrevistas com especialistas em Logística Reversa e REEE e Pesquisadores na área de reciclagem de REEE. Os dados foram coletados, principalmente, com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores e responsáveis pelos REEE destas organizações. Estes dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e à triangulação. Inicialmente, os resultados possibilitaram a elaboração de um Framework da cadeia reversa dos REEE. Em relação ao descarte de REEE dos usuários organizacionais, foram verificadas práticas que têm objetivos econômicos, via comercialização dos REEE. Também foram verificadas práticas de descarte de usuários organizacionais de descarte ambientalmente certificado com foco em reciclagem, motivadas principalmente, por pressões de mercado. Em relação às organizações que realizam a coleta dos REEE, destacam-se as práticas de remanufatura que propiciam a inclusão digital e a inserção profissional de jovens com vulnerabilidade social no mercado de trabalho. Sobre o descarte, os resultados apresentam práticas de descarte incorreto de Tubos de Imagem CRT, o que pode representar possíveis impactos ambientais decorrentes destas atitudes. No que se refere às principais oportunidades desta cadeia reversa estão as perspectivas de crescimento do segmento, em decorrência do acréscimo das vendas dos equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, e sobre as limitações, existe um consenso entre os entrevistados sobre a falta de conhecimento, de informação e de consciência dos usuários sobre os REEE, e isto acaba reduzindo as quantidades de REEE que ingressam na cadeia reversa. Em relação à Intersetorialidade, embora tenham sido constadas ações Intersetoriais envolvendo diferentes órgãos públicos e organizações da iniciativa privada focadas na gestão dos REEE, essas políticas públicas acabam não sendo efetivas por não atenderem plenamente às necessidades dos usuários e, dessa forma, a pesquisa faz sugestões de subsídios de políticas públicas para a gestão dos REEE.The popularization of electronic equipment – such as computers, notebooks, mobile phones – has led to an exponential production growth of this type of waste. One of the major concerns about this phenomenon is related to equipment dispose practices and possible impacts caused by its discharge in the environment as a result of the existence of chemical and toxic heavy metal products in their structure. On the other hand, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has precious metals which justify recycling and also contributes to the reduction of natural resources exploitation. Within this context, this research aims at analyzing the environmental, social and economic organizational practices arising from disposal, collection, segregation, remanufacturing and sent for final disposal of WEEE. In addition, this research aims to map the specific reverse chain of WEEE, identify constraints and opportunities present in this reverse chain, based on these findings, propose suggestions for public policies based on the concepts of Intersectorality. In order to obtain such data a multiple cases in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre with three organizations that use electronic equipment, four organizations that perform the collection, segregation, remanufacturing and send it to the final destination of WEEE; four public agencies directly related with this type of waste management, as well as interviews with experts in Reverse Logistics and WEEE and researchers in the field of recycling of WEEE. Data were collected mainly with semi-structured interviews with managers and those organizations responsible for WEEE. These data were submitted to content analysis and triangulation. Initially, it was possible to draw up a Framework of the reverse chain of WEEE. Regarding the disposal of WEEE from users organizational practices that have been verified economic goals via marketing of WEEE. Were also checked disposal practices of organizational users discard environmentally certified with a focus on recycling, driven mainly by market pressures. In relation to organizations that perform the collection of WEEE, there are the remanufacturing practices that provide digital inclusion and employability of young people with social vulnerability in the labor market. In relation to the disposal, the results showed incorrect disposal practices CRT picture tubes, which may represent potential environmental impacts of these practices incorrect disposal. Regarding the main opportunities reverse this chain are the growth prospects of the segment, due to increased sales of electronic equipment, and about the limitations, there is a consensus among respondents about the lack of knowledge, information and awareness of users of WEEE, and it ends up reducing the quantities of WEEE entering the reverse chain. Regarding Intersectorial, although they were checked Intersectoriality action involving different government agencies and private organizations focused on the management of WEEE, these policies end up not being effective because they do not fully meet the needs of users and thus makes research suggestions subsidy of public policies for the management of WEEE.
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Rodrigues, Jaqueline Terezinha Martins Corrêa. "Seleção de variáveis para prever a demanda de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos no contexto da logística reversa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142729.
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Nas últimas décadas houve um incremento do uso de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, que têm vida útil determinada por vários fatores, como o porte de equipamento e o comportamento do usuário, por exemplo. Quando estes equipamentos e seus acessórios são descartados tornam-se resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). O objetivo desta tese é selecionar variáveis a serem utilizadas como base de um modelo de previsão de demanda para os REEE. O método de pesquisa adotado foi a pesquisa exploratória combinada com a pesquisa conclusiva, utilizando abordagens de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo. A parte qualitativa utiliza como técnicas de pesquisa a revisão bibliográfica, a revisão sistemática, o grupo focado e as entrevistas. Já em relação à parte quantitativa foram utilizados questionários, ferramentas estatísticas (gráficos e coeficiente de correlação posto-ordem de Spearman) e o método AHP. Foram elaborados cinco artigos científicos, que atingindo objetivos específicos, contribuem para o objetivo geral. O primeiro artigo visava obter informações sobre métodos e ferramentas utilizados para realizar a previsão de demanda de REEE. O segundo artigo pretendia delinear o cenário atual dos REEE do ponto de vista das responsabilidades dos stakeholders no processo de logística reversa. Os riscos e oportunidades decorrentes dos REEE foram abordados no artigo 3, fornecendo informações para o cenário do ponto de vista social, ambiental e econômico. Já o artigo 4 focou nas indústrias de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos do RS e buscou informações sobre a forma de produção, a composição dos produtos e ações destas indústrias para implantação do sistema de logística reversa para os REEE. No último artigo foi definido um conjunto de 21 variáveis que influenciam na logística reversa dos REEE e foi realizada a priorização destas variáveis. Como resultado, foram selecionadas 7 variáveis: estimativa de vida útil do equipamento (1º); Disponibilização de pontos de coleta de REEE (2o); Existência de um acordo setorial (3º); Número de equipamentos vendidos (4º); Incentivos para empresas de reciclagem/gerenciadoras de REEE na região (5º); Existência de empresas de reciclagem ou gerenciadoras de REEE na região (6º); Distância dos pontos de coleta de REEE (7º).In recent decades there has been an increase in the use of electrical and electronic equipment that have life cycles defined by several factors such as the size of the equipment and user behavior, for example. When this equipment and its accessories are disposed, they become waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to select variables to be used as basis for a demand forecasting model for WEEE. The research method adopted combined exploratory research and conclusive research, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The following research techniques were used in the qualitative part: literature review, systematic review, focus group and interviews. Regarding the quantitative part, the following techniques were used: questionnaires, statistical tools (graphs and the Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient) and the AHP method. Five scientific articles were written, which contributed to the general objective by reaching specific objectives. The first article aimed at obtaining information on methods and tools used to carry out demand forecasting of WEEE. The second article intended to describe the current scenario of WEEE from the perspective of the stakeholders’ responsibility in the process of reverse logistics. The risks and opportunities resulting from WEEE were the theme of the third article, which provided information about the scenario from a social, environmental and economic point of view. The fourth article focused on the factories of electrical and electronic equipment of Rio Grande do Sul, and collected information on the product composition and production methods of such factories, and their actions to implement a system of reverse logistics for WEEE. The last article defined a set of 21 variables that influence the reverse logistics of WEEE, and arranged these variables in order of priority. As a result, seven variables were selected: estimate of life cycle of equipment (1st); Availability of WEEE collection points (2nd); Existence of a sector agreement (3rd); Number of equipment sold (4th); Incentives to WEEE recycling/managing companies in the area (5th); Existence of WEEE recycling or managing companies in the area (6th); Distance between WEEE collection points (7th).
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Correia, Auro de Jesus Cardoso. "Avaliação econômica e ambiental por meio do mapeamento da logística reversa de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos: estudo de múltiplos casos no Brasil." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2017. http://bibliotecatede.uninove.br/handle/tede/1614.
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Due to the excessive consumption and the commercialization of electronic products on a large scale, electronic waste presents itself as a critical and aggressive situation to the environment. This scenario, which indicates the increase in waste generation, has presented itself as a problem for society due to the limited capacity of the landfills and the imminent risk of contamination of the ecosystems by the harmful substances contained in this waste. On the other hand, the disposal of this type of waste can present good economic opportunities due to the presence of metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, palladium, among other possibilities. In view of the foregoing, laws and regulatory instruments create obligatoriness with the purpose of obtaining the implementation of an adequate management for this type of waste. Inserted in this context, this research has the purpose of the economic evaluation in environmental by mapping the reverse logistics of the electrical and electronic waste, seeking to investigate opportunities for economic gains and reduction of final waste disposal in Brazil. In order to reach the objectives of the present study, a study of multiple cases was carried out in three companies of São Paulo, being a North American multinational manufacturer of computers, a company that manages electrical and electronic waste, and finally a manufacturer and importer of electronics, Associated with a representative entity of electronics, founder of a WEEE manager. Information was collected based on responses from semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and documentary data. The results indicated the existence of economic gains and opportunities to increase the financial return to the companies involved in the reverse electric-electronic waste chain in Brazil. In addition, it was possible to verify the reduction of the disposition of the residues coming from the electronic products.
Em razão do consumo excessivo e a comercialização de produtos eletrônicos em larga escala, os lixos eletrônicos apresentam-se como uma situação crítica e agressiva ao meio ambiente. Este cenário, que aponta o aumento na geração de resíduos, tem se apresentado como um problema para a sociedade devido a capacidade limitada dos aterros e o risco iminente de contaminação dos ecossistemas pelas substâncias nocivas contidas nestes resíduos. Por outro lado, o descarte deste tipo de resíduo pode apresentar boas oportunidades econômicas por possuírem a presença de metais como ouro, prata, cobre, alumínio, paládio, entre outras possibilidades. Diante ao exposto, leis e instrumentos regulatórios criam obrigatoriedades com o intuito de se obter a implementação de uma gestão adequada para este tipo de resíduo. Inseridos neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como propósito, a avaliação econômica em ambiental por meio do mapeamento da logística reversa dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos, buscando-se averiguar oportunidades de ganhos econômicos e redução da disposição final de resíduos no Brasil. Para atingir os objetivos do presente trabalho, foi realizado um estudo de múltiplos casos em três empresas de São Paulo, sendo elas, uma fabricante multinacional norte americana de computadores, uma empresa gestora de resíduos eletroeletrônicos, e por último uma fabricante e importadora de eletroeletrônicos, associada a uma entidade representante de eletroeletrônicos, fundadora de uma gestora de resíduos eletroeletrônicos. As informações foram coletadas com base em respostas de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações diretas, e dados documentais. Os resultados indicaram a existência de ganhos econômicos e oportunidades de potencializar o retorno financeiro às empresas envolvidas na cadeia reversa de resíduos eletroeletrônico no Brasil. Além disso, pôde-se constatar a redução da disposição dos resíduos provenientes dos produtos eletroeletrônicos.
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Oliveira, Maria Albiege Sales de. "Gestão de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos em município de médio porte no contexto da Legislação Ambiental." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2018. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3027.
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In the last two decades, innovation and competitiveness have been the key factors driving the technological development of electronic equipment. Higher speeds, an aggressive marketing, smaller form factors, higher performance and lower costs stimulate consumers to replace existing and still functional equipment by new models, at an increasingly higher rate. This early replacement leads to a massive obsolescence of electronic equipment, the so-called E-waste (WEEE). It occurs worldwide and has become a major environmental problem. E-waste often contains heavy metals (such as Lead, Cadmium, Beryllium, Arsenic, etc.), precious metals (Gold, Silver, Platinum, etc.) but also chlorinated products and flame-retardants. Some of these products become highly toxic when incinerated or slowly release toxic substances when dumped into landfill, causing immediate and irreversible impact on the environment and hence, to the human health. The main objective of this research was to analyze the management of WEEE in the city of Campina Grande-PB, located in the Northeast of Brazil, in relation to what proposes the Municipal Legislation, Complementary Law 087/2014, as well as the principles and guidelines established by the National Policy on Solid Waste, Law 12.305 / 2010. To achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory study was carried out, seeking out ways to obtain greater familiarity with the problem at hand, involving a bibliographical survey of federal, state and municipal laws related to solid waste policies in Brazil as well about WEEE matters. To add quantitative data to the research, a field survey was conducted between march and november 2017, among residential consumers, shopkeepers of electrical and electronic equipment of the city of Campina Grande and local municipal bodies responsible for solid waste management. The research revealed that the Management of Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment in the city of Campina Grande is not in accordance with the guidelines of the Municipal Legislation, Complementary Law 087/2014, nor does it observe the principles established by the National Policy on Solid Waste, established by Law 12,305 / 2010.
A inovação e a competitividade vêm impulsionando, nas últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Notadamente nas áreas de eletrônica e informática surgiram equipamentos que atraem os consumidores e os estimulam ao consumismo. Por esta razão, a vida útil de um equipamento eletroeletrônico está gradativamente mais curta, e muitos equipamentos são descartados mesmo em funcionamento. O problema é que esse descarte ocorre em grande escala, acarretando a geração expressiva de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Devido à decomposição extremamente lenta e à alta toxicidade dos componentes da maioria dos equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, o seu descarte gera problemas irreversíveis para o Meio Ambiente e para a saúde humana. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a Gestão dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos na cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, situada no Nordeste do Brasil, em relação ao que propõe a Legislação Municipal, Lei Complementar 087/2014, bem como aos princípios e diretrizes estabelecidos pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos vigente. A pesquisa realizada foi de natureza quali-quantitativa de cunho exploratório, realizada no período de abril a novembro de 2017, em Campina Grande-PB. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas aos consumidores, lojistas do comércio de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos e gestores públicos responsáveis pela gestão deste tipo de resíduo sólido. Constatou-se, na cidade estudada, a ausência da aplicabilidade da Logística Reversa, em oposição à Legislação Municipal que previa o seu início a partir do ano de 2016. Visto que a prefeitura priorizou a gestão de resíduos secos, à gestão dos REEE restou ações de coletas através de campanhas esporádicas articuladas com Instituições privadas da cidade. Faltam infraestrutura operacional, mecanismos de divulgação dos poucos Ecopontos implantados e ações educativas para a população. Por conseguinte, concluiu-se que a Gestão dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos na cidade de Campina Grande não está em conformidade com as diretrizes da Legislação Municipal, Lei Complementar 087/2014, como também não atenta para os princípios estabelecidos pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, instituída pela Lei 12.305/2010.
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Rajovic, Katia da Costa Sousa. "Diretrizes para o gerenciamento de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos. Estudo de caso : Uberaba, MG." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8842.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a sort of waste that has been experiencing significant arising in its generation rates, consisting of a great challenge to decision makers and to society as a whole when it comes to its management. Toxic substances found in WEEE components are also reason of concern. Thus, the correct disposal of WEEE is essential. In Brazil the law 12.305/2010, the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) features the correct destination for WEEE, which now have to be included in reverse logistics systems, taking into consideration all the agents of the generation of WEEE process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a general guideline for the management of WEEE, considering the shared responsibility for the waste, having as a study case the city of Uberaba, Brazil. To reach the aim of this study data was collected from different agents that deal with WEEEs, such as retailers, technical assistance companies, cooperatives and other organizations that receive or give a destination to such waste. It has not been possible to estimate the exact amount of WEEE generated in the visited places, once the respondents have no form of monitoring these amounts. However, it has been possible to identify forms of destination of the waste, and the informal sector was shown to be a frequent option for that purpose. It has also been possible to note that most of the interviewed persons have no knowledge regarding the NSWP nor are taking part in actions aiming the development of reverse logistics programs. Suggestions were listed in the end of the work, hoping to contribute towards future programs for WEEE management, taking into consideration the situation observed and other studies developed by others about the subject.
Os resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEEs) são um tipo de resíduo cujas quantidades geradas ao redor do mundo têm aumentado significativamente, constituindo um grande desafio aos gestores públicos e à sociedade em geral, no que se refere ao seu gerenciamento. A presença de substâncias tóxicas em componentes existentes nesses resíduos também é motivo de preocupação. Assim sendo, sua correta destinação final torna-se essencial. No Brasil, a lei 12.305/2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), dispõe sobre a correta destinação dos REEEs, que devem ser inseridos em sistemas de logística reversa, observando a responsabilidade compartilhada de todos os envolvidos no processo de geração desses resíduos. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal da presente pesquisa foi desenvolver diretrizes para o gerenciamento dos resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE), tendo em vista a responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos, tendo como estudo de caso o município de Uberaba, MG. Para se alcançar tal objetivo, foram obtidos dados junto a diferentes agentes que lidam com REEEs, sendo eles comerciantes, empresas de assistência técnica em equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, cooperativas e outras organizações que recebem e destinam esses resíduos, indústria, além do Poder Público Municipal. Não foi possível diagnosticar a quantidade exata de REEEs gerada nos locais visitados, uma vez que a maioria não faz controle de sua geração. No entanto, foi possível identificar as formas de destinação de REEEs dos locais visitados e notou-se forte presença do setor informal na cidade (sucateiros, catadores,ferros velhos). Foi possível também constatar que a maioria dos entrevistados não tem conhecimento acerca da PNRS, ou participação em ações visando a logística reversa de REEEs. Algumas sugestões foram listadas, buscando contribuir em futuros programas de gestão de REEEs a serem implantados na cidade, considerando a situação observada e estudos já realizados acerca do assunto.
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Гирфанов, Р. Д., and R. D. Girfanov. "Оценка эффективности и тенденции переработки электронных отходов и лома : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/97945.
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Суммарная масса образующегося электронного лома в России в настоящее время приближается к 1,5 млн. тонн ежегодно, перерабатывается из них около 5-7 %. Это создает предпосылки для создания в России крупномасштабного производства вторичных металлов для создания новой отрасли металлургической промышленности. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка теоретико-методических основ к оценке эффективности и выявления тенденций переработки электронных отходов и лома. В качестве источников использовалась учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, результаты эмпирических исследований автора и данные предприятий. В магистерской диссертации был разработан методический подход к выбору направления переработки электронных отходов и лома, соотнесенный с тенденциями, включающий систему показателей для выбора способа и результаты их экономической оценки, алгоритм принятия решения о способе переработки, что позволит на основании полученных результатов выбрать приоритетные направления для инвестирования.The total mass of generated electronic scrap in Russia is currently approaching 1.5 million tons annually, of which about 5-7% is processed. This creates the preconditions for the creation in Russia of a large-scale production of secondary metals for the creation of a new branch of the metallurgical industry. The purpose of the master thesis is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for evaluating the effectiveness and identifying trends in the processing of electronic waste and scrap. The sources used were educational, methodological, and research literature, the results of the author's empirical research, and enterprise data. The master thesis developed a methodological approach to choosing the direction of processing electronic waste and scrap, correlated with trends, including a system of indicators for choosing the method and the results of their economic assessment, an algorithm for deciding on the method of processing, which will allow you to choose priority areas for investment based on the results obtained.
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Pereira, Raissa Silva de Carvalho. "Logística reversa de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos: proposta de indicadores de monitoramento para órgãos ambientais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6139/tde-31072018-134013/.
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A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, de 2010, representou um novo paradigma para a gestão de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, responsabilizando fabricantes, importadores, distribuidores e comerciantes pela coleta e destinação adequada desses resíduos por meio de sistemas de logística reversa. Dentro do cenário nacional, o Estado de São Paulo encontra-se em uma posição pioneira frente à implementação da logística reversa. Em âmbito internacional, destacam-se os casos japonês e europeu como referência na gestão de tais resíduos. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação tem o objetivo principal de desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores para avaliação de sistemas de logística reversa de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, com a finalidade de contribuir para o acompanhamento e avaliação de tais sistemas pelos órgãos ambientais. Foram realizadas revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental sobre os modelos de gestão de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos e os sistemas de logística reversa na Europa, no Japão e no Brasil, e sobre indicadores e critérios para avaliação de sistemas de logística reversa desses resíduos. Em seguida, foram aplicados questionários para identificar quais indicadores são utilizados para os sistemas europeus e japoneses, quais são sugeridos por especialistas e pelas entidades gestoras nacionais. Como resultado, foi proposto um conjunto de indicadores para avaliação de sistemas de logística reversa de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, o qual foi submetido à validação de especialistas por meio da técnica Delphi. O conjunto proposto após a etapa de validação é composto por cinco parâmetros que exprimem uma caracterização básica do sistema e por 31 indicadores, classificados em seis dimensões: i) abrangência, ii) representatividade, iii) parcerias, iv) coleta, v) destinação e disposição final, e vi) custos e investimentos. Por fim, foi proposto um modelo de relatório para tais sistemas, integrado ao conjunto, para fornecer os dados necessários aos indicadores.The National Solid Waste Policy of 2010 represented a new paradigm for the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment, making manufacturers, importers, distributors and merchants accountable for the collection and proper disposal of these wastes through take-back systems. Within the national scenario, the State of São Paulo is in a pioneering position regarding the implementation of reverse logistics. At the international level, the Japanese and European cases stand out as a reference in the management of such waste. In this context, the research proposed herein has the main objective of developing a set of indicators for the evaluation of waste electrical and electronic equipment take-back systems, with the purpose of contributing to the monitoring and evaluation of such systems by environmental agencies. A bibliographic review and documentary research were carried out on models of waste electrical and electronic equipment management and take-back systems in Europe, Japan and Brazil, and on indicators and criteria for the evaluation of take-back systems of such waste. Questionnaires were then applied to identify which indicators are used for the European and Japanese systems and which are suggested by experts and national producer responsibility organizations. As a result, a set of indicators was proposed for the evaluation of waste electrical and electronic equipment take-back systems, which was submitted to the validation of specialists through the Delphi method. The set proposed after the validation step is composed of five parameters that express a basic characterization of the system and 31 indicators, classified into six dimensions: i) comprehensiveness, ii) representativeness, iii) partnerships, iv) collection, v) recycling and disposal, and vi) costs and investments. Finally, a reporting model for such systems, integrated with the set of indicators, was proposed to provide the necessary data for the indicators.
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Jáklová, Zuzana. "ZAJIŠTĚNÍ ZPĚTNÉHO ODBĚRU ELEKTROZAŘÍZENÍ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113352.
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This thesis aims to analyse and assess the effectiveness of functioning of the take-back system of the electrical and electronic equipment within the Czech Republic. This thesis deals in the first place with a general view on the waste management. It is subsequently followed by a detailed interpretation of the Act No. 185/2001 Coll., on Waste with focus on the issues discussed in this thesis. On the basis of the 2005 amendment of the Act on Waste the producers and importers of electrical and electronic equipment are obliged to guarantee the take-back, separate collection, processing, reuse and disposal of the end-of-life products launched to the Czech market. Most producers and importers have created collective systems with the purpose of joint fulfilment of their legal obligations. Next part of this thesis focuses on the examination of the six Czech collective systems. With greater attention the thesis deals with the activity of the collective system ELEKTROWIN a.s. The results of its activities are assessed using the method of comparison with the electrical and electronic equipment producers association for recycling ENVIDOM. ENVIDOM acts as a collective system in Slovakia. The thesis is concluded by assesing the successfulness of the Czech Republic to meet the goal of collection of the end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment set by the European Union. A comparison of results achieved with the results of other European countries was conducted.
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Hubau, Agathe. "Conception d'un procédé de biolixiviation pour la valorisation des métaux contenus dans les déchets de cartes électroniques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC001.
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Parmi les différents types de déchets secondaires, les déchets électroniques représentent le flux de déchets dont la croissance au niveau mondiale est la plus forte. La récupération des métaux dans ces déchets est théoriquement plus efficace d’un point de vue énergétique que l’exploitation de gisements primaires. Cependant, la complexité de ces produits est telle qu’il n’est pas toujours possible de les insérer dans les chaînes de recyclage conventionnelles. La pyrométallurgie est le procédé le plus utilisé pour le raffinage des métaux contenus dans les circuits imprimés mais ce procédé de recyclage est très consommateur d’énergie et est réservé aux déchets à haute teneur en métaux précieux. Les procédés hydrométallurgiques sont moins coûteux et particulièrement flexibles. En particulier, l’utilisation de microorganismes permettant de catalyser les processus d’oxydation des métaux représente une alternative intéressante tant d’un point de vue économique qu’environnemental. Des études ont été menées sur la biolixiviation des circuits imprimés: d’un côté l’utilisation d’acides organiques et cyanure produits par des champignons ; de l’autre, l’utilisation de fer ferrique produit par des bactéries acidophiles, qui ne nécessitent pas de conditions stériles. L’étude de la biolixiviation des déchets de circuits imprimés par des bactéries acidophiles est l’objectif de la thèse. Pour ce faire, un procédé en 2 étapes en continu est mis au point. Différentes problématiques sont prises en compte : caractérisation et préparation des circuits imprimés ; influence du type de broyage ; adaptation des bactéries aux conditions spécifiques de la lixiviation ; rôle du fer ferrique, du pH et de la température ; besoins en O2 et CO2; mécanismes qui contrôlent la cinétique de mise en solution des métaux ; détermination des conditions physico-chimiques et biologiques. Cette thèse est réalisée à l’IRCP et au BRGM, en partenariat avec GeoRessources et est financée par la Chaire ParisTech Mines Urbaines soutenue par Eco-systèmesSpent Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are today raising attention because they contain almost 35% of metals including precious and strategic metals even at greater concentration than in primary resources (for instance, gold and copper are 25 to 250 times and 20 to 40 times more concentrated in spent PCBs than in ores, respectively). Consequently, spent PCBs are becoming a valuable resource, while the lack of an appropriate treatment could be a cause of environmental pollution. Today, high-grade PCBs are treated by pyrometallurgy to recover precious metals but many strategic metals are lost in the slag during this operation and the energy-cost of such processes is more and more disadvantageous. Therefore, the design of energy-efficient and cost-effective new processes capable to perform efficient metal recovery from PCBs is particularly important. Emerging techniques based on mechanical processes and hydrometallurgy appear as alternative solutions. In particular, biohydrometallurgy could be very promising. In the literature, few studies deal with the use of bioleaching for the treatment of spent PCBs by means of acidophilic microorganisms, which are mainly ferro and sulfo-oxidant. It allows the recovery of different metals such as Cu, Ni, Zn, etc. In the present study, a double-stage continuous bioreactor was designed to bioleach comminuted spent printed circuit boards (PCB) of low and medium grade. This work is performed at IRCP (Chimie ParisTech) and at the BRGM, in partnership with GeoRessources and is funded by the Chair ParisTech Urban Mines, supported by Eco-systemes