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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical conductors'
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1
Mamala, A., T. Knych, P. Kwaśniewski, A. Kawecki, G. Kiesiewicz, E. Sieja-Smaga, W. Ściężor, M. Gniełczyk, and R. Kowal. "New Al-Ag Alloys for Electrical Conductors with Increased Current Carrying Capacity." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 1875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0302.
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Abstract The paper shows a new idea of aluminium alloys. New alloys with specially selected alloying element i.e. silver have electrical conductivity similar to pure aluminium at ambient temperature and better than pure aluminium electrical conductivity at increased temperatures. Al-Ag alloys for electrical applications (mainly for electrical conductors) due to high electrical conductivity at increased temperatures at the level of the maximum conductor working temperatures give possibility of better current capacity of conductors. The experimental results of basic mechanical properties and the electric conductivity versus temperature relation are shown in the paper as well as examples of the tested material operational properties. The summary gives theoretical analysis based on examples of the potential applications of Al-Ag alloys (new conductor designs) which provide the benefits of the new solutions in comparison to traditional conductors.
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Khechekhouche, Ali. "The profile of the electric field on the earth discontinuity with a lightning conductor." International Journal of Energetica 1, no. 1 (December 18, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v1i1.8.
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In this paper, we present some results of investigations carried out in the electric field distribution of both horizontal and vertical lightning conductors in the case of discontinuous earth. The conductors may be situated as well as in the upper or the lower earth part. The electric field distribution was determined in the case of lightning conductor situated between the high voltage rod and the discontinuity (interface) and also in the case of high voltage rod situated between the lightning conductor and the discontinuity. In some situations the electric field distribution on the plan are smaller than defined by the electro-geometrical model. We attribute this result to the great field intensity at the discontinuity, which reduce the lightning conductor discharge capture effect. This is in concordance with the results concerning the electrical strength of such air gaps without lightning conductors.
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Boniardi, Marco, Silvia Cincera, Fabrizio D'Errico, and Chiara Tagliabue. "Fretting Fatigue Phenomena on an all Aluminium Alloy Conductor." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.5.
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This paper concerns about a failure analysis of an electric all aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC) damaged and broken for fretting fatigue phenomena induced by aeolian vibrations. Life of electric conductors is often reduced by various degradation mechanisms such as repeated bending, fluctuating tension, distortion, fatigue, wear and corrosion phenomena. However the main limiting factor of the electrical conductors is related to aeolian vibrations in the high frequency range (between 5 to 50 Hz). Conductor oscillations may lead to fretting fatigue problems (otherwise called fretting wear) caused by wind excitation, mainly in the suspension clamp regions, spacers or other fittings. The induced aluminium wire fracture imply a drastic reduction in the transmission line service. Vibration dampers are considered the most effective method to extend service life of electric conductors, as they are the means to reduce fretting damage of aluminium wires. The aim of the present work is to investigate the failure of an AAAC conductor of a 400kV overhead transmission line (twin conductors) located in Touggourt Biskra (Algeria); the damaged and broken conductors were operated in-service only for six months without spacers or dampers. Three different types of conductors have been taken as experimental samples: the in-service broken conductor, another in-service damaged conductor and a new conductor from warehouse as terms of comparison. Samples have been analysed to identify the root cause of the failure and to verify the conformity of the conductor elements to the international standards. The investigation has outlined the morphology of the fretting damage: in all cases the fractured wires have shown typical static deformation marks and dynamic fretting wear tangential marks associated with intense presence of Al2O3 debris.
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Suhandi, Mr Andi, Mr Dadi Rusdiana, Mrs Ida Kaniawati, and Mr R. Mudjiarto. "MENENTUKAN BESAR MEDAN LISTRIK RADIAL PADA BERBAGAI JENIS KONDUKTOR YANG DIALIRI ARUS LISTRIK TETAP." Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 3, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18269/jpmipa.v3i1.376.
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A typical example in courses on electricity and magnetism is that of a conductor carrying a steady current. It is said that the electric field inside the conductor is parallel to the current and that there is no transverse (radial) component of the field. While this is reasonable assumption justified for pedagogical purposes, it is not rigorously true. In this paper, the transverse electrical field is calculated as being different from zero, but negligible from an experimental point of view. For various conductors, the transverse electrical field is a polynomial function from steady current.Keywords : Transverse electrical field, steady current, conductor
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Kang, Wei, Li Xia Zhang, and Yin Jing Du. "Study on Influence of Divided Conductor with Mechanical Properties on Operating over Voltage in Power System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 454 (October 2013): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.454.57.
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This paper analyzed the influence that divided conductor to electrical fast transient burst. Divided conductor may change the magnetic field distribution around the conductor, but accordingly increased conductors electrical susceptance. The mechanism that the disconnecting switch cut off the power line when the no-load current is at peak and electric arc distinguished when the current pass zero and accordingly restraining measure is proposed. The outcome showed that the model can simulate the electrical fast transient burst in capacitive power line and makes it easy to analysis complex power system problems based on simple model. The method is proved to be correct and enforceable by validation of protective measures.
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Wydra, Michał, and Piotr Kacejko. "Power System State Estimation Accuracy Enhancement Using Temperature Measurements of Overhead Line Conductors." Metrology and Measurement Systems 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2016-0014.
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Abstract Power system state estimation is a process of real-time online modeling of an electric power system. The estimation is performed with the application of a static model of the system and current measurements of electrical quantities that are encumbered with an error. Usually, a model of the estimated system is also encumbered with an uncertainty, especially power line resistances that depend on the temperature of conductors. At present, a considerable development of technologies for dynamic power line rating can be observed. Typically, devices for dynamic line rating are installed directly on the conductors and measure basic electric parameters such as the current and voltage as well as non-electric ones as the surface temperature of conductors, their expansion, stress or the conductor sag angle relative to the plumb line. The objective of this paper is to present a method for power system state estimation that uses temperature measurements of overhead line conductors as supplementary measurements that enhance the model quality and thereby the estimation accuracy. Power system state estimation is presented together with a method of using the temperature measurements of power line conductors for updating the static power system model in the state estimation process. The results obtained with that method have been analyzed based on the estimation calculations performed for an example system - with and without taking into account the conductor temperature measurements. The final part of the article includes conclusions and suggestions for the further research.
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Nguyen, Van Tai, and Vladimir Yu Kirillov. "Crosstalk in Electrical Wire Bundles with Shield Heterogeneities Nguyen Van Tai, V.Yu. Kirillov." Vestnik MEI 6, no. 6 (2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2020-6-76-81.
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The results from an experimental study of crosstalk interference between twisted pairs of conductors of an electrical wire bundle model are presented. The aim of the study is to determine the crosstalk interference levels in a shielded twisted pair of conductors when there is heterogeneity in the form of a gap between the shield of bundle conductors and the electrical connector body. The studies were carried out on the electrical wire bundle mockup consisting of shielded and unshielded twisted pairs of conductors. The unshielded twisted pair of conductors was used as a source of crosstalk interference. The shielded twisted pair of conductors had a gap between the shield of conductors and the electrical connector body and was a receptor for the crosstalk interference. To study the crosstalk interference levels, the gap length of the shielded twisted pair of conductors was varied. As a result of the study, the crosstalk interference levels for gaps of different lengths were determined. The effect of an electrically conducting connection made using a jumper in the gap between the shield of a twisted pair of conductors and the electrical connector body of the electrical wire bundle mockup on the crosstalk interference levels was studied. A comparative analysis of the results obtained from measurements of the crosstalk interference levels in a shielded twisted pair of conductors with heterogeneities in the form of gaps of different lengths with the crosstalk interference levels in a shielded twisted pair of conductors with a homogeneous shield is carried out. A conclusion about the need to ensure connection of the shields of electrical bundle conductors with the bodies od electrical connectors without gaps has been formulated.
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McCulloch, Josh, and Richard Green. "Conductor Reconstruction for Dynamic Line Rating Using Vehicle-Mounted LiDAR." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 3718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223718.
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Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) is a process which electrical network operators can implement to improve efficiency by dynamically adjusting the load capacity as conditions allow. To implement DLR an accurate model of the conductors and their clearances is needed. Airborne LiDAR, while expensive, is the most common method of collecting line data as it is fast and is of high quality. State of the art methods for automatically reconstructing conductors first classify conductor points before fitting conductor models. This approach works well for high tension lines with significant separation between conductors but tends to perform poorly in urban environments where conductors are packed tightly together and surrounded by clutter. The method presented in this article attempts to overcome these challenges by performing an informed search for the conductors, anchored to the utility poles. Before the conductors are classified, their layout and sag are estimated, converting conductor segmentation into a linear problem; and a 3D to 2D projection is used to improve density and simplify clustering. The work also attempts to reduce the cost of conductor reconstruction by utilising lower-cost vehicle-mounted LiDAR. By avoiding point classification, higher precision can be achieved in scenarios where previous methods have suffered from significantly degraded performance.
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Balamurugan, N., and S. Selvaperumal. "Experimental Analysis of Performance and Thermal Capability of Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Plastered Composite Conductors." Current Nanomaterials 4, no. 3 (November 11, 2019): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405461504666190912144746.
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Background: This article deals with the analysis on improved performance and efficiency of induction motor by using nano composites for stator winding. Methods: The nanocomposites are added with different enamel. Enamel is mostly preferred for induction motors’ winding, due to three main reasons: adhesion, infusion and plaster. To predetermine the plaster and nanocomposite conductor’s behavior when they are used for transmitting AC currents and developing AC magnetic field, a numerical analysis is performed. The total heat losses are determined by the heat run test. Open circuit and short circuit tests are used to analyze the performance and efficiency of the proposed induction motor. Results: The AC losses of composite and plaster conductors having good accord are compared with previous solid and hollow conductors. Analysis of the coil by a composite and plaster conductor shows that the AC losses in low current are lower than the coil, which is wrapped by a solid, and hallow conductors. Due to this reason, composite and plaster conductors are considered advantageous for low and medium power motors. Conclusion: Adding nano composites with the plaster material will help to improve electrical, thermal and mechanical characteristics. The property of enamel can change the lifetime of induction motor. The induction motor winding makes use of nano composites SiO2 and TiO2 with enamel coated.
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Vinogradov, Aleksandr V., and Aleksey V. Bukreev. "Microcontroller Device for Conductor Identification Using Acoustic Signal." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-28-34.
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When repairing and replacing electrical wiring in enterprises, the main difficulty is the lack or poor quality of documentation, plans for conductors laying. Distinguishing wires (cables) and their cores by the color of the shells or using tags attached to the ends is difficult if the shells have the same color and there are no tags. Devices and technical solutions used to identify wires and cables do not allow recognizing conductors without breaking the electrical circuit, removing insulation, and de-energizing the network. Searching for the right conductor is a time-consuming operation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a new microcontroller device for identifying wires using an acoustic signal. (Materials and methods) Literature sources has been searched for devices for conductors identifying. (Results and discussion) The article proposes a method that involves feeding an acoustic signal to a wire at one point and capturing it at another, in order to recognize the desired wire. The article presents results of comparison of the developed microcontroller device for identifying conductors using an acoustic signal with known devices and methods for conductors recognizing. (Conclusions) The article reveals the shortcomings of existing methods and means of identifying wires and cables. Authors performed a theoretical calculation of the sound pressure in the conductor at a given distance. The article presents the calculation of speed of acoustic waves in conductors with different types of insulation. Authors designed a microcontroller device for identifying conductors using an acoustic signal and tested it. It was determined that the device increases the safety of work, reduces the cost of operating internal wiring and identification time; eliminates the violation of wire insulation, the need to disable electrical receivers. The convergence of theoretical calculations and experimental data was shown.
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Varygina, A. O., and N. V. Savina. "Calculation the current carrying capacity of the new generation overhead lines conductors." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-4-3-15.
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Currently, there is an increase in power flows along power lines. An important task for the development of the power grid complex is to increase the current-carrying capacity of existing power lines. The use of advanced conductors has become a successful technical solution for this purpose. "New generation conductors" are modern conductors that have advanced mechanical and electrical properties and characteristics. Thus, it has become important to have information about the maximum operation temperature and current limits of the overhead line with new conductors. The approximate current-carrying capacity in Amperes is the value of current at which the conductor temperature reaches its maximum permissible value. It determines the maximum current load of overhead power lines. For traditional steelaluminum conductors, there are several methodological approaches to determining the maximum current load. This fact complicates the definition of an approach to calculating the current carrying capacity for advanced conductors. Nevertheless, the general basis of all methodological approaches is the thermal balance of the conductor. The purpose of this article is to assess the possibility of adapting the method of calculating the approximate currentcarrying capacity of traditional conductors to the calculation of advanced conductors. The article deals with advanced conductors of various brands of comparable cross-section with the classic ACSR 240/39. This work provides information about the selected conductors, their characteristics and design features. The paper shows a mathematical model for calculating the approximate current-carrying capacity of a conductor and shows calculating results for selected conductors. According to the results of analysis and calculations, the adaptation of the presented mathematical model is possible if we refine its parameters and coefficients.
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Sancarlos-González, Abel, Manuel Pineda-Sanchez, Ruben Puche-Panadero, Angel Sapena-Bano, Martin Riera-Guasp, Javier Martinez-Roman, Juan Perez-Cruz, and Jose Roger-Folch. "Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors." Open Physics 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0113.
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AbstractAC lines of industrial busbar systems are usually built using conductors with rectangular cross sections, where each phase can have several parallel conductors to carry high currents. The current density in a rectangular conductor, under sinusoidal conditions, is not uniform. It depends on the frequency, on the conductor shape, and on the distance between conductors, due to the skin effect and to proximity effects. Contrary to circular conductors, there are not closed analytical formulas for obtaining the frequency-dependent impedance of conductors with rectangular cross-section. It is necessary to resort to numerical simulations to obtain the resistance and the inductance of the phases, one for each desired frequency and also for each distance between the phases’ conductors. On the contrary, the use of the parametric proper generalized decomposition (PGD) allows to obtain the frequency-dependent impedance of an AC line for a wide range of frequencies and distances between the phases’ conductors by solving a single simulation in a 4D domain (spatial coordinatesxandy, the frequency and the separation between conductors). In this way, a general “virtual chart” solution is obtained, which contains the solution for any frequency and for any separation of the conductors, and stores it in a compact separated representations form, which can be easily embedded on a more general software for the design of electrical installations. The approach presented in this work for rectangular conductors can be easily extended to conductors with an arbitrary shape.
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Marinis, Thomas F., and Joseph W. Soucy. "Isolation Resistance of Encapsulated Electrical Conductors and Terminations for Biomedical Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-tha11.
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Implanted electronic medical devices are evolving into architectures that are comprised of multiple packages that require reliable, high density electrical interconnections. Both power and digital signals must be routed between devices on cables that are immersed in an ionic, electrically conductive medium. Electronics are typically housed in hermetic packages with electrical feed throughs that must also be protected from the implant environment. The polymer materials used to encapsulate cable conductors and terminations must be biocompatible, compliant and of minimal thickness. These requirements result in materials that are susceptible to ion diffusion and migration in electric fields. We have used finite element models to explore the effects of geometries, electric field intensity and material properties on the time dependent electrical isolation resistance of cables and terminations. Simple beaker tests have been used to evaluate the isolation resistance of samples under bias as a function of time to validate our finite element models.
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Belova-Plonienė, Diana, and Andrius Katkevičius. "Meander Conductor Shape Influence on the Electrodynamic Parameters of the Meander Structures." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2020-0008.
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AbstractMeander structures allow reducing the size of the microwave devices while keeping the same operational characteristics. The shape of meander makes a considerable impact on the operation of microwave devices. Therefore, the structure of meander is widely investigated nowadays. The review of different shapes of a meander conductor is presented in this article. Two models with different shape of connecting conductors are designed and discussed in detail. The influence of variation of the length and width of connecting conductors on the electrical parameters of the meander is revealed using the traditional model of meander. Later, the comparison of the traditional model and the model with rectangle-shape peripheral parts of a meander conductor is presented. The increase in the width of connecting conductors from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm has narrowed the bandwidth by 346 MHz until 2.388 GHz. The increase in the length of connecting conductors to 2.3 mm has allowed moving the stop-band to higher frequencies. The usage of the rectangle-shape connecting conductors slightly reduces the pass-band but allows achieving more stable input impedance.
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Murín, Justín, Juraj Hrabovský, Roman Gogola, and František Janíček. "Dynamic Analysis of Overhead Power Lines after Ice–Shedding Using Finite Element Method." Journal of Electrical Engineering 67, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2016-0061.
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Abstract In this paper, the analysis of ice-shedding from ACSR conductors to its swing up height and vibration using Finite Element Method (FEM) is presented. For the numerical simulations the effective material properties of the ACSR conductor are calculated using the homogenisation method. Numerical analysis concerning vibration of one and triple-bundle conductors with icing for a whole range or on their certain parts are performed. The impact of ice-shedding to the mechanical tension in the conductors at the points of attachment is investigated and evaluated. Identification of the impact of ice-shedding from the ACSR conductors on its mechanical state may contribute to increasing the safety and quality of an electrical transmission system.
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Du, Yang, Wei Cao, and Xu Hang Zhang. "Analysis of ACCC Applied in the Capacity Expansion Reformation of Electric Transmission Lines in East China Power Grid." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 1866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.1866.
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Aluminum conductor composite core (ACCC) is a new type of conductors with great advantages in electrical and mechanical performances. It’s demonstrated through the technical and economic analysis of ACCC that application of ACCC for the capacity expansion reformation of electric transmission lines can save construction cost, but it may increase operation cost. In east China, the great performances of ACCC are helpful for solving some specific issues about transmission in some specific circumstances.
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Nawaf, Shahir Fleyeh, Sabah Saddem Salih, and Mohammad Omar Salih. "Measurement of Electrical Conductivity Degree of some Metallic Conductors by Using the LC Circuit." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.239.
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Metallic conductors have different degrees of their electrical conductivity. The aim of this research is to measure the electrical conductivity degree for some metallic conductors by measuring the induced voltage in a coil probe, which moves inside the metallic conductor sample tube. When a low frequency of alternating current flows through the LC circuit, it will pass through the solenoid and will generate a magnetic field, which will be reduced due to the presence of the metallic sample tube. The magnetic flux strength generated inside the solenoid determine the electrical conductivity (σ ) of this metallic tube by measuring the EM force induced on the solenoid in the presence the sample tube and without it. Measurements are conducted on two sample models (zinc and aluminum). Test results shows deviation of 10 % compared with the reference values .
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Rabinowitz, Jake, Gregory Fritz, Parshant Kumar, Peter Lewis, Mikel Miller, Andrew Dineen, and Caprice Gray. "Electrical Characterization of Traditional and Aerosol Jet Printed Conductors Under Tensile Strain." MRS Advances 1, no. 1 (2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.18.
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ABSTRACTIn this work, we propose a model to quantify strain induced conductor discontinuities based on measuring electrical resistance while applying tensile strain to metal-polymer systems. Under strain, changing conductor geometry and induced conductor discontinuity increase electrical resistance. On Kapton substrates strained to ε = .07, evaporated gold films did not deform and resistance increase was only caused by geometry change. Conversely, discontinuity caused 31% and 72% of the resistance increase in evaporated and printed silver films at the same strain. On PDMS substrates, the same magnitude of discontinuity, causing 31% of the resistance increase, occurred at only ε = .024 in evaporated silver films. At the same strain, discontinuity caused 86% of the resistance increase in evaporated gold films. Printed silver films were inelastic. The results suggest that traditional fabrication techniques may be more suitable to flexible hybrid electronics applications than additively manufactured conductors.
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Bibikov, Sergey, Mariia Kalinkina, Aleksandr Kuznetsov, Anna Pevneva, Olga Pirozhnikova, and Vera Tkalich. "Analysis of Promising Areas for Creating Materials of Micromechanical Devices." Materials Science Forum 1022 (February 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1022.105.
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In this work, data on the development of such an important section of Electrical Engineering as “Electrical conductors and methods for their manufacture” are gathered together. The information collected will allow you to compare different materials suitable for the manufacture of electrically conductive structures. The paper also has a history of the development of this section, as well as a patent study of relevant and unusual methods for the manufacture of electrical conductors.
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Malm, Veronica, Fernando Seoane, and Vincent Nierstrasz. "Characterisation of Electrical and Stiffness Properties of Conductive Textile Coatings with Metal Flake-Shaped Fillers." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213537.
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Two conductive formulations containing different types of micron-sized metal flakes (silver-coated copper (Cu) and pure silver (Ag)) were characterised and used to form highly electrically conductive coatings (conductors) on plain and base-coated woven fabrics, the latter in an encapsulated construction. With e-textiles as the intended application, the fabric stiffness, in terms of flexural stiffness and sheet resistance (Rsh), after durability testing (laundering and abrasion) was investigated and related to user friendliness and long-term performance. Bare and encapsulated conductors with increasing amounts of deposited solids were fabricated by adjusting the knife coating parameters, such as the coating gap height (5, 20, 50, and 200 μm), which reduced the Rsh, as determined by four-point probe (4PP) measurements; however, this improvement was at the expense of increased flexural stiffness of the coated fabrics. The addition of a melamine derivative (MF) as a cross-linker to the Cu formulation and the encapsulation of both conductor types gave the best trade-off between durability and Rsh, as confirmed by 4PP measurements. However, the infrared camera images revealed the formation of hotspots within the bare conductor matrix, although low resistances (determined by 4PP) and no microstructural defects (determined by SEM) were detected. These results stress the importance of thorough investigation to assure the design of reliable conductors applied on textiles requiring this type of maintenance.
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Xie, Zongtai, Feipeng Ning, Zian Zhu, Ling Zhao, Guoqing Zhang, Xuyang Liu, and Xiaowei Wang. "Development of YBCO soldered stacked conductor for current lead application." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 15n16 (June 2, 2020): 2041002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x2041002x.
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YBCO is currently one of the most widely used second-generation high temperature superconducting (HTS) materials. Compared with the first-generation HTS materials represented by BSCCO, the application of YBCO on the current lead can effectively reduce the 4K thermal load and achieve better stability. This paper introduces the research progress of YBCO soldered stacked conductor based on 65 [Formula: see text]m thickness YBCO film conductor with copper stabilizing layer. The electrical properties of the soldered stacked conductor, including the self-field dependence of the critical current, were tested and analyzed. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of the conductors at 4K is also tested by experimental platform based on GM cryocooler. The differences between superconducting stacked conductors in current lead applications and magnet applications were discussed.
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Mohammed, Rasha Abdul-nafaa, Ali Nathem Hamoodi, and Bashar M. Salih. "Partial discharge measurement in solid dielectric of H.V Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) submarine cable." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1578-1583.
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<p>A partial discharge described as anon-linear electrical break-down even that happened in a section of insulating area between two conduct which are at different potentials the damage of the insulating material, these conductors have a different insulating material potential of damage, under AC voltage discharge interval process. In this paper, we propose a Matlab /Simulation software. A detailed analysis of the partial discharge (PD) signal in the underground electric power conductor performed for monitoring, and investigation of numerous effects associated with the partial discharge event, such as heat ,phonic and electrical. Thus, to gain the important data of the insulating material status.</p>
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Nedobitkov, A. I. "On specific short circuit parameters of 12 vautomobile electric systems." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 29, no. 6 (January 13, 2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2020.29.06.50-60.
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Introduction. The data presented in the article show that the problem of differentiating primary and secondary short circuits is very important. The purpose of the article is to develop a scientifically grounded research method for copper conductors of automobile electric systems showing signs of a short circuit to identify the cause of its damage in a fire investigation. Materials and methods. The research was conducted with the help of JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope having an energy dispersive microanalysis unit attached, DuraScan 20 microhardness tester, and Fluke Ti400 infrared thermal imager. Results and discussion. It is experimentally proven that the microhardness of a copper conductor subjected to a primary short circuit differs from that of a copper conductor subjected to an overcurrent or external high temperature. Images of microhardness measurement areas of a copper conductor subjected to a primary short circuit are provided. The results of an energy dispersive analysis and characteristic diagnostic features allowing to establish the cause of the copper conductor damage in case of fire (primary or secondary short circuit) are provided. The temperature of the copper conductor is measured for short circuits that entail sparking and an arc. The applicability of the computational method for determining the conductor temperature in the event of a short circuit is experimentally proved. Conclusions. A differentiation method is proposed for telling primary short circuits from secondary ones arising in copper conductors of automobile electrical systems. It is shown that the microhardness testing method can supplement the scanning electron microscopy method. The results provided in the article can be used by specialists to study copper conductors extracted from burned vehicles in order to identify the mechanism of their damage and, eventually, the cause of the car fire.
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Dvorsky, Karl, Joachim Gwinner, and Hans-Dieter Liess. "A FIXED POINT APPROACH TO STATIONARY HEAT TRANSFER IN ELECTRIC CABLES." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 16, no. 1 (June 24, 2011): 286–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2011.580436.
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In this paper we present a novel procedure for the determination of temperature in electric conductors. A Helmholtz-to-Poisson estimate is proved, that justifies to restrict the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity to the conductor boundary. Hence we obtain a nonlinear potential problem for the relevant boundary temperatures, where the temperature dependence of the heat transfer coefficient is fully regarded. Using boundary integral operators, we represent the unknowns as the fixed point of a contraction. Finally a benchmark example is given in the rotationally symmetric case.
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Abbasi, M. Z., B. Noor, M. A. Aman, S. Farooqi, and F. W. Karam. "An Investigation of Temperature and Wind Impact on ACSR Transmission Line Sag and Tension." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 3 (June 19, 2018): 3009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2046.
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Power transmission is mainly based on overhead transmission lines with conductors being supported by transmission towers. Transmission lines are subjected to environmental stress (temperature changes, winds, snow etc), have an impact on the surrounding areas (visual pollution, building restrictions) and experience heavy losses due to resistive, magnetic and capacitive effects. Thus, proper modeling and installation of these conductors are necessary. The conductors are generally installed in a catenary shape to minimize the capacitive effects and to balance the tension. This paper presents an investigation on the sag and tension behavior under different temperature and wind of ACSR (Aluminum Conductor-Steel Reinforced) lines. Four different cases of temperature and wind are tested to calculate sag and tension. Simulation setup is done in ETAP (electrical transient and analysis program). Results are recorded and discussed.
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Dils, Werft, Walter, Zwanzig, von Krshiwoblozki, and Schneider-Ramelow. "Investigation of the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Elastic Textile/Polymer Composites for Stretchable Electronics at Quasi-Static or Cyclic Mechanical Loads." Materials 12, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213599.
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In the last decade, interest in stretchable electronic systems that can be bent or shaped three-dimensionally has increased. The application of these systems is that they differentiate between two states and derive there from the requirements for the materials used: once formed, but static or permanently flexible. For this purpose, new materials that exceed the limited mechanical properties of thin metal layers as the typical printed circuit board conductor materials have recently gained the interest of research. In this work, novel electrically conductive textiles were used as conductor materials for stretchable circuit boards. Three different fabrics (woven, knitted and nonwoven) made of silver-plated polyamide fibers were investigated for their mechanical and electrical behavior under quasi-static and cyclic mechanical loads with simultaneous monitoring of the electrical resistance. Thereto, the electrically conductive textiles were embedded into a thermoplastic polyurethane dielectric matrix and structured by laser cutting into stretchable conductors. Based on the characterization of the mechanical and electrical material behavior, a life expectancy was derived. The results are compared with previously investigated stretchable circuit boards based on thermoplastic elastomer and meander-shaped conductor tracks made of copper foils. The microstructural changes in the material caused by the applied mechanical loads were analyzed and are discussed in detail to provide a deep understanding of failure mechanisms.
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Pedersen, Laust B., and Michael Becken. "Equivalent images derived from very-low-frequency (VLF) profile data." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 3 (May 2005): G43—G50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1925742.
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We describe the implementation of a new fast imaging technique for filtering very-low-frequency (VLF) data measured on profiles into corresponding equivalent current systems in the earth. Single-frequency VLF data using magnetic measurements alone are often used to delineate lateral changes in electrical conductivity, e.g., fracture zones in crystalline terrains or changes in lithology in the sedimentary cover. Here, an attempt is made to add depth information to the conductivity distribution by realizing that the single-frequency VLF profile data contain information about (1) the background medium through their decay away from the conductors, (2) the position, and (3) the depth of the dominating conductors through the relative contribution of in-phase and quadrature components to the VLF anomaly in addition to the rate of change of the anomaly close to the conductors. Synthetic data from a model containing a shallow and a deeper conductor are filtered to show that the estimated current distributions coincide well with the horizontal position of the conductors, but even they provide some smeared images of the depth distribution of the conductors. A comparison with models obtained from regularized inversion of the same data shows good correspondence. The VLF field data from an area with clay lenses overlying wet sand and crystalline basement are filtered into current distributions that grossly mimic the electrical conductivity distribution of the clay lenses as obtained from radiomagnetotelluric measurements along the same profile.
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Zhu, Mingguang, and D. D. L. Chung. "Nickel Fiber Silicone-Matrix Composites as Resilient Electrical Conductors." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905429.
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Short nickel fiber silicone-matrix composites containing 3–12 vol. percent fibers were fabricated by the impregnation of silicone into a nickel fiber perform. The composites exhibited volume electrical resistivity ranging from 4.5 × 10−4 to 2.8 × 10−3 ohm.cm, contact electrical resistivity (with copper at a pressure > 0.1 MPa) ranging from 0.0090 to 0.0155 ohm.cm2, permanent set one percent after compression to a stress of 0.4 MPa and a strain up to 13.5 percent for 7 days, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness > 50 dB at 1.0–2.0 GHz. The volume and contact resistivities were essentially not affected after heating in air at 130–150°C for 7 days. The coefficient of thermal expansion was 27.5 × 10−6 °C−1 for a composite containing 8.2 vol. percent nickel fibers. These resilient electrically conducting composites are useful for electrical contacts and for gaskets for EMI shielding.
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Tripathi, Shivendu, Kripa M. Mishra, and Sugriva N. Tiwari. "Electrical conduction of superionic conductors: Na2ZrO3." Emerging Materials Research 1, no. 4 (August 2012): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/emr.11.00026.
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Kondrat, V. F., and O. R. Gritsina. "The acoustomagnetoelectric effect in electrical conductors." Journal of Soviet Mathematics 65, no. 4 (July 1993): 1754–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01097228.
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de Araujo,, M. M., W. A. Manheimmer,, and E. T. Serra,. "Corrosion aspects in aluminum electrical conductors." Corrosion Reviews 8, no. 1-2 (December 1988): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev.1988.8.1-2.175.
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Fridman, B. E. "Skin effect in massive conductors used in pulsed electrical devices: II. Massive conductors in electric circuits." Technical Physics 47, no. 9 (September 2002): 1120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1508075.
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Druez, J., P. McComber, and M. Farzaneh. "Correlation between measurement of an ice detector and the mass of ice accreted on two different sized conductors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-046.
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In cold regions, atmospheric icing is an important parameter for the design and reliability of exposed structures. A test site, located on Mt. Valin (Québec) Canada, is used to obtain field data on icing events. This test site mainly includes two test lines supporting four types of electrical conductors, instrumentation, and an ice detector. The ice detector monitors ice accretion by measuring the shift in frequency, at resonance, of a vibrating cylindrical probe, under the effect of the mass of ice accreted. This instrument, which is electrically de-iced, sends a cumulative alarm signal for each ice mass accretion reaching a preset value. The correlation between the ice detector signal and the mass of ice accreted on two different sized conductors is presented for three typical icing events monitored during the 1994-1995 season. In order to improve the correlation, a procedure rejects the data points corresponding to the shedding of ice during an icing event. The comparison between the mass of ice accreted on different conductors and the ice detector signal is a convenient way to calibrate the instrument. Then, these results could be used for predicting the ice mass accreted on similar cables, using the number of alarm signals from the ice detector. Results indicate the need to take into consideration the cable diameter and the apparent area of the probe with respect to the direction of droplets in the calibration of such ice detector.Key words: ice accretion, ice detector, electrical conductor, correlation, calibration, icing model, ice prediction, in-cloud icing, precipitation icing.
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Barši Palmić, Tibor, Janko Slavič, and Miha Boltežar. "Process Parameters for FFF 3D-Printed Conductors for Applications in Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 4542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164542.
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With recent developments in additive manufacturing (AM), new possibilities for fabricating smart structures have emerged. Recently, single-process fused-filament fabrication (FFF) sensors for dynamic mechanical quantities have been presented. Sensors measuring dynamic mechanical quantities, like strain, force, and acceleration, typically require conductive filaments with a relatively high electrical resistivity. For fully embedded sensors in single-process FFF dynamic structures, the connecting electrical wires also need to be printed. In contrast to the sensors, the connecting electrical wires have to have a relatively low resistivity, which is limited by the availability of highly conductive FFF materials and FFF process conditions. This study looks at the Electrifi filament for applications in printed electrical conductors. The effect of the printing-process parameters on the electrical performance is thoroughly investigated (six parameters, >40 parameter values, >200 conductive samples) to find the highest conductivity of the printed conductors. In addition, conductor embedding and post-printing heating of the conductive material are researched. The experimental results helped us to understand the mechanisms of the conductive network’s formation and its degradation. With the insight gained, the optimal printing strategy resulted in a resistivity that was approx. 40% lower than the nominal value of the filament. With a new insight into the electrical behavior of the conductive material, process optimizations and new design strategies can be implemented for the single-process FFF of functional smart structures.
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Kaiser, T., and A. Menzel. "Fundamentals of electro-mechanically coupled cohesive zone formulations for electrical conductors." Computational Mechanics 68, no. 1 (May 12, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-021-02019-z.
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AbstractMotivated by the influence of (micro-)cracks on the effective electrical properties of material systems and components, this contribution deals with fundamental developments on electro-mechanically coupled cohesive zone formulations for electrical conductors. For the quasi-stationary problems considered, Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism reduce to the continuity equation for the electric current and to Faraday’s law of induction, for which non-standard jump conditions at the interface are derived. In addition, electrical interface contributions to the balance equation of energy are discussed and the restrictions posed by the dissipation inequality are studied. Together with well-established cohesive zone formulations for purely mechanical problems, the present developments provide the basis to study the influence of mechanically-induced interface damage processes on effective electrical properties of conductors. This is further illustrated by a study of representative boundary value problems based on a multi-field finite element implementation.
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Sajjadi, S. S., and S. R. Ostadzadeh. "Lightning Response of Multi-Port Grids Buried in Dispersive Soils: An Approximation versus Full-wave Methods and Experiment." Advanced Electromagnetics 8, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i1.894.
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In this paper, application of multi-conductor transmission line model (MTL) in transient analysis of grounding grids buried in soils with frequency-dependent electrical parameters (dispersive soil) is investigated. In this modeling approach, each set of parallel conductors in the grounding grid is considered as a multi-conductor transmission line (MTL). Then, a two-port network for each set of parallel conductors in the grid is then defined. Finally, the two-port networks are interconnected depending upon the pattern of connections in the grid and its representative equations are then reduced. Via solving these simplified equations, the transient analyses of grounding grids is efficiently carried out. With the aim of validity, a number of examples previously published in literature are selected. The comparison of simulation results based on the MTL shows good agreement with numerical and experimental results. Moreover, in despite of numerical methods computational efficiency is considerably increased.
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Ardid, Alberto, David Dempsey, Edward Bertrand, Fabian Sepulveda, Pascal Tarits, Flora Solon, and Rosalind Archer. "Bayesian magnetotelluric inversion using methylene blue structural priors for imaging shallow conductors in geothermal fields." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): E171—E183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0226.1.
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In geothermal exploration, magnetotelluric (MT) data and inversion models are commonly used to image shallow conductors typically associated with the presence of an electrically conductive clay cap that overlies the main reservoir. However, these inversion models suffer from nonuniqueness and uncertainty, and the inclusion of useful geologic information is still limited. We have developed a Bayesian inversion method that integrates the electrical resistivity distribution from MT surveys with borehole methylene blue (MeB) data, an indicator of conductive clay content. The MeB data were used to inform structural priors for the MT Bayesian inversion that focus on inferring with uncertainty the shallow conductor boundary in geothermal fields. By incorporating borehole information, our inversion reduced nonuniqueness and then explicitly represented the irreducible uncertainty as estimated depth intervals for the conductor boundary. We used the Markov chain Monte Carlo and a 1D three-layer resistivity model to accelerate the Bayesian inversion of the MT signal beneath each station. Then, inferred conductor boundary distributions were interpolated to construct pseudo-2D/3D models of the uncertain conductor geometry. We compare our approach against deterministic MT inversion software on synthetic and field examples, and our approach has good performance in estimating the depth to the bottom of the conductor, a valuable target in geothermal reservoir exploration.
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Sakala, Japhet D. "Improved Calculation of Sag for a Conductor Supported at Unequal Heights." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 45, no. 4 (October 2008): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.45.4.6.
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The sag of conductors of an overhead line is determined from the horizontal tension at the lowest point of the conductors. In a conductor supported at unequal heights the lowest point is calculated, together with the horizontal tension, from hyperbolic expressions using an iterative procedure. In practice the hyperbolic functions are usually approximated by their first two terms. While the results are close to the actual values some differences may arise because the approximate methods may not converge to the exact values. The Newton Raphson sag method presented in the paper applies the Newton Raphson method to obtain fast convergence to the exact values. It is inherently more accurate than the classical iterative procedure based on approximating the hyperbolic functions; and the convergence criterion may be set as small as required. The method is also applicable to a conductor supported at equal heights.
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Sánchez-López, C., V. H. Carbajal-Gómez, M. A. Carrasco-Aguilar, and F. E. Morales-López. "A Transformation Methodology of Normal Nonlinear Resistors/Conductors to Inverses." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 14 (February 18, 2019): 1930011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619300113.
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This work proposes a simple transformation methodology of normal nonlinear resistors/conductors to their inverted topologies in their floating and grounded versions (NNR/C). It is demonstrated that inverted topologies can also be configured as incremental or decremental nonlinear resistors/conductors. The main fingerprints of an NNR/C are holding up after the transformation and it is demonstrated that an inverse nonlinear resistor/conductor becomes a linear resistor/conductor when the operating frequency of the signal source decreases, inverse behavior in comparison with one memristor. Illustrative examples are given for floating and grounded nonlinear resistors and in both configurations. HSPICE simulation results are provided confirming the theory. Moreover, the normal and inverses resistors can be reconfigured in order to be used in future applications such as programmable analog circuits.
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Lekawa-Raus, Agnieszka, Pawel Haladyj, and Krzysztof Koziol. "Carbon nanotube fiber–silver hybrid electrical conductors." Materials Letters 133 (October 2014): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.06.177.
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Nomura, Katsuya, Shintaro Yamasaki, Kentaro Yaji, Hiroki Bo, Atsuhiro Takahashi, Takashi Kojima, and Kikuo Fujita. "Topology optimization of conductors in electrical circuit." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 59, no. 6 (January 11, 2019): 2205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-018-02187-2.
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Liu, Zhao, Honglei Deng, Ruidong Peng, Xiangyang Peng, Rui Wang, Wencheng Zheng, Pengyu Wang, Deming Guo, and Gang Liu. "An Equivalent Heat Transfer Model Instead of Wind Speed Measuring for Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Lines." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184679.
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With the increase in electricity demand, the ampacity calculation based on the dynamic thermal rating (DTR) technology is increasingly significant for assessing and improving the power transfer capacity of the existing overhead conductors. However, the DTR models now available present some inadequacies in measurement techniques related to wind speed. Therefore, it is essential to propose a new model instead of wind speed measuring in DTR technology. In this paper, the influence analysis of various weather parameters on the conductor ampacity is carried out by using the real weather data. Based on the analysis, it is confirmed that the impact of wind speed is significant, especially in the case of the low wind speed. Moreover, an equivalent heat transfer (EHT) model for DTR technology is proposed instead of wind speed measuring. For this EHT model, the calculation of conductor ampacity is realized through investigating the correlation of heat losses between the heating aluminum (Al) ball and conductor. Finally, combined with the finite element method (FEM), the EHT model proposed in this paper is verified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standard. The results indicate that the error of the EHT model is less than 6% when employing the steady thermal behavior of the Al ball to calculate the ampacity. The EHT model is useful in the real-time thermal rating of overhead conductors. It can increase the utilization of overhead conductors while also avoiding the limitation of the existing measurement techniques related to wind speed.
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Mukai, Yusuke, and Minyoung Suh. "Enhancing the electrical properties of inkjet-printed silver ink by electrolyte sintering, photonic sintering, and electroless plating." Science of Sintering 53, no. 1 (2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2101119m.
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Conductive inkjet printing is an emerging rapid manufacturing technology in the field of smart clothing and wearable electronics. The current challenge in conductive inkjet printing includes upgrading of electrical performance of printed inks to the equivalent level to traditional conductors such as bulk silver and copper, especially for high-performance electronic applications such as flexible antennas and circuits. Post-treatments are commonly employed to enhance the electrical conduction of inkjet-printed tracks. This research discusses the effects of electrolyte sintering, photonic sintering and electroless copper plating on the DC electrical resistance and resistivity of inkjet-printed silver nanoparticles. From experimental results and measurements, it was found that all the post-treatment methods effectively improved the electrical properties of printed silver ink, but in different ways. The lowest resistance of 4.5 ? (in 0.1 mm ? 10 mm) and thickest (4.5 ?m) conductor were achieved by electroless copper plating, whereas the lowest resistivity (7.5?10-8 ??m) and thinnest (1.0 ?m) conductor were obtained by photonic sintering.
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Kravets, I. P., O. I. Bashynskiy, A. P. Kushnir, and O. V. Shapovalov. "FACTORS OF FIRE HAZARD OF ELECTRICITY-GENERATING EQUIPMENT." Fire Safety, no. 34 (July 19, 2019): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.07.
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The article deals with the problems of fire hazard of electricity-generating equipment during their exploitation. Intensive electrification of industrial and residual objects leads to the saturation of these objects with different electricity-generating equipment. Functioning of such equipment is accompanied with high heat emission and contains significant fire hazard. The electric current in an electrical conductor produces heat, when electric energy turns into thermal. All electrical equipment must be produced in strict adherence to fire safety rules and requirements. Ignoring these requirements causes heating of conductors through all the length, spunking of isolation, sparkling and, as a result, breaking-out of fire. Therefore, reducing the probability of fire even in the cases of abnormal work, wrong exploitation and foreseen refuses is the main task during planning and exploitation of electrical equipment and also during selection of structural materials. The primary purpose of fire prevention measures in the electrical equipment is avoiding of its self-ignition, and localization of fire after the self-ignition of electricity-generating equipment. Fire safety during exploitation of electricity-generating equipment depends on its technical state. Correct choice of conductor cross section is very important. Protection stage of electrical equipment, type of wiring, and cable laying method must comply with environmental conditions and have the proper climatic implementation and placement category. Proper protective devices from a short circuit and overloads must be used. Their operating values must be also foreseen. All above-mentioned measures prevent fires and explosions during exploitation of electrical equipment. Key
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Kolesnichenko, I. E., E. A. Kolesnichenko, E. I. Lyubomishchenko, E. I. Kolesnichenko, and A. A. Evsyukova. "Regularities of Methane and Coal Dust Ignition Caused by Electric Sources in Mine Workings." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 4/2021 (August 25, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-4-119-124.
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Fires and explosions pose the greatest threat in underground mines that use high-voltage electrical grids. The paper presents data on explosions of combustible methane and coal dust mixtures in Russian mines. It is shown that there always exists a high risk of fire resulting from a malfunction in the electrical grid. The research aims at determining the type and parameters of an electric arc, spark or open flame generated at the breaking points of electric conductors which initiate the ignition of a combustible medium. It was found that the commonly known ionic and thermal theories of ignition do not match the present state of knowledge. The methodology consisted in investigating patterns of electric charge generation and transfer up to the point of the mains failure. Regularities of energy processes in the atomic and molecular structure of the conductor material are presented. For the first time ever the concept of transformation of the electromagnetic energy generated in the alternator into photon packets of high-frequency energy is justified. An electron of the conductor atom absorbs a quantum of the generated energy, converts the generated frequency into a high-frequency photon packet and radiates it into the electric grid. It has been found that an electric arc or a spark, acting as a source of ignition for a combustible medium, is an electromagnetic emission of energy in the visible range.
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Diamenu, Godwin. "Statistical Analysis of Electric Power Distribution Grid Outages." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.3.2406.
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Power systems in general supply consumers with electrical energy as economically and reliably as possible. Reliable electric power systems serve customer loads without interruptions in supply voltage. Electric power generation facilities must produce enough power to meet customer demand. Electrical energy produced and delivered to customers through generation, transmission and distribution systems, constitutes one of the largest consumers markets the world over. The benefits of electric power systems are integrated into the much faster modern life in such extent that it is impossible to imagine the society without the electrical energy. The rapid growth of electric power distribution grids over the past few decades has resulted in a large increment in the number of grid lines in operation and their total length. These grid lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment, mis-operation, human errors, overload, and aging among others. A fault implies any abnormal condition which causes a reduction in the basic insulation strength between phase conductors or phase conductors and earth, or any earthed screens surrounding the conductors. In this paper, different types of faults that affected the electric power distribution grid of selected operational districts of Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) in the Western region of Ghana was analyzed and the results presented. Outages due to bad weather and load shedding contributed significantly to the unplanned outages that occurred in the medium voltage (MV) distribution grid. Blown fuse and loose contact faults were the major contributor to unplanned outages in the low voltage (LV) electric power distribution grid.
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Popoli, Arturo, Leonardo Sandrolini, and Andrea Cristofolini. "Comparison of Screening Configurations for the Mitigation of Voltages and Currents Induced on Pipelines by HVAC Power Lines." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 3855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133855.
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In this paper, a strategy for reducing the electromagnetic interferences induced by power lines on metallic pipelines is proposed and numerically investigated. The study considers a set of steel conductors interposed between the power line and the pipeline. Different shapes of conductor cross sections and different magnetic permeabilities are considered, to identify the solution exhibiting the greatest mitigation efficiency for the same amount of material. The investigation is carried out by means of a quasi-3D finite element analysis. Results show that the main mechanism responsible for the mitigation is constituted by the currents induced in the screening conductors by the power line. Hence, a high magnetic permeability can have a detrimental effect since it reduces the skin depth to values below the size of the screening conductor. In this case, a reduction of the screening current and in the mitigation efficiency is observed. Nevertheless, the study shows that the use of strip-shaped screening conductors allows the employment of cheaper magnetic materials without compromising the mitigation efficacy of the screening conductors.
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Kaczorek-Chrobak and Fangrat. "Influence of Constructional-Material Parameters on the Fire Properties of Electric Cables." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234569.
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The significant number of cables of different materials and construction used extensively in building objects increases their fire load and, therefore, strongly influences safety in the case of fire. The purpose of the study was to identify relevant factors related to the construction of electrical cables, and perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment of their influence on specific fire properties, such as heat release and smoke production. Fifteen cables of different construction and materials were studied using the EN 50399 standard test. The analysis was focused on cable constructional-material parameters related to the chemical composition of non-metallic elements and the number and shape of conductors in the cable, as well as the concentric barrier as armor or the copper concentric conductor. The conclusions drawn from the experiments were: (1) Construction, the number of conductors, and the presence of armor or concentric metallic conductors improve the fire properties by forming a barrier against flame penetration through the cable; (2) the use of copper conductors resulted in a decrease of fire parameters compared to cables with aluminum conductors (peakHRRav parameter even four times lower for copper cable); (3) construction material based on non-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) significantly reduced the fire properties of cables more than halogen-free materials (LS0H) (peakHRRav parameter more than 17 times higher for the fully halogenated cable), which is due to the decomposition process of the material; and (4) no clear relationship between the fire parameters and the cable parameter, χ, was found.
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Hong, Sung-Jei, Yong-Hoon Kim, Seung-Jae Cha, and Yong-Sung Kim. "Enhancement of Characteristics of Transparent Conductive Electrode on Flexible Substrate by Combination of Solution-Based Oxide and Metallic Layers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7997–8003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11271.
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This study investigates solution-processed transparent conductors with hybrid structure consisting of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and indium-tin-oxide nanoparticles (ITO-NPs) layers fabricated on polymeric flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The transparent conductors had stacked structures of AgNWs/ITO-NPs on 125-μm-thick PET and ITO-NPs/AgNWs/ITO-NPs on 125-μm-thick PET, 188-μm-thick PET, or 700-μm-thick glass substrate, respectively. Successful integrations were possible on the substrates without any deformation or distortion. Sheet resistance of the triplelayered transparent conductor samples exhibits low values ranging from 22.41 Ω/□ to 22.99 Ω/□. Also, their optical transmittance exhibits high values ranging from 83.78 to 87.29% at 550 nm. The triple-layered transparent conductor showed a good thermal stability in terms of sheet resistance and optical transmittance against the high-temperature environment up to 250 °C. All the double and triple-layered transparent conductors fabricated on PET and glass substrates are so stable against the accelerated thermal aging from 110 °C to 130 °C, that ΔR/R0 and ΔT550/T0550 values exhibit less than 0.068 and 0.049, respectively. Furthermore, the layers are so flexible that ΔR/R0 of the layers on PET substrates is lower than 0.1 even at 4.0-mm bending. Especially, triple-layered transparent conductor on 125-μm-thick PET substrates exhibits ΔR/R0 value of 0.042 even at 4.0 mm bending. Thus, it can be concluded that the hybrid structures have the advantage of both thermal stability and flexibility for electrical and optical properties of transparent conductive electrode; which makes them highly applicable in flexible electronics.
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Xia, Anyin, Mingshu Fan, and Shan Li. "Asymptotic Stability for an Axis-Symmetric Ohmic Heating Model in Thermal Electricity." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/387565.
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The asymptotic behavior of the solution for the Dirichlet problem of the parabolic equation with nonlocal termut=urr+ur/r+f(u)/(a+2πb∫01f(u)rdr)2,for 0<r<1, t>0,u1,t=u′(0,t)=0,for t>0, ur,0=u0r, for 0≤r≤1. The model prescribes the dimensionless temperature when the electric current flows through two conductors, subject to a fixed potential difference. One of the electrical resistivity of the axis-symmetric conductor depends on the temperature and the other one remains constant. The main results show that the temperature remains uniformly bounded for the generally decreasing functionf(s), and the global solution of the problem converges asymptotically to the unique equilibrium.