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Academic literature on the topic 'Electrical double layer-capacitor specific capacitance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 8 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrical double layer-capacitor specific capacitance"

Abd. Shukur, Muhammad Fadhlullah. "Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitor Using Plasticised Corn Starch Polymer Electrolyte Incorporated with Lithium Iodide." Platform : A Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pjstvol7iss1art27054.

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An electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is a supercapacitor type that offers higher energy density and capacitance than an electrolytic capacitor. EDLC bridges the energy or power gap between the batteries, fuel cells, and dielectric capacitors. Most EDLCs are fabricated using electrolytic solutions, many of which are highly corrosive, leading to heavy, bulky, and leaky devices. This research assembled an EDLC employing a plasticised solid polymer electrolyte based on lithium iodide (LiI) doped corn starch. Glycerol was used as the plasticiser. The fabricated EDLC was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. The specific capacitance obtained from EIS was 1.74 F g–1. By analysing the Nyquist plot obtained from EIS, charge transfer resistance (Rct) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) were determined. CV of the EDLC was carried out at various sweep rates. The highest specific capacitance of 4.66 F g–1 was obtained at a 50 mV s–1 sweep rate. The EDLC was charged and discharged ten times at 1 mA constant current. From GCD, the specific capacitance was found to be in the 4.36 – 5.57 F g-1 range. From these results, starch-LiI-glycerol showed potential as a candidate for electrolyte material for energy device applications.Keywords: Electrolyte, electrical double-layer capacitor, glycerol, lithium iodide, solid polymer, starch, specific capacitance

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Cao, Junming, La Li, Yunlong Xi, et al. "Core–shell structural PANI-derived carbon@Co–Ni LDH electrode for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 6 (2018): 1350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00123e.

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Carbon/metal nanocomposites have been considered promising electrode materials for application in supercapacitors owing to their combination of good electrical conductivity, excellent cycle stabilities of the electronic double layer capacitor (EDLC) and high specific capacitance of the pseudocapacitor.

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Show, Yoshiyuki. "Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Fabricated with Addition of Carbon Nanotube to Polarizable Electrode." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/929343.

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Electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated with addition of carbon nanotube (CNT) to polarization electrodes as a conducting material. The CNT addition reduced the series resistance of the EDLC by one-twentieth, while the capacitance was not increased by the CNT addition. The low series resistance leaded to the high electrical energy stored in the EDLC. In this paper, the dependence of the series resistance, the specific capacitance, the energy, and the energy efficiencies on the CNT addition is discussed.

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Pettinger, Bruno, and Karl Doblhofer. "A practical approach to modeling the electrical double layer in the presence of specific adsorption of ions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 11 (1997): 1710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-604.

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Model calculations are presented that yield in a straightforward manner the quantitative dependence of the specific adsorption of ions at electrode surfaces on the applied electrode potential (electrode charge). Furthermore, the double-layer capacitance and the potential at the outer Helmholtz plane (ø2) are obtained. The derivation is based on Devanathan's three-capacitor model for the interfacial electric-potential distribution. A convenient correction function for the ø1 potential accounting for the discreteness-of-charge effect is derived, largely on the basis of recent work by Conway et al. The results are shown to be in very good agreement with published work by Lawrence and Parsons on the double layer between Br− electrolyte and the mercury electrode. Keywords: electrochemistry, specific adsorption, electric double layer, discreteness-of-charge effect.

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Shrestha, Lok Kumar, Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Rashma Chaudhary, et al. "Nelumbo nucifera Seed–Derived Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbons as Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (2021): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123175.

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Biomass-derived activated carbon materials with hierarchically nanoporous structures containing nitrogen functionalities show excellent electrochemical performances and are explored extensively in energy storage and conversion applications. Here, we report the electrochemical supercapacitance performances of the nitrogen-doped activated carbon materials with an ultrahigh surface area prepared by the potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation of the Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) seed in an aqueous electrolyte solution (1 M sulfuric acid: H2SO4) in a three-electrode cell. The specific surface areas and pore volumes of Lotus-seed–derived carbon materials carbonized at a different temperatures, from 600 to 1000 °C, are found in the range of 1059.6 to 2489.6 m2 g−1 and 0.819 to 2.384 cm3 g−1, respectively. The carbons are amorphous materials with a partial graphitic structure with a maximum of 3.28 atom% nitrogen content and possess hierarchically micro- and mesoporous structures. The supercapacitor electrode prepared from the best sample showed excellent electrical double-layer capacitor performance, and the electrode achieved a high specific capacitance of ca. 379.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density. Additionally, the electrode shows a high rate performance, sustaining 65.9% capacitance retention at a high current density of 50 A g−1, followed by an extraordinary long cycle life without any capacitance loss after 10,000 subsequent charging/discharging cycles. The electrochemical results demonstrate that Nelumbo nucifera seed–derived hierarchically porous carbon with nitrogen functionality would have a significant probability as an electrical double-layer capacitor electrode material for the high-performance supercapacitor applications.

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Saito, Eduardo, Vagner Eduardo Caetano, Erica Freire Antunes, et al. "Electric Double Layer Capacitor of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes under Different Degree of Acid Oxidations." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.186.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a material with unique properties (mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, etc) allied with low density and high specific area. The present paper studied the electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes growth by Chemical Vapor Depostion (CVD) technique. The samples were characterized by SEM, Raman Spectroscopy and the double layer capacitance of the powders was evaluated in a Teflon capacitor system with a Ag/AgCl (3M) as reference electrode. The catalyst remotion is provided in Hydrochloric acid washing and the wet oxidative treatments promotes the CNT oxidation and increase the pseudocapacitive response.

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Yue, Zheng, Hamza Dunya, Maziar Ashuri, et al. "Synthesis of a Very High Specific Surface Area Active Carbon and Its Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor Properties in Organic Electrolytes." ChemEngineering 4, no. 3 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4030043.

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A new porous activated carbon (AC) material with very high specific surface area (3193 m2 g−1) was prepared by the carbonization of a colloidal silica-templated melamine–formaldehyde (MF) polymer composite followed by KOH-activation. Several electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) cells were fabricated using this AC as the electrode material. A number of organic solvent-based electrolyte formulations were examined to optimize the EDLC performance. Both high specific discharge capacitance of 130.5 F g−1 and energy density 47.9 Wh kg−1 were achieved for the initial cycling. The long-term cycling performance was also measured.

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Kitenge, V. N., D. J. Tarimo, K. O. Oyedotun, G. Rutavi, D. T. Bakhoum, and N. Manyala. "Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor Based on Low Aqueous Electrolyte Contents in EmimTFO Ionic Liquid." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (April 25, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8659009.

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A study has been conducted on the electrochemical properties of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EmimTFO) protic ionic liquid enhanced by adding potassium nitrate (2.5 M) aqueous solution. The properties of EmimTFO as well as mixtures diluted by molar fractions of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 of KNO3 were also investigated through measurements of viscosity, density, and conductivity. In a three-electrode test run at 0.25 A g-1, the addition of 2.5 M KNO3 solution generated peak specific capacities of ~40.2 and ~85.8 mAh g-1 on the positive and negative potentials, respectively. These performances surpassed the specific capacities obtained for EmimTFO in a three-electrode run at 0.25 A g-1 using the same electrode material (activated carbon). The top-performing electrolyte mixture ([EmimTFO]0.8[2.5 M KNO3]0.2) was then used to assemble a symmetric supercapacitor, which could run at a voltage of ~2.1 V. The device was able to retain 71.35% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge. It also displayed higher specific energy and power of 22.21 Wh kg-1 and 520 W kg-1, respectively, at 0.5 A g-1 as compared to specific energies of 4.73 Wh kg-1 and 11.2 Wh kg-1 for the devices assembled with single EmimTFO and 2.5 M KNO3 as the electrolytes, respectively.

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Rajput, Shailendra, Alon Kuperman, Asher Yahalom, and Moshe Averbukh. "Studies on Dynamic Properties of Ultracapacitors Using Infinite r–C Chain Equivalent Circuit and Reverse Fourier Transform." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184583.

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The specific power storage capabilities of double-layer ultracapacitors are receiving significant attention from engineers and scientific researchers. Nevertheless, their dynamic behavior should be studied to improve the performance and for efficient applications in electrical devices. This article presents an infinite resistor–capacitor (r–C) chain-based mathematical model for the analysis of double layer ultracapacitors. The internal resistance and capacitance were measured for repetitive charging and discharging cycles. The magnitudes of internal resistance and capacitance showed approximately ±10% changes for charge-discharge processes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigations revealed that the impedance of a double-layer ultracapacitor does not change significantly in the temperature range of (−30 °C to +30 °C) and voltage range of (0.3376–2.736 V). The analysis of impedance data using the proposed mathematical model showed good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data. The dynamic behavior of the ultracapacitor was successfully represented by utilizing the proposed infinite r–C chains equivalent circuit, and the reverse Fourier transform analysis. The r–C electrical equivalent circuit was also analyzed using the PSIM simulation software to study the dynamic behavior of ultracapacitor parameters. The simulation study yields an excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated voltage characteristics for repetitive charging-discharging processes.

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Lazarte, John, Regine Dipasupil, Gweneth Pasco, et al. "Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes (rGO/TNT) Composites as an Electrical Double Layer Capacitor." Nanomaterials 8, no. 11 (2018): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8110934.

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Composites of synthesized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) were examined and combined at different mass proportions (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) to develop an electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) nanocomposite. Three different combination methods of synthesis—(1) TNT introduction during GO reduction, (2) rGO introduction during TNT formation, and (3) TNT introduction in rGO sheets using a microwave reactor—were used to produce nanocomposites. Among the three methods, method 3 yielded an EDLC nanomaterial with a highly rectangular cyclic voltammogram and steep electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plot. The specific capacitance for method 3 nanocomposites ranged from 47.26–165.22 F/g while that for methods 1 and 2 nanocomposites only ranged from 14.03–73.62 F/g and 41.93–84.36 F/g, respectively. Furthermore, in all combinations used, the 3:1 graphene/titanium dioxide-based samples consistently yielded the highest specific capacitance. The highest among these nanocomposites is 3:1 rGO/TNT. Characterization of this highly capacitive 3:1 rGO/TNT EDLC composite revealed the dominant presence of partially amorphous rGO as seen in its XRD and SEM with branching crystalline anatase TNTs as seen in its XRD and TEM. Such property showed great potential that is desirable for applications to capacitive deionization and energy storage.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrical double layer-capacitor specific capacitance"

Wade, Timothy Lawrence. "High power carbon based supercapacitors /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/439.

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Energy storage devices are generally evaluated on two main requirements; power and energy. In supercapacitors these two performance criteria are altered by the capacitance, resistance and voltage. (For complete abstract open document)

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Ko, Huang-Chu, and 柯皇竹. "Computer Simulation for Prediction Capacitance of Electrical Double layer capacitor." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77832049207472947994.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>化學工程學研究所<br>95<br>Since Iijima[1] successfully fabricated carbon nanotube (CNT) from graphitic carbon sheets in 1990, all kinds of physical, chemical and mechanical properties are being studied and analyzed[2]. Recently, a new model of electrochemical storage device was introduced. Based on the ordinary electrolytic capacitor, the CNT were bed on the original electrode plate. The so-called supercapacitor[3, 4] (SC) has more than thousand times of capacitance than commercial ones[5]. The enhancement in capacitance was recognized by two major effects: the increase of surface on the electrode and the capture of ionic species by the CNT. In order to gain a molecular level understanding of each of these effects, we have established the micro structure of SC and performed molecular dynamic simulation (MD) for such systems. At the same time, we could study the phenomena in electrical double layer and solvent.

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Caguiat, Johnathon. "Nanoporous Carbons: Porous Characterization and Electrical Performance in Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/42698.

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Nanoporous carbons have become a material of interest in many applications such as electrochemical double layer capacitors (supercapacitors). Supercapacitors are being studied for their potential in storing electrical energy storage from intermittent sources and in use as power sources that can be charged rapidly. However, a lack of understanding of the charge storage mechanism within a supercapacitor makes it difficult to optimize them. Two components of this challenge are the difficulties in experimentally characterizing the sub-nanoporous structure of carbon electrode materials and the electrical performance of the supercapacitors. This work provides a means to accurately characterize the porous structure of sub-nanoporus carbon materials and identifies the current limitations in characterizing the electrical performance of a supercapacitor cell. Future work may focus on the relationship between the sub-nano porous structure of the carbon electrode and the capacitance of supercapacitors, and on the elucidation of charge storage mechanisms.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrical double layer-capacitor specific capacitance"

S. George, Nithya, Lolly Maria Jose, and Arun Aravind. "Review on Transition Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Energy Storage Application." In Updates on Supercapacitors [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108781.

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Supercapacitors evolved as a breakthrough to the existing shortages in energy resources because of its enhanced capacitive performance, long-term stability, and high power density. Transition metal oxides (TMOs), a redox active material in energy storage applications, showing high specific capacitance (100–2000 F/g) than the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) material has been reviewed a lot. Among various TMOs, nickel oxide (NiO), tin oxide (SnO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), tungsten oxide (WO3), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) are widely used by researchers due to their high theoretical capacitance, low cost, and long cycle life. The limitations of TMO-based electrode material includes low electrical conductivity, ion mobility, and low energy density. It is thus important to develop proper combination of TMO with other transition metals, TMOs, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), conducting polymers (CPs) and carbon-based materials (graphene oxide (GO), activated carbon (AC) and reduced GO (rGO)). This chapter focuses on ongoing development in six TMO-based electrode material (NiO, ZnO, MnO2, SnO2, WO3, V2O5) fabrication for the enhancement of electrochemical performance, their synthesis method and then review about the recent progress in studying the supercapacitor performance of the material. The limitations of each TMOs listed separately, providing new insights for future energy storage applications.

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Fawcett, W. Ronald. "The Electrical Double Layer." In Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094329.003.0014.

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In examining the properties of the metal | solution interface, two limiting types of behavior are found, namely, the ideal polarizable interface and the ideally nonpolarizable interface. In the former case, the interface behaves as a capacitor so that charge can be placed on the metal using an external voltage source. This leads to the establishment of an equal and opposite charge on the solution side. The total system in which charge is separated in space is called the electrical double layer and its properties are characterized by electrostatic equilibrium. An electrical double layer exists in general at any interface at which there is a change in dielectric properties. It has an important influence on the structure of the interface and on the kinetics of processes occurring there. The classical example of an ideally polarizable interface is a mercury electrode in an electrolyte solution which does not contain mercury ions, for example, aqueous KCl. The charge on the mercury surface is altered using an external voltage source placed between the polarizable electrode and non-polarizable electrode, for example, a silver | silver chloride electrode in contact with the same solution. Within well-defined limits, the charge can be changed in both the negative and positive directions. When the mercury electrode is positively charged, there is an excess of anions in the solution close to the electrode. The opposite situation occurs when the electrode is negatively charged. An important point of reference is the point of zero charge (PZC), which occurs when the charge on the electrode is exactly zero. The properties of the electrical double layer in solution depend on the nature of the electrolyte and its concentration. In many electrolytes, one or more of the constituent ions are specifically adsorbed at the interface. Specific adsorption implies that the local ionic concentration is determined not just by electrostatic forces but also by specific chemical forces. For example, the larger halide ions are chemisorbed on mercury due to the covalent nature of the interaction between a mercury atom and the anion. Specific adsorption can also result from the hydrophobic nature of an ion.

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Schmiegel, Armin U. "Electrical storage systems." In Energy Storage Systems. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858009.003.0007.

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Abstract If we want to store energy electrically, we can do this either through a voltage storage or a current storage. Inductance, or more precisely a superconducting inductance, serves as the current storage. The construction and functioning of such a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is described in this chapter. The voltage storage is realised via a capacitor. For larger amounts of energy and power, supercaps are used which, in addition to the capacitance of the conductors, also use the pseudocapacity and the capacitance of the double layer. The structure and function of both types are described in this chapter. The additional requirements and system components used for these applications are described. As an application example, a lift is made capable of recuperation. For this purpose, it is equipped with a supercapacitor bank that is to temporarily store the power during recuperation.

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Bejjanki, Dinesh, and Sampath Kumar Puttapati. "Supercapacitor Basics (EDLCs, Pseudo, and Hybrid)." In Multidimensional Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors: Next Generation Energy Storage. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815223408124010004.

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Over the past few years, supercapacitors have been spotlighted because of the challenges faced by other energy storage systems. The supercapacitor possesses excellent power density and long-term durability with an eco-friendly nature. Due to their wide range of advantages, supercapacitors are applicable especially in electric vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, telecommunication, electric aircraft, and consumer electronic products. As per the charge storage mechanism, supercapacitors are divided into three categories based on their charge-storing method: electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. The electrode materials such as graphene, activated carbon, metal oxides, conducting polymers, etc., were widely applied, for better performance. The electrolyte is a crucial component in the mechanism of the supercapacitor to run the system at a higher voltage and thus there are various electrolytes such as solid, inorganic, and organic based on the application of the materials, and the electrolytes are chosen. However, the supercapacitors suffer from low energy density. Currently, research is more focused on advanced materials and various synthesis methods to overcome the drawbacks. This chapter provides a detailed understanding of supercapacitors with redox and non-redox reactions -the broad classification of the supercapacitor -their charge storage mechanism -various electrode materials -electrolytes (aqueous, non-aqueous, and solid) and current collectors, etc. Finally, the parameters that help in estimating the performance of supercapacitors are (specific capacitance, energy density, and power density) included.

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Jiménez, María L., Silvia Ahualli, and María M. Fernández. "The Electrical Double Layer as a Capacitor. Evaluation of Capacitance in Different Solutions: Effect of Ion Concentrations, Sizes, and Valencies." In Interface Science and Technology. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811370-7.00003-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrical double layer-capacitor specific capacitance"

Golozar, M., K. Chien, and T. W. Coyle. "Porous Ultra-Capacitor Electrodes Fabricated by Solution Precursor Plasma Spray: Molybdenum Oxide vs. Molybdenum Nitride." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, et al. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0822.

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Abstract Solution precursor plasma spray has been shown capable of depositing high surface area transition metal oxide coatings of interest as ultra-capacitor electrodes. These materials exhibit mixed double layer and pseudo-capacitive properties, enabling larger charge storage capacity than electrical double layer capacitor electrodes such as carbon. This investigation explored potential of SPPS to deposit molybdenum oxide with microstructures suitable for use as pseudo-capacitive electrodes. It further identified a two-step temperature-programmed heat treatment that resulted in the topotactic phase transformation of the α-MoO3 deposits into high specific surface area molybdenum nitrides exhibiting a higher electrochemical stability window (i.e. a higher specific area capacitance). The electrochemical behavior of molybdenum oxide and molybdenum nitride deposits formed under different deposition conditions was studied using cyclic voltammetry in order to assess the influence of the resulting microstructure on the charge storage behavior and potential for use in ultra-capacitors.

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Golozar, M., K. Chien, and T. W. Coyle. "Synthesis of Porous Super-Capacitor Electrodes using the SPPS Deposition Technique." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, et al. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0869.

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Abstract Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) owe their large capacitance to high specific surface area carbon-based electrode materials adhered to a current collector via an adhesive. However, recent studies attribute greater electrical energy storage capacity to transition metal oxides/nitrides: a new generation of electrode materials for use in super-capacitors with mixed double-layer and pseudo-capacitive properties. Solution Precursor Plasma Spray (SPPS) deposition is a technique that allows coatings to be fabricated with fine grain sizes, high porosity levels, and high surface area; characteristics ideal for application as transition metal oxide super-capacitor electrodes. A liquid injection apparatus was designed to inject the liquid into the DC-arc plasma and to investigate the effects of various operating parameters such as spray distance, solution concentration and solution flow rate on the chemistry and surface topography of the deposits. Understanding and controlling the evolution of the precursor solution in the DC-arc plasma jet is crucial in producing coatings of the desired structures. DTA/TGA, SEM, XRD, and electrochemical analyses performed to characterize the coatings will be discussed, and the potential of the deposits for use in super-capacitors will be assessed.

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Tashima, D., Y. Betsumiya, M. Taniguchi, H. Yoshitama, M. Otsubo, and S. Maeno. "Capacitance behavior of electric double layer capacitor using nanocomposite electrode." In 2009 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2009.5377898.

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Tashima, D., M. Taniguchi, H. Yoshitama, and M. Otsubo. "Evaluation of Space Charge and Capacitance of Electric Double Layer Capacitor using Ionic Liquid." In 2008 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2008.4772882.

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Castelino, Kenneth, Veljko Milanovic, Daniel T. McCormick, Norman Tien, and Arun Majumdar. "Multiplexed Label-Free Biosensor Chip Based on Nanoscale Electrical Double Layer Capacitance Sensing." In ASME 2004 3rd Integrated Nanosystems Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nano2004-46051.

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We report the design, fabrication and testing of a microchip that exploits a capacitive detection scheme for multiplexed label-free biomolecular assays. The detection scheme is based on the nanoscale gap parallel-plate capacitor formed by the electrical double layer at the interface of a metal electrode and an ionic solution, which is sensitive to biological reactions at the electrode surface. Since the nanogap is obtained by electrical and chemical control, no nano-patterning techniques are needed and the simple device structure facilitates sensor readout, multiplexing, and packaging. Finally, this sensing technique is universal and can be applied to detection of diverse biological entities such as proteins and cells.

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