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1
Abd. Shukur, Muhammad Fadhlullah. "Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitor Using Plasticised Corn Starch Polymer Electrolyte Incorporated with Lithium Iodide." Platform : A Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pjstvol7iss1art27054.
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An electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is a supercapacitor type that offers higher energy density and capacitance than an electrolytic capacitor. EDLC bridges the energy or power gap between the batteries, fuel cells, and dielectric capacitors. Most EDLCs are fabricated using electrolytic solutions, many of which are highly corrosive, leading to heavy, bulky, and leaky devices. This research assembled an EDLC employing a plasticised solid polymer electrolyte based on lithium iodide (LiI) doped corn starch. Glycerol was used as the plasticiser. The fabricated EDLC was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. The specific capacitance obtained from EIS was 1.74 F g–1. By analysing the Nyquist plot obtained from EIS, charge transfer resistance (Rct) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) were determined. CV of the EDLC was carried out at various sweep rates. The highest specific capacitance of 4.66 F g–1 was obtained at a 50 mV s–1 sweep rate. The EDLC was charged and discharged ten times at 1 mA constant current. From GCD, the specific capacitance was found to be in the 4.36 – 5.57 F g-1 range. From these results, starch-LiI-glycerol showed potential as a candidate for electrolyte material for energy device applications.Keywords: Electrolyte, electrical double-layer capacitor, glycerol, lithium iodide, solid polymer, starch, specific capacitance
2
Cao, Junming, La Li, Yunlong Xi, et al. "Core–shell structural PANI-derived carbon@Co–Ni LDH electrode for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 6 (2018): 1350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00123e.
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Carbon/metal nanocomposites have been considered promising electrode materials for application in supercapacitors owing to their combination of good electrical conductivity, excellent cycle stabilities of the electronic double layer capacitor (EDLC) and high specific capacitance of the pseudocapacitor.
3
Show, Yoshiyuki. "Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Fabricated with Addition of Carbon Nanotube to Polarizable Electrode." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/929343.
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Electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated with addition of carbon nanotube (CNT) to polarization electrodes as a conducting material. The CNT addition reduced the series resistance of the EDLC by one-twentieth, while the capacitance was not increased by the CNT addition. The low series resistance leaded to the high electrical energy stored in the EDLC. In this paper, the dependence of the series resistance, the specific capacitance, the energy, and the energy efficiencies on the CNT addition is discussed.
4
Pettinger, Bruno, and Karl Doblhofer. "A practical approach to modeling the electrical double layer in the presence of specific adsorption of ions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 11 (1997): 1710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-604.
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Model calculations are presented that yield in a straightforward manner the quantitative dependence of the specific adsorption of ions at electrode surfaces on the applied electrode potential (electrode charge). Furthermore, the double-layer capacitance and the potential at the outer Helmholtz plane (ø2) are obtained. The derivation is based on Devanathan's three-capacitor model for the interfacial electric-potential distribution. A convenient correction function for the ø1 potential accounting for the discreteness-of-charge effect is derived, largely on the basis of recent work by Conway et al. The results are shown to be in very good agreement with published work by Lawrence and Parsons on the double layer between Br− electrolyte and the mercury electrode. Keywords: electrochemistry, specific adsorption, electric double layer, discreteness-of-charge effect.
5
Shrestha, Lok Kumar, Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Rashma Chaudhary, et al. "Nelumbo nucifera Seed–Derived Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbons as Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (2021): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123175.
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Biomass-derived activated carbon materials with hierarchically nanoporous structures containing nitrogen functionalities show excellent electrochemical performances and are explored extensively in energy storage and conversion applications. Here, we report the electrochemical supercapacitance performances of the nitrogen-doped activated carbon materials with an ultrahigh surface area prepared by the potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation of the Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) seed in an aqueous electrolyte solution (1 M sulfuric acid: H2SO4) in a three-electrode cell. The specific surface areas and pore volumes of Lotus-seed–derived carbon materials carbonized at a different temperatures, from 600 to 1000 °C, are found in the range of 1059.6 to 2489.6 m2 g−1 and 0.819 to 2.384 cm3 g−1, respectively. The carbons are amorphous materials with a partial graphitic structure with a maximum of 3.28 atom% nitrogen content and possess hierarchically micro- and mesoporous structures. The supercapacitor electrode prepared from the best sample showed excellent electrical double-layer capacitor performance, and the electrode achieved a high specific capacitance of ca. 379.2 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density. Additionally, the electrode shows a high rate performance, sustaining 65.9% capacitance retention at a high current density of 50 A g−1, followed by an extraordinary long cycle life without any capacitance loss after 10,000 subsequent charging/discharging cycles. The electrochemical results demonstrate that Nelumbo nucifera seed–derived hierarchically porous carbon with nitrogen functionality would have a significant probability as an electrical double-layer capacitor electrode material for the high-performance supercapacitor applications.
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Saito, Eduardo, Vagner Eduardo Caetano, Erica Freire Antunes, et al. "Electric Double Layer Capacitor of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes under Different Degree of Acid Oxidations." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.186.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a material with unique properties (mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, etc) allied with low density and high specific area. The present paper studied the electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes growth by Chemical Vapor Depostion (CVD) technique. The samples were characterized by SEM, Raman Spectroscopy and the double layer capacitance of the powders was evaluated in a Teflon capacitor system with a Ag/AgCl (3M) as reference electrode. The catalyst remotion is provided in Hydrochloric acid washing and the wet oxidative treatments promotes the CNT oxidation and increase the pseudocapacitive response.
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Yue, Zheng, Hamza Dunya, Maziar Ashuri, et al. "Synthesis of a Very High Specific Surface Area Active Carbon and Its Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor Properties in Organic Electrolytes." ChemEngineering 4, no. 3 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4030043.
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A new porous activated carbon (AC) material with very high specific surface area (3193 m2 g−1) was prepared by the carbonization of a colloidal silica-templated melamine–formaldehyde (MF) polymer composite followed by KOH-activation. Several electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) cells were fabricated using this AC as the electrode material. A number of organic solvent-based electrolyte formulations were examined to optimize the EDLC performance. Both high specific discharge capacitance of 130.5 F g−1 and energy density 47.9 Wh kg−1 were achieved for the initial cycling. The long-term cycling performance was also measured.
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Kitenge, V. N., D. J. Tarimo, K. O. Oyedotun, G. Rutavi, D. T. Bakhoum, and N. Manyala. "Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor Based on Low Aqueous Electrolyte Contents in EmimTFO Ionic Liquid." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (April 25, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8659009.
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A study has been conducted on the electrochemical properties of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EmimTFO) protic ionic liquid enhanced by adding potassium nitrate (2.5 M) aqueous solution. The properties of EmimTFO as well as mixtures diluted by molar fractions of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 of KNO3 were also investigated through measurements of viscosity, density, and conductivity. In a three-electrode test run at 0.25 A g-1, the addition of 2.5 M KNO3 solution generated peak specific capacities of ~40.2 and ~85.8 mAh g-1 on the positive and negative potentials, respectively. These performances surpassed the specific capacities obtained for EmimTFO in a three-electrode run at 0.25 A g-1 using the same electrode material (activated carbon). The top-performing electrolyte mixture ([EmimTFO]0.8[2.5 M KNO3]0.2) was then used to assemble a symmetric supercapacitor, which could run at a voltage of ~2.1 V. The device was able to retain 71.35% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge. It also displayed higher specific energy and power of 22.21 Wh kg-1 and 520 W kg-1, respectively, at 0.5 A g-1 as compared to specific energies of 4.73 Wh kg-1 and 11.2 Wh kg-1 for the devices assembled with single EmimTFO and 2.5 M KNO3 as the electrolytes, respectively.
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Rajput, Shailendra, Alon Kuperman, Asher Yahalom, and Moshe Averbukh. "Studies on Dynamic Properties of Ultracapacitors Using Infinite r–C Chain Equivalent Circuit and Reverse Fourier Transform." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184583.
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The specific power storage capabilities of double-layer ultracapacitors are receiving significant attention from engineers and scientific researchers. Nevertheless, their dynamic behavior should be studied to improve the performance and for efficient applications in electrical devices. This article presents an infinite resistor–capacitor (r–C) chain-based mathematical model for the analysis of double layer ultracapacitors. The internal resistance and capacitance were measured for repetitive charging and discharging cycles. The magnitudes of internal resistance and capacitance showed approximately ±10% changes for charge-discharge processes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigations revealed that the impedance of a double-layer ultracapacitor does not change significantly in the temperature range of (−30 °C to +30 °C) and voltage range of (0.3376–2.736 V). The analysis of impedance data using the proposed mathematical model showed good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data. The dynamic behavior of the ultracapacitor was successfully represented by utilizing the proposed infinite r–C chains equivalent circuit, and the reverse Fourier transform analysis. The r–C electrical equivalent circuit was also analyzed using the PSIM simulation software to study the dynamic behavior of ultracapacitor parameters. The simulation study yields an excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated voltage characteristics for repetitive charging-discharging processes.
10
Lazarte, John, Regine Dipasupil, Gweneth Pasco, et al. "Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes (rGO/TNT) Composites as an Electrical Double Layer Capacitor." Nanomaterials 8, no. 11 (2018): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8110934.
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Composites of synthesized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) were examined and combined at different mass proportions (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) to develop an electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) nanocomposite. Three different combination methods of synthesis—(1) TNT introduction during GO reduction, (2) rGO introduction during TNT formation, and (3) TNT introduction in rGO sheets using a microwave reactor—were used to produce nanocomposites. Among the three methods, method 3 yielded an EDLC nanomaterial with a highly rectangular cyclic voltammogram and steep electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plot. The specific capacitance for method 3 nanocomposites ranged from 47.26–165.22 F/g while that for methods 1 and 2 nanocomposites only ranged from 14.03–73.62 F/g and 41.93–84.36 F/g, respectively. Furthermore, in all combinations used, the 3:1 graphene/titanium dioxide-based samples consistently yielded the highest specific capacitance. The highest among these nanocomposites is 3:1 rGO/TNT. Characterization of this highly capacitive 3:1 rGO/TNT EDLC composite revealed the dominant presence of partially amorphous rGO as seen in its XRD and SEM with branching crystalline anatase TNTs as seen in its XRD and TEM. Such property showed great potential that is desirable for applications to capacitive deionization and energy storage.
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You, Xiangyu, Keiichi Koda, Tatsuhiko Yamada, and Yasumitsu Uraki. "Preparation of electrode for electric double layer capacitor from electrospun lignin fibers." Holzforschung 69, no. 9 (2015): 1097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0262.
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Abstract Lignin-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by electrospinning of hardwood acetic acid lignin (HW-AAL) solution followed by thermostabilization, carbonization, and steam activation. The thermostabilization process was able to be remarkably shortened from 38 h to 3 h with hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) in binary solvents, AcOH/CCl4 (8/2), when compared with conventional thermostabilization processes. The resultant ACFs possessed higher specific surface area (2185 m2 g-1) than those from commercial activated carbon and electrospun lignin fibers without hexamine. These ACFs also exhibited good electrical capacitance (133.3 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1) as electrodes of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) are efficient not only due to their large surfaces area but also due to their porous structure with well-developed micropores (diameter: 0.5–1.3 nm). High energy density and power density of this EDLC (42 Wh kg-1 and 91 kW kg-1, respectively) were also achieved.
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Liu, Jiaxing, Zan Wang, Zhihao Yang, Meiling Liu, and Hongtao Liu. "A Protic Ionic Liquid Promoted Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Solid-State Electrochemical Energy Storage." Materials 17, no. 23 (2024): 5948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235948.
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This study presents the synthesis of a transparent, flexible gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on the protic ionic liquid BMImHSO4 and on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through solution casting and electrochemical evaluation in a 2.5 V symmetrical C/C electrical double-layer solid-state capacitor (EDLC). The freestanding GPE film exhibits high thermal stability (>300 °C), wide electrochemical windows (>2.7 V), and good ionic conductivity (2.43 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 20 °C). EDLC, using this novel GPE film, shows high specific capacitance (81 F g−1) as well as good retention above 90% of the initial capacitance after 4500 cycles. The engineered protic ionic liquid GPE is, hopefully, applicable to high-performance solid-state electrochemical energy storage.
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Rattanaveeranon, Santi, and Knavoot Jiamwattanapong. "Effect of CuO/rGO and ZnO/rGO Hybrid Additional Layers on Supercapacitor Performance." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 15 (2022): 5603. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.5603.
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Increasing the specific electrical capacitance of supercapacitors has been received great attention from both researchers and industry. Herein, how to achieve this by coating the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with copper(II) oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) is reported. The CuO/rGO and ZnO/rGO hybrid layers were prepared via chemical reactions between graphene oxide (GO) and salts of copper and zinc, respectively. The crystallographic structures and surface morphologies of composite materials were studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrical capacitance measurements were used to analyze the electrochemical properties of the composites. The results show that CuO and ZnO increased the specific electrical capacitance of rGO, while the composite CuO/rGO and ZnO/rGO materials have good chemical stability with a higher specific electrical capacity (465.73 F×g−1) than CuO/rGO (167.52 F×g−1), ZnO/rGO (185.48 F×g−1), rGO (113.50 F×g−1), and annealed graphite (53.12 F×g−1). The mechanism of increasing the specific capacitance depending on whether the composite CuO/rGO and ZnO/rGO materials act as a pseudocapacitor and/or an electrical double-layer capacitor is elucidated.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 One challenging problem for supercapacitor improvement is increasing its specific electrical capacitance
 CuO/rGO and ZnO/rGO hybrid layers were prepared using graphene oxide and copper and zinc salts
 The composite CuO/rGO and ZnO/rGO materials have better chemical stability with a higher specific electrical capacity than CuO/rGO, ZnO/rGO, rGO, and annealed graphite
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
14
Mandzyuk, V. I., I. F. Mironyuk, N. Ya Ivanichok, and B. I. Rachiy. "Impedance spectroscopy of capacitor systems based on saccharide-derived porous carbon materials." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, no. 4 (2021): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.4.711-716.
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The electrochemical processes in capacitor systems based on porous carbon materials (PCMs) derived from glucose, lactose, and saccharose at activation temperature of 800 and 1000°C are explored using impedance spectroscopy method. An equivalent electric circuit, which allows modeling of the impedance spectra in the frequency range from 10-2 to 105 Hz, is proposed, and a physical interpretation of each element of the electrical circuit is presented. It is set that in capacitor systems on the basis of the explored materials the accumulation of capacitance occurs due to the formation of a double electric layer at the electrode/electrolyte boundary, and Faradaic processes are minimized. The specific capacity of supercapacitors based on PCMs obtained at 800°C is 91-154 F/g due to the developed microporous structure of materials.
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Kwak, Cheol Hwan, Dohwan Kim, and Byong Chol Bai. "Correlation of EDLC Capacitance with Physical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Added Pitch-Based Activated Carbon." Molecules 27, no. 4 (2022): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041454.
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The electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) has attracted attention by using activated carbon (AC) as an active electrode material with a high power density and high cost-efficiency in industrial applications. The EDLC has been actively developed over the past decade to improve the power density and capacitance. Extensive studies on EDLCs have been conducted to investigate the relation of EDLC capacitance to the physical properties of AC, such as the specific surface area, pore type and size, and electrical conductivity. In this study, EDLC was fabricated with AC, and its capacitance was evaluated with the physical properties of AC. The AC was prepared using petroleum-based pitch synthesized using pyrolysis fuel oil (PFO) with polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The AC based on PFO and PET (PPAC) exhibited high specific surface area and low micropore fraction compared to the PFO-based AC without PET addition (PAC). Furthermore, the reduction of the EDLC capacitance of PPAC was smaller than that of PAC, as the scan rate was increased from 5 to 100 mV s−1. It was determined that the minor reduction of capacitance with an increase in the scan rate resulted from the development of 4 nm-sized mesopores in PPAC. In addition, a comprehensive correlation of EDLC capacitance with various physical properties of ACs, such as specific surface area, pore characteristics, and electrical conductivity, was established. Finally, the optimal properties of AC were thereupon derived to improve the EDLC capacitance.
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Rahmawati, Fitria, Nur Aini, Qanita Ridwan, et al. "N/S-doped carbon electrode derived from paper waste as a sustainable electric double-layer capacitor." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 14, no. 3 (2025): 392–403. https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.2025.60846.
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This research aims to produce N/S-doped Carbon Electrode derived from paper waste (NSCEp) for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC). The paper waste holds potential as raw material for carbon production because of its high cellulose content, abundance of availability, and low price. To enhance the electrical performance of the carbon, an activation step was conducted, followed by double doping with nitrogen and sulfur using thiourea. The NSCEp result was analysed to examine its specific diffraction peaks, crystallinity, morphology, and elemental contents. The NSCEp powder was then mixed with dispersant to produce a homogeneous slurry for the electrode film. The EDLC was assembled in a sandwich-like structure, with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution impregnated in a separator between the carbon film electrodes. The EDLC assembly was conducted under an argon atmosphere in a CR2032 coin cell. The results found that the NSCEp provides a high electrical conductivity of 1.21 x 102 S/cm. The prepared EDLC achieved the specific capacitance value of 39.555 F/g as determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Furthermore, the EDLC demonstrates high initial charge-discharge capacities of 300.56 mAh/g and 248.88 mAh/g, respectively, at a current of 0.015 A/g. The capacity remains stable for up to 300 charge-discharge cycles.
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Mohd, Ferdaus Mohammad Yaacob, Ahmad Noorden Zulkarnain, Nizam Abdul Razak Muhammad, Adzis Zuraimy, and Jamani Jamian Jasrul. "Electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under TEABF4 electrolyte." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 5 (2020): 2162–69. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.2189.
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The paper presents the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under organic electrolyte of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4). The performance was evaluated using symmetrical two-electrode system and compared to an identical supercapacitor with commercially available cellulose paper separator under 1 M TEABF4. The application of glass wool separator reduces the bulk resistance of supercapacitor by 19.6%, promotes more efficient ions transfer across active surface of electrode and significantly improves specific capacitance by 19.1% compared to cellulose paper. The application of higher concentration TEABF4 (1.5 M) even improves the overall performance of glass wool-based supercapacitor by 32.2% reduction of bulk resistance and 61.9% increment in specific capacitance compared to 1 M TEABF4. In addition, the energy and power densities are significantly improved by 64% and 165%, respectively for the one with 1.5 M TEABF4. In general, the low-cost material glass wool material has great potential to replace commercially available cellulose paper as separator in developing much better supercapacitor.
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Jang, Suhyeon, Woo Cheol Lee, Sang-Hoon Park, et al. "Facile Preparation of Petroleum Pitch-Based Activated Carbon with Open Macropore Walls for High Energy Density Supercapacitors." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (December 2, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7375509.
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Electric double-layer capacitors have attracted considerable attention for energy storage because of their excellent power capability, high stability, and long cycle life. Activated carbon is the most widely employed electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors owing to its high specific surface area, hierarchical porous structure, and high electrical conductivity. However, to increase the energy density of the devices, new synthetic methods for enhancing their specific capacitances are required. We developed a facile preparation method for petroleum pitch-based activated carbon and investigated the optimal conditions to improve its electrochemical performance in terms of rate capability, specific capacitance, and cycle life. The obtained activated carbon exhibited a high specific capacitance (163.67 F/g at 0.1 A/g), which can be attributed to the efficient charge transport due to the micropores developed in the open macroporous walls of the carbon structure and the high electrical conductivity. Our approach provides an efficient strategy for synthesizing activated carbon with excellent properties. The results reveal a correlation between the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of activated carbon.
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Hadi, Jihad M., Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Salah R. Saeed, et al. "Investigation of Ion Transport Parameters and Electrochemical Performance of Plasticized Biocompatible Chitosan-Based Proton Conducting Polymer Composite Electrolytes." Membranes 10, no. 11 (2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110363.
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In this study, biopolymer composite electrolytes based on chitosan:ammonium iodide:Zn(II)-complex plasticized with glycerol were successfully prepared using the solution casting technique. Various electrical and electrochemical parameters of the biopolymer composite electrolytes’ films were evaluated prior to device application. The highest conducting plasticized membrane was found to have a conductivity of 1.17 × 10−4 S/cm. It is shown that the number density, mobility, and diffusion coefficient of cations and anions fractions are increased with the glycerol amount. Field emission scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques are used to study the morphology and structure of the films. The non-Debye type of relaxation process was confirmed from the peak appearance of the dielectric relaxation study. The obtained transference number of ions (cations and anions) and electrons for the highest conducting sample were identified to be 0.98 and 0.02, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry shows that the electrochemical stability of the highest conducting plasticized system is 1.37 V. The cyclic voltammetry response displayed no redox reaction peaks over its entire potential range. It was discovered that the addition of Zn(II)-complex and glycerol plasticizer improved the electric double-layer capacitor device performances. Numerous crucial parameters of the electric double-layer capacitor device were obtained from the charge-discharge profile. The prepared electric double-layer capacitor device showed that the initial values of specific capacitance, equivalence series resistance, energy density, and power density are 36 F/g, 177 Ω, 4.1 Wh/kg, and 480 W/kg, respectively.
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Elmouwahidi, Abdelhakim, Esther Bailón-García, Luis A. Romero-Cano, Ana I. Zárate-Guzmán, Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas, and Francisco Carrasco-Marín. "Influence of Surface Chemistry on the Electrochemical Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrodes for its Use as Supercapacitors." Materials 12, no. 15 (2019): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152458.
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Activated carbons prepared by chemical activation from three different types of waste woods were treated with four agents: melamine, ammonium carbamate, nitric acid, and ammonium persulfate, for the introduction of nitrogen and oxygen groups on the surface of materials. The results indicate that the presence of the heteroatoms enhances the capacitance, energy density, and power density of all samples. The samples treated with ammonium persulfate show the maximum of capacitance of 290 F g−1 while for the melamine, ammonium carbamate, and nitric acid treatments, the samples reached the maximum capacitances values of 283, 280, and 455 F g−1 respectively. This remarkable electro-chemical performance, as the high specific capacitances can be due to several reasons: i) The excellent and adequate textural characteristics makes possible a large adsorption interface for electrolyte to form the electrical double layer, leading to a great electrochemical double layer capacitance. ii) The doping with hetero-atoms enhances the surface interaction of these materials with the aqueous electrolyte, increasing the accessibility of electrolyte ions. iii) The hetero-atoms groups can also provide considerable pseudo-capacitance improving the overall capacitance.
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Dannoun, Elham M. A., Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Sozan N. Abdullah, et al. "Characteristics of Plasticized Lithium Ion Conducting Green Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on CS: Dextran with High Energy Density and Specific Capacitance." Polymers 13, no. 21 (2021): 3613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213613.
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The solution cast process is used to set up chitosan: dextran-based plasticized solid polymer electrolyte with high specific capacitance (228.62 F/g) at the 1st cycle. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) pattern revealed the interaction between polymers and electrolyte components. At ambient temperature, the highest conductive plasticized system (CDLG–3) achieves a maximum conductivity of 4.16 × 10−4 S cm−1. Using both FTIR and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods, the mobility, number density, and diffusion coefficient of ions are measured, and they are found to rise as the amount of glycerol increases. Ions are the primary charge carriers, according to transference number measurement (TNM). According to linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the CDLG–3 system’s electrochemical stability window is 2.2 V. In the preparation of electrical double layer capacitor devices, the CDLG–3 system was used. There are no Faradaic peaks on the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve, which is virtually rectangular. Beyond the 20th cycle, the power density, energy density, and specific capacitance values from the galvanostatic charge–discharge are practically constant at 480 W/Kg, 8 Wh/Kg, and 60 F g−1, for 180 cycles.
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Nofal, Muaffaq M., Jihad M. Hadi, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, et al. "A Study of Methylcellulose Based Polymer Electrolyte Impregnated with Potassium Ion Conducting Carrier: Impedance, EEC Modeling, FTIR, Dielectric, and Device Characteristics." Materials 14, no. 17 (2021): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174859.
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In this research, a biopolymer-based electrolyte system involving methylcellulose (MC) as a host polymeric material and potassium iodide (KI) salt as the ionic source was prepared by solution cast technique. The electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used for device application of electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with high specific capacitance. The electrical, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte systems were investigated using various techniques. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the bulk resistance (Rb) decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 8 × 102 Ω with the increase of salt concentration from 10 wt % to 40 wt % and the ionic conductivity was found to be 1.93 ×10−5 S/cm. The dielectric analysis further verified the conductivity trends. Low-frequency regions showed high dielectric constant, ε′ and loss, ε″ values. The polymer-salt complexation between (MC) and (KI) was shown through a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The analysis of transference number measurement (TNM) supported ions were predominantly responsible for the transport process in the MC-KI electrolyte. The highest conducting sample was observed to be electrochemically constant as the potential was swept linearly up to 1.8 V using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile reveals the absence of a redox peak, indicating the presence of a charge double-layer between the surface of activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes. The maximum specific capacitance, Cs value was obtained as 118.4 F/g at the sweep rate of 10 mV/s.
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Aziz, Shujahadeen B., Mohamad A. Brza, Elham M. A. Dannoun, et al. "The Study of Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Magnesium Ion Conducting CS: PVA Based Polymer Blend Electrolytes: Role of Lattice Energy of Magnesium Salts on EDLC Performance." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194503.
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Plasticized magnesium ion conducting polymer blend electrolytes based on chitosan (CS): polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was synthesized with a casting technique. The source of ions is magnesium triflate Mg(CF3SO3)2, and glycerol was used as a plasticizer. The electrical and electrochemical characteristics were examined. The outcome from X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination illustrates that the electrolyte with highest conductivity exhibits the minimum degree of crystallinity. The study of the dielectric relaxation has shown that the peak appearance obeys the non-Debye type of relaxation process. An enhancement in conductivity of ions of the electrolyte system was achieved by insertion of glycerol. The total conductivity is essentially ascribed to ions instead of electrons. The maximum DC ionic conductivity was measured to be 1.016 × 10−5 S cm−1 when 42 wt.% of plasticizer was added. Potential stability of the highest conducting electrolyte was found to be 2.4 V. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) response shows the behavior of the capacitor is non-Faradaic where no redox peaks appear. The shape of the CV response and EDLC specific capacitance are influenced by the scan rate. The specific capacitance values were 7.41 F/g and 32.69 F/g at 100 mV/s and 10 mV/s, respectively. Finally, the electrolyte with maximum conductivity value is obtained and used as electrodes separator in the electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) applications. The role of lattice energy of magnesium salts in energy storage performance is discussed in detail.
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B. Aziz, Shujahadeen B., Muhamad H. H. Hamsan, Muaffaq M. M. Nofal, et al. "From Cellulose, Shrimp and Crab Shells to Energy Storage EDLC Cells: The Study of Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Proton Conducting Chitosan-Based Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071526.
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In this study, solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) based on chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with different concentrations of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) salt were synthesized using a solution cast technique. Both Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed a strong interaction and dispersion of the amorphous region within the CS:MC system in the presence of NH4F. To gain better insights into the electrical properties of the samples, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were analyzed by electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) modeling. The highest conductivity of 2.96 × 10−3 S cm−1 was recorded for the sample incorporated with 40 wt.% of NH4F. Through transference number measurement (TNM) analysis, the fraction of ions was specified. The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte sample was found to be up to 2.3 V via the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study. The value of specific capacitance was determined to be around 58.3 F/g. The stability test showed that the electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) system can be recharged and discharged for up to 100 cycles with an average specific capacitance of 64.1 F/g. The synthesized EDLC cell was found to exhibit high efficiency (90%). In the 1st cycle, the values of internal resistance, energy density and power density of the EDLC cell were determined to be 65 Ω, 9.3 Wh/kg and 1282 W/kg, respectively.
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Kumar, Manish, Shogo Taira, Nutthira Pakkang, Kengo Shigetomi, and Yasumitsu Uraki. "Stretched lignin/polyacrylonitrile blended carbon nanofiber as high conductive electrode in electric double layer capacitor." Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 13, no. 2 (2022): 025007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/ac7323.
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Abstract In this study, lignin-based conducting carbon nanofiber mat was prepared by electrospinning followed by a thermal treatment. Lignin is a sustainable carbon precursor. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) acts as a binder polymer, which increases the viscosity of the lignin solution using dimethylformamide solvent and helps in the formation of a stable nanofiber. The mixture solution was electrospun, followed by stabilisation and carbonisation to yield carbon nanofibers (CNFs). A fixed amount of external load was provided to the lignin fiber mat during the stabilisation procedure and then carbonised to yield stretched carbon nanofibers (S-CNFs). On stretching the mat, surface conductivity was enhanced by 3 times, and the surface area by 1.3 times compared to that of non-stretched CNFs. Finally, the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was assembled with the resulting (CNFs and S-CNFs) nanofiber mat using 6 M of KOH aqueous solution. S-CNFs mat exhibits a specific capacitance of 266 F g−1, which was higher than that of CNFs, i.e. 258 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 .
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Wang, Haiyang, Hongzhe Zhu, Yixuan Li, Debang Qi, Shoukai Wang, and Kaihua Shen. "Hierarchical porous carbon derived from carboxylated coal-tar pitch for electrical double-layer capacitors." RSC Advances 9, no. 50 (2019): 29131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05329h.
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B. Aziz, Shujahadeen, Muhamad H. Hamsan, Muaffaq M. Nofal, et al. "Structural, Impedance and Electrochemical Characteristics of Electrical Double Layer Capacitor Devices Based on Chitosan: Dextran Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061411.
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This report presents the preparation and characterizations of solid biopolymer blend electrolyte films of chitosan as cationic polysaccharide and anionic dextran (CS: Dextran) doped with ammonium iodide (NH4I) to be utilized as electrolyte and electrode separator in electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) devices. FTIR and XRD techniques were used to study the structural behavior of the films. From the FTIR band analysis, shifting and broadening of the bands were observed with increasing salt concentration. The XRD analysis indicates amorphousness of the blended electrolyte samples whereby the peaks underwent broadening. The analysis of the impedance spectra emphasized that incorporation of 40 wt.% of NH4I salt into polymer electrolyte exhibited a relatively high conductivity (5.16 × 10−3 S/cm). The transference number measurement (TNM) confirmed that ion (tion = 0.928) is the main charge carriers in the conduction process. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) revealed the extent of durability of the relatively high conducting film which was 1.8 V. The mechanism of charge storage within the fabricated EDLC has been explained to be fully capacitive behavior with no redox peaks appearance in the cyclic voltammogram (CV). From this findings, four important parameters of the EDLC; specific capacitance, equivalent series resistance, energy density and power density were calculated as 67.5 F/g, 160 ohm, 7.59 Wh/kg and 520.8 W/kg, respectively.
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Gnawali, Chhabi Lal, Lok Kumar Shrestha, Jonathan P. Hill, et al. "Nanoporous Activated Carbon Material from Terminalia chebula Seed for Supercapacitor Application." C 9, no. 4 (2023): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9040109.
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High-surface-area porous carbon materials with high porosity and well-defined pore structures are the preferred advanced supercapacitors electrode materials. Here, we report the electrochemical supercapacitive performance of novel high-porosity activated carbon materials prepared from biowaste Terminalia chebula (Harro) seed stones involving zinc chloride (ZnCl2) activation. Activation is achieved by mixing ZnCl2 with Harro seed powder (1:1 w/w) followed by carbonization at 400–700 °C under a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The amorphous carbon materials obtained exhibit excellent performance as electrical double-layer capacitor electrodes in aqueous electrolyte (1 M sulfuric acid) due to high specific surface areas (as high as 1382.6 m2 g−1) based on well-developed micropore and mesopore structures, and partial graphitic structure containing oxygenated surface functional groups. An electrode prepared using material having the optimal surface textural properties achieved a large specific capacitance of 328.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a three-electrode cell setup. The electrode achieved a good capacitance retention of 44.7% at a high 50 A g−1 current density and outstanding cycling performance of 98.2% even following 10,000 successive charge/discharge cycles. Electrochemical data indicate the significant potential of Terminalia chebula seed-derived porous carbons as high-performance electrode materials for high-energy-storage supercapacitor applications.
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Yadav, Nitish, Kuldeep Mishra, and SA Hashmi. "Nanofiller-incorporated porous polymer electrolyte for electrochemical energy storage devices." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 8 (2018): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318774392.
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We report the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)-based microporous polymer membranes, prepared by phase inversion technique, incorporated with different amounts of nanosized zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) filler. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal studies confirm the role of ZrO2 nanofiller to modify the polymer structure, pore geometry and crystallinity. The nanofillers interact with the PVdF-HFP chains via surface groups and electrostatic interactions, and their incorporation led to an increase in crystalline content of the membrane and ionic conductivity (when activated with a liquid electrolyte (LE)). A possible mechanism for the increase in crystallinity in the polymer due to interaction with nanofiller particles has also been presented. The optimized membrane has been saturated with an LE sodium perchlorate-ethylene carbonate:propylene carbonate for use as a separator/electrolyte in electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The cells fabricated with the nanofiller-incorporated membrane show better performance in terms of specific electrode capacitance, specific energy and specific power (approximately 76 F g−1, approximately 20.9 Wh kg−1 and 2.62 kW kg−1) than the cells using the membrane devoid of nanofillers (approximately 61 F g−1, approximately 17.3 Wh kg−1 and approximately 3.16 kW kg−1), respectively. The EDLC shows approximately 85% retention in specific capacitance for 10,000 charge–discharge cycles.
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Alam, Asrar, Ghuzanfar Saeed, Seong Min Hong, and Sooman Lim. "Development of 3D-Printed MWCNTs/AC/BNNTs Ternary Composite Electrode Material with High-Capacitance Performance." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062636.
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Activated carbon (AC) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been extensively investigated in recent decades as electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) electrode materials for supercapacitors, owing to their superior capacitive properties and cycling stability performance. However, in the modern electronics industry, ternary electrode materials have been designed to develop high-performance and efficient energy storage devices. EDLC-based ternary materials are of great importance, where all the present components participate both individually and as a multicomponent electrode system to promote high-electrochemical performance electrode materials. In this study, we have incorporated an optimized content of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) powder into a binary material composed of AC and MWCNTs to enhance their electrochemical performance using a pneumatic printer. The printed MWCNTs/AC/BNNTs ternary composite electrode material has shown a maximum specific capacitance of 262 F g−1 at a minimum current density of 1 A g−1, with a capacitance retention of 49.61% at a maximum current density of 10 A g−1. These results demonstrate that the printable MWCNTs/AC/BNNTs ternary composite electrode material is a potential candidate for the development of high-performance supercapacitors.
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Ramachandran, R., Grace A. Nirmala, and Chittur K. Subramaniam. "Cobalt Sulfide-Graphene (CoSG) Composite based Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors." MRS Proceedings 1786 (2015): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.784.
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ABSTRACTElectrochemical Double Layer Capacitors, EDLC, using Cobalt sulfide- Graphene (CoSG) composite electrodes, were fabricated and the storage process was studied. CoSG composite was prepared by a simple chemical route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterized the as prepared composites which indicated formation of Co S phase. Solutions of perfluorosulfonic acid and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) were used as electrode binding material. The storage capacitance of the composites were studied in 1M KCl and 6M KOH electrolytes using standard electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry, CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, and discharge profiles. The capacitance was estimated for various binder concentrations for both the electrolytes. The concentration of perflurosulfonic acid binder of 0.8 wt% and PVDF of 0.04 wt% showed optimized specific capacitances of 657.8 F/gm and 1418.8 F/g, respectively. Some of the problems in storage density in activated carbon, like varying micro or meso pores, poor ion mobility due to varying pore distribution, low electrical conductivity, can be overcome by using Graphene and composites of Graphene. Graphene in various structural nomenclatures have been used by different groups for charge storage. Optimization of the electrode structure in terms of blend percentage, binder content and interface character in the frequency and time domain provides insights to the double layer interface structure.
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IZUMI, HARUTAKA, YOSHIYUKI SUDA, YUTA OKABE, et al. "Manufacturing of Electric Double‐Layer Capacitors Using Carbon Nanocoils and Evaluation of their Specific Capacitances at a High Scan Rate." Electronics and Communications in Japan 99, no. 5 (2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.11711.
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SUMMARYElectric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) have problems that the specific capacitance decreases by increasing the scan rate. In this study, activated carbon (AC) and various carbon nanomaterials are compared by their specific capacitances. Carbon nanomaterials used in this study were arc‐black (AcB) which was prepared by an arc discharge and carbon nanocoil (CNC) which was prepared by a chemical vapor deposition. CNC and AcB showed the lower charge transfer resistance than AC in the measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This is a reason that the EDLCs using CNC and AcB kept their specific capacitance almost the same even at a high scan rate.
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LONG, XI, CHUNXIA ZHAO, and WEN CHEN. "MESOPOROUS CARBON ELECTRODE: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES." Functional Materials Letters 03, no. 03 (2010): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604710001159.
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The present paper studies a kind of mesoporous carbon (MC) with high electrochemical performance, which was prepared by vapor infiltration method. The microstructure and electrochemical properties of the mesoporous carbon were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, cyclic voltammetry (CV), constant current charge–discharge cycling (CD), and the long-term stability test. The results indicated that the mesoporous carbon has an ordered mesoporous structure, with pore size of about 3.87 nm and surface areas of 1087 m2 ⋅ g-1. The cyclic voltammetry curve reveals typical electrical double-layer capacitor property. After 200 cycles, the CV curves can almost be overlapped, which indicates excellent cycling stability. From the charge/discharge cycling, the specific capacitance of MC is 117 F ⋅ cm-1 in 1.0 M KNO3 electrolyte media at a scan rate of 1.0 mV ⋅ s-1, which decays with increasing current density. The charge–discharge efficiency also decays with it.
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Lee, Kuan-Ching, Mitchell Shyan Wei Lim, Zhong-Yun Hong, et al. "Coconut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for High-Performance Solid-State Supercapacitors." Energies 14, no. 15 (2021): 4546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154546.
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Coconut shells, low-cost and renewable agro-wastes, were used as a starting material in the synthesis of hierarchical activated carbons via hydrothermal, KOH-activation, and carbonization techniques. The ratio of KOH to hydrochar was varied in a systemic manner to study how it influences the texture and electrochemical behavior of the capacitor. Coconut shell-based carbon coated on nickel foams presented a surface area of 1567 m2 g−1, with micropores as well as mesopores widely distributed. The sample showed superior electrochemical performance, attaining 449 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 6 M LiNO3 aqueous solution. The solid-state symmetric supercapacitor device delivered a specific capacitance of 88 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a high energy density of 48.9 Whkg−1 at a power density of 1 kW kg−1. At a wide voltage window of 2.0 V, the sample was highly stable during the cycle test, showing a 92% capacitance retention at 2 A g−1 after cycling for 5000 times. The superior performance is due to the sample possessing great BET surface area, a good distribution of pores, and the usage of a suitable electrolyte. This facilitates an electrical double layer that can be deployed for applications to store energy.
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Taer, E., W. M. Nasution, A. Apriwandi, R. T. Ginting, and R. Taslim. "Identified potential of mangosteen peel agricultural waste as electrodes component of a supercapacitor: a study of electrochemical behaviour." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2672, no. 1 (2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2672/1/012013.
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Abstract Renewable porous carbon from lignocellulose material as the basic material for supercapacitors is of great interest to researchers because of its high application potential while solving environmental problems. Biomass-based lignocellulose components are the main choice because of the extraordinary impact on the carbon structure they get. Here, the identification of the potential of lignocellulose biomass from mangosteen cultivars as source material for electrode materials for supercapacitors has been studied on their electrochemical behaviour. The electro-physico-chemical features are reviewed in detail through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) analysis at different ranges of scan rates and current densities. The obtained electrode was prepared by adding 10% polyvinyl alcohol binder to 0.7 gr carbon powder. The supercapacitor cell design is prepared in a symmetrical shape bounded by an organic separator. In general, the electrochemical properties of the electrode materials that have been obtained confirm the normal electrical double-layer capacitor features with an indication of the presence of apparent capacitance. The highest specific capacitance was 153.31 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the energy output was recorded of 1.67 Wh kg−1. These results confirm that an electrochemical study of mangosteen peel-based carbon materials has been successfully carried out for supercapacitor energy storage applications.
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Yuan, Xiaodan, Liwen Xu, Jubing Zhang, et al. "Template synthesis of nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon with supermicropores and mesopores for electrical double-layer capacitors." BioResources 18, no. 1 (2022): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.87-99.
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Nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon for electrical double-layer capacitors was synthesized by direct carbonization of bean dregs-based tar with potassium acetate as the template agent. The pore structure parameters and chemical element composition were adjusted by varying the heating rate during the carbonization process. The electrochemical properties of the electrode materials were evaluated in a three electrode system with 6 M KOH as the electrolyte. The resultant bean dregs-based porous carbons (BDPCs) exhibited high specific surface area, unique hierarchical architecture (consisting of supermicro- and mesopores), and medium nitrogen content (0.66 to 0.78%). The BDPC-10 sample had the highest specific surface area of 1610 m2/g and reasonable pore size distribution, and consequently exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of 363.7 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g. Nevertheless, the capacitance was reduced to 280.5 F/g at 3 A/g, giving a capacitance retention ratio of 77.1%. This study suggests a facile and environmentally friendly template synthesis process for supercapacitor electrode materials preparation, but it also faces challenges to increase the rate capability.
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Aziz, Shujahadeen B., M. H. Hamsan, Ranjdar M. Abdullah, and M. F. Z. Kadir. "A Promising Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Chitosan: Methyl Cellulose for EDLC Application with High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density." Molecules 24, no. 13 (2019): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132503.
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In the present work, promising proton conducting solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) composed of chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) were prepared for electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application with a high specific capacitance and energy density. The change in intensity and the broad nature of the XRD pattern of doped samples compared to pure CS:MC system evidencedthe amorphous character of the electrolyte samples. The morphology of the samples in FESEM images supported the amorphous behavior of the solid electrolyte films. The results of impedance and Bode plotindicate that the bulk resistance decreasedwith increasing salt concentration. The highest DC conductivity was found to be 2.81 × 10−3 S/cm. The electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model was conducted for selected samples to explain the complete picture of the electrical properties.The performance of EDLC cells was examined at room temperature by electrochemical techniques, such as impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current charge–discharge techniques. It was found that the studied samples exhibit a very good performance as electrolyte for EDLC applications. Ions were found to be the dominant charge carriers in the polymer electrolyte. The ion transference number (tion) was found to be 0.84 while 0.16 for electron transference number (tel). Through investigation of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the CS:MC:NH4SCN system was found to be electrochemically stable up to 1.8 V. The CV plot revealed no redox peak, indicating the occurrence of charge double-layer at the surface of activated carbon electrodes. Specific capacitance (Cspe) for the fabricated EDLC was calculated using CV plot and charge–discharge analyses. It was found to be 66.3 F g−1 and 69.9 F g−1 (at thefirst cycle), respectively. Equivalent series resistance (Resr) of the EDLC was also identified, ranging from 50.0 to 150.0 Ω. Finally, energy density (Ed) was stabilized to anaverage of 8.63 Wh kg−1 from the 10th cycle to the 100th cycle. The first cycle obtained power density (Pd) of 1666.6 W kg−1 and then itdropped to 747.0 W kg−1 at the 50th cycle and continued to drop to 555.5 W kg−1 as the EDLC completed 100 cycles.
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Tsubota, Toshiki, Shion Tsuchiya, Tatsuya Kusumoto, and Dimitrios Kalderis. "Assessment of Biochar Produced by Flame-Curtain Pyrolysis as a Precursor for the Development of an Efficient Electric Double-Layer Capacitor." Energies 14, no. 22 (2021): 7671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227671.
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Pine tree biochar produced by flame-curtain pyrolysis, an inexpensive and simple pyrolysis methodology, was used as the starting material for KOH-activated carbon. Flame-curtain pyrolysis is a simple, low-technology methodology that can be performed by non-specialized personnel. The elemental analysis of the biochars highlighted the high reproducibility of the process. The N2 adsorption isotherms indicated that KOH activation was effective for the preparation of high-surface-area activated carbons from the biochar. The BET specific surface area increased with the quantity of KOH added in the activation process, achieving a maximum value of 3014 m2 g−1 at 85.7 wt.% of KOH addition. The adsorption isotherms of all samples were IUPAC type I, establishing their microporous nature. Results from the Mikhail–Brunauer (MP) method and αs plot indicated that the pore size distribution became wider and the pore volume increased as the KOH content increased. The measured capacitance values followed the same dependence on KOH content. The maximum capacitance value at 1 mV s−1 was determined as 200.6 F g−1 for the sample prepared at 75 wt.% of KOH addition. Therefore, pine tree biochar prepared by simple pyrolysis equipment is a suitable precursor for the development of an electric double-layer capacitor.
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Luthfi, Muhammad, Jagad Paduraksa, Ariono Verdianto, et al. "The Effect of KOH Activator Concentration upon the Characteristics of Biomass-Derived Water Hyacinth Process on Lithium-Ion Capacitor." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.58.
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Lithium-ion capacitors (LIC) is believed to be an ideal option in certain application as energy storage device due to its properties either possessing high energy density (four times higher than electrical double-layer capacitor) or having as much power density as a supercapacitor. In this study, a biomass-based activated carbon (WHAC) was prepared by using the water hyacinth plant through the activation process utilizing a chemical activating agent, KOH. The water hyacinth was carbonized at 500 °C for a 1 h holding time with a ramping temperature of 10 °C/min. Then, the LICs electrode is constructed by two different types of electrode, WHAC as the main active material of cathode and lithium titanate oxide (LTO) for the anode. The biomass-derived activated carbon exhibits a high specific surface area of 791.8 m2/g and a high pore volume of 1.13 m3/g. The assembled LiCs shows a reasonable electrochemical performance with a maximum specific capacitance of 1.12 F/g with the highest specific energy of 4.48 Wh/kg and specific power of 34.14 W/kg. This LIC cell is one of the promising candidates for future applications due to its low-cost materials and owns more advantages than typical Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs).
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Aziz, Shujahadeen B., Iver Brevik, Muhamad H. Hamsan, et al. "Compatible Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based on Methyl Cellulose for Energy Storage Application: Structural, Electrical, and Electrochemical Properties." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102257.
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Compatible green polymer electrolytes based on methyl cellulose (MC) were prepared for energy storage electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted for structural investigation. The reduction in the intensity of crystalline peaks of MC upon the addition of sodium iodide (NaI) salt discloses the growth of the amorphous area in solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). Impedance plots show that the uppermost conducting electrolyte had a smaller bulk resistance. The highest attained direct current DC conductivity was 3.01 × 10−3 S/cm for the sample integrated with 50 wt.% of NaI. The dielectric analysis suggests that samples in this study showed non-Debye behavior. The electron transference number was found to be lower than the ion transference number, thus it can be concluded that ions are the primary charge carriers in the MC–NaI system. The addition of a relatively high concentration of salt into the MC matrix changed the ion transfer number from 0.75 to 0.93. From linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the green polymer electrolyte in this work was actually stable up to 1.7 V. The consequence of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) plot suggests that the nature of charge storage at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces is a non-Faradaic process and specific capacitance is subjective by scan rates. The relatively high capacitance of 94.7 F/g at a sweep rate of 10 mV/s was achieved for EDLC assembly containing a MC–NaI system.
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Quach, Nguyen Khanh Nguyen, Wein-Duo Yang, Zen-Ja Chung, Hoai Lam Tran, and Rui Liu. "Investigation of the Characteristic Properties of Glacial Acetic Acid-Catalyzed Carbon Xerogels and Their Electrochemical Performance for Use as Electrode Materials in Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5851841.
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Glacial acetic acid was used as a catalyst in the preparation process of carbon xerogels from the condensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde for shortening significantly the gelation time. The effect of the resorcinol/catalyst ratio over a large range of 2 to 500, the solvent exchange manner with acetone, and the pyrolysis temperature of 700 to 1000°C on the characteristic properties of the carbon xerogels were investigated. A resorcinol/catalyst ratio of 2 and a pyrolysis temperature at 800°C were found to be the optimal condition for the preparation of carbon xerogels with a well-balanced porosity between micro- and mesopores, high surface area (577.62 m2g−1), and large pore volume (0.97 cm3g−1), which are appropriate for use as electrode materials in an electrical double-layer capacitor. The carbon xerogel electrodes that were prepared under these optimal conditions exhibited a good electrochemical performance with the highest specific capacitance of 169 Fg−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 from cyclic voltammetry.
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Jo, Seungju, Inkyum Kim, Nagabandi Jayababu, and Daewon Kim. "Performance-Enhanced Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on the Double-Layered Electrode Effect." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122854.
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Recently, studies on enhancing the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) by forming nanostructures at the contacting interface have been actively reported. In this study, a double-layered bottom electrode TENG (DE-TENG) was successfully fabricated using a metal deposition layer after the water-assisted oxidation (WAO) process. As previously reported, the WAO process for the enhancement of electrical performance increases the effective contact area with an inherent surface oxidation layer (Al2O3). As a new approach for modifying deficiencies in the WAO process, a metal deposition onto the oxidation layer was successfully developed with increased device output performance by restoring the surface conductivity. The proposed metal–dielectric–metal sandwich-structured DE-TENG generated approximately twice the electrical output generated by the WAO process alone (WAO-TENG). This dramatically improved electrical output was proven by a theoretical demonstration based on a double capacitance structure. In addition, the double capacitance structure was confirmed with the aid of a field emission scanning electron microscope. The optimal point at which the DE-TENG generates the highest electrical outputs was observed at a specific Cu layer sputtering time. The exceptional durability of the DE-TENG was proved by the 1 h endurance test under various relative humidity conditions. The potential of a self-powered force sensor using this DE-TENG is demonstrated, having a comparably high sensitivity of 0.82 V/N. Considering its structure, increased electrical energy, easy fabrication, and its durability, this novel DE-TENG is a promising candidate for the self-powered energy harvesting technology in our near future.
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Azha, Muhammad A. S., Elham M. A. Dannoun, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, et al. "High Cyclability Energy Storage Device with Optimized Hydroxyethyl Cellulose-Dextran-Based Polymer Electrolytes: Structural, Electrical and Electrochemical Investigations." Polymers 13, no. 20 (2021): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203602.
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The preparation of a dextran (Dex)-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) blend impregnated with ammonium bromide (NH4Br) is done via the solution cast method. The phases due to crystalline and amorphous regions were separated and used to estimate the degree of crystallinity. The most amorphous blend was discovered to be a blend of 40 wt% Dex and 60 wt% HEC. This polymer blend serves as the channel for ions to be conducted and electrodes separator. The conductivity has been optimized at (1.47 ± 0.12) × 10−4 S cm−1 with 20 wt% NH4Br. The EIS plots were fitted with EEC circuits. The DC conductivity against 1000/T follows the Arrhenius model. The highest conducting electrolyte possesses an ionic number density and mobility of 1.58 × 1021 cm−3 and 6.27 × 10−7 V−1s−1 cm2, respectively. The TNM and LSV investigations were carried out on the highest conducting system. A non-Faradic behavior was predicted from the CV pattern. The fabricated electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) achieved 8000 cycles, with a specific capacitance, internal resistance, energy density, and power density of 31.7 F g−1, 80 Ω, 3.18 Wh kg−1, and 922.22 W kg−1, respectively.
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Lauw, Y., M. D. Horne, T. Rodopoulos, A. Nelson, and F. A. M. Leermakers. "Electrical Double-Layer Capacitance in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Ion-Size and Specific Adsorption Effects." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 114, no. 34 (2010): 11149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp105317e.
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Ivanichok, N. Ya, I. M. Budzuliak, M. I. Moiseienko, et al. "Electrochemical properties of nanoporous carbon materials obtained from raw materials of plant origin (hemp shives)." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 21, no. 1 (2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.1.35-42.
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The paper reveals the results of electrochemical studies of activated nanoporous carbon material (NPC) as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors (EC), the charge of which is accumulated in an electrical double layer (EDL). NPC material has been obtained from raw material of plant origin (hemp shives) by thermochemical activation using phosphoric acid. It has been established that there is an optimal ratio between the amount of acid and precursor based on plant biomass that is equal to 0.75:1. The specific surface area of the obtained NPCwas ~ 2000 m2/g, and the maximum specific capacitance of EC models based on them was ~ 113 F/g. At the same time, the contribution of the EDL capacitance to the total capacitance is 60-80 %.
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Tey, Jin Pin, Abdul Kariem Arof, Mohd Ambar Yarmo, and Mohamed Abdul Careem. "Activated Carbon from Bio-wastes of Durian Fruits as Active Material for Electrodes of Electric Double-layer Capacitors." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 18, no. 4 (2015): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v18i4.225.
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In this study, bio-wastes from durian fruits such as seeds and shells have been used as precursor materials to prepare activated carbon (AC). While the applicability of a one-step method of impregnation-activation has been investigated for the activation of durian shells, a two-step method of carbonization-impregnation-activation has been tried for the durian seeds. Durian shells based AC (DSh-AC) was found to have a BET surface area () of 2004 m2 g-1 and the durian seeds based AC (DS-AC) had of 1176 m2 g-1. A new approach to electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) fabrication has been attempted to avoid the use of polymer binders and organic solvents in the electrodes by coating the electrode material directly on the separator. Instead of coating onto metal current collector, the AC was coated on a glass microfiber filter which was used as the separator to form the electrode. As an electrode material in the EDLC, DSh-AC performed well with a specific capacitance () between 72 and 82 F g-1 whereas the DS-AC showed lower values of between 64 and 70 F g-1. The reasonable good results indicate that the simple approach of device fabrication can also produce EDLCs with satisfactory performance parameters.
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Kao, Sheng-Hung, Krishnan Shanmugam Anuratha, Sung-Yen Wei, Jeng-Yu Lin, and Chien-Kuo Hsieh. "Facile and Rapid Electrochemical Conversion of Ni into Ni(OH)2 Thin Film as the Catalyst for Direct Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Ni Foam for Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (2022): 3867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213867.
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In this paper, a facile and rapid aqueous-based electrochemical technique was used for the phase conversion of Ni into Ni(OH)2 thin film. The Ni(OH)2 thin film was directly converted and coated onto the network surface of Ni foam (NF) via the self-hydroxylation process under alkaline conditions using a simple cyclic voltammetry (CV) strategy. The as-formed and coated Ni(OH)2 thin film on the NF was used as the catalyst layer for the direct growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The self-converted Ni(OH)2 thin film is a good catalytic layer for the growth of CNTs due to the fact that the OH− of the Ni(OH)2 can be reduced to H2O to promote the growth of CNTs during the CVD process, and therefore enabling the dense and uniform CNTs growth on the NF substrate. This binder-free CNTs/NF electrode displayed outstanding behavior as an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) due to the large surface area of the CNTs, showing excellent specific capacitance values of 737.4 mF cm−2 in the three-electrode configuration and 319.1 mF cm−2 in the two-electrode configuration, at the current density of 1 mA cm−2 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. The CNTs/NF electrode also displayed good cycling stability, with a capacitance retention of 96.41% after 10,000 cycles, and this the excellent cycling performance can be attributed to the stable structure of the direct growth of CNTs with a strong attachment to the NF current collector, ensuring a good mechanical and electrical connection between the NF collector and the CNTs.
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Quispe-Garrido, Vanessa, Gabriel Antonio Cerron-Calle, Antony Bazan-Aguilar, José G. Ruiz-Montoya, Elvis O. López, and Angélica M. Baena-Moncada. "Advances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors." Open Chemistry 19, no. 1 (2021): 709–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0059.
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Abstract In the last years, supercapacitors (SCs) have been proposed as a promising alternative to cover the power density deficiency presented in batteries. Electrical double-layer SCs, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) have shown very attractive features such as high-power density, long cycle life, and tunable specific capacitance. The advances of these energy storage devices made by transition metal oxides (TMOs) and their production in pseudocapacitors and HSCs depend on chemical composition, crystalline structure, morphology, theoretical capacitance, and oxidation states. In this way, this critical review considers several metal oxides (RuO2, MnO2, V2O5, and Co3O4) and their different configurations with diverse carbon-based materials. Energy storage mechanisms and fundamental principles to understand the promising effect of metal oxides in SCs devices are thoroughly described. Special attention as regards to the energy storage mechanisms relative to the specific capacitance values is presented in the reviewed articles. This review envisages the TMO as a key component to obtain high specific capacitance SCs.
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Aziz, Shujahadeen B., Jihad M. Hadi, Elham M. A. Dannoun, et al. "The Study of Plasticized Amorphous Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA): Chitosan with High Ion Conductivity for Energy Storage Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) Device Application." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091938.
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In this study, plasticized films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA): chitosan (CS) based electrolyte impregnated with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) were successfully prepared using a solution-casting technique. The structural features of the electrolyte films were investigated through the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The enrichment of the amorphous phase with increasing glycerol concentration was confirmed by observing broad humps. The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) portrays the improvement of ionic conductivity from 10−5 S/cm to 10−3 S/cm upon the addition of plasticizer. The electrolytes incorporated with 28 wt.% and 42 wt.% of glycerol were observed to be mainly ionic conductor as the ionic transference number measurement (TNM) was found to be 0.97 and 0.989, respectively. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) investigation indicates that the maximum conducting sample is stable up to 2 V. An electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used to make an energy storage electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) device. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) plot depicts no distinguishable peaks in the polarization curve, which means no redox reaction has occurred at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The fabricated EDLC displays the initial specific capacitance, equivalent series resistance, energy density, and power density of 35.5 F/g, 65 Ω, 4.9 Wh/kg, and 399 W/kg, respectively.
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Canever, Nicoloò, Xianjue Chen, Mark Wojcik, et al. "Graphite-Mediated Microwave-Exfoliated Graphene Fluoride as Supercapacitor Electrodes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (2022): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111796.
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A graphite-mediated microwave-based strategy was used for solid-state exfoliation of graphite fluoride in a few seconds, followed by a simple yet efficient separation to obtain exfoliated materials based on the density difference between graphite and graphene fluoride in solvent. The microwave-exfoliated graphene fluoride was a few layers thick and electrically conductive. The electrochemical testing of pouch-cell supercapacitors assembled by using the exfoliated graphene fluoride electrodes and a novel microemulsion-based electrolyte showed reasonable performance with typical electrical double-layer capacitance behavior and good rate capability (gravimetric specific capacitance: 3.2 F g−1 at 500 mA g−1 and 3.1 F g−1 at 5000 mA g−1). The BET specific surface areas of the as-exfoliated graphene fluoride are ~60–80 m2 g−1, which could be increased by activation using this simple yet versatile microwave-based method for further improvements on the electrochemical performance.