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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical loads'
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1
Saidkhodjaev, A. G., B. Kh Ametova, and M. M. Mamutov. "Intellectualization of determination of electrical loads in city electric networks." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901072.
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This article illustrates new methods for automatically fixing and determining the calculation loads of electrical consumers, in particular the maximum load. The accuracy in the calculations is increased taking into account several factors affecting the maximum load values. It also offers a method and algorithm determination of the maximum electrical loads in urban electrical loads.
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Micu, Marian Bogdan, Maricel Adam, and Mihai Andruscă. "Nonintrusive Electrical Loads Pattern Determination." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics Section 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipie-2021-0005.
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Abstract The paper presents a possibility to determine the electrical patterns for the electrical loads through nonintrusive monitoring of their operating regimes. The electrical patterns are determined on the basis of the electrical parameters acquired for each load from the electrical network analysed. The determination of the electrical patterns is useful for the management of electrical energy consumption. The easiness of the nonintrusive monitoring technique is determined by the possibility of acquiring the electrical parameters from a single measurement point from the electrical network. From the electrical parameters acquired can be obtained information for electrical loads consumption recognition and their operating regimes, for certain time intervals, and it can be established the technical condition for each load.
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Ge, Yuxue, Bifeng Song, Yang Pei, Yves Mollet, and Johan Gyselinck. "A fuzzy logic based method for fault tolerant hierarchical load management of more electric aircraft." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 10 (November 13, 2018): 3846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018807598.
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With the increasing number of electrical loads, load management of the more electric aircraft becomes crucial for reliability and efficiency. One of the major challenge is to develop an optimal and reliable adaptive power control. This paper presents a three-level load management method with dedicated time steps for fault tolerance and increasing calculation efficiency. Both the operative mode and the health level of the loads are taken into account in the control using fuzzy logic. The electrical system of a V-tail more electric aircraft that consists of a generator, an auxiliary power unit, and several AC/DC buses and loads is examined by the proposed method in normal and faulty cases. Compared with some conventional methods, the proposed load management method has the advantage of efficiently shedding loads according to the power imbalance and the fault situation.
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Yosefin, Yosefin. "Short Term Load Forecasting Menggunakan Metode Koefisien." KILAT 9, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/kilat.v9i1.761.
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Electrical energy has a very important role in national economic growth. With the electrical energy requirements, it is necessary to operate an economical, reliable and quality system. The creation of a template for operating load forecasting for the Java-Bali system uses a coefficient method to calculate weekly loads, daily loads, and loads per ½ hour which is more user friendly. After this Load Forecasting template is applied, the result is a more efficient load deepening in terms of file size and time, and is more effective with the results of the calculation of electric energy (1.71%), electricity load (0.85%), and load factor 79% from planning data and manual realization.
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Wiens, Marcus, Sebastian Frahm, Philipp Thomas, and Shoaib Kahn. "Holistic simulation of wind turbines with fully aero-elastic and electrical model." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 85, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10010-021-00479-6.
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AbstractRequirements for the design of wind turbines advance facing the challenges of a high content of renewable energy sources in the public grid. A high percentage of renewable energy weaken the grid and grid faults become more likely, which add additional loads on the wind turbine. Load calculations with aero-elastic models are standard for the design of wind turbines. Components of the electric system are usually roughly modeled in aero-elastic models and therefore the effect of detailed electrical models on the load calculations is unclear. A holistic wind turbine model is obtained, by combining an aero-elastic model and detailed electrical model into one co-simulation. The holistic model, representing a DFIG turbine is compared to a standard aero-elastic model for load calculations. It is shown that a detailed modelling of the electrical components e.g., generator, converter, and grid, have an influence on the results of load calculations. An analysis of low-voltage-ride-trough events during turbulent wind shows massive increase of loads on the drive train and effects the tower loads. Furthermore, the presented holistic model could be used to investigate different control approaches on the wind turbine dynamics and loads. This approach is applicable to the modelling of a holistic wind park to investigate interaction on the electrical level and simultaneously evaluate the loads on the wind turbine.
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SOLUYANOV, Yury I., Alexander I. FEDOTOV, Yury Ya GALITSKY, Natalya V. CHERNOVA, and Azat R. AKHMETSHIN. "Updating the Standard Specific Electric Loads of Apartment Buildings in the Republic of Tatarstan." Elektrichestvo 6, no. 6 (2021): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-6-62-71.
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The Code of Practices SP256.1325800.2016 and regional standards for urban planning design are the main regulatory and technical documents regulating the design analysis of residential building electrical loads. The relevant standard values of specific electric power, which serve as the basis for designing urban power supply systems, have not been revised for more than 40 years. A study of 10/0.4 kV urban transformer substations in different regions of the Russian Federation has shown that 70 to 80% of transformers are loaded by less than 30% of their rated capacity during the year, and half of them operate with a maximum load of less than 15%. The actual daily profiles of apartment building electrical loads for the period 2016-2018 were studied, and data on power consumption were statistically processed. The results obtained allowed us to justify the possibility of reducing the design electrical load in designing apartment buildings and to develop new regional standards for specific design loads. The updated standard values of specific electrical loads are applicable to an apartment building as a whole and take into account both the electrical load of individual apartments and the general household electricity consumption. The economic efficiency of applying the new standard values in performing design calculation of electrical loads and selecting the electrical equipment is shown taking the Salavat Kupere residential complex as an example.
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Salilih, Elias M., and Yilma T. Birhane. "Modeling and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic Solar Panel under Constant Electric Load." Journal of Renewable Energy 2019 (August 1, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9639480.
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This paper presents modelling electrical performance of a typical PV panel/module (which is Kyocera 200GT) for constant electric loads (which are 2Ω, 4Ω, 6Ω, and 8Ω) under weather condition of a tropical region. The specific case of the city Jigjiga (9.35°N,42.8°E), located in the Eastern region of Ethiopia is considered. Electrical characteristics of the PV module are determined on the basis of detailed numerical algorithm, which was designed based on tested numerical technique from reviewed articles. The overall evaluation of the hourly variation in the electrical performance of the PV module is done by means of graphical technique, which determines the operating point of the PV module on voltage vs. current plane for each load, and the performance of the PV panel is compared for each load. The 4Ω electric load resulted in highest daily energy output of the PV panel on a daily basis for 11 days of the month of January (out of 12 considered days), but in the last day it resulted in a poorer performance with respect to the other two electrical loads (i.e., 6Ω and 8Ω electric loads).
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Kovernikova, L., and V. C. Luong. "Nonlinear load modeling for analysis of non-sinusoidal conditions in electrical networks based on measurements of harmonic parameters." Energy Systems Research, no. 3(15) (November 30, 2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.38028/esr.2021.03.0001.
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Non-sinusoidal conditions in electrical networks need to be calculated for their control and development of technical measures to maintain harmonic parameters according to the requirements of regulatory documents. These calculations are impossible without electrical network and nonlinear load models that adequately reflect them in computational programs. Nonlinear load models have been developed for a long time. Some studies present general modeling principles and models of various nonlinear devices. Others consider some nonlinear devices as equivalent nonlinear loads connected to low and medium voltage networks. A whole host of high-power nonlinear electrical equipment is connected to high voltage networks. Modeling nonlinear loads connected to these networks is a problem. Research of measured parameters of harmonic conditions in electrical networks has shown that they are random values. The probabilistic nature is determined by the network configuration, a range of network components, the number of nonlinear loads, wave and frequency properties of the network, harmonic source phase currents, voltage at terminals of nonlinear electrical equipment, changes in operating conditions and load power, and many other factors. Nonlinear loads can only be modeled based on the measurements of parameters of harmonic conditions due to their unpredictability. The paper presents an overview of existing methods for modeling nonlinear loads, a methodological approach to modeling nonlinear loads based on measured parameters, an algorithm for modeling harmonics of active and reactive currents, a computational program algorithm designed to identify distribution functions of measured current harmonics, and modeling results for current harmonics of railway transformers supplying power to electric locomotives.
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Saidkhodjaev, A. G., A. M. Najimova, and A. K. Bijanov. "Method for determining the maximum load of consumers in city power supply systems." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901078.
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In this article, we propose a new method for determining the maximum load of electric consumers in urban electric networks, which differs from existing methods in more accurate and reliable determination of the maximum loads. Based on the determination of the maximum loads of the objects of urban electrical networks, it is concluded that the proposed methods are determined by high accuracy and minor errors.
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Shabanov, Vitalii, Albina Rakhimberdina, and Ilya Yanikiev. "ON THE ISSUE OF DETERMINING THE ELECTRICAL LOADS OF TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 18, no. 1 (2022): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2022-18-1-114-122.
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Relevance The calculation of electrical loads is the basis for choosing the carrying capacity of all elements of the electrical network. An increase in rated loads compared to the necessary ones leads to cost overruns on power transmission lines and an increase in power of transformers, and a decrease in rated loads leads to increased power dissipation in networks, increased heating of conductors and transformers and increased thermal deterioration of their insulation. The reliability of the calculation of electrical loads depends both on the reliability of the calculation coefficients used and on the correctness of the methods used. Therefore, the research and improvement of the calculation of electrical loads in the design of power supply systems is an actual problem. Aim of research To investigate the determination of rated loads of transformer substations, methods of accounting for power dissipation in different modes of operation of the power supply system and methods for determining rated currents of cable lines to transformer substations. To consider the correctness of the use of standard forms for determining electrical loads recommended by regulatory documents. To develop a generalized form of performing calculations of electrical loads of transformer substations, combining the calculation of loads on the side of lower and higher voltages. Research methods To solve the tasks, the definition of electrical loads according to standard forms of regulatory documents is investigated. The methods of accounting for power dissipation in transformers under different operating modes of the power supply system and the determination of rated currents along cable lines to transformer substations are considered. Results The shortcomings of the execution and design of the calculation of electrical loads according to standard forms are revealed: standard forms do not contain information at which values of the heating time constant calculations are performed to determine the rated power of the electrical power load on the side of the lower and higher voltages of transformer substations, do not contain the definition of power dissipation in transformers. Ways of improving the calculation of electrical loads of transformer substations are proposed. A generalized form of execution and design of calculations of electrical loads of transformer substations have been developed, which include the values of time constants when calculating electrical power loads, the type and passport data of the selected transformer, calculations of power dissipation in transformers in two modes and calculations of the load current of cable lines to transformer substations.
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Petersen, Jan, Sebastian Geier, Peter Wierach, and Martin Wiedemann. "In situ mechanical and electrical characterization of composite-integrated thin film-supercapacitors." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818801028.
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Future transport systems will be powered more and more electrically. Generally the energy is stored in batteries. To reduce system weight and volume, multifunctional materials could be the answer. Therefore materials with the capability to store electric energy and to bear mechanical loads, need to be investigated to understand the effect of mechanical load on such structural integrated energy storage devices. In this work a thin film-supercapacitor is build up and integrated within a composite structure. The capacitor is developed to withstand the manufacturing process of a glass-fibre reinforced polymer and to carry mechanical loads, while simultaneously storing electrical energy. By using a supercapacitor housing, which is compatible to epoxy resin, a strong bonding is achieved, leading to a mechanical robust multifunctional composite. An electrolyte with large temperature window, low vapour pressure and the compatibility to a carbon based electrodes is chosen, to meet the requirement regarding the manufacturing process of the supercapacitor itself and the fibre reinforced composite. The composites with integrated thin film-supercapacitor as well as a set of reference samples are mechanically characterised in tensile and four-point bending test. In situ measurements are performed to investigate the influence of mechanical load on the electrical performance.
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Shaw, S. R., C. B. Abler, R. F. Lepard, D. Luo, S. B. Leeb, and L. K. Norford. "Instrumentation for High Performance Nonintrusive Electrical Load Monitoring." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 120, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888073.
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This paper reviews the design and implementation of hardware and software tools for nonintrusive electrical load monitoring. Estimates of spectral content in measured waveforms can be used to determine in real time the operating schedule of loads at a target site. Techniques for transient event detection are reviewed. These techniques can detect the turn-on and turn-off transients of individual loads, and can be used to easily determine the energy usage of loads that draw constant power in steady-state operation. Techniques for monitoring the power consumption of smoothly varying loads (e.g., variable speed drives) using spectral estimates are also discussed.
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Almaita, Eyad. "Harmonic Assessment in Jordanian Low-Voltage Electrical Power Grid." EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS 1 (April 8, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232024.2021.1.4.
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With the proliferation of nonlinear loads in the power system, harmonic pollution becomes a serious problem that affects the power quality in both transmission and distribution systems. Understanding and quantifying the harmonics level in electrical power grid are crucial before proposing any successful method for mitigating harmonics problems in the grid. In this paper, the harmonics level in Jordan Low-Voltage Electrical Power Grid (JLVEPG) is investigated. The loads are divided into five categories: : (i) industrial loads, (ii) commercial loads, (iii) hospital loads, (iv) residential loads, and (v) office loads. Assuming each category will inject similar harmonics in the grid, this will make the harmonic assessment in the power system is easier and help proposing harmonic mitigation solutions. A field measurement for the major electrical units (Voltages, currents, and power) in JLVEPG is carried out for different locations in multiple cities. These measurements are followed by data analysis techniques in order to identify the total harmonic distortion (THD) and the most dominant harmonic in each load category.
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Khalid, Muhammad Shoaib, Xiang Ning Lin, Jin Wen Sun, Owolabi Sunday Adio, Sameer Dawoud, Qasim Kamil Mohsin, and Asad Waqar. "Design of Microgrid Energy Supply and Management System with Economic Operation for Charging of Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.471.
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This paper presents the design of energy supply and management system to achieve minimum cost of charging the electric vehicles and to reduce the peak power drawn by all electric loads in a microgrid. We consider energy management function at different levels of microgrid like, at stand-alone EV parking lot, at residential loads and at commercial building loads, etc. The energy supply and management system is not only connected to the power grid but also with a combination of fixed Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Local Area Network (LAN). First we perform load balancing among different kinds of loads in a microgrid such that extra electrical resource may be transferred to resource constrained loads by using game theoretic approach, and later we propose a distributed algorithm for load scheduling of electric vehicles parked in stand-alone parking lot in microgrid to minimize the sum of total energy cost for charging the battery of electric vehicles and spreading out the charging power equally over the charging time using interior point method (IPM). This results in reduction of peak charging power based on EVs own consumption schedule while they select the best response in energy consumption game.
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Suprianto. "The Implementation of ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) System Between Solar Power Plants and Grid Systems for the Household Electric Power Service to Maintain Sustainability and Save Electricity Costs." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9150.
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The continuity of electric power service is a major factor determining electrical customer satisfaction. Research on the implementation of the ATS system between solar cells and grid system as a supplier of electrical power to household electrical loads for continuity and savings in electricity consumption costs aims to design an ATS system for delivering electrical power to the load system that can maintain the continuity of the supply of electricity, reducing costs electricity consumption while reducing dependence on grid electricity supply. The specific target to be achieved in this research is to design an ATS system for the distribution of electric power between grid system and solar power system and find out the cost of savings while maintaining continuity of electricity services, so that electricity consumers can benefit from technical and economic aspects. The method used in this study is an experimental method that is designing an electrical power supply ATS system to get the results of a good design and as planned. The equipment used is solar panels, relays, timers, inverters, household electrical loads, contactors, electrical measuring devices, temperature gauges and light intensity, battery systems and control panels. The results showed that the automatic transfer switch must attention to the design of an accurate and meticulous to avoid damage to the inverter. So that continuity of service of electric power is maintained. Electric power service using a solar cell system with 2 units of 100 Ah batteries and 6 units of 100 Wp solar panels can serve household electrical loads for 1 day of battery charging and discharging, 1 day of battery charging and 1 day of battery discharging with average electric energy generated at 1485 W-hours. Costs can be saved in 1 month if the price of electricity is Rp. 1352/Kwh, is Rp. 20,104.-/month with an investment cost of Rp. 27,956,000.
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Hajabdollahi, Hassan, and Zahra Hajabdollahi. "Economic feasibility of trigeneration plants for various prime movers and triple load demands." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408915597832.
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In this paper, after thermal and economic modeling of cogeneration plant, this system is optimized to find the optimal prime mover and their benefit for various cooling, heating, and electrical demand loads. To find the optimal prime mover and their benefit for each triple load, two new nondimensional design parameters including electric cooling ratio and nominal power ratio are defined. It is observed that, for example, for higher electrical and lower heating load demands, the gas engine is more profitable while for higher electrical and heating load demands, diesel engine is more profitable. In addition, some ranges of demand loads at which using CCHP plant is not profitable (in comparison with traditional system) are also obtained and presented. The optimum results obtained in NO SELL mode show that the highest values of actual annual benefit (AAB) are obtained for highest values of electrical load demand. This region corresponds with values of Hdmn/ Qdmn (heating to cooling load demand ratio) in the range of 1.5–3.5. The highest values of AAB for SELL mode are obtained to be in the range of 0.5–3.5 for Hdmn/ Qdmn (heating to cooling load demand ratio).
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Phaiboon, Supachai, and Sastra Thanrattanukool. "An Empirically Based Model for Electric Generation of Bicycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 1210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.1210.
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This paper presents an experimental study of an electric bicycle. We operated the bicycle on flat roads, uphill and downhill. The speed was categorized into slow, normal, and fast. Electrical loads were varied, step by step, for example 180, 240, 300, and 360 W. According to the observations of electrical power produced by an electric bicycle, we found that at the load of 240 W, it can produce a maximum power of 91.56 W. However, the generator can produce a maximum power of 350 W; therefore, we used a load of 360 W for studying and modeling. Finally, this model can be used to predict the electrical generation from electric bicycles as well as used for meter monitoring.
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Taylan, Osman E., and Zayed A. Alharthi. "Forecasting and Simulation for Electrical Power System and Load Distribution in Taif – Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Applications 6, no. 07 (November 30, 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46593/ijaera.2020.v06i07.001.
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Monitoring electrical power system and clarifying the way of electricity flow is a difficult task, that might cause electricity cuts because of the increasing loads of grids. In recent years, the observations showed that electric loads in Taif city have increased significantly due to the population growth and large urbanization. These causes require a good monitoring and analyzing system intensively to maintain continuity and reliability of electrical service. Machine learning and dynamic programming approaches will be employed for forecasting the distribution of power load and optimization of Electrical Power System in Taif City to avoid the unexpected problems in electrical network before they have occurred. The other goal is to facilitate monitoring of the electrical power system in Taif city and clarify the electricity flow from Makkah to Taif and then to other neighboring districts. The results and findings of the study will be evaluated using the methods of error calculation and ranking and presented in detail.
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SOLJAN, Zbigniew. "Part 1: Decomposition of the Load’s Current in Three-phase Four-wire Systems Supplied with Asymmetrical Sinusoidal Voltage Following Currents’ Physical Components Theory." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 11 (September 30, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2020.41.03.
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Electricity receivers in low-voltage networks are mainly single-phase loads, which, when grouped within a given consumer, create a three-phase load. Such a replacement three-phase load works in a four-wire system. Besides, under real conditions, the supply voltage has some amplitude and phase asymmetry. Voltage unbalances, load's imbalances are issues that not simultaneously included in the power equation in four-wire systems. This article eliminates the limitations of electrical engineering in this area by deriving the power equation for three-phase loads supplied with unbalanced voltage.
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Fedotov, A., R. Misbakhov, N. Chernova, K. Bakhteev, and A. Akhmetshin. "Calculation of electrical loads for decentralized power supply systems and the choice of power gas piston installations which use electrochemical energy storage." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 05068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912405068.
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In autonomous electric power supply systems of remote areas of the country where there are no centralized electric power supply, diesel generator units (DGU), and gas piston installations (GPI) is used as a source of electrical power. Selection of their nominal power determined load value, for which the preliminary calculation using the standard values. Researches of electric power profiles for apartment and public buildings of the Republic of Tatarstan showed a significant difference from the current regulatory values. At present, the regions are granted the right to independently set specific loads for such objects. The article proposes a method for selecting the power of autonomous power plants for actual loads for urban and rural settlements.
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Soluyanov, Yuri I., Alexander I. Fedotov, Azat R. Akhmetshin, Vladimir I. Soluyanov, and Vladimir A. Khalturin. "ACTUALIZATION OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADS PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-1-134-145.
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To calculate the load of preschool educational and general education institutions, the specific values of electrical loads are used, presented in SP 256.1325800.2016 “Electrical equipment of residential and public buildings. Rules of design and erection”. Research by the Roselectromontazh Association regarding the analysis of half-hour profiles of preschool and general education institutions showed a discrepancy between the declared capacity for technological connection and the actually measured one. The actual measured power turned out to be more than 2 times less than that calculated according to regulatory documents, which indicates the need to update the calculated specific electrical loads. This problem can be solved by using statistical methods to analyze the load profile of preschool educational and general education institutions, obtained from smart electricity meters. Due to the adopted Federal Law No. 522-FZ of December 27, 2018 “On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Development of Electric Energy (Power) Metering Systems in the Russian Federation”, the main transition to smart meters should be completed by 2023. Based on research in the Republic of Tatarstan, carried out over three years, a draft resolution was developed on amending the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan dated December 27, 2013 No. 1071 «On approval of republican standards for urban planning of the Republic of Tatarstan» in terms of calculating electrical loads for technological connection power receivers of preschool educational and general education institutions. The implementation of this decree will lead to a decrease in the cost of building an electric grid infrastructure, as well as to a decrease in electricity losses.
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Soluyanov, Yu I., A. I. Fedotov, A. R. Akhmetshin, and V. I. Soluyanov. "Analysis of the actual electrical loads of public premises embedded in residential buildings." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 6 (April 1, 2022): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-6-134-147.
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THE PURPOSE. With the help of data from smart electricity meters, an analysis of the profiles of electrical loads of commercial organizations that are part of apartment buildings was carried out. The results obtained are compared with their current standard values. New values of specific electrical loads for public premises are considered: pharmacies, grocery and manufactured goods stores, catering establishments, office premises.METHODS. Half-hour load profiles were obtained from intelligent electricity metering devices installed directly at the objects under study, data transmission was carried out by an automated electricity metering system. The observation intervals were several tens of days. To process the experimentally obtained data, statistical methods for the analysis of electrical loads were used.RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, presents the profiles of electrical loads of public premises with the highlighting of characteristic features separately for each group of electricity consumers. New specific design electrical loads are considered, including an analysis in comparison with existing standards.CONCLUSION. The calculated values of electrical power in order to ensure technological connection for public premises, including social and cultural facilities, must be updated, since today there is a significant difference between the actual and calculated according to regulatory documents electrical loads. Updating the specific design electrical loads of public premises will reduce the locked capacity of these facilities, at the same time reduce the cost of technological connection, thereby increasing the rating of the investment climate in the region.
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Venkatasivanagaraju, S., and M. Venkateswara Rao. "Polar Coordinates based N-R Method for Load Modelling in Electrical Power Distribution Systems." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 16 (December 31, 2021): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2021.16.35.
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In this paper, load modelling has been done in electrical distribution system using local real time test data. This distribution system supplies base loads, residential, industrial, commercial and composite loads. Using power and current-mismatch functions in polar form, a comprehensive framework for applying the Newton–Raphson method to solve power flow problems is presented. The Newton–Raphson approach for solving power flow problems can be applied in six different ways using these two mismatch functions. For load (PQ)buses and generator (PV) buses, we propose a theoretical framework for analyzing these versions. In addition, we compare newly created versions of the Newton power flow method to current variants in this study. Numerical studies on distribution networks are used to study the convergence behavior of all approaches. The measurements are formed for short term load forecasting with different types of realistic loads such as base loads, residential, industrial, commercial and composite loads. The long-term load forecasting and their losses also has been performed along with short term load forecasting. The results are obtained and validated through MATLAB.
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Realdo, Adam Meredita, Anggara Trisna Nugraha, and Shubhrojit Misra. "Design and Development of Electricity Use Management System of Surabaya State Shipping Polytechnic Based on Decision Tree Algorithm." Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 3, no. 4 (November 6, 2021): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v3i4.7.
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Electrical energy has become a primary need in society, including in education. This is related to the number of electrical equipment used to support teaching and learning activities. However, this is not directly proportional to the students' awareness of the importance of saving energy. From this, the authors create a management system for electric power, which aims to save electricity consumption by limiting the use of electrical loads. In this system, the method used is a decision tree; the goal is to limit and set priorities for electrical loads. When three classes are ON simultaneously, there will be a reduction in the electrical load. There is a website for monitoring and changing the automatic or manual mode in this system. The manual mode is used to control the electrical load according to the status entered on the website. While the automatic mode regulates the use of electrical loads by controlling the ON or OFF conditions using a schedule that has been made, the website also monitors current, voltage, power, energy, and usage costs. The system has been tested with automatic and manual modes for monitoring data on the website. It has data updates every 10 minutes. The system has also been tested by scheduling using a decision tree and compared with scheduling without using a decision tree. From the test results for a day, it can be concluded that the system created is able to save electricity consumption. This is reinforced by a decrease in energy use of 1,17 kWh and a cost of Rp. 1.116.
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Bjork, C. O., and B. G. Karlsson. "Load Management Applications for Industrial Loads." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 8 (August 1985): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5526380.
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Jensen, Wayne, Tim Wentz, and Bruce Fischer. "Proposed LEED Credit for Electrical Load Shedding." Journal of Green Building 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.3.121.
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The cost of energy is a significant percentage of the operating expense for most buildings. Energy used within buildings is supplied primarily by electricity. Demand for electricity used in industrial and agricultural applications is frequently leveled by shifting portions of peak loads to non-peak periods. Leveling electrical loads reduces the utility's carbon footprint and the cost of generating power. Resulting savings are commonly shared with customers through economic incentives. Similar techniques can be applied to control the energy demand of buildings, with benefits for both the electrical utility and electricity users. This paper provides an overview of electrical load-shedding techniques, outlines some of the benefits and problems associated with each, and discusses how some of these techniques are currently being applied to reduce the total electrical load for buildings. The paper also proposes a LEED credit which provides an incentive for owners and tenants to incorporate one or more load-shedding systems into LEED certified buildings to lower peak electrical demand.
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Joni Malyan, Ahmad Bahri, and Surfa Yondri. "PENGENDALI BEBAN LISTRIK MENGGUNAKAN HAND PHONE MELALUI MISSCALL." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2012): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.4.2.28.
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An Electric Load Controller is a tool to make easier an implementation of repeated activities such as to turn on and turn off the electric load by using a hand phone as a controller. The controller aims to take into account problems related to control systems and to design a control system that can be implemented in the house hold in case of turning on and off electric loads. A user may turn on and off electric loads from a remote place easily. The design of control, microcontroller, relay, load and rectifier are applied on this research. Furthermore, a hand phone is used for the missed call feature and IC AT89S52 is used on the microcontroller design through BASCOM 8051 programming so as to make missed call feature can be transmitted to a destination number without manually turning off and on electrical devices at home.
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Zhou, Yu, Guoyu Li, Wei Ma, Dun Chen, Fei Wang, Yuncheng Mao, Qingsong Du, Jun Zhang, and Liyun Tang. "Experimental Study on Electric Resistivity Characteristics of Compacted Loess under Different Loads and Drying-Wetting Cycles." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672430.
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Densely compacted loess foundations of many man-made infrastructures are often exposed to various loads and extreme weathering processes (e.g., drying-wetting cycles), which significantly deteriorate their mechanical properties. Traditional methods applied to characterize soil engineering properties are primarily based on visual inspections, point sensors, or destructive approaches, the results of which often have relatively high costs and cannot provide large-area coverage. The electrical resistivity method is a reasonable alternative that provides a nondestructive, sensitive, and continuous evaluation of the soil physical properties. Thus, the relationships between electrical resistivity and soil strength should be understood, particularly for scenarios in which soils undergo significant loads and cycles of drying and wetting. In this study, a suite of laboratory tests simulating loads (consolidation tests, unconfined compression tests, and uniaxial cyclic unloading-reloading tests) and seasonal field conditions (drying-wetting cycle tests) were conducted to quantitatively assess their deterioration effects on the geophysical and geotechnical properties of compacted loess. The experimental results indicated that electric resistivity decreases with the increase in stress and then approaches a stable value after the stress becomes 200 kPa. During the uniaxial compression process, the electric resistivity corresponds to both the stress and strain of loess in real-time. The electrical resistivity of loess reflects plastic damage under uniaxial unloading-reloading tests, but it is deficient in representing the dissipated energy of loess. The electrical resistivity of loess samples increases as the number of drying-wetting cycles increases but decreases with increasing cycle numbers after stabilization under consolidation load. The electrical resistivity can effectively characterize the mechanical and deformation characteristics of loess samples under loads and drying-wetting cycles, exhibiting a certain potential for long-term monitoring of soil engineering properties.
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Wu, Sheng, and Kwok L. Lo. "Non-Intrusive Monitoring Algorithm for Resident Loads with Similar Electrical Characteristic." Processes 8, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111385.
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Non-intrusive load monitoring is a vital part of an overall load management scheme. One major disadvantage of existing non-intrusive load monitoring methods is the difficulty to accurately identify loads with similar electrical characteristics. To overcome the various switching probability of loads with similar characteristics in a specific time period, a new non-intrusive load monitoring method is proposed in this paper which will modify monitoring results based on load switching probability distribution curve. Firstly, according to the addition theorem of load working currents, the complex current is decomposed into the independently working current of each load. Secondly, based on the load working current, the initial identification of load is achieved with current frequency domain components, and then the load switching times in each hour is counted due to the initial identified results. Thirdly, a back propagation (BP) neural network is trained by the counted results, the switching probability distribution curve of an identified load is fitted with the BP neural network. Finally, the load operation pattern is profiled according to the switching probability distribution curve, the load operation pattern is used to modify identification result. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the measured data. This approach combines the operation pattern of load to modify the identification results, which improves the ability to identify loads with similar electrical characteristics.
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Gębura, Andrzej, and Tomasz Tokarski. "Selected Problems In Controlling On-Board Direct And Alternating Current Systems." Research Works of Air Force Institute of Technology 36, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2015-0018.
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AbstractThe article addresses in a complex way the problem of cooperation between the on-board electric power sources of an aircraft with its on-board electric network. The authors paid special attention to conditions related to correct switching of the on-board electric power sources. Structural protection of the electric power sources against harmful impact of loads, and of the loads against incorrectly operating sources, as well as certain methods to counteract such phenomena, are discussed. Exploring these relations will enable the user to undertake actions which can reduce the failure rate of the on-board electrical power network, and ensure power supply to the electrical loads under all flight conditions. Their correct operation determines correct operation of the on-board electrical power network. The authors tried to discuss all the problems in the most universal way possible, so the deliberations presented here could be helpful in analyzing defects in various aircrafts.
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Lee, Samuel C. K., Cara N. Becker, and Stuart A. Binder-Macleod. "Activation of human quadriceps femoris muscle during dynamic contractions: effects of load on fatigue." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.926.
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Muscle fatigue is both multifactorial and task dependent. Electrical stimulation may assist individuals with paralysis to perform functional activities [functional electrical stimulation (FES), e.g., standing or walking], but muscle fatigue is a limiting factor. One method of optimizing force is to use stimulation patterns that exploit the catchlike property of skeletal muscle [catchlike-inducing trains (CITs)]. Although nonisometric (dynamic) contractions are important parts of both normal physiological activation of skeletal muscles and FES, no previous studies have attempted to identify the effect that the load being lifted by a muscle has on the fatigue produced. This study examined the effects of load on fatigue during dynamic contractions and the augmentation produced by CITs as a function of load. Knee extension in healthy subjects was electrically elicited against three different loads. The highest load produced the least excursion, work, and average power, but it produced the greatest fatigue. CIT augmentation was greatest at the highest load and increased with fatigue. Because CITs were effective during shortening contractions for a variety of loads, they may be of benefit during FES applications.
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Chen, Fung Fei, Seng Cho Chou, and Tai Ken Lu. "Applying Innovative Models for Forecasting Small-Area Peak Electrical Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1156.
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The number of Distributed generators is currently increasing, and the electrical industry is trending toward regional supply-and-demand and resource integration. Thus, a model that can forecast small-area peak electrical loads is an indispensable part of power infrastructures. This study constructs innovative model for forecasting small-area peak electrical loads. The main aspects considered were the accuracy of the forecasting model and the convenience of follow-up maintenance and management of the model and data. This study used yearly peak load value and total power data from substations to construct regression tree models. These acted as models for the small-region peak electrical load of substation districts in the Taipower distribution systems. The errors of these forecasting models were substantially smaller than those of the least squares model originally used by Taipower to forecast peak load. The addition of exogenous factors was unnecessary. Additionally, our results were superior regardless of whether once or incremental models were adopted for the data. This confirms the usability of our models.
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Zan', Le. "MODELING OF ELECTRIC SYSTEM ASYMMETRICAL STATES WITH ASYNCHRONOUS LOADS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2018, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-2018-1-143-144.
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Kirke, B. K. "Optimum Matching of Non-Electrical Loads to Wind Turbines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 210, no. 3 (June 1996): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_034_02.
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Improvements in technology have reduced the unit cost of wind–electric power systems by almost an order of magnitude since 1981, and installed wind power capacity is growing rapidly world-wide. Paradoxically, the use of wind-powered pumping systems, formerly the major application of wind power, is declining and little progress has been made towards the direct application of wind power to drive other mechanical loads such as aerators and compressors for heat pumps, despite huge potential markets in areas remote from electricity grids. A major reason for this failure to apply improved wind turbine technology to non-electrical loads is low system efficiency resulting from poor torque matching between the wind turbine rotor and the load. Methods of improving system efficiency are reviewed, including load-disengaging devices to permit easy starting and a simple mechanical control system for a variable ratio drive which would ensure that any wind turbine driving any load will operate near peak efficiency over the full operating range from cut-in to governing. The latter system could improve average system efficiency by a factor of 3 to 8 and has the further advantage that it can provide starting torque and can actuate overspeed control for Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines and low-solidity horizontal axis wind turbines.
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Yang, Yuanchao, and Zichen Gao. "Power Management Problem for Civil Aircraft under More Electric Environment." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (January 24, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8474375.
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The civil aviation industry is moving toward the more electric aircraft (MEA) which is to use electrical power to meet the load demands on multiple aircraft subsystems which are conventionally driven by other power resources. Thus, there will be introduced a large amount of new electrical power demands which are safety-critical for aircraft’s flight and this may lead the challenge for a reliable and efficient power management problem (PMP): the balance between the aircraft power supply and demands while minimizing the operation costs. To cope with the PMP for civil aircraft under more electric environment, in this paper, we explicitly give a detailed and complete modeling of all power supply resources (fuel and battery) and safety-critical electrical loads and cast the PMP as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem; we develop a practical solution methodology for the application on the real civil MEA. The proposed formulation and solution algorithm can give an efficient power schedule result with the minimal fuel and battery operation cost through a smart codispatch between the gas turbine generator, storage devices, and all electrical loads of MEA. Numerical testing results based on one real civil aircraft case demonstrate the economic and operational effectiveness.
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Palhade, R. D., V. B. Tungikar, G. M. Dhole, and S. M. Kherde. "Coupled Field Thermoelectric Simulation of High Voltage Ceramic Cap and Pin Disc Type Insulator Assembly." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2014010105.
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Transmission of high power at high voltages over very long distances has become very imperative. At present, throughout the globe, this task performed by overhead transmission lines. The dual task of mechanically supporting and electrically isolating the live phase conductors from the support tower is performed by insulators. The electrical potential, field and temperature distribution along the insulators governs the possible effects, which is quite detrimental to the system. However, a reliable data on electrical potential, field and temperature distribution in commonly employed insulators are rather scarce or access individually for thermal or electrical load only. Considering this, the present work has made an attempt to study accurately, thermal and electrical characteristics of 11 kV single cap and pin type ceramic disc distribution insulator assembly used for high voltage transmission. The coupled field thermo electrical finite element by using commercially available FEM software Ansys-11 is employed for the required field computations. This new set of ANSYS coupled-field elements enables users to accurately and efficiently analyze thermoelectric devices. This paper review the finite element formulation, which in addition to Joule heating, includes Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson effects and electrical load, i. e. by considering thermal and electric loads acting simultaneously. The Electrical voltage, electrical field and temperature distribution is deduced and compared with various other/individual analyses.
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Xiao, Lingfei, Robert R. Sattarov, Peisong Liu, and Cong Lin. "Intelligent Fault-Tolerant Control for AC/DC Hybrid Power System of More Electric Aircraft." Aerospace 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010004.
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This paper presents a novel intelligent fault-tolerant control method for a kind of more electric aircraft AC/DC hybrid electrical power system, in order to ensure the safe operation of the engine and improve the power supply quality. The more electric aircraft electrical power system was combined with an aircraft engine, two generators, two AC/DC rectifiers, two DC/AC inverters, DC loads, and AC loads. A multi-objective optimization intelligent sliding mode fault-tolerant controller was obtained for aircraft engine with actuator faults. Each of AC/DC rectifiers is 12-pulse autotransformer rectifier unit with active power filter. Active power filter was used to realize the desired performance of DC bus. Intelligent fractional order PI controller is presented for AC/DC rectifier by considering multiple performance indexes. In order to guarantee the AC-side has satisfying voltage, current, and frequency, no matter the sudden change of AC load that happens or DC/AC fault that occurs, the virtual synchronous generator control method was used for DC/AC inverters. Simulation results verify the effective of the proposed more electric aircraft AC/DC hybrid electrical power system.
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Tsagarakis, George, Adam Collin, and Aristides Kiprakis. "A Statistical Survey of the UK Residential Sector Electrical Loads." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 5 (September 4, 2013): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0078.
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Abstract This article presents a comprehensive statistical analysis of data obtained from a wide range of literature on the most widely used appliances in the UK residential load sector, as well as a comprehensive technology and market survey conducted by the authors. The article focuses on the individual appliances and begins by consideration of the electrical operations performed by the load. This approach allows for the loads to be categorised based on the electrical characteristics, which is particularly important for implementing load-use statistics in power system analysis. In addition to this, device ownership statistics and probability density functions of power demand are presented for the main residential loads. Although the data presented is primarily intended as a resource for the development of load profiles for power system analysis, it contains a large volume of information that provides a useful database for the wider research community.
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Mobarra, Mohammadjavad, Miloud Rezkallah, and Adrian Ilinca. "Variable Speed Diesel Generators: Performance and Characteristic Comparison." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020592.
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Diesel generators (DGs) are set to work as a backup during power outages or support the load in remote areas not connected to the national grid. These DGs are working at a constant speed to produce reliable AC power, while electrical energy demand fluctuates according to instantaneous needs. High electric loads occur only for a few hours a day in remote areas, resulting in oversizing DGs. During a low load operation, DGs face poor fuel efficiency and condensation of fuel residues on the walls of engine cylinders that increase friction and premature wear. One solution to increase combustion efficiency at low electric loads is to reduce diesel engine (DE) speed to its ideal regime according to the mechanical torque required by the electrical generator. Therefore, Variable Speed Diesel Generators (VSDGs) allow the operation of the diesel engine at an optimal speed according to the electrical load but require additional electrical equipment and control to maintain the power output to electrical standards. Variable speed technology has shown a significant reduction of up to 40% fuel consumption, resulting in low GHG emissions and operating costs compared to a conventional diesel generator. This technology also eliminates engine idle time during a low load regime to have a longer engine lifetime. The main objective of this survey paper is to present the state of the art of the VSDG technologies and compare their performance in terms of fuel savings, increased engine lifetime, and reduced greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Various concepts and the latest VSDG technologies have been evaluated in this paper based on their performance appraisal and degree of innovation.
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Stennikov, Valery, Evgeny Barakhtenko, and Oleg Voitov. "An Approach to Short-Term Control of Integrated Energy Systems with Load-Controlled Consumers." EPJ Web of Conferences 217 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921701001.
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Modern cities and industrial centers boast a developed energy infrastructure including fuel, electric, heating, and cooling systems. The integration of many separate system into a single technological complex can provide new functional capabilities, the application of more advanced technologies for operation, and the establishment of integrated energy systems. Such systems have a multidimensional structure of functional features and properties of development. The control of integrated energy systems with load-controlled consumers represents an urgent and a rather challenging task. The paper is concerned with an approach to short-term control of integrated energy systems with load-controlled consumers. Planning the daily electricity and heat loads is performed for an integrated energy system, including energy storage systems and electric water heaters, electrical shiftable loads of individual consumers as well as power generation by additional electricity and heat sources (PV systems, wind turbines, heat pumps). The optimal daily profiles are obtained based on the initial profiles of electricity and heat loads, photovoltaic generation and optimal profiles of using electricity and heat storage systems and shiftable load. Optimal daily electricity and heat load profiles differ greatly from the initial ones, which provides a reduction in the energy costs for the consumer.
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Valenzuela, Alex, Carlos Barrera, and Esteban Inga. "Electrical assessment of georeferenced distribution network due to electric vehicles deployment." I+D Tecnológico 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33412/idt.v16.1.2441.
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Several cities worldwide are focused to reduce the environmental degradation based on the deployment and integration of renewable energies and electric vehicles (EV) into the distribution network. The first one replaces electricity produced by fossil fuels with solar, wind or hydro power plants, whilst the second one is a feasible alternative to substitute internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with eco-friendly vehicles. Set in this context, this paper proposes an examination about the main effects in a georeferenced distribution system when non-linear loads are connected to the grid. The distribution network model contemplates georeferenced data from customers, where unbalanced currents due to the customer’s consumption in each distribution transformer is evaluated using a variety of coefficient for commercial and residential load models. Voltage unbalance, harmonics and load flow analysis is performed in PowerFactory to determine the impacts of EVs to the grid.
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Dicki, Dimas Aditia, and Winarso Winarso. "Prakiraan Beban Puncak Pada Transformator GITET 150 kV Kesugihan Cilacap Menggunakan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Multilayer Feedforward Dengan Algoritma Backpropagation." Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences 1 (October 31, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/pspfs.v1i.127.
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The increasing population and the growth of the industrial world, offices, hotels, and modern markets must be directly proportional to Indonesia's availability of electrical energy. The availability of sufficient electrical energy can affect the quality of life of the people and foster investor confidence in our country. Studies on the prediction (estimation) of peak electrical loads in electricity in Indonesia can be carried out using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The estimation of electricity load for the next 5 years is strongly influenced by several parameters, including population growth and peak load data of 150 kV GITET, Kesugihan Cilacap. This study took population data and peak load data at GITET 150 KV Kesugihan Cilacap in the past 5 years. The data used in this study were actual data, starting from 2015 to 2019. To display the results of the estimated electrical load on the 150 kV GITET transformer, the authors used the artificial neural network method. The peak electrical loads estimation results using artificial neural networks for electricity loads in the next 5 years, to wit from 2020 - 2024. The estimated peak load in Lomanis District is20.0311 MW, 24.443 MW, 19.9707 MW, 19.9705 MW and 19, 9705 MW. In Gombong District, the estimated peak load is 57,398 MW, 57,472 MW, 57,476 MW, 57,474 MW, and 57,479 MW.
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Ishida, K., P. D. Pare, T. Blogg, and R. R. Schellenberg. "Effects of elastic loading on porcine trachealis muscle mechanics." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 1033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.1033.
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To shorten in vivo, airway smooth muscle must overcome an elastic load provided by cartilage and lung parenchyma. We examined the effects of linear elastic loads (0.2-80 g/cm) on the active changes in porcine trachealis muscle length and tension in response to electrical field stimulation in vitro. Increasing elastic loads produced an exponential decrease in the shortening and velocity of shortening while causing an increase in tension generation of muscle strips stimulated by electrical field stimulation. Shortening was decreased by 50% at a load of 8 g/cm. At small elastic loads (less than or equal to 1 g/cm) contractile responses approximated isotonic responses (shortening approximately 60% of starting length), whereas at large loads (20 g/cm) responses approximated isometric responses with minimal shortening (20%). We conclude that elastic loading significantly alters the mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle in vitro, effects that are likely relevant to the loads against which the smooth muscle must contract in vivo.
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Çetinkaya, Nurettin. "Mathematical Programming Based Short Term Load Forecasting Algorithm, Case Study: Turkey 2010." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3934.
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Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is an important problem in the operation of electrical power generation and transmission. In this paper, STLF algorithm was developed for electrical power systems using mathematical programming with Matlab. A fast and efficient computational algorithm has been obtained for STLF. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of daily loads forecast and weekly loads forecast for Turkey are found as 1,76%, 1,92%, respectively.
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Renno, Carlo, Fabio Petito, Diana D’Agostino, and Francesco Minichiello. "Modeling of a CPV/T-ORC Combined System Adopted for an Industrial User." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2020): 3476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133476.
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The increasing energy demand encourages the use of photovoltaic solar systems coupled to organic rankine cycle (ORC) systems. This paper presents a model of an ORC system coupled with a concentrating photovoltaic and thermal (CPV/T) system. The CPV/T-ORC combined system, described and modeled in this paper, is sized to match the electrical load of a medium industrial user located in the South of Italy. A line-focus configuration of the CPV/T system, constituted by 16 modules with 500 triple-junction cells, is adopted. Different simulations have been realized evaluating also the direct normal irradiance (DNI) by means of the artificial neural network (ANN) and considering three input condition scenarios: Summer, winter, and middle season. Hence, the energy performances of the CPV/T-ORC system have been determined to evaluate if this integrated system can satisfy the industrial user energy loads. In particular, the peak power considered for the industrial machines is about 42 kW while other electrical, heating or cooling loads require a total peak power of 15 kW; a total electric average production of 7500 kWh/month is required. The annual analysis shows that the CPV/T-ORC system allows satisfying 100% of the electric loads from April to September; moreover, in these months the overproduction can be sold to the network or stored for a future use. The covering rates of the electrical loads are equal to 73%, 77%, and 83%, respectively for January, February, and March and 86%, 93%, and 100%, respectively for October, November, and December. Finally, the CPV/T-ORC combined system represents an ideal solution for an industrial user from the energy point of view.
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Lamedica, Regina, Ezio Santini, Sabrina Teodori, and Donatella Zaccagnini Romito. "Electrical loads management in energy emergency conditions." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 66 (March 2015): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.10.038.
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Zhu, Ruijin, Weilin Guo, and Xuejiao Gong. "Short-Term Load Forecasting for CCHP Systems Considering the Correlation between Heating, Gas and Electrical Loads Based on Deep Learning." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173308.
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Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems is a distributed energy system that uses the power station or heat engine to generate electricity and useful heat simultaneously. Due to its wide range of advantages including efficiency, ecological, and financial, the CCHP will be the main direction of the integrated system. The accurate prediction of heating, gas, and electrical loads plays an essential role in energy management in CCHP systems. This paper combined long short-term memory (LSTM) network and convolutional neural network (CNN) to design a novel hybrid neural network for short-term loads forecasting considering their correlation. Pearson correlation coefficient will be utilized to measure the temporal correlation between current load and historical loads, and analyze the coupling between heating, gas and electrical loads. The dropout technique is proposed to solve the over-fitting of the network due to the lack of data diversity and network parameter redundancy. The case study shows that considering the coupling between heating, gas and electrical loads can effectively improve the forecasting accuracy, the performance of the proposed approach is better than that of the traditional methods.
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Robinson, Michael C., Sara E. Wallace, David C. Woodward, and Gene Engstrom. "US Navy Power Transformer Sizing Requirements Using Probabilistic Analysis." Journal of Ship Production 22, no. 04 (November 1, 2006): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2006.22.4.212.
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Sizing power transformers in US Navy ships is an issue that surfaced in the design of a new amphibious assault ship. Previous methods averaged the power output from generators over each transformer and calculated load based on a demand factor curve. This technique is not accurate enough in the contract design stages or for zonal architectures since it artificially averages the electrical loads. The proposed methodology uses a systems engineering approach, applying a probabilistic (Monte Carlo) analysis of the electrical loads at each transformer, based on the electrical load analysis (ELA). This methodology will allow the designer to incorporate risk mitigation into a radial or zonal electrical system design to verify adequacy and reduce cost through probability-based transformer sizing.
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Khazin Kaman, Khairell, Mahdi Faramarzi, Sallehuddin Ibrahim, and Mohd Amri Md Yunus. "Artificial Neural Network for Non-Intrusive Electrical Energy Monitoring System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i1.pp124-131.
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<p> This paper discusses non-intrusive electrical energy monitoring (NIEM) system in an effort to minimize electrical energy wastages. To realize the system, an energy meter is used to measure the electrical consumption by electrical appliances. The obtained data were analyzed using a method called multilayer perceptron (MLP) technique of artificial neural network (ANN). The event detection was implemented to identify the type of loads and the power consumption of the load which were identified as fan and lamp. The switching ON and OFF output events of the loads were inputted to MLP in order to test the capability of MLP in classifying the type of loads. The data were divided to 70% for training, 15% for testing, and 15% for validation. The output of the MLP is either ‘1’ for fan or ‘0’ for lamp. In conclusion, MLP with five hidden neurons results obtained the lowest average training time with 2.699 seconds, a small number of epochs with 62 iterations, a min square error of 7.3872×10-5, and a high regression coefficient of 0.99050.</p>
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Chin, Hai-Ming, Chun-Lien Su, and Chi-Hsiang Liao. "Estimating Power Pump Loads and Sizing Generators for Ship Electrical Load Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 52, no. 6 (November 2016): 4619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2016.2600653.
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