Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical schaft'

Die Abrechnung von Strom aus Windkraftanlagen und Windparks ist aufgrund verschiedener Anlagentypen, gemischter Besitzverhältnisse und volatiler Laufzeiten technisch und organisatorisch hochkomplex. Quadra Energy, Spezialist für die Direktvermarktung von Windstrom, hat mit „Utilities in a box“ von ArcMind eine Software gefunden, die den Spagat aus individueller Konfiguration und Massenprozesstauglichkeit schafft.

CONSULTING | In Zeiten hochtransparenter Handelsmärkte und steigender Transaktionszahlen wächst der Bedarf nach Informationen in Echtzeit und umsetzbaren Strategien. Eine individuelle Beratung schafft wichtige Wettbewerbsvorteile. Daher hat die GasVersorgung Süddeutschland GmbH (GVS) aus Stuttgart ein Beratungsprogramm auf Basis eigener Erfahrungen entwickelt und erweitert es im engen Austausch mit den Kunden.

BIOMASSE | Holzpelletheizungen werden wie andere regenerative Techniken vom Staat gesetzlich gefordert, aber auch finanziell gefördert. Das schafft Anreize und gleicht Mehrkosten bei der Investition aus – zum Beispiel für einen unterirdischen Speicher des Brennstoffs. Niedrige Betriebskosten machen die Anlage rentabel. Dafür sorgen der gegenüber Gas und Öl dauerhaft günstige Preis der Holzpellets und eine störungsfreie Funktion der Anlage – vorausgesetzt, dass fünf typische Fehler beim Außenspeicher vermieden werden.

Wie hoch ist der Umsatz tatsächlich? Und welche Risiken müssen in der Bilanz berücksichtigt werden? Energieversorgungsunternehmen (EVU) werden bei der Ermittlung von Kennzahlen mit einigen Unschärfen konfrontiert: Rollierende Ablesung, Preisrisiken aus Ausgleichsenergie und Mehr- und Mindermengen sowie der zeitliche Versatz bis zur Abrechnung von Mehr- und Mindermengen beispielsweise bergen Risiken. Transparenz schafft ein regelkreisbasiertes Monitoring. Damit lassen sich die voraussichtlichen Abweichungen von den Planzahlen mathematisch bestimmen und unangenehme Überraschungen vermeiden.

Mal eben ranfahren, kurz auftanken, schnell weiterfahren. Was für Fahrer von Autos mit Verbrennungsmotoren der Alltag ist, soll langfristig auch für E-Autofahrer zur Realität werden. Bei vielen E-Ladestationen gerät das Stromnetz an seine Grenzen, wenn mehrere E-Autos gleichzeitig laden wollen oder wenn Schnelllader in kurzer Zeit viel Leistung und Energie benötigen. Das von der Europäischen Kommission geförderte Projekt „Synerg-E“ schafft dieser Herausforderung an mehreren Standorten in Österreich Abhilfe. Die Lösung sind stationäre Batteriespeichersysteme.

In The Soundscape, R. Murray Schafer describes a tone of ‘prime unity’, a tonal centre conditioning an international sonic unconscious. Diverging from the bucolic image of nature readily associated with Schafer’s ethics and aesthetics, this tone is found in the ubiquitous hum of electrical infrastructure and appliances. A utopian potential is ascribed to this tone in Schafer’s writing whereby it constitutes the conditions for a unified international acoustic community of listening subjects.This article outlines Schafer’s anomalous concept of the tone of prime unity and interrogates the contradictions it introduces into Schafer’s project of utopian soundscape design. Discussion of the correspondence between Schafer and Marshall McLuhan contextualises and identifies the source of Schafer’s concept of the tone of prime unity. Of particular interest is the processes of unconscious auditory influence this concept entails and its problematic relation to the politics of sonic warfare. Through discussion of contemporary artistic practices that engage with these problems, it is argued that the tone of prime unity nonetheless presents an opportunity to shift the focus of Schafer’s project from a telos of divine harmony towards collective self-determination through participatory intervention in the world around us.

One hundred years after their discovery, we meet liquid crystals everywhere in our daily life. Their most widely known application is the liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in watches, pocket calculators, or gasoline pumps. Applications aside, liquid crystals show many exciting properties, making them highly interesting for fundamental research. For example, electrohydrodynamic convection (EHC) in nematic liquid crystals, which is studied in cells of a configuration similar to liquid crystal displays, serves with its characteristic properties as a model System for investigating central questions of pattern formation and chaos.Today's liquid crystal displays work on the principle described in 1971 by Martin Schadt and Wolfgang Helfrich (Figure 1). In nematic liquid crystals, organic molecules orient on average along a macroscopic direction, described by the director field n(r), that has neither head nor tail (n = −n). Nematics are therefore anisotropic and for energetic reasons, n(r) orients parallel (perpendicular) to an electric field when the dielectric permittivity (ε∥) along n is larger (smaller) than the perpendicular (ε⊦ one. For positive εa = ε∥ − ε⊦, when an electric field is applied perpendicular to the direction of n, a reorientation of n takes place together with a corresponding change in the optical property of the cell. The controlled change by an electric field in the optic axis (orientation) in well-defined areas of the display then allows the representation of numbers, etc.

This paper briefly introduce research work examples of non-equilibrium studies in switching arcs. In understanding arc behavior, one often assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) condition in the arc plasma. However, actual arc plasmas are not completely and not always in LTE state because of strong temperature change temporally and spatially, and high electric field application etc. Recently, we have a collaboration work in numerical simulations and experimental approaches for decaying arcs without LTE assumption. First, our numerical model is presented for decaying arcs without chemical equilibrium assumption. Secondly, two experimental methods are introduced for measuring electron density in decaying arcs without LTE assumption: Laser Thomson Scattering method and the Schack-Hartmann method. Finally, comparison results is shown between the LTE simulation, the chemically non-equilibrium simulation, and the above experimental measurements.

Properties and composition of honey are essential in providing information regarding their quality as well as in their differentiation based on production region characteristics, e.g., floral sources. This paper presents physicochemical properties and floral sources (botanical origin) of 21 honey samples obtained from arid and semiarid areas of Kenya, specifically, West Pokot, Baringo, and Kitui Counties. Physicochemical parameters which were analyzed to determine honey quality included moisture content, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity, free acidity, and electrical conductivity. Values of these parameters were compared with those of the existing local, regional, and international standards for honey. Melissopalynological analysis (pollen analysis) was also carried out to provide information on botanical origin of the honeys. Results showed mean parameter values of moisture, 16.34%; HMF, 23.28 mg/kg; diastase activity, 10.67 Schade units; free acidity, 22.95 meq/kg; and electrical conductivity, 0.40 mS/cm. Free acidity and electrical conductivity values of honey samples obtained from West Pokot were significantly lower than the values of honeys from Baringo and Kitui. Eighteen (18) honey samples had all parameter values within the limits set in the East African, Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union directive standards for honey. Results also showed a total of 29 pollen types in the honey samples analyzed, and Acacia spp. was the predominant pollen type in 4 of the 21 honey samples. Findings of this study showed that Kenyan origin honeys can tap into the existing regional and international markets based on their quality which can be attributed to their botanical origin. Results of this study also suggested that honey producers have undertaken appropriate measures in honey harvesting, processing, handling, and storage. However, there is a need to build capacity of producers whose honey were of unacceptable quality. This would involve training on proper honey production, processing, and handling practices as well establishment of honey collection and processing centres at the local level in order to improve honey quality. This will enhance access to existing honey markets. Conservation of bee floral sources would also be needed to maintain honey quality.

Cognitive processes are highly dynamic processes concatenating different components of human thinking successively or parallel in time. Thereby, different cortical networks are generated, transient or stable in time. One important integration mechanism between different cortical sites is the synchronization of electrical oscillations of neural ensembles. Prior studies have shown that instantaneous EEG coherence analysis is a useful tool to unhide transient synchronization phenomena (see e.g. [Krause et al., 1998; Miltner et al., 1999; Schack et al., 1999a, 1999b]). In those studies instantaneous coherence was investigated for selected short time intervals, respectively, specific time parameters of instantaneous coherence were examined.The present study proposes a method for the evaluation of the whole cognitive process on the basis of instantaneous coherence without loss of time and process information. To this purpose prototypical microstates of synchronous oscillations are constructed. Their temporal, sequential and topographical properties reflect the underlying process of the dynamic activation and deactivation of neuronal networks during information processing. The sequence of microstates may be understood as the orderly arrangement of words of an alphabet in the correspondent thinking process.The presented method is applied to an event-related cognitive task of comparing categorization processes, pattern comparison, and to an irreproducible long task when solving mathematical problems. In both cases we obtain detailed information about temporal structures and strategies of human thinking.

Cooling of an array of parallel foil strips stretched on the wall of a narrow rectangular channel to the flow of fluorinert FX3250 is studied experimentally. The coolant is injected in planar jet normal to the center strip, which splits into two streams to cool the other strips. The data for each strip are correlated in the form of NuL/Pr0.4 as a function of ReL. The correlations compare favorably to the data of Schafer et al. (1991) who conducted experiments using water in similar geometric configurations.

Heterojunctions of p-Si/Cd1-xZnxO were synthesized by depositing of Cd1-xZnxO films on p-Si substrates by electrochemical deposition. The morphological properties of the films were studied by scanning microscopy. The electric and photoelectrical properties of heterojunctions were investigated depending on the deposition potential and films composition. Heterojunctions of p-Si/Cd1-xZnxO, which deposited at cathode potential of -1.2 V, shows good rectification (k=1640). Under AM1.5 conditions the maximal values of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor and efficiency of our best nano-structured cell, were Uoc = 442 mV, Jsc = 19.9 mA/cm2, FF = 0.59 and n = 5.1 %, respectively. Full Text: PDF ReferencesX. Li, et al. "Role of donor defects in enhancing ferromagnetism of Cu-doped ZnO films", J. Appl. Phys., 105, 103914 (2009). CrossRef X. Han, K. Han and M. Tao, "Electrodeposition of Group-IIIA Doped ZnO as a Transparent Conductive Oxide", ECS Trans., 25, 93 (2010). CrossRef W. Liu et al. "Na-Doped p-Type ZnO Microwires", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 2498 (2010). CrossRef R.A. Ismail and O.A. Abdulrazaq, "A new route for fabricating CdO/c-Si heterojunction solar cells", Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 91, 903 (2007). CrossRef R.S. Mane, H.M. Pathan, C.D. Lokhande and S.H.Han, "An effective use of nanocrystalline CdO thin films in dye-sensitized solar cells", Sol. Energy, 80 185 (2006). CrossRef E. Martin et al. "Properties of multilayer transparent conducting oxide films", Thin Solid Films, 461, 309 (2004). CrossRef Y. Caglar, M. Caglar, S. Ilican and A. Ates, "Morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdZnO films prepared by sol?gel method", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 42, 065421 (2009). CrossRef F. Wang, Z. Ye, D. Ma, L. Zhu and F. Zhuge, "Formation of quasi-aligned ZnCdO nanorods and nanoneedles", J. Cryst. Growth, 283, 373 (2005). CrossRef A. Abdinov, H. Mamedov, S. Amirova, "Investigation of Electrodeposited Glass/SnO2/CuInSe2/Cd1-xZnxS1-ySey/ZnO Thin Solar Cells", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 46, 7359 (2007). CrossRef A. Abdinov, H. Mamedov, H. Hasanov, and S. Amirova, "Photosensitivity of p,n-Si/n-Cd1?xZnxS heterojunctions manufactured by a method of electrochemical deposition", Thin Solid Films, 480-481, 388 (2005). CrossRef A. Abdinov, H. Mamedov, and S. Amirova, "Investigation of electrodeposited p-Si/Cd1 ? xZnxS1 ? ySey heterojunction solar cells", Thin Solid Films, 511-512, 140 (2006) CrossRef H. Mamedov, V. Mamedov, V. Mamedova, Kh. Ahmadova, "Investigation of p-GaAs/n-Cd1-xZnxS1-yTey/Cd1-xZnxO heterojunctions deposited by electrochemical deposition", J. Optoelectrom. Adv. M., 17, 67 (2015). DirectLink H. Mamedov et al. "Preparation and Investigation of p-GaAs/n-Cd1-xZnxS1-yTey Heterojunctions Deposited by Electrochemical Deposition", J. Solar Energy Engineering, 136, 044503 (2014). CrossRef S. Sadofev, S. Blumstengel, J. Cui, J. Puls, S. Rogaschewski, P. Schafer and F. Henneberger, "Visible band-gap ZnCdO heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy", Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 201907 (2006). CrossRef G. Torres-Delgado et al. "Percolation Mechanism and Characterization of (CdO)y(ZnO)1?y Thin Films", Adv. Funct. Mater., 12, 129 (2002). CrossRef H. Tabet-Derraz, N. Benramdane, D. Nacer, A. Bouzidi and M. Medles, "Investigations on ZnxCd1?xO thin films obtained by spray pyrolysis", Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 73, 249 (2002). CrossRef M. Tortosa, M. Mollar and B. Mar?, "Synthesis of ZnCdO thin films by electrodeposition", J. Cryst. Growth, 304, 97 (2007). CrossRef A. Singh, D. Kumar, P. K. Khanna, M. Kumar, and B. Prasad, "Phase Segregation Limit in ZnCdO Thin Films Deposited by Sol?Gel Method: A Study of Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties", ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2 (9), Q136 (2013). CrossRef F.Z. Bedia, A. Bedia, B. Benyoucef and S.Hamzaoui, "Electrical Characterization of n-ZnO/p-Si Heterojunction Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Technique", Physics Procedia, 55, 61 (2014). CrossRef M. Jing-Jing et al. "Rectifying and Photovoltage Properties of ZnO:A1/p-Si Heterojunction", Chin. Phys. Lett., 27 (10), 107304 (2010). CrossRef

Research activities in the area of photonic liquid crystal fibers carried out over the last 15 years at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) have been reviewed and current research directions that include metallic nanoparticles doping to enhance electro-optical properties of the photonic liquid crystal fibers are presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a photonic crystal fiber filled with a low-birefringence liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE, 5518, 232-237 (2004). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S.-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2181-2183 (2004). CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express, 11, 20, 2589-2596 (2003). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13, 2, 59-64 (2005). CrossRef M. Chychłowski, S. Ertman, T.R. 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INTRODUCTION Current green building practice has been largely advanced by an integrated design process. This integrated design process involves multiple disciplines, such as architecture, civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering. The design method heavily relies on utilizing building performance simulation to illustrate how design parameters affect the energy consumption and quality of the indoor environment before actual design decisions are made (Anderson, 2014). The architectural design tools in the integrated design process supersede traditional geometrical exploration instruments, such as Sketchup, Revit, ArchiCad, and Rhino (Negendahl, 2015). More building performance simulating tools, such as Ecotect, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Radiance, and EnergyPlus, have been developed to help architects measure building performance (e.g., natural ventilation, daylighting, solar radiation, and energy uses) in the design process and attain green building standards such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The information presented by these tools guide architects at a certain level in achieving green building goals. However, building simulation is generally beyond the architect's knowledge domain. Many architects have difficulty in understanding these technical terms and models, as well as their design implications. Therefore, specific consultants have emerged to help architects grasp the meanings of these numbers and models, which require architects to implement a high level of design collaboration and coordination (Aksamija, 2015; Gou & Lau, 2014). Simulation consultants can work in parallel with architects at the early design stage to intervene in the conceptual and schematic design; they may also work behind architects to verify the building performance after the design is finished and make their design green through technical alterations. Most existing literature argues for an early intervention of building performance simulation in the architectural design process and explores different algorithms or models for optimal intervention (Degens, Scholzen, & Odenbreit, 2015; Sick, Schade, Mourtada, Uh, & Grausam, 2014; Svetlana Olbina & Yvan Beliveau, 2007). However, the difference between early intervention and late verification is often not investigated. Few qualitative studies can help understand how the building performance simulation is actually implemented, and how it influences the quality of design solutions in addition to the quantity of performance outcomes. The current research presents two case studies that compare building performance simulation as an early intervention and a late verification tool in the architectural design process, which contextualizes the building simulation research in real building practices.