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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical stimulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2025

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1

Lee, Hongju, Juyeon Lee, Dahee Jung, Harim Oh, Hwakyoung Shin, and Byungtae Choi. "Neuroprotection of Transcranial Cortical and Peripheral Somatosensory Electrical Stimulation by Modulating a Common Neuronal Death Pathway in Mice with Ischemic Stroke." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 14 (July 9, 2024): 7546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147546.

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Therapeutic electrical stimulation, such as transcranial cortical stimulation and peripheral somatosensory stimulation, is used to improve motor function in patients with stroke. We hypothesized that these stimulations exert neuroprotective effects during the subacute phase of ischemic stroke by regulating novel common signaling pathways. Male C57BL/6J mouse models of ischemic stroke were treated with high-definition (HD)-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS; 20 Hz, 89.1 A/mm2), HD-transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; intensity, 55 A/mm2; charge density, 66,000 C/m2), or electroacupuncture (EA, 2 Hz, 1 mA) in the early stages of stroke. The therapeutic effects were assessed using behavioral motor function tests. The underlying mechanisms were determined using transcriptomic and other biomedical analyses. All therapeutic electrical tools alleviated the motor dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke insults. We focused on electrically stimulating common genes involved in apoptosis and cell death using transcriptome analysis and chose 11 of the most potent targets (Trem2, S100a9, Lgals3, Tlr4, Myd88, NF-kB, STAT1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Iba1). Subsequent investigations revealed that electrical stimulation modulated inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and TNF-α, by regulating STAT1 and NF-kB activation, especially in amoeboid microglia; moreover, electrical stimulation enhanced neuronal survival by activating neurotrophic factors, including BDNF and FGF9. Therapeutic electrical stimulation applied to the transcranial cortical- or periphery-nerve level to promote functional recovery may improve neuroprotection by modulating a common neuronal death pathway and upregulating neurotrophic factors. Therefore, combining transcranial cortical and peripheral somatosensory stimulation may exert a synergistic neuroprotective effect, further enhancing the beneficial effects on motor deficits in patients with ischemic stroke.

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2

Yuan, Yuan, Meng He, Yuan-Wen Zou, Zhong-Bing Huang, Jin-Chuan Li, and Xue-Jin Huang. "An Adjustable Electrical Stimulator for Cell Culture." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 11 (August 14, 2016): 1650146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616501462.

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Electrical stimulations can promote cell growth, but most electrical stimulators could only output either voltage signals or current signals and do not output arbitrary waveforms according to need. In this paper, a wireless stimulator with adjustable stimulation signals is developed for cell culture. The original waveforms are produced by signal generating circuits. Then under the adjustment of amplification circuits, the original waveforms are converted into current stimulation signals or voltage stimulation signals. Finally, stimulation signals apply onto cells under the monitor of current measuring circuits. The stimulator can provide signals with the following characteristics: (a) required arbitrary waveforms at frequencies ranging from 0 Hz to 100[Formula: see text]kHz; (b) voltage signals at an amplitude ranging from [Formula: see text]15[Formula: see text]V to 15[Formula: see text]V with a resolution of 1[Formula: see text]mV; and (c) current signals at an amplitude ranging from [Formula: see text]1[Formula: see text]mA to 1[Formula: see text]mA with a resolution of 1[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]A when load resistance is less than 50.0[Formula: see text]k[Formula: see text]. Results of these experiments confirm that the developed instrument can provide adjustable stimulation signals for cell growth.

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3

Guevara, Nicolas, Eric Truy, Michel Hoen, Ruben Hermann, Clair Vandersteen, and Stéphane Gallego. "Electrical Field Interactions during Adjacent Electrode Stimulations: eABR Evaluation in Cochlear Implant Users." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020605.

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The present study investigates how electrically evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses (eABRs) can be used to measure local channel interactions along cochlear implant (CI) electrode arrays. eABRs were recorded from 16 experienced CI patients in response to electrical pulse trains delivered using three stimulation configurations: (1) single electrode stimulations (E11 or E13); (2) simultaneous stimulation from two electrodes separated by one (En and En+2, E11 and E13); and (3) stimulations from three consecutive electrodes (E11, E12, and E13). Stimulation level was kept constant at 70% electrical dynamic range (EDR) on the two flanking electrodes (E11 and E13) and was varied from 0 to 100% EDR on the middle electrode (E12). We hypothesized that increasing the middle electrode stimulation level would cause increasing local electrical interactions, reflected in characteristics of the evoked compound eABR. Results show that group averaged eABR wave III and V latency and amplitude were reduced when stimulation level at the middle electrode was increased, in particular when stimulation level on E12 reached 40, 70, and 100% EDR. Compound eABRs can provide a detailed individual quantification of electrical interactions occurring at specific electrodes along the CI electrode array. This approach allows a fine determination of interactions at the single electrode level potentially informing audiological decisions regarding mapping of CI systems.

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4

Walsh, Paul L., Jelena Petrovic, and R. Mark Wightman. "Distinguishing splanchnic nerve and chromaffin cell stimulation in mouse adrenal slices with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 300, no. 1 (January 2011): C49—C57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00332.2010.

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Electrical stimulation is an indispensible tool in studying electrically excitable tissues in neurobiology and neuroendocrinology. In this work, the consequences of high-intensity electrical stimulation on the release of catecholamines from adrenal gland slices were examined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon fiber microelectrodes. A biphasic signal, consisting of a fast and slow phase, was observed when electrical stimulations typically used in tissue slices (10 Hz, 350 μA biphasic, 2.0 ms/phase pulse width) were applied to bipolar tungsten-stimulating electrodes. This signal was found to be stimulation dependent, and the slow phase of the signal was abolished when smaller (≤250 μA) and shorter (1 ms/phase) stimulations were used. The slow phase of the biphasic signal was found to be tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium independent, while the fast phase was greatly reduced using these pharmacological agents. Two different types of calcium responses were observed, where the fast phase was abolished by perfusion with a low-calcium buffer while both the fast and slow phases could be modulated when Ca2+ was completely excluded from the solution using EGTA. Perfusion with nifedipine resulted in the reduction of the slow catecholamine release to 29% of the original signal, while the fast phase was only decreased to 74% of predrug values. From these results, it was determined that high-intensity stimulations of the adrenal medulla result in depolarizing not only the splanchnic nerves, but also the chromaffin cells themselves resulting in a biphasic catecholamine release.

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5

Xia, Guangbo, Beibei Song, and Jian Fang. "Electrical Stimulation Enabled via Electrospun Piezoelectric Polymeric Nanofibers for Tissue Regeneration." Research 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9896274.

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Electrical stimulation has demonstrated great effectiveness in the modulation of cell fate in vitro and regeneration therapy in vivo. Conventionally, the employment of electrical signal comes with the electrodes, battery, and connectors in an invasive fashion. This tedious procedure and possible infection hinder the translation of electrical stimulation technologies in regenerative therapy. Given electromechanical coupling and flexibility, piezoelectric polymers can overcome these limitations as they can serve as a self-powered stimulator via scavenging mechanical force from the organism and external stimuli wirelessly. Wireless electrical cue mediated by electrospun piezoelectric polymeric nanofibers constitutes a promising paradigm allowing the generation of localized electrical stimulation both in a noninvasive manner and at cell level. Recently, numerous studies based on electrospun piezoelectric nanofibers have been carried out in electrically regenerative therapy. In this review, brief introduction of piezoelectric polymer and electrospinning technology is elucidated first. Afterward, we highlight the activating strategies (e.g., cell traction, physiological activity, and ultrasound) of piezoelectric stimulation and the interaction of piezoelectric cue with nonelectrically/electrically excitable cells in regeneration medicine. Then, quantitative comparison of the electrical stimulation effects using various activating strategies on specific cell behavior and various cell types is outlined. Followingly, this review explores the present challenges in electrospun nanofiber-based piezoelectric stimulation for regeneration therapy and summarizes the methodologies which may be contributed to future efforts in this field for the reality of this technology in the clinical scene. In the end, a summary of this review and future perspectives toward electrospun nanofiber-based piezoelectric stimulation in tissue regeneration are elucidated.

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6

Fall, Magnus, and Sivert Lindström. "Electrical Stimulation." Urologic Clinics of North America 18, no. 2 (May 1991): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(21)01005-3.

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7

D'Ambrosia, Robert. "Electrical Stimulation." Orthopedics 10, no. 5 (May 1987): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19870501-10.

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8

Tanagho, Emil A. "Electrical Stimulation." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 38, no. 3 (March 1990): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03520.x.

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9

Shindo, Nobuko. "Electrical Stimulation." Physiotherapy 74, no. 2 (February 1988): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63690-5.

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10

&NA;. "Electrical Stimulation." Back Letter 3, no. 8 (1989): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-198903080-00002.

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11

Al-Azab, Islam Mahmoud Abd-allah, Tamer I. Abo Elyazed, and Amira Mohamed El- Gendy. "TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION VERSUS ELECTRICAL VESTIBULAR STIMULATION ON BALANCE IN GERIATRICS PARKINSONIAN PATIENTS." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 5, no. 6 (November 11, 2017): 2464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2017.229.

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12

Kárason, Halldór, Óskar Pilkington, and Thordur Helgason. "Selective electrical stimulation with current-field modulation." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2205.

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Abstract Selective electrical stimulation using a multielectrode array is a promising technique that can potentially bring electrical stimulation treatment modalities a step forward. A microcontroller-controlled electrical stimulator system delivering a single pulse was designed, suitable for current-field modulation. The goal is to make electrical stimulation with surface electrodes more specific. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to control stimulation parameters and current-field within a multi-electrode array wirelessly. The stimulator generates arbitrary biphasic waveforms with a 5-bit resolution and high temporal precision (<10 μs) and was demonstrated to stimulate posterior lumbar root fibers in transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) treatment selectively. Current-field modulation throughout a sixteen-electrode array was achieved. The system has the goal to improve control of stimulation conditions in electrophysiological studies and time-dependent and site-specific stimulation patterns for neuromodulation applications. A novel feature is the current-field modulation ability of the stimulator for surface electrode arrays.

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13

Wehling, Merlin J., Robert Koorn, Courtney Leddell, and André P. Boezaart. "Electrical Nerve Stimulation Using a Stimulating Catheter." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 2004): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115550-200405000-00009.

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14

Wierzchos, A. "Parthenogenetic development of rabbit oocytes after electrical stimulation." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 9 (December 5, 2011): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3957-cjas.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electric pulses on the structural and functional condition of rabbit oocytes. The New Zealand White female rabbits at 3–5 months of age and at 3–4 kg body weight served as oocyte donors. Oocytes after flushing from the oviducts were placed between two electrodes in an electroporation chamber which was filled with a dielectric solution. Following a short incubation in B2 medium, oocytes were subjected to an electric pulse released by an electrical pulse generator. Oocytes were then incubated in 500 µl of B2 medium supplemented with 20% foetal calf serum (FCS) at 38°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO<sub>2 </sub>in air. Oocytes were cultured until the morula/blastocyst stage (approx. 72 h). The experiment was conducted using 430 oocytes obtained post mortem. In vitro cultured oocytes not subjected to an electric pulse were the control. Each group was subdivided into replications according to electric current intensity. The analysis of experimental variants shows that in the first variant all embryos developed to the morula stage but only 10% of them continued to develop to the blastocyst stage. In the second variant we observed that 5–10% of oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage after treatment with 2.0 and 2.5 kV/cm pulse but in the group of 1.0 kV/cm pulse 35% of oocytes developed only to the 2–12 b stage. In the third variant only 1 oocyte (5%) continued to develop to the blastocyst stage, but in the fourth variant oocyte development stopped at the morula stage. In the fifth variant, called an “extreme” one, oocytes stopped to develop at the stage of 2–12 b (about 25%) and the percentage of degenerated oocytes dramatically increased (about 60%).  

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15

Zhu, Bingquan, Yongbing Wang, Guozheng Yan, Pingping Jiang, and Zhiqiang Liu. "A Gastrointestinal Electrical Stimulation System Based on Transcutaneous Power Transmission Technology." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/728572.

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Electrical stimulation has been suggested as a possible treatment for various functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). This paper presents a transcutaneous power supplied implantable electrical stimulation system. This technology solves the problem of supplying extended power to an implanted electrical stimulator. After implantation, the stimulation parameters can be reprogrammed by the external controller and then transmitted to the implanted stimulator. This would enable parametric studies to investigate the efficacy of various stimulation parameters in promoting gastrointestinal contractions. A pressure detector in the internal stimulator can provide real-time feedback about variations in the gastrointestinal tract. An optimal stimulation protocol leading to cecal contractions has been proposed: stimulation bursts of 3 ms pulse width, 10 V amplitude, 40 Hz frequency, and 20 s duration. The animal experiment demonstrated the functionality of the system and validated the effects of different stimulation parameters on cecal contractions.

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16

Wang, Hao, Tianzhun Wu, Qi Zeng, and Chengkuo Lee. "A Review and Perspective for the Development of Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)-Based Self-Powered Neuroprosthetics." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090865.

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Neuroprosthetics have become a powerful toolkit for clinical interventions of various diseases that affect the central nervous or peripheral nervous systems, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), functional electrical stimulation (FES), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), by electrically stimulating different neuronal structures. To prolong the lifetime of implanted devices, researchers have developed power sources with different approaches. Among them, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is the only one to achieve direct nerve stimulations, showing great potential in the realization of a self-powered neuroprosthetic system in the future. In this review, the current development and progress of the TENG-based stimulation of various kinds of nervous systems are systematically summarized. Then, based on the requirements of the neuroprosthetic system in a real application and the development of current techniques, a perspective of a more sophisticated neuroprosthetic system is proposed, which includes components of a thin-film TENG device with a biocompatible package, an amplification circuit to enhance the output, and a self-powered high-frequency switch to generate high-frequency current pulses for nerve stimulations. Then, we review and evaluate the recent development and progress of each part.

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17

Curthoys, Ian S. "Concepts and Physiological Aspects of the Otolith Organ in Relation to Electrical Stimulation." Audiology and Neurotology 25, Suppl. 1-2 (September 25, 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502712.

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Background: This paper discusses some of the concepts and major physiological issues in developing a means of electrically stimulating the otolithic system, with the final goal being the electrical stimulation of the otoliths in human patients. It contrasts the challenges of electrical stimulation of the otolith organs as compared to stimulation of the semicircular canals. Electrical stimulation may consist of trains of short-duration pulses (e.g., 0.1 ms duration at 400 Hz) by selective electrodes on otolith maculae or otolithic afferents, or unselective maintained DC stimulation by large surface electrodes on the mastoids – surface galvanic stimulation. Summary: Recent anatomical and physiological results are summarized in order to introduce some of the unique issues in electrical stimulation of the otoliths. The first challenge is that each otolithic macula contains receptors with opposite polarization (opposing preferred directions of stimulation), unlike the uniform polarization of receptors in each semicircular canal crista. The puzzle is that in response to the one linear acceleration in the one macula, some otolithic afferents have an increased activation whereas others have decreased activation. Key Messages: At the vestibular nucleus this opposite receptor hair cell polarization and consequent opposite afferent input allow enhanced response to the one linear acceleration, via a “push-pull” neural mechanism in a manner analogous to the enhancement of semicircular canal responses to angular acceleration. Within each otolithic macula there is not just one uniform otolithic neural input to the brain – there are very distinctly different channels of otolithic neural inputs transferring the neural data to the brainstem. As a simplification these channels are characterized as the sustained and transient systems. Afferents in each system have different responses to stimulus onset and maintained stimulation and likely different projections, and most importantly different thresholds for activation by electrical stimulation and different adaptation rates to maintained stimulation. The implications of these differences are considered.

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18

Tesfamariam, B., R. M. Weisbrod, and R. A. Cohen. "Endothelium inhibits responses of rabbit carotid artery to adrenergic nerve stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): H792—H798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.4.h792.

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Transmural electrical stimulation of isolated ring segments of the rabbit carotid artery caused frequency-dependent contractions; these were blocked by tetrodotoxin or prazosin. Mechanical or chemical removal of the endothelium markedly augmented responses to electrical stimulation. Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake and metabolism with cocaine, hydrocortisone, and pargyline increased contractions in rings with endothelium more than those without endothelium, but responses remained greater in rings denuded of endothelium. Methylene blue, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, enhanced responses to electrical stimulation of rings with intact endothelium only. Combined inhibition of guanylate cyclase and norepinephrine disposition increased the contractions and abolished the difference between the responses of rings with and without endothelium. In a perfusion-cascade system, the perfusate of donor segments with endothelium relaxed a bioassay ring without endothelium. Electrical stimulation of the segment caused no further relaxation of the bioassay ring. However, contractions caused by electrically stimulating the bioassay ring were depressed during superfusion with the perfusate of segments with, but not without, endothelium, indicating that vasodilators spontaneously released from the endothelium inhibit responses to nerve stimulation. These observations suggest that inhibition by the endothelium of the response to adrenergic nerve stimulation results from 1) spontaneous release of endothelium-derived vasodilators and 2) disposition of norepinephrine by the endothelial cells.

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19

Prajapati, Preksha, and Shivani Patel. "Effectiveness of Electrical Stimulation with Mime Therapy Versus Electrical Stimulation with Motor Imagery Technique in Patients with Bells Palsy: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): 1669–74. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21327101533.

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20

Kooistra, BaukeW, Anil Jain, and BeateP Hanson. "Electrical stimulation: Nonunions." Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 43, no. 2 (2009): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5413.50849.

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21

Lake, David A. "Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation." Sports Medicine 13, no. 5 (May 1992): 320–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213050-00003.

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22

Rushton, D. N. "Functional electrical stimulation." Physiological Measurement 18, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 241–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/18/4/001.

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23

Granat, Malcom H. "Functional electrical stimulation." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 7, no. 6 (December 1996): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199612000-00019.

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24

Castana, Ourania, Aekaterini Dimitrouli, Theodoros Argyrakos, Emilia Theodorakopoulou, Nektarios Stampolidis, Emmanouil Papadopoulos, Athanasios Pallantzas, Ioannis Stasinopoulos, and Konstantinos Poulas. "Wireless Electrical Stimulation." International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734613476517.

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High-voltage electrical stimulation has been long proposed as a method of accelerating the wound healing process. Its beneficial effect has been successfully evaluated in the treatment of a number of chronic ulcers and burns. We present here the implementation of a new wireless electrical stimulation technique for the treatment of a complicated chronic ulcer of the lower limb. The device is transferring charges to the wound, without any contact with it, creating a microcurrent that is able to generate the current of injury. The results suggest that this easy-to-use method is an effective therapeutic option for chronic ulcers.

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25

Grant, Lindsay. "Functional electrical stimulation." IEE Review 34, no. 11 (1988): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19880186.

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26

Hill, Linda. "Peripheral Electrical Stimulation." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 14, no. 6 (November 1995): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199511000-00003.

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27

Fertonani, Anna, and Carlo Miniussi. "Transcranial Electrical Stimulation." Neuroscientist 23, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858416631966.

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In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this experimental effort has not been accompanied by substantial reflections on the models and mechanisms that could explain the stimulation effects. Given these premises, the aim of this article is to provide an updated picture of what we know about the theoretical models of tES that have been proposed to date, contextualized in a more specific and unitary framework. We demonstrate that these models can explain the tES behavioral effects as distributed along a continuum from stimulation dependent to network activity dependent. In this framework, we also propose that stochastic resonance is a useful mechanism to explain the general online neuromodulation effects of tES. Moreover, we highlight the aspects that should be considered in future research. We emphasize that tES is not an “easy-to-use” technique; however, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied within rigorous protocols, with deep knowledge of both the behavioral and cognitive aspects and the more recent advances in the application of stimulation.

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Miller, Michael, Ulla-Britt Flansbjer, David Downham, and Jan Lexell. "Superimposed Electrical Stimulation." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 86, no. 3 (March 2007): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000247648.62957.19.

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Alarcon, Gonzalo, Lovena Nawoor, and Antonio Valentin. "Electrical Cortical Stimulation." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 31, no. 3 (July 2020): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2020.03.013.

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30

Bestmann, Sven, and Vincent Walsh. "Transcranial electrical stimulation." Current Biology 27, no. 23 (December 2017): R1258—R1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.001.

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Lundeberg, Thomas. "Electrical stimulation techniques." Lancet 348, no. 9043 (December 1996): 1672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65815-1.

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Stone, Jennifer A. "lnterferential Electrical Stimulation." Athletic Therapy Today 2, no. 2 (March 1997): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.2.2.27.

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Stone, Jennifer A. "“Russian” Electrical Stimulation." Athletic Therapy Today 2, no. 3 (May 1997): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.2.3.27.

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Stone, Jennifer A. "Microcurrent Electrical Stimulation." Athletic Therapy Today 2, no. 6 (November 1997): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.2.6.15.

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35

Bohannon, Richard. "Functional electrical stimulation." Clinical Rehabilitation 4, no. 1 (February 1990): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921559000400113.

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&NA;. "Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation." Pediatric Physical Therapy 10, no. 3 (1998): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199801030-00021.

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Aronson, Leonora, Santiago Luis Arauz, Amalia Shinjo deCorvetto, Silvia Natalia Mastroianni Pinto Zaccaria, Alfredo Samuel Pallante, and Silvano Bonifacio Zanutto. "Extracochlear Electrical Stimulation." Artificial Organs 13, no. 2 (April 1989): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1989.tb02847.x.

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38

Rose, Karen M., Ann Gill Taylor, Cheryl Bourguignon, Sharon W. Utz, and Lisa E. Goehler. "Cranial Electrical Stimulation." Family & Community Health 31, no. 3 (July 2008): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fch.0000324481.40459.69.

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Azevedo Coste, Christine, Milos Popovic, and Winfried Mayr. "Functional Electrical Stimulation." Artificial Organs 41, no. 11 (November 2017): 977–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aor.13052.

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40

King, J. B. "Tissue electrical stimulation." Journal of Biomedical Engineering 12, no. 2 (March 1990): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-5425(90)90141-9.

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Shimada, Yoichi, Shigeru Ando, and Satoaki Chida. "Functional electrical stimulation." Artificial Life and Robotics 4, no. 4 (December 2000): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02481177.

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42

Parvizi, Josef. "Electrical Brain Stimulation." Brain Stimulation 8, no. 2 (March 2015): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.396.

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BAUER, W. "Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation." Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 112, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 1301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1986.03780120065017.

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Mason, Rodney J. "Gastric Electrical Stimulation." Archives of Surgery 140, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.140.9.841.

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Hadzic, Admir, Jerry D. Vloka, Richard E. Claudio, Nihad Hadzic, Daniel M. Thys, and Alan C. Santos. "Electrical Nerve Localization." Anesthesiology 100, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200406000-00027.

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Background Recommendations regarding the technical aspects of nerve stimulator-assisted nerve localization are conflicting. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the placement of the cutaneous electrode affects nerve stimulation and to determine the duration and intensity of an electrical stimulus that allows nerve stimulation with minimal discomfort. Methods Ten healthy volunteers underwent an interscalene and a femoral nerve block. After obtaining a clearly visible motor response of the biceps (interscalene) and quadriceps (femoral) muscles at the minimal current (0.1 ms, 2 Hz), the position of the cutaneous electrode was varied. Next, the duration of the stimulating current was set at 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, or 1.0 ms, in random order. Intensity of the motor response and discomfort on stimulation were recorded. Results The minimal current at which a visible motor response was obtained was 0.32 +/- 0.1 mA (0.23-0.38 mA) for the inter-scalene block and 0.29 +/- 0.1 mA (0.15-0.4 mA) for the femoral block. Changing the position of the return electrodes did not result in any change in the grade of the motor response or in the current required to maintain it. Currents of longer duration caused discomfort and more forceful contraction at a lower current intensity as compared with currents of shorter duration (P < 0.01). When the current was adjusted to maintain the same visible motor response, there was no significant discomfort among studied current durations. Conclusion Site of placement of the cutaneous electrode is not important when constant current nerve stimulators are used during nerve localization in regional anesthesia. There is an inverse relation between the current required to obtain a visible motor response and current duration. Selecting a current duration between 0.05 and 1.0 ms to specifically stimulate sensory or motor components of a mixed nerve does not seem to be important in clinical practice.

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Choi, Eun Jung, Yun Jin Kim, and Sang Yeoup Lee. "Effects of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Waist Circumference in Adults with Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized, Double-blind, Sham-controlled Trial." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 56, no. 214 (December 31, 2018): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.3826.

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Introduction: We investigated the effects of electrical muscle stimulationon waist circumference as compared with an identical device providing transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as control in adults with abdominal obesity.Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Sixty patients with abdominal obesity received electrical muscle stimulation or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation randomly five times a week for 12 weeks. Results: The electrical muscle stimulationgroup achieved a mean 5.2±2.8 cm decrease in waist circumference while the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group showed only a 2.9±3.3 cm decrease (P=0.005). About 20 (70.0%) of the electrical muscle stimulation group lost more than 4 cm of waist circumference but that only 8 (33.3%) of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group did so (P=0.008). Furthermore, fasting free fasting acid levels were significantly higher in the electrical muscle stimulation than in the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulationgroup at week 12 (P=0.006). In the electrical muscle stimulation group, slight decreases in visceral abdominal fat and total abdominal fat areas by computer tomography were observed at 12 weeks, but these decreases were not significant. In addition, patients’ self-rated satisfaction scores with this program were significantly higher in the electrical muscle stimulation group.Conclusions: The 12-week electrical muscle stimulation program modestly reduced waist circumference in abdominally obese adults without side effects.

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Perrier, Jean-François, Boris Lamotte D'Incamps, Nezha Kouchtir-Devanne, Léna Jami, and Daniel Zytnicki. "Effects on Peroneal Motoneurons of Cutaneous Afferents Activated by Mechanical or Electrical Stimulations." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3209.

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The postsynaptic potentials elicited in peroneal motoneurons by either mechanical stimulation of cutaneous areas innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve (SP) or repetitive electrical stimulation of SP were compared in anesthetized cats. After denervation of the foot sparing only the territory of SP terminal branches, reproducible mechanical stimulations were applied by pressure on the plantar surface of the toes via a plastic disk attached to a servo-length device, causing a mild compression of toes. This stimulus evoked small but consistent postsynaptic potentials in every peroneal motoneuron. Weak stimuli elicited only excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), whereas increase in stimulation strength allowed distinction of three patterns of response. In about one half of the sample, mechanical stimulation or trains of 20/s electric pulses at strengths up to six times the threshold of the most excitable fibers in the nerve evoked only EPSPs. Responses to electrical stimulation appeared with 3–7 ms central latencies, suggesting oligosynaptic pathways. In another, smaller fraction of the sample, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) appeared with an increase of stimulation strength, and the last fraction showed a mixed pattern of excitation and inhibition. In 24 of 32 motoneurons where electrical and mechanical effects could be compared, the responses were similar, and in 6 others, they changed from pure excitation on mechanical stimulation to mixed on electrical stimulation. With both kinds of stimulation, stronger stimulations were required to evoke inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which appeared at longer central latencies than EPSPs, indicating longer interneuronal pathways. The similarity of responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation in a majority of peroneal motoneurons suggests that the effects of commonly used electrical stimulation are good predictors of the responses of peroneal motoneurons to natural skin stimulation. The different types of responses to cutaneous afferents from SP territory reflect a complex connectivity allowing modulations of cutaneous reflex responses in various postures and gaits.

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Corna, Andrea, Timo Lausen, Roland Thewes, and Günther Zeck. "Electrical imaging of axonal stimulation in the retina." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-2009.

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Abstract Stimulation of axons or its avoidance plays a central role for neuroprosthetics and neural-interfaces research. One peculiar example constitutes retinal implants. Retinal implants aim to artificially activate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) via electrical stimulation. Such stimulation, however, often generates undesired stimulation of RGC axon bundles, which leads to distorted visual percepts. In order to establish stimulation strategies avoiding axonal stimulation it is necessary to image the evoked activity in single axons. In this work we electrically imaged axonal stimulation in ex vivo mouse retina using a high-density CMOS-based microelectrode array. We demonstrate signal propagation tracking via stimulus triggered average during high frequency (100 Hz) sinusoidal electrical stimulation.

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Kolbl, Florian, Yannick Bornat, Jonathan Castelli, Louis Regnacq, Gilles N’Kaoua, Sylvie Renaud, and Noëlle Lewis. "IC-Based Neuro-Stimulation Environment for Arbitrary Waveform Generation." Electronics 10, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151867.

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Electrical stimulation of the nervous system is commonly based on biphasic stimulation waveforms, which limits its relevance for some applications, such as selective stimulation. We propose in this paper a stimulator capable of delivering arbitrary waveforms to electrodes, and suitable for non-conventional stimulation strategies. Such a system enables in vivo stimulation protocols with optimized efficacy or energy efficiency. The designed system comprises a High Voltage CMOS ASIC generating a configurable stimulating current, driven by a digital circuitry implemented on a FPGA. After fabrication, the ASIC and system were characterized and tested; they successfully generated programmable waveforms with a frequential content up to 1.2 MHz and a voltage compliance between [−17.9; +18.3] V. The system is not optimum when compared to single application stimulators, but no embedded stimulator in the literature offers an equivalent bandwidth which allows the wide range of stimulation paradigms, including high-frequency blocking stimulation. We consider that this stimulator will help test unconventional stimulation waveforms and can be used to generate proof-of-concept data before designing implantable and application-dedicated implantable stimulators.

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Osumi, Michihiro, Daisuke Shimizu, Yuki Nishi, and Shu Morioka. "Electrical stimulation of referred sensation area alleviates phantom limb pain." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 39, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/rnn-201132.

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Background: Patients with brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) usually experience phantom sensations and phantom limb pain (PLP) in the deafferented limb. It has been suggested that evoking the sensation of touch in the deafferented limb by stimulating referred sensation areas (RSAs) on the cheek or shoulder might alleviate PLP. However, feasible rehabilitation techniques using this approach have not been reported. Objective: The present study sought to examine the analgesic effects of simple electrical stimulation of RSAs in BPA patients with PLP. Methods: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs for 60 minutes was conducted for six BPA patients suffering from PLP to examine short-term analgesic effects. Study 2: A single case design experiment was conducted with two BPA patients to investigate whether electrical stimulation of RSAs was more effective for alleviating PLP than control electrical stimulation (electrical stimulation of sites on side opposite to the RSAs), and to elucidate the long-term effects of electrical stimulation of RSAs. Results: Study 1: Electrical stimulation of RSAs evoked phantom touch sensations in the deafferented limb, and significantly alleviated PLP (p < 0.05). Study 2: PLP was alleviated more after electrical stimulation on RSAs compared with control electrical stimulation (p < 0.05). However, the analgesic effects of electrical stimulation on RSAs were observed only in the short term, not in the long term (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of RSAs not only evoked phantom touch sensation but also alleviated PLP in the short term. The results indicate that electrical stimulation of RSAs may provide a useful practical rehabilitation technique for PLP. Future studies will be required to clarify the mechanisms underlying immediate PLP alleviation via electrical stimulation of RSAs.

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