Journal articles: 'Electrical system protection'

1

Johns, A. T. "Electrical Power System Protection." Power Engineering Journal 7, no. 6 (1993): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:19930070.

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Rongyan, Guo, and Zhang Honghui. "Study on the Residual Current Protection Device Technology." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001408010404.

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As an important electrical safety protection device in low voltage distribution system, residual current protection device is to protect the insulation line leakage fault; the electric shock of the people plays an important role in fault. From the protection characteristics of residual current protective device to points, those can be divided into, residual current protection device for residual pulsating direct current and residual dc, according to the residual sinusoidal alternating current.

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Zhang, Yagang, and Yi Sun. "Association Analysis of System Failure in Wide Area Backup Protection System." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0046.

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Abstract Wide area backup protection algorithm based on fault component identification is the heart of the whole wide area backup protection system, its validity and reliability is a problem which needs to be first considered in the engineering practice applications of wide area backup protection system. Wide are backup protection algorithm mainly use two kinds of wide area information to realize protection criterion, one is electrical quantity information, such as voltage, current, etc. Another one is protection action and circuit breaker information. The wide area backup protection algorithm based on electrical quantity information is mainly utilizing the significant change of electrical quantity to search fault component, and the primary means include current differential method of wide area multi-measuring points, the comparison method of calculation and measurement, the multiple statistics method. In this paper, a novel and effective association analysis of system failure in wide area backup protection system will be discussed carefully, and the analytical results are successful and reliable.

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Peng, Hong Juan. "Discuss on Lightning Protection of Electrical Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1808.

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Electric is one of the important resources of daily life, has great significance for the development of the national economy and the improvement of living standards. With the rapid development of construction in China, building electrical engineering is becoming more and more prominent, especially the lightning protection engineering in building electrical. Compared with the traditional housing construction, modern building construction gradually tends to be high development of reinforced concrete structure, more prone to lightning disaster, modern buildings have power lines and electrical equipment perplexing, once the lightning disaster, will cause huge economic losses, but also may cause casualties, therefore, lightning protection, pay attention to building electrical engineering is necessary. This paper introduces the lightning harm and building lightning protection system, analysis of the lightning protection design problem in building electrical engineering, discusses the matters needing attention in construction technology of electrical protection.

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Bordyug, Alexander Sergeevich. "Application of distributed optical control technology in ship power systems." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-2-75-81.

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The article considers the point sensor technology for onshore power systems, which has a significant potential in providing new and effective solutions for monitoring and protecting marine electrical systems. These technologies can reduce the risk levels associated with marine electrical systems by providing comprehensive monitoring and protection functions that benefit from the distributed nature of the metering system. There has been described a system that consists of a data collecting device with optical fiber to collect multiple readings from a distributed passive array of sensors connected along a fiber length up to 100 km (applicable for any marine systems). There have been illustrated the variants of distributed monitoring and protection system in marine electrical systems. It has been stated that in the advanced marine systems there are used all-electric propulsion systems that distribute electricity between the ship's propulsion plants and other consumers. The power distribution has been proved necessary to rise efficiency, controllability, flexibility and cost of the system. Application of the new DC systems with zoned architecture, the emergence of batteries and other forms of power storage, and studying the superconducting cables and machines add to the importance of having knowledge of system operability and timely and safe response to failures and damages of the system.

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Shapovalov, O., and I. Kravets. "INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE ON THE RELIABILITY OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS." Fire Safety, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.16.

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A large number of natural and man-made emergencies occurring on the territory of Ukraine, and not only that cause deforestation of buildings, structures, objects and cities and whole districts, require the provision of fire protection systems for sources of electricity that are independent of Electricity supply of certain areas or cities and objects. Regardless of the control mode, elements of automatic fire protection systems are elements that take part in a single technological process (notifying people of danger, feeding, water, removing smoke, etc.). All systems of fire protection (SPPZ), as the main power source use a common grid (220 / 380V AC). In this unchanged form, the electric power is fed to supply power executive elements (asynchronous actuators of water pumps, fans, etc.). To control the operation of fire protection systems, 12-24V DC is used. This requires the use of additional transducers in fire control systems to form the voltage of the corresponding form. Simultaneous exhaustion of tens and hundreds of settlements, as evidenced by the reports of the DNS of Ukraine and other operational services, affects the provision of fire protection of objects and the safety of people [5]. Taking into account the unpredictability of the occurrence of events, it is necessary to apply methods of providing backup power supply independent of power supply and climatic conditions of operation of fire protection systems. The purpose of the work is to propose the optimal way of forming the supply voltage and adjusting its parameters for the backup power of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems powered by an autonomous power supply, which consists of a unit of battery and autonomous voltage inverters. Such a backup power scheme allows simultaneous control and regulation of the voltage, frequency, and the ability to determine the parameters of the autonomous source elements. In the process of reviewing and assessing the reliability of power supply of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems, previously noted ways to increase the reliability of the operation of automatic fire protection systems by reserving power supply from autonomous sources with the use of accumulator batteries and autocompressor voltage inverters were taken into account. For comparison, from all known electricians of fire protection systems, the most common and most powerful electric consumer is used - an asynchronous motor. The probabilistic method for calculating the functioning of the backup power supply system for an internal fire-fighting water supply system using generator sets and accumulator batteries with autonomous inverters of voltage, taking into account the accidental nature of the disconnection of power lines, proved that the proposed reservation scheme, both with K2AIN-AD and with 2K2AIN-AD increases the reliability of functioning systems for fire protection. An increase in the number of similar items led to an improvement in the quality characteristics of the power supply, but had a negative impact on reliability, albeit slightly compared to the backup from the two-transformer substation.

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Krizsky, Vladimir N., Pavel N. Aleksandrov, Alexey A. Kovalskii, and Sergey V. Viktorov. "Modeling of electromagnetic fields of pipelines cathodic protection systems in horizontally layered medium." Pipeline Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2514-541x-2020-4-1-52-61.

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Design of cathodic protection systems of the trunk pipeline is regulated by current standards, based on the condition of uniformity and constancy of the electric conductivity of the multilayered half-space surrounding the pipeline. The current mathematical models of such systems also use an average value of the medium electric conductivity, which does not fully reflect the actual characteristics of the soil, in which the pipeline is laid. The authors present a method that accounts for the thickness and electrical conductivity of individual beds in a vertically-inhomogeneous, horizontally layered medium (the most practically appropriate case). Using method of computational experiment, the authors showed the importance of accounting for the effect of the medium layers structure and electrical resistivity on the protective voltage of the electric current in the cathodic protection system for underground trunk pipeline and studied the magnetic field sensitivity dependence on the insulation resistance of the pipeline defect-containing segments and on the altitude of data acquisition.

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Hussain, Abadal Salam T., Waleed A. Oraibi, Fadhel A. Jumaa, F. Malek, Syed F. Ahmed, Taha A. Taha, Jailani O. Mahmoud, et al. "Power Plant Station Protection System against Voltage Fluctuation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.65.

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Electrical Power System protection is required to protectboth the user and the system equipment itself fromany fault, hence electrical power system is not allowed to operate without any protection devices installed. Power System fault is defined as the undesirable condition that occurs in the power system. Some of these undesirable conditions are short circuit, current leakage, ground faultand over-under voltage. With the increasing loads, voltages and short-circuit duty in power plant, over voltage protection has become more important today. Here, the component that had been used is PIC 16F877a microcontroller to control the whole system and especially on the circuit breakers as well as the LCT display unit is used to display the voltage level and type of generator that used to serve the load. Sensors are used to measure both thevoltage and the load. The controlled digital signal from PIC microcontroller is converted by using the digital analog converter to control the whole circuit. Thus a device called protective relay is created to meet this requirement. The protective relay is mostlyoften coupled with circuit breaker in a way that it can isolate the abnormal condition in the system.

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Wang, Yue, Cheng Hao Li, and Xiao Lei Tian. "Review on Electrical Installations and Lightning Protection Measures for High-rise Building." World Construction 6, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/wc.v6i1.81.

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Lightning protection technology is widely used in electrical construction industry by protecting the buildings and its internal electrical infrastructure. Further researches on lightning protection technology are crucial due to the complexity of high-rise building internal electrical design and existence of some problem in current lightning protection technology. Lightning protection system will be more mature along with the development of technology, contributing to better prevention, ensures the safety of people’s lives and reduce the impact of economic loss caused by lightning. This article will focus on the analysis of electrical installations and lightning protection measures of high-rise building for future references.

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Chen, Ying, Xiang Ning Wang, and Dong Jie Bao. "Discussion about Several Questions of High-Rise Building Fire Control Electrical Design and Installation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.970.

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This paper mainly discusses the fire control electrical systems set in high-rise building. When designing and installing the fire control electrical system, we should pay close attention to following some aspects to ensure the reliability of the fire protection system: the probe system settings, laying electrical wiring, and electrical fire alarm system settings, fire protection telephone, broadcast system.

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11

Fielding, Geoffrey. "Book Review: Electric Power System Protection:." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 31, no. 1 (January 1994): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099403100124.

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12

Horowitz, Stanley, Damir Novosel, Vahid Madani, and Mark Adamiak. "System-wide Protection." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 6, no. 5 (2008): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2008.927473.

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13

Gerasymenko, V. "Intelligent control and forecasting system the magnitudes of leakage current electrical equipment for heat treatment and drying installations of grain raw materials." Energy and automation, no. 6(52) (November 25, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.06.109.

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One of the effective technical methods of protection against electric shock for heat treatment and drying of grain raw materials is the use of protective switching devices. The use of more advanced devices, which include a leakage current analyzer, allows you to warn and warn service personnel against electric shock and clearly reflect changes in the insulation strength of electrical equipment. The aim of the study is to analyze the existing protective equipment that operates and provides protection by controlling the magnitude of leakage currents and proposing a technical solution that will provide, in addition to protection based on leakage current control, also early warning of the possibility of insulation thresholds. To provide automated real-time control, a technical solution based on the ATmega microcontroller has been developed. The device includes a zero-sequence current transformer to the terminals of the secondary winding which is connected to a protective unit with a leakage current analyzer. The use of a protective switching device, additionally equipped with a leakage current analyzer unit, will allow monitoring the amount of leakage current, warning and informing service personnel about the appearance of dangerous leakage current in 0.38 kV power supply systems for heat treatment and drying of grain.

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14

Bekhti, M., M. Bensaada, and M. Beldjehem. "Design and implementation of a power distribution system adopting overcurrent protection." Aeronautical Journal 124, no. 1281 (July 15, 2020): 1789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2020.60.

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ABSTRACTOne of the most critical aspects of a small satellite is the electrical power system (EPS) since the electrical power is necessary for the satellite to operate correctly during its predefined lifetime. The electrical power system consists mainly of solar cells, batteries, voltage converters and protection circuits. The electrical power system is responsible of providing stable power to the rest of the satellite subsystems.In satellite electrical power systems, overcurrent protection is now becoming an important function handled by the power distribution module (PDM). This paper proposes a method to evaluate the suggested protection. With the proposed procedure we should be able to verify that every possible failure does not travel through the EPS and cause a fatal degradation of the electrical power system. This will allow a complete evaluation of functionality of the protection hardware.This paper discusses the design and implementation of the power distribution module (PDM) for the coming generation of small satellites for the Algerian Space Agency (ASAL). The design must provide a reliable protection for the subsystems from the overcurrent associated with a device failure.

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15

Zhen, Hong Bin, Xiao Feng Zhang, Lian Suo Qi, and Jing Huang. "Research on Short-Delay Adaptive Current Protection Scheme for Shipboard Electrical Power Systems." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 4159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.4159.

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For specific mission and unique configure of Shipboard Electrical Power Systems (SEPS), their relay protection schemes are different from Terrestrial Electrical Power Systems (TEPS). With development of system capacity and network topology, the traditional three-step current protection method can not meet protection demands, which has the feature of off-line setting. Based on the characteristic and requirement of SEPS, a new short-delay adaptive current protection scheme is proposed, which can automatically adjust current settings of short-delay protection on-line according to the system operation state. Simulation results of typical instance verify the feasibility and validity to improve protection performance.

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Tuyou, Si, Wu Jiekang, Yuan Weideng, and Du Anan. "Power supply risk assessment method for relay protection system faults." Archives of Electrical Engineering 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2016-0056.

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Abstract The influence and the potential risk due to hidden faults of a relay protection system on power supply in distribution systems are paid more and more attention to. A probability analysis method is used to analyse fault characteristics and action mechanism of dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation of the relay protection systems, and failure probability model of relay protection system is constructed and simplified. The effects of dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation of the relay protection systems on the reduced power supply load power are analysed, and a probabilistic model for reduced power supply load power is constructed by three parts corresponding to dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation. A probability calculation method of power supply risk occurrence due to hidden faults of relay protecttion system is proposed considering the fault probability of the relay protection systems, the frequency of the hidden faults occurring in operation period, the reduced power supply load power or load power outage, and the connection mode of the in-lines, out-lines and transformers in a substation. The feasibility and applicability of the proposed method for estimation of risk value probability of the relay protection systems is verified by two studied examples.

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17

Lachs, W. R. "A New Horizon for System Protection Systems Schemes." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 11 (November 2002): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4311835.

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Meeuwsen, J. J., W. L. Kling, and W. A. G. A. Ploem. "The Influence of Protection System Failures and Preventive Maintenance on Protection Systems in Distribution Systems." IEEE Power Engineering Review 17, no. 1 (January 1997): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1997.560671.

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Bulychev, A. V., G. P. Okhotkin, D. N. Silanov, S. A. Vasiliev, and V. V. Alekseev. "A Digital Relay Protection System in Electrical Distribution Networks." Russian Electrical Engineering 91, no. 8 (August 2020): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371220080064.

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20

Kalogridis, G., S. Z. Denic, T. Lewis, and R. Cepeda. "Privacy protection system and metrics for hiding electrical events." International Journal of Security and Networks 6, no. 1 (2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsn.2011.039630.

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Lukowicz, Miroslaw, Jan Magott, and Pawel Skrobanek. "ANALYSIS OF TIMING PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 6 (2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070613-3-fr-4909.00009.

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Albinali, Hussain F., and A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos. "Resilient Protection System Through Centralized Substation Protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 33, no. 3 (June 2018): 1418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2017.2789318.

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23

Dai, Hai Feng, Xue Zhe Wei, Ze Chang Sun, and Xue Yu Chang. "Studies of a High Voltage Management System in Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.825.

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Vehicle safety is one of the most important design elements for all types of vehicles designed for use on public streets or roadways. Compared with traditional vehicles, besides other safety issues to be considered, a new issue that is the high voltage management problem should be taken in consideration very carefully in the electric vehicle development. This paper analyses the high voltage system in the electric vehicle and proposed a high voltage management system which implements several functions like power-up and power-down control of the high voltage system, high-voltage-circuit interlock protection, protection of electric leakage of the HV system etc. Because of the high voltage management, the electrical safety goals could be achieved and the protection of human being from high voltage hazardous becomes possible.

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Naylor, J. H. "Developments in Power-System Protection." IEE Review 35, no. 6 (1989): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19890099.

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Gill, H. S., T. S. Sidhu, and M. S. Sachdev. "Microprocessor-based busbar protection system." IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution 147, no. 4 (2000): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-gtd:20000505.

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26

Onah, Aniagboso John. "Investigating Phase Over-Current (OC) Protection in Medium-Voltage networks." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.6.1307.

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Overcurrent protection is protection against excessive currents or current beyond the acceptable current rating of equipment. It generally operates instantly. Short circuit is a type of overcurrent. Magnetic circuit breakers, fuses and overcurrent relays are commonly used to provide overcurrent protection. There is always a need to protect expensive power equipment. Protective relaying is a very important part of any electric power system that comes into play during trouble, fault or abnormal condition. The purpose is to isolate unhealthy part of electrical power system while the rest continue their normal operation. The entire electric power system from source to load centers is exposed and subject to natural hazards. The effects of these hazards are capable of interrupting normal operations of the system. Since these hazards cannot be prevented, precautions are taken to minimize or eliminate their effect on the system. The relay is a basic component of any protection scheme. The information (or signals) received from the power system actuates the relay, when necessary, to perform one or more switching actions. The signals are proportional to the magnitudes and phase angles of power system voltages and currents. When the relay receives these signals, it decides to close (or open) one or more sets of normally open (or closed) contacts, and consequently, the trip coil of a circuit breaker will be energized to open the power circuit. This paper investigates over-current relay protection scheme applied to medium-voltage electrical network. Methods of current and time grading have been applied in the coordination of the overcurrent relays in a radial network. Different time/current characteristics of relays such as the normal inverse (NI), very inverse (VI), and extreme inverse (EI) have been examined in order to obtain optimum discrimination.

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27

Che, Liang, Mohammad E. Khodayar, and Mohammad Shahidehpour. "Adaptive Protection System for Microgrids: Protection practices of a functional microgrid system." IEEE Electrification Magazine 2, no. 1 (March 2014): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mele.2013.2297031.

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Elson Pimentel Nascimento, Jorge, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Gisele De Freitas Lopes. "Electrical Surge Protection Device (SPD): An Alternative to Reduce Material Loss." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1897.

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The SPD is undoubtedly the equipment designed to protect the electronics of any building, one of the protections that together with proper grounding and SPDA, are widely used by industry to protect their equipment and people. This research shows the importance of SPD for electrical installations in general, shows that we still do not have the risk of encircling all electrical protections in our homes, which lead to inquiring. Why not use all safety measures in our residential electrical installations, viewed as people who build a bus camera rated by a qualified professional, to guide their client, explaining to him the importance of a safe installation, ie the values with electrical material are still elevated for safe construction. In this research, some brands of SPD were analyzed and compared as to the method of manufacture, classification and prices, a survey that also did not comply with Law No. 11,337, of July 26, 2006. Determines the obligation that the buildings have a system grounding and electrical installations used with the use of conductor protective earth, as well as making the presence of conductor protective earth mandatory in the electrical appliances it specifies. Law 12,119 / 09, of December 15, 2009, amends art. 2 of Law No. 11,337, of July 26, 2006, to better detail the scope of its content and to adapt the nomenclature used to the technical standards used. "Art. 2 Electrical and electronic equipment, with metal housing marketed in the Country, classified in class I, in accordance with the relevant national technical standards, the items allowed for use in earth protection and with plugs, are also allowed in accordance with Brazilian technical standards.

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Li, Bing. "Application of PLC Technology in Electrical Energy Protection System Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.701.

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With the rapid economic development of the times, modern electrical energy to protect the system design process, by means of the application of PLC technology, not only to ensure that the motor is running with a certain degree of security and reliability, but also to achieve the motor energy conservation and protection, thus promoting the development of China's energy-saving industrial construction.

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Yang, Diange, Weiwei Kong, Bing Li, and Xiaomin Lian. "Intelligent vehicle electrical power supply system with central coordinated protection." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 29, no. 4 (May 16, 2016): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2016.0401.044.

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Panteleev, V. I., I. S. Kuzmin, A. A. Zavalov, A. V. Tikhonov, and E. V. Umetskaia. "Power quality in power supply systems of mining and processing enterprises in Russia." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-3-356-368.

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This paper investigates the effect of the load factor of frequency converters and thyristor converters on electrical power quality. Recommendations for reducing the influence of higher harmonics and switching overvoltages on the characteristics of electrical power are provided. Higher harmonics were measured by a PKK57 complex device for controlling electrical parameters and a digital oscilloscope of the Tektronix TDS 2024V type. Impulse switching overvoltages were recorded by an active resistance divider of the DNEK-10 type and the above-mentioned oscilloscope. The obtained data were processed by the Loginom 6.4 software and the methods of mathematical statistics. The lower threshold level of the load factor of frequency converters and thyristor converters was set equal to 0.8, at which the sinusoidal distortion of voltage curves correspond to the RF standard of electrical power quality. The suppression degree of higher harmonics from the 5th to 17th frequency by power transformers with a capacity of 250–6,300 kV. A ranged from 95 to 45%. The use of the ‘transformer–converter–electric receiver’ system as applied to the power supply systems of mining and processing enterprises was substantiated. It was shown that electric motors with a capacity of up to 2,500 kW inclusively require protection against switching overvoltages. Conventional RC-absorbers based on RC-circuits connected to the terminals of electric motors are shown to be highly efficient for protecting electric motors against switching overvoltages. Thus, the quality of electrical power in power supply systems of mining and processing enterprises in Russia can be ensured by frequency converters and thyristor converters with a load factor of 0.8 or greater. Provided that the transformer capacity does not exceed 1,000 kV. A, a more efficient and less expensive ‘transformer–converter–electrical receiver’ system is recommended. Effective protection of electric motors of up to 2,500 kW inclusive can be provided using the proposed conventional RC absorber, which maintains the overvoltage rate at a level not exceeding 1.7.

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Rosen, P. "Distribution-system protection — the way ahead." Electronics and Power 33, no. 5 (1987): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1987.0210.

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Kropp, T. "System threats and vulnerabilities [power system protection." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 4, no. 2 (March 2006): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpae.2006.1597995.

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Bucci, Giovanni, Fabrizio Ciancetta, Andrea Fioravanti, Edoardo Fiorucci, Simone Mari, and Alberto Prudenzi. "Testing System for the On-Site Checking of Magneto-Thermal Switches with Arc Fault Detection." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 4652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184652.

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Arcing is a harmful condition that can lead to electrical fires. The U.S. National Electrical Code requires the installation of electric arc breakers in all residential areas. However, such devices can fail, and therefore, may not work when needed. At present, there are no tests to confirm the correct operation of this type of device. This study aimed to propose an experimental test method to verify the proper functioning of magneto-thermal switches with an electric arc protection function for the occurrence of arc faults. The results show that the proposed method adequately detected the correct operations and tripping time by using different surge suppressors. The proposed system lays the foundations for a portable test system for the periodic checking of electrical systems in which arc fault detection devices (AFDDs) are installed.

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SANCHEZ RODRIGUEZ, JUAN MANUEL, FRANCISCO JAVIER CARCEL CARRASCO, and MANUEL PASCUAL GUILLAMON. "ADVANCE OF CORROSION ANALYSIS IN ELECTRIC PROTECTION GROUNDING NETWORKS." DYNA 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10052.

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This study presents research on the components of grounding systems, against corrosion, in the field of construction, focusing this research on the coppery joints. This protection or grounding system consists of a direct electrical connection, without the use of protections, from part of the electrical circuit to a grounding with one or more electrodes buried in the ground. Thus, this study was conducted analyzing how the level of condition varied according to the aggressive environments to which they were subjected, the type of jointing of the electrodes and their component materials. For the realization of this objective, different laboratory tests were completed to know in a practical way the internal level of corrosion of the samples. The evolution of electrical resistance in each witness was studied and a metallographic analysis was performed to directly observe through the microscope the effect of corrosion on the coppery joints. In this way, it has been possible to analyze the corrosion behavior of flange joints in grounding systems taking into account their component materials of each type of component material taking into account different environments where they may be installed. Key Words: corrosion, micrographs, protection network, electrical resistance, grounding.

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Haddadi, Aboutaleb, Evangelos Farantatos, Ilhan Kocar, and Ulas Karaagac. "Impact of Inverter Based Resources on System Protection." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041050.

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Inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit different short-circuit characteristics compared to traditional synchronous generators (SGs). Hence, increased uptake of IBRs in the power system is expected to impact the performance of traditional protective relay schemes—set under the assumption of a SG-dominated power system. Protection engineers need to study these challenges and develop remedial solutions ensuring the effectiveness of system protection under higher levels of IBRs. To address this need, this paper studies the impact of IBRs on a variety of protective relay schemes including line distance protection, memory-polarized zero sequence directional protective relay element, negative sequence quantities-based protection, line current differential protection, phase comparison protection, rate-of-change-of-frequency, and power swing detection. For each protection function, potential misoperation scenarios are identified, and recommendations are provided to address the misoperation issue. The objective is to provide an improved understanding of the way IBRs may negatively impact the performance of traditional protection schemes as a first step towards developing future remedial solutions ensuring effective protection under high share of IBRs.

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Osintsev, Anatoly A., Aleksandra I. Naumova, and Elena I. Gracheva. "Analysis of distance protection’s operation in cases of deep saturation of current transformers." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801095.

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There is usually no information about permissible error of current transformers in modes succeed by large relative short-circuit current, at which microprocessor-based protections operate stably. By this reason, it is necessary to use data, defined for analog relays. It leads to value appreciation of a project because it is often essential to reduce current transformers’ error in case of a short circuit fault. Therefore, it is necessary to define the value of current transformers’ error, permitted for impedance relays. Conclusions of fundamental and applied sciences (mathematical analysis, theoretical foundations of electrical engineering, theory of simulation), analytical methods of researching nonlinear circuits and digital signal processing were used. A simulation model was created for setting overall tests of the current trans-former (CT) system. It was a relay protection device that reflected all the important properties of studied objects and allowed an analysis of digital distance protection’s operation at high levels of short-circuit currents. The factors influ-encing over digital distance protection’s operation in case of deep saturation of CTs were revealed, and a certain algorithm for definition of the permissible CT errors was proposed. Stable operation of digital distance protection was observed in case of a fault nearby the place of current transformers’ setting in all theoretically possible combinations of electrical system’s power and length of a protected electric power transmission line. It is valid if electric load choice is carried with account for stable protection’s operation in condition of a fault in the computational point and if voltage swell in secondary wirings is infeasible.

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Shkrabets, Fedir, Sergej Plaksin, Valeriy Kuznetsov, Oleksandr Ostapchuk, Irina Tymchenko, and Antonina Muntian. "Quick-response protection system against electric shock in distributed generation systems." Diagnostyka 22, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29354/diag/141231.

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Marei, Marwa M., Manal H. Nawir, and Ali Abdul Razzaq Altahir. "An improved technique for power transformer protection using fuzzy logic protective relaying." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i3.pp1754-1760.

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The three-phase power transformer in the transmission or distribution substations represents one of the essential devices on electric power networks. Losing this devise cause a disconnection of the power utility to a large number of electrical loads. The robust protection system must be designed to protect the device during abnormal operations. A complete protection system for a poly-phase power transformer for one of the Karbala transmission networks (East Karbala substation) is modeled and simulated, adopting a fuzzy logic protective relaying using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. This study discusses fuzzy logic-based relaying for a power transformer safety, as well as internal faults that are clearly identified. Two principles of operation are used to protect the transformer; differential relay and overcurrent relay. The differential relay is proposed as the unit protection, while the overcurrent is backup protection. The proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to detect abnormal operation; it is also modeled to organize the operation between unit and backup protection. The numerical results clarify that the proposed model can perform fast, rigorous, and authoritative protection for the transformer. Also, modeling of the protection mode decreases the complexity of designing various subsystem and combining them in one controller.

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Barbosa Soares, Gabriel, Djanielson De Oliveira Pereira, Livia Da Silva Oliveira, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Manoel Henrique Reis Nascimento. "Implementation of the TN-C-S Scheme in an Ungrounded Low Voltage Electrical Installation in Manaus / AM." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1954.

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This paper is intended to formulate a hypothesis for the implementation of a grounding system in a low voltage electrical installation in the city of Manaus. According to ABRACOPEL and PROCOBRE 48% of Brazilian properties do not have a protection conductor and according to NBR 5410 and NBR 5419 the grounding system is of crucial importance, both for the protection of the building, as well as the human being; Inserted in this context, the present article seeks to report a method applied by the author for the implementation of a reliable grounding system that fits the Manaus Electric Power System.

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Sidhu, T. S., D. A. Tziouvaras, A. P. Apostolov, C. H. Castro, S. R. Chano, S. H. Horowitz, W. O. Kennedy, et al. "Protection issues during system restoration." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 20, no. 1 (January 2005): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2004.839734.

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Kirui, Kemei Peter, David K. Murage, and Peter K. Kihato. "Fuse-Fuse Protection Scheme ETAP Model for IEEE 13 Node Radial Test Distribution Feeder." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 9 (September 29, 2019): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1549.

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According to NEC 240.101 regulations each and every component of a power system distribution network has to have an over-current protective device (OCPD) for its protection. The OCPDs must coordinate with other devices both upstream and downstream for a reliable operation and protection of the power systems distribution network. There are four equipment/components for the IEEE 13 node radial test feeder each modelled in this paper to be protected by fuses. These components are namely the nodes, the underground cables, the overhead distribution lines and the transformers. Equipment protection is an important and necessary exercise of performing power systems protection coordination processes. The equipment and their over-current protective device’s time-current characteristic (TCC) curves are important tools used to show and to indicate the protection requirements, landmark points and damage curves for all power systems equipment. Individual equipment protection requirements and limitations are described and identified by use of their various landmarks and damage curves. These damage curves and the landmark points are all superimposed with the Time-Current Characteristic curves of the Over-Current Protective Devices used in protecting the equipment on one composite TCC graph. Equipment damage curves which fall to the right and above the Over-Current Protective Device’s TCC curves with sufficient margins are considered to be protected by the OCPDs. Equipment damage curves which fall to the left and below the OCPD’s TCC curves are considered not to be protected by the OCPDs. IEEE Standard 241 states that on all power systems, the OCPDs should be selected and set to open before the Ampacity mark, the short circuit damage curves, and both the thermal and the mechanical damage curves limits of the protected components are exceeded. This paper presents a detailed Fuse-Fuse protection scheme for the IEEE 13 node radial test feeder as modeled on the Electrical Transients Analysis Program (ETAP).

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Lv, Yan Ling, Bao Jun Ge, Shuo Wang, and Hong Zhe Bai. "EHV Generator Loss of Field Protection Research in Electrical Power System." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.255.

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the loss-of-field failure of synchronous generator is having an increasingly impact on the generator itself and the external power grid security. EHV (Extra High Voltage) generator is a new type of generator that can be directly connected to grid. Therefore, research on EHV generator’s loss-of-field failure is of realistic significance. This paper first draws from simulation analysis the changes of electrical parameters during the loss-of-field process of the EHV generator, and then analyzes the load-angle characteristics and generator terminal impedance characteristics during the loss-of-field process, and finally using the analytical results determines the EHV generator loss-of-field protection program to provide reference data to the protection of EHV generator running.

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Huang, Li-Chien, Hong-Chan Chang, Cheng-Chung Chen, and Cheng-Chien Kuo. "A ZigBee-based monitoring and protection system for building electrical safety." Energy and Buildings 43, no. 6 (June 2011): 1418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.02.001.

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Hill, Jeff, and Ken Behrendt. "Upgrading power system protection." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 15, no. 5 (September 2009): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2009.933401.

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MAKINO, Yoshinori, and Koji TAKAHASHI. "Verification of Control and Protection System Using Power System Simulator." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 128, no. 5 (2008): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.128.299.

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Zhang, Li, Kun Yang, and Li Mei He. "Study on Electrical Characteristics of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters in Medium Voltage Power System." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1073.

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The index system for electrical characteristics of metal-oxide surge arresters is proposed and established, which is based on rated voltage (Ur), continuous operating voltage (Uc), nominal discharge current (In), overvoltage protection and insulation coordination including lightning overvoltage protection level, operating overvoltage protection level and coordination coefficient (Ks). The study considers both selection and application of overvoltage protection devices for the electrical equipments in 3-35kV medium voltage power system, and comparatively calculates and analyzes the main parameters between two types metal-oxide surge arresters (without gaps and containing series gapped structures), and illustrates their technical features and puts forward suggestions on how to improve the effective utilization. The results of 10kV power distribution system are simulated to show that the conclusions are feasible and available in the practical engineering application.

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Botao, Xu, Fang Zhikai, Zhang Bin, Lv Jinghui, and Liu Yugang. "Electromagnetic Isolation and Electrical Protection in Spacecraft General Assembly." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817301037.

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Spacecraft is always equipotential connected. Faults in grounding cause electromagnetic dysfunction for airborne equipment or subsystems, which can be fatal for a satellite mission. Consequences of electromagnetic problems were evaluated in his paper on system level, and typical scenarios of electromagnetic interference were analysed, based on which a recommended system grounding model was put forward. In the end, measures for electromagnetic isolation and protection in spacecraft general assembly were introduced and analysed.

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Negara, I. Made Yulistya, Daniar Fahmi, Dimas Anton Asfani, IGN Satriyadi Hernanda, Rendi Bagus Pratama, and Arief Budi Ksatria. "Investigation and Improvement of Standard External Lightning Protection System: Industrial Case Study." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144118.

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In this study, the lightning protection system and grounding system of one plant of the petrochemical industry were investigated, evaluated, and improved. The methods used in this study were rolling sphere and angle protection methods. The grounding system of the building under study was modeled and simulated using ATP/EMTP (Alternative Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transient Program) software. The results show that the external lightning protection system of the prilling tower studied does not adhere to IEC 62305 and IEC 1024-1-1 standards. Moreover, the grounding configuration of the DCS building was not appropriate for protecting sensitive equipment inside. Lightning causes an enormous potential difference between lightning ground rods in the grounding system. Additionally, disabling the existing surge protective device (SPD) causes an increase in the magnitude of Ground Potential Rise at the DCS building. Improvement of the lightning protection system of the prilling tower and DCS building on Plant 1 of this petrochemical company as well as some other recommendations for improvements are proposed. This paper also shows evidence that external lightning protection, internal lightning protection, and the grounding system need to be connected to make an exemplary lightning protection system.

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Huai, Wen Jun, Zhou Xing Fu, and Xiao Fan Wu. "An Improvement to Single-Phase RCD Based on MSP430." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6986–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6986.

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A new type residual current protector is designed in this paper. Using residual magnetic flux and the resonance voltage as leakage current signal in iron core, when there are residual current in power suply system, the device can automatically take relevant actions according to the real-time residual current value that is detected by detection circuit. The protector can be used to against electric shock and protect a ground fault. When the protection is occurred, the residual current protective device (RCD) possesses the inverse time lag function, ideal time delay and the automatic reclosing function. It also transmits the fault information to control center by the inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus. Resonant circuit can avoid live parts injury, which limit the current value through contact resistance, and does not interrupt the work of electrical equipment. So the RCD can be used in all kinds of low voltage single-phase system that will snsure the safety and the reliability of the power supply.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical system protection'

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