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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical wire explosion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 13 July 2025

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1

Meng, Yang, Meng yuan Tang, Haruki Xue, Weidong Ding, Youngman Zhang, and Yana Wang. "The optical diagnosis of electrical wire explosion under a microsecond current pulse." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 9 (2022): 094706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101713.

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Electrical wire explosions have many applications in scientific research and industry. Optical diagnosis is a powerful method to clarify the evolutionary process of such explosions. In this paper, an experimental platform was established to diagnose the optical radiation of electrical wire explosions. A low-jitter trigatron switch and its trigger generator were designed to ensure accurate synchronization. The spatial–temporal evolution process and the self-emission spectrum of electrical explosion plasmas from different wires (copper and tantalum) were obtained and analyzed. The optical diagnosis results indicated that the electrical explosion of copper wire was mainly characterized by the inhomogeneity of partial ionization and the rapid expansion of the discharge channel. The spectrum in the early discharge stage of the copper wire electrical explosion was a continuum, and most of the self-radiation spectral lines belonged to Cu I or Cu II. At the later stage of the plasma dissipation process, the continuous spectrum gradually transformed into a line spectrum. The development of the tantalum wire discharge channel was relatively uniform, and the plasma was mainly established in the gas–liquid mixed phase channel of the tantalum wire. The self-emission spectrum of the tantalum wire was always continuous, and the absorption process of line spectrum radiation was distinct.

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2

Krasik, Ya E., A. Fedotov, D. Sheftman, et al. "Underwater electrical wire explosion." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (2010): 034020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/19/3/034020.

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3

Maler, D., M. Liverts, S. Efimov, A. Virozub, and Ya E. Krasik. "Addressing the critical parameters for overdamped underwater electrical explosion of wire." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 10 (2022): 102703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118003.

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Experimental and magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation results and analysis of a μs- and sub- μs-timescale overdamped underwater electrical explosion of copper wires having different lengths and diameters are presented. For these explosions, ∼80% of the energy stored in the pulse generator is deposited into the wire during a time comparable or shorter than a quarter period of the underdamped discharge. It was found that the threshold values of the deposited energy density, energy density rate, and energy density per unit area, which satisfy overdamped discharge, depend on the wire parameters and on the timescale of the explosion. It was shown that the mechanism responsible for this is the process during which the wire experiences phase transitions to a low-ionized plasma, the resistivity of which is determined by the electron–neutral collision rate, which, in turn, depends on the wire radial expansion velocity, current density, and temperature.

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4

Gilburd, L., S. Efimov, A. Fedotov Gefen, et al. "Modified wire array underwater electrical explosion." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 2 (2012): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034611000851.

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AbstractThe results of experiments involving underwater electrical explosion of different wire arrays using an outer metallic cylinder as a shock reflector are presented. A pulse generator with a stored energy of about 6 kJ, current amplitude ≤ 500 kA, and rise time of 350 ns was used for the wire array explosion. The results of the experiments and of hydrodynamic simulations showed that in the case of a Cu wire array explosion, the addition of the reflector increases the pressure and temperature of the water in the vicinity of the implosion axis about 1.38 and about 1.33 times, respectively. Also, it was shown that in the case of an Al wire array explosion with stainless steel reflector, Al combustion results, and, accordingly, additional energy is delivered to the converging water flow generating about 540 GPa pressure in the vicinity of the explosion axis. Finally, it was found that microsecond time scale light emission that appears with microsecond time scale delay with respect to the nanosecond time scale self-light emission of the compressed water in the vicinity of the implosion axis is related to water bubbles formation which scattered light of exploded wires.

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5

Liu, Simin, Yongmin Zhang, Yong Lu, and Shaojie Zhang. "One hundred kilojoules of energy storage in water wire electric explosion deposition energy study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2087, no. 1 (2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2087/1/012006.

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Abstract In this experiment, the electro-explosive deposition energy in water of aluminum-magnesium welding wire model ER5356 at 100 kJ capacitive storage energy was investigated. The loop current and the load discharge voltage during the wire electrical explosion were measured using a self-integrating Roche coil and a capacitive voltage divider, respectively. The physical process of electrical explosion and the energy deposition process were delineated by the measured loop currents and load voltages. The current waveform and load voltage of the electric explosion in water of 1.2 mm-3.0 mm diameter Al-Mg wire at 100 kJ stored energy were measured; the changes of load resistance value, load power and deposition energy of the wire loaded with electric explosion were calculated. The results show that the peak circuit current and peak time point decrease and then increase with increasing diameter, and the minimum value is achieved at 1.6 mm wire diameter; the load voltage and load resistance values gradually decrease with increasing diameter; the load power and total deposited energy of discharge achieve the maximum value at 2.0 mm diameter. At 100 kJ energy storage, there is an optimal range between 1.6 mm and 2.4 mm wire diameter.

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6

Bi, Xue Song, and Liang Zhu. "Joule Energy Deposition in Segmented Metal Wire Electrical Explosion." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.363.

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Electrical explosion of wire has a prosperous future in fine powder producing. In the process of electrical explosion of segmented metal wire (EESW),energy deposited in the wire was influenced by process variables such as the initial charging voltage of the capacitors, the length and the diameter of the segmented wire,and the electrode spacing. For understanding their relation completely, a series of experiments of electrical explosion was carried out with variations of the initial charging voltage and the segmented wire lengths and diameter. Results show that, energy deposition efficiency was weakly dependent on the wire length , whereas it has a strong dependence on the wire diameter, the initial charging voltage of the capacitors have an important influence on the energy deposition.

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7

Shi, Zongqian, Guiling Fu, Kun Wang, and Ziyang Cao. "Numerical investigation of negative polarity electrical explosion of aluminum wire in vacuum." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 11 (2022): 112709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104349.

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Numerical investigation was carried out on the evolution of inhomogeneous energy deposition of polarity effects in negative polarity electrical explosion of aluminum wire in vacuum. First, radial electric field distribution of the aluminum wire was simulated. The results showed that the initial electric field near electrodes was much smaller than that in the middle of the wire. A model of electrical wire explosion based on ZEUS-EW with artificial limitation on breakdown time of the aluminum wire was used to simulate the behavior of inhomogeneous energy deposition of the polarity effect. The complete evolution process of electrical explosion of the aluminum wire with inhomogeneous energy deposition was further explored and qualitatively divided into three stages according to the simulation results. Finally, the influence of some factors on the inhomogeneous energy deposition simulation was investigated. This study provides some help for a better understanding of the polarity effect in the process of wire explosion.

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8

Grinenko, Alon, Arkady Sayapin, Sergey Efimov, Alexander Fedotov, and Yakov E. Krasik. "Last Progress in Underwater Electrical Wire Explosion." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 128, no. 1 (2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.128.31.

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9

Fedotov, A., D. Sheftman, V. Tz Gurovich, et al. "Spectroscopic research of underwater electrical wire explosion." Physics of Plasmas 15, no. 8 (2008): 082704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2973176.

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10

Krasik, Y. E., A. Grinenko, A. Sayapin, et al. "Underwater Electrical Wire Explosion and Its Applications." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, no. 2 (2008): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.918766.

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11

Oreshkin, V. I. "Thermal instability during an electrical wire explosion." Physics of Plasmas 15, no. 9 (2008): 092103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2966121.

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12

Grinenko, A., A. Sayapin, V. Tz Gurovich, S. Efimov, J. Felsteiner, and Ya E. Krasik. "Underwater electrical explosion of a Cu wire." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 2 (2005): 023303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835562.

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13

Romanova, V. M., S. A. Pikuz, A. E. Ter-Oganesyan, A. R. Mingaleev, T. A. Shelkovenko, and S. I. Tkachenko. "Nanosecond electrical explosion of micron diameter wire." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 56, S2 (2006): B349—B356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-006-0221-4.

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14

Henzan, Ryo, Yoshikazu Higa, Osamu Higa, Ken Shimojima, and Shigeru Itoh. "Numerical Simulation of Electrical Discharge Characteristics Induced by Underwater Wire Explosion." Materials Science Forum 910 (January 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.910.72.

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The underwater shock-wave phenomenon has been applied in various fields such as manufacturing and food processing and was investigated using many experimental and numerical analyses in the past. An underwater shock-wave is produced by various methods, e.g., underwater wire explosion and pulse-gap electrical discharge. Therefore, clarifying the shock characteristics depending on the stored electrical energy, wire dimension and material is extremely important. However, predicting the pressure and its distribution induced by underwater electrical wire explosion is hard because the phenomena associated with an elementary process are significantly complicated. In this study, to predict the discharge characteristics induced by underwater electrical wire explosion, numerical simulation based on the “simplified model of underwater electrical discharge” was performed. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental ones.

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15

Liu, Zhigang, Dun Qian, Cong Xu, Liuxia Li, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Unbalanced distribution of electric current in underwater electrical wire array explosion." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 18 (2022): 185205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac50d0.

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Abstract The uniformity of electric current distribution in a wire array and its unstable behavior during the process of underwater electrical explosion have been investigated. Two exploding wires in parallel were used in the experiments and the current waveforms flowing through each wire were obtained using two self-integrating coils. Significant differences in the current waveforms of the two wires were observed near the melting point, which was attributed to the non-simultaneity of heating and phase transition. Unbalanced current distribution caused by the deviations of wire dimensions was analyzed based on a magneto-hydrodynamic model, and the simulation results show that thermodynamic state difference between two wires is present throughout the entire electrical explosion process. It is also found that the initial stored energy of pulse generator will affect the thermodynamic state evolution of exploding wires, resulting in different behaviors of current distribution after the explosion time. The slightly different heating rate caused by unbalanced current distribution in a wire array can break the symmetry of converging shock waves and lower the pressure peak in the vicinity of implosion axis, which was discussed based on the two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations.

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16

Liu, Zhigang, Cong Xu, Yangyang Fu, Peng Wang, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Molecular dynamics study of liquid–vapor transition in underwater electrical wire explosion." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 12 (2022): 123503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122202.

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During underwater electrical wire explosion, liquid–vapor transitions are crucial to the energy deposition and the generation of shock waves. To explore the characteristics of liquid–vapor transition during electrical explosions in water, a large-scale molecular simulation method was designed. The modeling scales experimental exploding wires to nano-size and then tracks the motion of each atom. The surrounding water medium was simplified as an expanding wall, whose velocity was determined by experimental steak images. Using this model, the phase transition processes at different energy deposition rates were compared. The results show that high energy deposition rates can make the discontinuous liquid–vapor phase transition disappear, forming an axially uniform vapor column, while slow energy injection will change the exploding wire into a foamlike liquid–vapor mixture at a subcritical temperature. The different shapes of wire–water interfaces in the experimental shadowgraphs can be explained by these features of liquid–vapor transition.

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17

LI, Chen, Ruoyu HAN, Yi LIU, et al. "Discharge and post-explosion behaviors of electrical explosion of conductors from a single wire to planar wire array." Plasma Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (2021): 015507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ac3972.

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Abstract This work deals with an experimental study of a Cu planar wire array (PWA) in air and water under the stored energy 300–1200 J. A single Cu wire is adopted as a controlled trial. Four configurations of PWA and a wire with the same mass (cross-section area) but the different specific surface areas (15–223 cm2 g−1) are exploded. The transient process is analyzed using high-speed photography in combination with the results of optical emission and discharge. Discharge characteristics revealed that PWA always has a higher electric power peak, early but higher voltage peak, as well as faster vaporization and ionization process than the single-wire case. Two to three times stronger optical emission could be obtained when replacing the single-wire with PWA, indicating a higher energy-density state is reached. Phenomenologically, in both air and water, single-wire load tends to develop a transverse stratified structure, while PWA is dominated by the uneven energy deposition among wires. Finally, the synchronism and uniformity of the PWA explosion are discussed.

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18

Kim, Wonbaek, Je-shin Park, Chang-yul Suh, Sung-wook Cho, and Sujeong Lee. "Ti-Cr Nanoparticles Prepared by Electrical Wire Explosion." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 50, no. 9 (2009): 2344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2009190.

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19

Sarkisov, G. S., B. S. Bauer, and J. S. De Groot. "Homogeneous electrical explosion of tungsten wire in vacuum." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 73, no. 2 (2001): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1358422.

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20

Virozub, A., V. Tz Gurovich, D. Yanuka, O. Antonov, and Ya E. Krasik. "Addressing optimal underwater electrical explosion of a wire." Physics of Plasmas 23, no. 9 (2016): 092708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4963002.

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21

Li, Chen, Ruo-Yu Han, Yi Liu, Chen-Yang Zhang, Ji-Ting Ouyang, and Wei-Dong Ding. "Comparison of electrical wire explosion characteristics of single wire and wire array in air." Acta Physica Sinica 69, no. 7 (2020): 075203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.69.20191797.

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22

Pustovalov, Alexei, Vladimir An, and Jin-Chun Kim. "Optimal Modes for the Fabrication of Aluminum Nanopowders by the Electrical Explosion of Wires." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1738949.

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The paper is aimed at studying the impact of initial conditions of electrical explosion of wires on energy characteristics of the explosion and some other properties of the obtained aluminum powders. Explosion modes where the energy input into the wire has the maximal level were found. These modes are optimal for fabrication of powders with the best properties. The powders have the highest value of the specific surface of 14.5 m2/g, a narrow histogram of the particle size distribution, and a narrow distribution histogram with a high polydispersity coefficient of 0.7.

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23

Zhao Junping, 赵军平, 张乔根 Zhang Qiaogen, 周庆 Zhou Qing, 燕文宇 Yan Wenyu, and 邱爱慈 Qiu Aici. "Optical diagnosis of electrical explosion process of aluminum wire." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 3 (2012): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20122403.0544.

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24

Li, Liuxia, Dun Qian, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Effect of Deposition Energy on Underwater Electrical Wire Explosion." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 46, no. 10 (2018): 3444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2018.2811124.

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25

Rososhek, A., S. Efimov, M. Nitishinski, et al. "Spherical wire arrays electrical explosion in water and glycerol." Physics of Plasmas 24, no. 12 (2017): 122705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5000037.

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26

Tkachenko, S. I., and N. I. Kuskova. "Dynamics of phase transitions at electrical explosion of wire." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 11, no. 10 (1999): 2223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/11/10/009.

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27

Oreshkin, V. I., S. A. Chaikovsky, N. A. Ratakhin, A. Grinenko, and Ya E. Krasik. "“Water bath” effect during the electrical underwater wire explosion." Physics of Plasmas 14, no. 10 (2007): 102703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2789990.

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28

Veksler, Dekel, Arkady Sayapin, Sergey Efimov, and Yakov E. Krasik. "Characterization of Different Wire Configurations in Underwater Electrical Explosion." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 37, no. 1 (2009): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.2006176.

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29

Zou, Xiao-Bing, Zhi-Guo Mao, Xin-Xin Wang, and Wei-Hua Jiang. "Nanopowder production by gas-embedded electrical explosion of wire." Chinese Physics B 22, no. 4 (2013): 045206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/22/4/045206.

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30

Tkachenko, S. I., V. M. Romanova, A. R. Mingaleev, A. E. Ter-Oganesyan, T. A. Shelkovenko, and S. A. Pikuz. "Study of plasma parameter’s distribution upon electrical wire explosion." European Physical Journal D 54, no. 2 (2009): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2008-00258-0.

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31

Kurlyandskaya G. V., Arkhipov A. V., Beketov I. V., et al. "Magnetocaloric effect of FeNi magnetic nanoparticles obtained by the electrical explosion of wire technique." Physics of the Solid State 65, no. 6 (2023): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2023.06.56092.25h.

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In this work the structure, magnetic properties and of the magnetocaloric effect of the large batches of magnetic FeNi nanoparticles were studied for selected compositions close to the invar. Nanoparticles were synthesized by the method of the electric explosion of wire using various technological parameters ensuring the difference in their dispersion parameters. The main variable parameter was the degree of overheating of the wire material. The use of different technological conditions for obtaining batches of nanoparticles ensured the difference in their dispersion parameters. Keywords: electric explosion of wire, magnetic nanoparticles, invar composition, magnetic properties, magnetocaloric effect.

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32

Kim, Won-Baek, Je-Shin Park, and Chang-Youl Suh. "Ag-Cu Powders Prepared by Electrical Wire Explosion of Cu-plated Ag Wires." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 14, no. 5 (2007): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2007.14.5.320.

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33

Maler, D., A. Rososhek, S. Efimov, A. Virozub, and Ya E. Krasik. "Efficient target acceleration using underwater electrical explosion of wire array." Journal of Applied Physics 129, no. 3 (2021): 034901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034435.

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34

Lee, Sujeong, Wonbaek Kim, Je-shin Park, Chang-yul Suh, and Sung-wook Cho. "Microstructure of Ti-Cr Nanoparticles Prepared by Electrical Wire Explosion." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 52, no. 2 (2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2010277.

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35

Shi, Huantong, Guofeng Yin, Xingwen Li, et al. "Electrical wire explosion as a source of underwater shock waves." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 54, no. 40 (2021): 403001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac10a3.

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36

Han, Ruoyu, Chen Li, Wei Yuan, et al. "Experiments on plasma dynamics of electrical wire explosion in air." High Voltage 7, no. 1 (2022): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/hve2.12184.

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37

Fedotov-Gefen, A., S. Efimov, L. Gilburd, et al. "Extreme water state produced by underwater wire-array electrical explosion." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 22 (2010): 221502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3446832.

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38

Grinenko, A., Ya E. Krasik, S. Efimov, A. Fedotov, V. Tz Gurovich, and V. I. Oreshkin. "Nanosecond time scale, high power electrical wire explosion in water." Physics of Plasmas 13, no. 4 (2006): 042701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2188085.

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39

Li, Zhenhan, Hua Li, Cunwen Tang, Guanghong Wang, Xiaohua Bao, and Ge Gao. "Preliminary study on electrical wire explosion utilized in pyro-breaker." Fusion Engineering and Design 209 (December 2024): 114726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114726.

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40

Bagazeev, A. V., Yu A. Kotov, A. I. Medvedev, et al. "Characteristics of ZrO2 nanopowders produced by electrical explosion of wire." Nanotechnologies in Russia 5, no. 9-10 (2010): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995078010090107.

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41

Kim, Wonbaek, Je-shin Park, Chang-yul Suh, Jong-Gwan Ahn, and Jae-chun Lee. "Cu–Ni–P alloy nanoparticles prepared by electrical wire explosion." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 465, no. 1-2 (2008): L4—L6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.146.

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42

Efimov, S., L. Gilburd, A. Fedotov-Gefen, V. Tz Gurovich, J. Felsteiner, and Ya E. Krasik. "Aluminum micro-particles combustion ignited by underwater electrical wire explosion." Shock Waves 22, no. 3 (2012): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-012-0361-3.

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43

Shi, Huantong, Xiaobing Zou, and Xinxin Wang. "Fully vaporized electrical explosion of bare tungsten wire in vacuum." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 13 (2016): 134105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4963758.

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44

Yavorovsky, Nikolay, Peter Balukhtin, Young-Soon Kwon, and Ji-Soon Kim. "Application of Nanodispersed Powders Produced by Wire Electrical Explosion Method." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 10, no. 3 (2003): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2003.10.3.151.

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45

Tanaka, Shigeru, Daisuke Inao, Kouki Hasegawa, Kazuyuki Hokamoto, Pengwan Chen, and Xin Gao. "Graphene Formation through Pulsed Wire Discharge of Graphite Strips in Water: Exfoliation Mechanism." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (2021): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051223.

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This study aims to clarify the mechanism of exfoliation of graphene through electrical pulsed wire discharge (PWD) of a graphite strip, made by the compression of inexpensive expanded graphite in water. The explosion of the graphite strip was visualized using a high-speed video camera. During the energized heating of the sample, explosions, accompanied by shock waves due to expansion of gas inside the sample, occurred at various locations of the sample, and the sample started to expand rapidly. The exfoliated graphene was observed as a region with low light transmittance. The PWD phenomenon of graphite strips, a type of porous material, is reasonably explained by the change in electrical resistivity of the sample during discharge and the light emission due to energy transition of the excited gas.

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46

Shi Huan-Tong, Zou Xiao-Bing, Zhao Shen, Zhu Xin-Lei, and Wang Xin-Xin. "Numerical simulation of energy deposition improvment in electrical wire explosion using a parallel wire." Acta Physica Sinica 63, no. 14 (2014): 145206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.63.145206.

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47

Kim, Wonbaek, Sujeong Lee, Chang-yul Suh, et al. "Electrical Wire Explosion of Cr-Coated Ti Wire in N₂ Gas." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 51, no. 11 (2010): 2125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2010205.

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48

Smirnov, O.P., V.G. Zhekul, E.I. Taftai, O.V. Khvoshchan, and I.S. Shvets. "Experimental Study of Pressure Waves at the Electrical Wire Explosion under High Hydrostatic Pressures." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 54(6) (December 15, 2018): 30–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1968903.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effect of hydrostatic pressure, charging voltage, stored discharge energy, and conductor diameter on the amplitude of the pressure wave in the electric wire explosion in water. It is shown that the amplitude of the pressure wave generated in a liquid increases with an increase in the stored energy and charging voltage, and with the optimum diameter of the wire, which provides the maximum amplitude of the pressure wave. When the hydrostatic pressure was raised, the amplitude of the generated pressure wave reduced for a thin initiating wire (0.14 mm dia. wire was used) and no effect on a thick wire (0.5 mm or larger diameter). Moreover, the paper indicates the need to ensure a good hard contact between the electrodes of the electrode system and the metallic wire during the electrical explosion of a wire in a liquid, otherwise there is the loss of the efficiency of the mechanical action due to a decrease in the amplitude of the pressure wave.

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49

Sarathi, Ramanujam, Binu Sankar, and Satyanarayanan Chakravarthy. "Influence of Nano Aluminium Powder Produced by Wire Explosion Process at Different Ambience on Hydrogen Generation." Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 4 (2010): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0030-7.

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Influence of Nano Aluminium Powder Produced by Wire Explosion Process at Different Ambience on Hydrogen Generation Nano-aluminium particles are produced through the wire explosion process in different gas medium. The particles produced by wire explosion process, in helium medium are of smaller size compared to argon/nitrogen medium. The nano aluminium powder on reaction with water forms oxides having bayerite and boehmite structure. It is observed that nano aluminium on reaction with KOH solution at room temperature it forms bayerite. The results of the study were confirmed through Wide Angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) studies. The reaction of nano aluminium powder with KOH solution/water indicates that the rate of hydrogen generation is high when nano aluminium powder reacts with KOH solution than with water. The rate of hydrogen generation gets reduced drastically when the nano aluminium powder which is exposed to air medium for some period is used for reaction with KOH/water. It is also observed that the rate of hydrogen generation is high with nano size aluminium particles compared with ultrafine particles.

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Krasik, Yakov E., Sergei Efimov, Daniel Sheftman, et al. "Underwater Electrical Explosion of Wires and Wire Arrays and Generation of Converging Shock Waves." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44, no. 4 (2016): 412–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2015.2513757.

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