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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrically-small metamaterials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ghosh, Bratin, and Susmita Ghosh. "Gain enhancement of an electrically small antenna array using metamaterials." Applied Physics A 102, no. 2 (2010): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5984-6.

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2

Gong, Yongkang, Kang Li, Nigel Copner, et al. "Integrated and spectrally selective thermal emitters enabled by layered metamaterials." Nanophotonics 10, no. 4 (2021): 1285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0578.

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Abstract Nanophotonic engineering of light–matter interaction at subwavelength scale allows thermal radiation that is fundamentally different from that of traditional thermal emitters and provides exciting opportunities for various thermal-photonic applications. We propose a new kind of integrated and electrically controlled thermal emitter that exploits layered metamaterials with lithography-free and dielectric/metallic nanolayers. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that the proposed concept can create a strong photonic bandgap in the visible regime and allow small impedance mismatch at the infrared wavelengths, which gives rise to optical features of significantly enhanced emissivity at the broad infrared wavelengths of 1.4–14 μm as well as effectively suppressed emissivity in the visible region. The electrically driven metamaterial devices are optically and thermally stable at temperatures up to ∼800 K with electro-optical conversion efficiency reaching ∼30%. We believe that the proposed high-efficiency thermal emitters will pave the way toward integrated infrared light source platforms for various thermal-photonic applications and particularly provide a novel alternative for cost-effective, compact, low glare, and energy-efficient infrared heating.

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3

Zhou, Cheng, Guangming Wang, and Yu Xiao. "Planar Dual-Band Electrically Small Antenna Based on Double-Negative Metamaterials." Journal of Computer and Communications 03, no. 03 (2015): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2015.33005.

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4

Shaw, Tarakeswar, and Debasis Mitra. "Efficient design of electrically small antenna using metamaterials for wireless applications." CSI Transactions on ICT 6, no. 1 (2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40012-017-0186-4.

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5

Jacobsen, Rasmus E., Andrei V. Lavrinenko, and Samel Arslanagić. "Electrically Small Water-Based Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (2019): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224848.

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Recently, water has been proposed as an interesting candidate for use in applications such as tunable microwave metamaterials and dielectric resonator antennas due to its high and temperature-dependent permittivity. In the present work, we considered an electrically small water-based dielectric resonator antenna made of a short monopole encapsulated by a hemispherical water cavity. The fundamental dipole resonances supported by the water cavity were used to match the short monopole to its feed line as well as the surrounding free space. Specifically, a magnetic (electric) dipole resonance was exploited for antenna designs with a total efficiency of 29.5% (15.6%) and a reflection coefficient of −24.1 dB (−10.9 dB) at 300 MHz. The dipole resonances were effectively excited with different monopole lengths and positions as well as different cavity sizes or different frequencies in the same cavity. The overall size of the optimum design was 18 times smaller than the free-space wavelength, representing the smallest water-based antenna to date. A prototype antenna was characterized, with an excellent agreement achieved between the numerical and experimental results. The proposed water-based antennas may serve as cheap and easy-to-fabricate tunable alternatives for use in very high frequency (VHF) and the low end of ultrahigh frequency (UHF) bands for a great variety of applications.

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6

Huang, Ming Da, and Soon Yim Tan. "EFFICIENT ELECTRICALLY SMALL PROLATE SPHEROIDAL ANTENNAS COATED WITH A SHELL OF DOUBLE-NEGATIVE METAMATERIALS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 82 (2008): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier08031604.

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7

Sikdar, Debabrata, and Alexei A. Kornyshev. "An electro-tunable Fabry–Perot interferometer based on dual mirror-on-mirror nanoplasmonic metamaterials." Nanophotonics 8, no. 12 (2019): 2279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0317.

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AbstractMirror-on-mirror nanoplasmonic metamaterials, formed on the basis of voltage-controlled reversible self-assembly of sub-wavelength-sized metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on thin metallic film electrodes, are promising candidates for novel electro-tunable optical devices. Here, we present a new design of electro-tunable Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPIs) in which two parallel mirrors – each composed of a monolayer of NPs self-assembled on a thin metallic electrode – form an optical cavity, which is filled with an aqueous solution. The reflectivity of the cavity mirrors can be electrically adjusted, simultaneously or separately, via a small variation of the electrode potentials, which would alter the inter-NP separation in the monolayers. To investigate optical transmittance from the proposed FPI device, we develop a nine-layer-stack theoretical model, based on our effective medium theory and multi-layer Fresnel reflection scheme, which produces excellent match when verified against full-wave simulations. We show that strong plasmonic coupling among silver NPs forming a monolayer on a thin silver-film substrate makes reflectivity of each cavity mirror highly sensitive to the inter-NP separation. Such a design allows the continuous tuning of the multiple narrow and intense transmission peaks emerging from an FPI cavity via electro-tuning the inter-NP separation in situ – reaping the benefits from both inexpensive bottom-up fabrication and energy-efficient tuning.

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8

Ma, Zhenhe, Xianghe Meng, Xiaodi Liu, Guangyuan Si, and Yan Jun Liu. "Liquid Crystal Enabled Dynamic Nanodevices." Nanomaterials 8, no. 11 (2018): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8110871.

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Inspired by the anisotropic molecular shape and tunable alignment of liquid crystals (LCs), investigations on hybrid nanodevices which combine LCs with plasmonic metasurfaces have received great attention recently. Since LCs possess unique electro-optical properties, developing novel dynamic optical components by incorporating nematic LCs with nanostructures offers a variety of practical applications. Owing to the large birefringence of LCs, the optical properties of metamaterials can be electrically or optically modulated over a wide range. In this review article, we show different elegant designs of metasurface based nanodevices integrated into LCs and explore the tuning factors of transmittance/extinction/scattering spectra. Moreover, we review and classify substantial tunable devices enabled by LC-plasmonic interactions. These dynamically tunable optoelectronic nanodevices and components are of extreme importance, since they can enable a significant range of applications, including ultra-fast switching, modulating, sensing, imaging, and waveguiding. By integrating LCs with two dimensional metasurfaces, one can manipulate electromagnetic waves at the nanoscale with dramatically reduced sizes. Owing to their special electro-optical properties, recent efforts have demonstrated that more accurate manipulation of LC-displays can be engineered by precisely controlling the alignment of LCs inside small channels. In particular, device performance can be significantly improved by optimizing geometries and the surrounding environmental parameters.

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9

Ziolkowski, Richard W., and Aycan Erentok. "Metamaterial-based efficient electrically small antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 54, no. 7 (2006): 2113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2006.877179.

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10

Erentok, Aycan, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Metamaterial-Inspired Efficient Electrically Small Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, no. 3 (2008): 691–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2008.916949.

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11

Jin, Peng, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Metamaterial-Inspired, Electrically Small Huygens Sources." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 9 (2010): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2010.2051311.

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12

Erentok, Aycan, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "An efficient metamaterial-inspired electrically-small antenna." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, no. 6 (2007): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.22415.

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13

Joshi, J. G., Shyam S. Pattnaik, Swapna Devi, and M. R. Lohokare. "Electrically Small Patch Antenna Loaded with Metamaterial." IETE Journal of Research 56, no. 6 (2010): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2010.10876328.

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14

Chaturvedi, Divya, and Singaravelu Raghavan. "SRR-LOADED METAMATERIAL-INSPIRED ELECTRICALLY-SMALL MONOPOLE ANTENNA." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 81 (2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc17101202.

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15

Erentok, Aycan, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Two-dimensional efficient metamaterial-inspired electrically-small antenna." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, no. 7 (2007): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.22542.

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16

Ntaikos, Dimitrios K., Nektarios K. Bourgis, and Traianos V. Yioultsis. "Metamaterial-Based Electrically Small Multiband Planar Monopole Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10 (2011): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2011.2167309.

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17

Bourgis, Nektarios K., and Traianos V. Yioultsis. "EFFICIENT ISOLATION BETWEEN ELECTRICALLY SMALL METAMATERIAL-INSPIRED MONOPOLE ANTENNAS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 60 (2014): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb14051304.

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18

Garg, Tanuj K. "Metamaterial Loaded Frequency Tunable Electrically Small Planar Patch Antenna." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 11 (2014): 1738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2014/v7i11.7.

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19

Zhu, Ning, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Active Metamaterial-Inspired Broad-Bandwidth, Efficient, Electrically Small Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10 (2011): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2012.2182981.

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20

Zhu, Cheng, Tong Li, Ke Li, et al. "Electrically Small Metamaterial-Inspired Tri-Band Antenna With Meta-Mode." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14 (2015): 1738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2015.2421356.

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21

Baena, J. D., L. Jelinek, R. Marqués, and J. Zehentner. "Electrically small isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonators for metamaterial design." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 13 (2006): 134108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2190442.

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22

Erentok, Aycan, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "A Hybrid Optimization Method to Analyze Metamaterial-Based Electrically Small Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 55, no. 3 (2007): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2007.891553.

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23

Kokkinos, T., and A. P. Feresidis. "Electrically Small Superdirective Endfire Arrays of Metamaterial-Inspired Low-Profile Monopoles." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 11 (2012): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2012.2199460.

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24

Li, Ke, Cheng Zhu, Long Li, Yuan-Ming Cai, and Chang-Hong Liang. "Design of Electrically Small Metamaterial Antenna With ELC and EBG Loading." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2264099.

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25

Liu, Liang-Yuan, and Bing-Zhong Wang. "A Broadband and Electrically Small Planar Monopole Employing Metamaterial Transmission Line." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14 (2015): 1018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2015.2388762.

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26

Wu, Zhentian, Ming-Chun Tang, Mei Li, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Ultralow-Profile, Electrically Small, Pattern-Reconfigurable Metamaterial-Inspired Huygens Dipole Antenna." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 3 (2020): 1238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2925280.

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27

Antoniades, M. A., and G. V. Eleftheriades. "A Folded-Monopole Model for Electrically Small NRI-TL Metamaterial Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7 (2008): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2008.2008773.

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28

Wang, Yi-Dong, Feng-Yuan Han, Jin Zhao, et al. "Design of Double-Layer Electrically Extremely Small-Size Displacement Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 14 (2021): 4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144923.

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In this paper, a displacement sensor with an electrically extremely small size and high sensitivity is proposed based on an elaborately designed metamaterial element, i.e., coupled split-ring resonators (SRRs). The sensor consists of a feeding structure with a rectangular opening loop and a sensing structure with double-layer coupled SRRs. The movable double-layer structures can be used to measure the relative displacement. The size of microwave displacement sensors can be significantly reduced due to the compact feeding and sensing structures. By adjusting the position of the split gap within the resonator, the detection directions of the displacement sensing can be further expanded accordingly (along with the x- or y-axis) without increasing its physical size. Compared with previous works, the extremely compact size of 0.05λ0 × 0.05λ0 (λ0 denotes the free-space wavelength), a high sensitivity, and a high quality factor (Q-factor) can be achieved by the proposed sensor. From the perspective of the advantages above, the proposed sensor holds promise for being applied in many high-precision industrial measurement scenarios.

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29

Sharma, Sameer K., Mahmoud A. Abdalla, and Zhirun Hu. "Miniaturisation of an electrically small metamaterial inspired antenna using additional conducting layer." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, no. 8 (2018): 1444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.0927.

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30

Zhu, Cheng, Jing-Jing Ma, Hui-Qing Zhai, Long Li, and Chang-Hong Liang. "Characteristics of Electrically Small Spiral Resonator Metamaterial With Electric and Magnetic Responses." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 11 (2012): 1580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2012.2236878.

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31

Turkmen, Oznur, Gonul Turhan-Sayan, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Single-, dual-, and triple-band metamaterial-inspired electrically small planar magnetic dipole antennas." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 1 (2013): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28059.

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32

Lin, Wei, and Richard W. Ziolkowski. "Wirelessly Powered Light and Temperature Sensors Facilitated by Electrically Small Omnidirectional and Huygens Dipole Antennas." Sensors 19, no. 9 (2019): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19091998.

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Wirelessly powered, very compact sensors are highly attractive for many emerging Internet-of-things (IoT) applications; they eliminate the need for on-board short-life and bulky batteries. In this study, two electrically small rectenna-based wirelessly powered light and temperature sensors were developed that operate at 915 MHz in the 902–928-MHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. First, a metamaterial-inspired near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) Egyptian axe dipole (EAD) antenna was seamlessly integrated with a highly efficient sensor-augmented rectifier without any matching network. It was electrically small and very thin, and its omnidirectional property was ideal for capturing incident AC wireless power from any azimuthal direction and converting it into DC power. Both a photocell as the light sensor and a thermistor as the temperature sensor were demonstrated. The resistive properties of the photocell and thermistor changed the rectifier’s output voltage level; an acoustic alarm was activated once a threshold value was attained. Second, an electrically small, low-profile NFRP Huygens antenna was similarly integrated with the same light- and temperature-sensor-augmented rectifiers. Their unidirectional nature was very suitable for surface-mounted wireless power transfer (WPT) applications (i.e., on-body and on-wall sensors). Measurements of the prototypes of both the light- and temperature-sensor-augmented omni- and unidirectional rectenna systems confirmed their predicted performance characteristics.

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33

Durán-Sindreu, Miguel, Jordi Naqui, Ferran Paredes, Jordi Bonache, and Ferran Martín. "Electrically Small Resonators for Planar Metamaterial, Microwave Circuit and Antenna Design: A Comparative Analysis." Applied Sciences 2, no. 2 (2012): 375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app2020375.

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34

Arslanagic, Samel, Richard W. Ziolkowski, and Olav Breinbjerg. "Excitation of an electrically small metamaterial-coated cylinder by an arbitrarily located line source." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, no. 12 (2006): 2598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21990.

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35

Sharma, Sameer Kumar, Mahmoud A. Abdalla, and Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary. "An electrically small sicrr metamaterial-inspired dual-band antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 3 (2017): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30339.

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36

Peng Jin and R. W. Ziolkowski. "Broadband, Efficient, Electrically Small Metamaterial-Inspired Antennas Facilitated by Active Near-Field Resonant Parasitic Elements." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, no. 2 (2010): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2009.2037708.

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37

Monzon, Cesar. "Venturi effect on slotted metamaterial interfaces: broadband tunnelling." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465, no. 2110 (2009): 2977–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0092.

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We demonstrate the existence of broadband anomalous transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves through an electrically very narrow aperture in a thin metal plate backed by left-handed media (LHM). It is shown that the incoming energy is simply squeezed through the aperture, without any reflection, regardless of how small the physical aperture is. Analogous to the Venturi effect in fluids, the EM energy behaves as an incompressible fluid, flowing through the constriction (aperture), as if the wave character of EM was lost. This counterintuitive tunnelling effect is not related to resonances and is impossible to achieve with naturally occurring materials. Analysis indicates that a cascaded waveguide implementation, in the form of a slotted metallized LHM wall, retains the exotic broadband transparency character. Applications for a device with these properties abound in the RF/microwave/THz/optical ranges, to which the analysis can be scaled. To complement this analysis, a proposal for achieving broadband LHM is also included.

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38

Ziolkowski, R. W., and A. Erentok. "At and below the Chu limit: passive and active broad bandwidth metamaterial-based electrically small antennas." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 1, no. 1 (2007): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map:20050342.

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39

Rajesh Kumar, Narayanasamy, Palan Sathya, Sharul Rahim, Muhammed Nor, Akram Alomainy, and Akaa Eteng. "Compact Tri-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Complementary Split Ring Resonator Structure." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 3 (2021): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360314.

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In this letter, a compact complementary split ring based tri-band antenna is proposed. The proposed antenna resonates at 1.9 GHz (1.70-1.91 GHz), 2.45 GHz (2.23-2.52 GHz) and 3.2 GHz (2.9-3.25 GHz); the input match values are 24.56 dB, 27.21 dB and 22.46 dB, respectively. The antenna’s realised peak gain is 4.15 dBm at 1.9 GHz, 4.25 dBm at 2.4 GHz and 4.74 dBm at 3.2 GHz, with approximately 42% of reduction in antenna size. The results demonstrate that the proposed metamaterial antenna is tunable, electrically small and highly efficient, which makes it a suitable candidate for RF energy harvesting. The antenna is numerically and experimentally analysed and validated with very good comparison between the simulated and measured results.

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40

Kiem, Nguyen Khac, Huynh Nguyen Bao Phuong, Quang Ngoc Hieu, and Dao Ngoc Chien. "A Novel Metamaterial MIMO Antenna with High Isolation for WLAN Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/851904.

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A compact2×2metamaterial-MIMO antenna for WLAN applications is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna is designed by placing side by side two single metamaterial antennas which are constructed based on the modified composite right/left-handed (CRLH) model. By adding another left-handed inductor, the total left-handed inductor of the modified CRLH model is increased remarkably in comparison with that of conventional CRLH model. As a result, the proposed metamaterial antenna achieves 60% size reduction in comparison with the unloaded antenna. The MIMO antenna is electrically small (30 mm × 44 mm) with an edge-to-edge separation between two antennas of0.06λ0at 2.4 GHz. In order to reduce the mutual coupling of the antenna, a defected ground structure (DGS) is inserted to suppress the effect of surface current between elements of the proposed antenna. The final design of the MIMO antenna satisfies the return loss requirement of less than −10 dB in a bandwidth ranging from 2.38 GHz to 2.5 GHz, which entirely covers WLAN frequency band allocated from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz. The antenna also shows a high isolation coefficient which is less than −35 dB over the operating frequency band. A good agreement between simulation and measurement is shown in this context.

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41

Vélez, A., F. Aznar, M. Durán-Sindreu, J. Bonache, and F. Martín. "Stop-band and band-pass filters in coplanar waveguide technology implemented by means of electrically small metamaterial-inspired open resonators." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 4, no. 6 (2010): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2009.0291.

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42

Sonak, Ruchita, Mohammad Ameen, and Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary. "CPW-fed electrically small open-ended zeroth order resonating metamaterial antenna with dual-band features for GPS/WiMAX/WLAN applications." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 104 (May 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2019.03.017.

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43

Zhu, Ning, Richard W. Ziolkowski, and Hao Xin. "A metamaterial-inspired, electrically small rectenna for high-efficiency, low power harvesting and scavenging at the global positioning system L1 frequency." Applied Physics Letters 99, no. 11 (2011): 114101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3637045.

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44

Ameen, Mohammad, Abinash Mishra, and Raghvendra Kumar Chaudhary. "Asymmetric CPW-fed electrically small metamaterial- inspired wideband antenna for 3.3/3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN applications." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 119 (May 2020): 153177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153177.

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45

Tang, Wenxuan, Yujie Hua, and Tie Jun Cui. "A Compact Component for Multi-Band Rejection and Frequency Coding in the Plasmonic Circuit at Microwave Frequencies." Electronics 10, no. 1 (2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10010004.

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Plasmonic circuits, which support the propagation of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) at microwave frequencies, have been developed in recent years as an expected candidate for future highly integrated systems, mainly because of their extraordinary field confinements and sub-wavelength resolution. On the other hand, artificial electromagnetic (EM) resonators are widely adopted in metamaterial design for flexible resonance and band gaps. In this work, an electrically small complementary spiral, which is made up of six helix branches sculptured in the ground, is proposed to achieve independent resonances at six different frequency bands. Combined with the grounded corrugated transmission line (TL), the proposed component can provide designable multi-band rejection, and compose frequency coding circuits with a compact size (less than λ0/4). The complementary spirals excited with the bending TL and the straight one are both investigated, and independence band rejections and designed 6-bit coding sequences in the frequency spectrum are demonstrated numerically and experimentally. Hence, it is concluded that such compact components can be adopted to flexibly control the rejection of waves in multi-frequency bands, and benefits the development of frequency-identification circuits and systems.

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46

Cheng, Hesheng, and Huakun Zhang. "Investigation of Improved Methods in Power Transfer Efficiency for Radiating Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2136923.

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A metamaterial-inspired efficient electrically small antenna is proposed, firstly. And then several improving power transfer efficiency (PTE) methods for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems composed of the proposed antenna in the radiating near-field region are investigated. Method one is using a proposed antenna as a power retriever. This WPT system consisted of three proposed antennas: a transmitter, a receiver, and a retriever. The system is fed by only one power source. At a fixed distance from receiver to transmitter, the distance between the transmitter and the retriever is turned to maximize power transfer from the transmitter to the receiver. Method two is using two proposed antennas as transmitters and one antenna as receiver. The receiver is placed between the two transmitters. In this system, two power sources are used to feed the two transmitters, respectively. By adjusting the phase difference between the two feeding sources, the maximum PTE can be obtained at the optimal phase difference. Using the same configuration as method two, method three, where the maximum PTE can be increased by regulating the voltage (or power) ratio of the two feeding sources, is proposed. In addition, we combine the proposed methods to construct another two schemes, which improve the PTE at different extent than classical WPT system.

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47

Strickland, D., J. Pruitt, J. Helffrich, E. Martinez, B. Nance, and L. Griffith. "Realization of Electrically Small Patch Antennas Loaded with Metamaterials." MRS Proceedings 1223 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1223-ee02-06.

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ABSTRACTWe have built and tested electrically small (∼γ/10) resonant patch antennas as proposed in recent literature [1, 2]. The metamaterial array loading the antennas formed a rough cylinder axially enclosed by a patch antenna and a ground plane. The fill ratio, or ratio of the metamaterial array's radius to the patch radius, was less than one. Given a particular negative permeability metamaterial (copper spiral rings printed on circuit board in this case), the fill ratio dictates the lower of two resonant frequencies of the antenna. The higher frequency resonance is characteristic of the patch.We observed that each of the antennas radiated at two resonant frequencies, as predicted. The lower frequency resonance disappeared when the metamaterial was removed. We built two versions of this antenna, one (Design I) with a lower resonant frequency of 756 MHz and higher resonant frequency of 3.3 GHz, and a second antenna (Design II) with a lower resonant frequency of 385 MHz and higher resonant frequency of 1.8 GHz. Because we were interested in reducing the size of patch antennas, we focused on the lower frequency resonances in this work. The antennas' return loss was measured at -23 dB and -28 dB, the gains were -11 dBi and -13 dBi, and the return loss was less than -10 dB over bandwidths of 4.7% and 1.8% for the lower frequency resonances of Design I and Design II, respectively.We also predicted the trend of increasing resonant frequency with decreased metamaterial fill ratio. We varied the fill ratio was by changing the patch size while maintaining the same metamaterial array. As predicted, resonant frequency increased with increasing patch size, an opposite trend to what one would expect without the loading metamaterial. Altering the patch size allows simple tuning during the assembly and test process.

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Kosulnikov, S., D. Filonov, A. Boag, and P. Ginzburg. "Volumetric metamaterials versus impedance surfaces in scattering applications." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88421-2.

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AbstractArtificially created media allow employing material parameters as additional valuable degrees of freedom in tailoring electromagnetic scattering. In particular, metamaterials with either negative permeability or permittivity allow creating deeply subwavelength resonant structures with relatively high scattering cross-sections. However, the equivalence principle allows replacing volumetric structures with properly designed curved impedance surfaces, ensuring the same electromagnetic properties. Here, we examine this statement from a practical standpoint, considering two structures, having a dipolar electric resonance at the same frequency. The first realization is based on arrays of inductively loaded electric dipoles printed on stacked circuit boards (a volumetric metamaterial), while the second structure utilizes a 4-wire spiral on a spherical surface (surface impedance realization). An intermediate conclusion is that the surface implementation tends to outperform the volumetric counterparts in the scenario when a single resonance is involved. However, in the case where multiple resonances are overlapping and lossy materials are involved, volumetric realization can have an advantage. The discussed structures are of significant importance to the field of electrically small antennas, superdirective antennas, and superscatterers, which find use in wireless communications and radar applications, to name just a few.

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Tamim, Ahmed M., Mohammad RI Faruque, and Mohammad T. Islam. "Metamaterial-inspired electrically small antenna for microwave applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, April 26, 2021, 146442072110114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207211011499.

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Electrically small antennas are becoming more important to compete with the rising modern civilization. Hence, this study presents a new approach of electrically small antenna inspired by a metamaterial structure which creates an impact by achieving a multi-band property that can be applied for different microwave applications. A high-frequency electromagnetic simulator was utilized to design, simulate, and analyze the antenna performance. About 58% reduction was achieved due to the incorporation of the modified electric field-driven capacitor-driven metamaterial. The initial length of the antenna was 0.61λ0 × 0.58λ0 × 0.12λ0; however, after embedding metamaterial, 58% reduction was achieved and the size of the electrical length of the reduced antenna becomes 0.254λ0 × 0.207λ0 × 0.013λ0, where λ0 denotes free-space wavelength. The electrical limitation factor (ka) of the antenna that was 0.94 (below 1) satisfied the conditions of electrically small antenna. The antenna achieved the highest measured gain of 4.79 dB. Due to its compact miniaturized size and resonance characteristics, the proposed antenna is compatible for broad spectrum of applications in the field of microwave communication.

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Ziolkowski, R. "Metamaterial-based source and scattering enhancements: From microwave to optical frequencies." Opto-Electronics Review 14, no. 3 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11772-006-0022-0.

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AbstractA brief review of metamaterial applications to source and scattering problems in the microwave and optical frequency regimes is given. Issues associated with modelling these systems are discussed. Electrically small radiating and scattering systems are emphasized. Single negative, double negative, and zero-index versions of these metamaterial-based systems are introduced that provide a means to manipulate their efficiency, bandwidth, and directivity characteristics.

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