Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electricity appliances'

Assessing the impact of domestic low-carbon technologies on the electricity distribution network requires a detailed insight into the operation of networks and the power demands of consumers. When used on a wide-scale, low-carbon technologies, including domestic scale micro-generation, heat pumps, electric vehicles and flexible demand, will change the nature of domestic electricity use. In providing a basis for the quantification of the impact upon distribution networks, this thesis details the construction and use of a high-resolution integrated model that simulates both existing domestic electricity use and low voltage distribution networks. Electricity demand is modelled at the level of individual household appliances and is based upon surveyed occupant time-use data. This approach results in a simulation that exhibits realistic time-variant demand characteristics, in both individual dwellings, as well as, groups of dwellings together. Validation is performed against real domestic electricity use data, measured for this purpose, from dwellings in Loughborough in the East Midlands, UK. The low voltage distribution network is modelled using real network data, and the output of its simulation is validated against measured network voltages and power demands. The integrated model provides a highly detailed insight into the operation of networks at a one-minute resolution. This integrated model is the main output of this research, alongside published articles and a freely downloadable software implementation of the demand model.

Transient stability analysis is an important part of power system planning and operation. For large power systems, such analysis is very demanding in computation time. On-line transient stability assessment will be necessary for secure and reliable operation of power systems in the near future because systems are operated close to their maximum limits. In the last two decades, a vast amount of research work has been done in the area of fast transient stability assessment by direct methods. The major difficulties associated with direct methods are the limitations in the power system model, determination of transient stability regions and adaptation to changes in operating conditions. In this thesis catastrophe theory is used to determine the transient stability regions. Taylor series expansion is used to find the energy balance equation in terms of clearing time and system transient parameters. The energy function is then put in the form of a catastrophe manifold from which the bifurcation set is extracted. The bifurcation set represents the transient stability region in terms of the power system transient parameters bounded by the transient stability limits. The transient stability regions determined are valid for any changes in loading conditions and fault location. The transient stability problem is dealt with in the two dimensions of transient stability limits and critical clearing times. Transient stability limits are given by the bifurcation set and the critical clearing times are calculated from the catastrophe manifold equation. The method achieves a breakthrough in the modelling problem because the effects of exciter response, flux decay and systems damping can all be included in the transient stability analysis. Numerical examples of one-machine infinite-bus and multi-machine power systems show very good agreement with the time solution in the practical range of first swing stability analysis. The method presented fulfills all requirements for on-line assessment of transient stability of power systems.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

There is a continuously growing amount of appliances and energy dependent services in households. To date, efforts have mostly focused on energy efficiency, however behavior changes are required for a more sustainable energy consumption. People therefore need to understand their consumption habits to be able to adapt them. Appliance-specific feedback is probably the most efficient way to impact behaviors, since people need to ‘see’ where their electricity goes. Smart meters, currently being extensively rolled out in Europe and in the U.S. are good potential candidates to provide end-users with

energy advice. The required functionalities must however be rapidly defined if they are expected to be integrated in the future massive roll out.

Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring aims to derive appliance-specific information from the aggregate electricity consumption. While techniques have been developed since the 80’s, those mainly address the identification of previously learned appliances, from a database. Building such a database is an intrusive and tedious process which should be avoided. Whereas most recent efforts have focused on unsupervised techniques to disambiguate energy consumption into individual appliances, they usually rely on prior information about measured appliances such as the number of appliances, the number of states in each appliance as well as the power they consume in each state. This information should ideally be learned from the data. This topic will be addressed in the present research.

This work will present a framework for unsupervised learning for nonintrusive appliance

load monitoring. It aims to discover information about appliances of a household solely from its aggregate consumption data, with neither prior information nor user intervention. The learning process can be segmented into five tasks: the detection of on/off switching, the extraction of individual load signatures, the identification of

recurrent signatures, the discovery of two-state electrical devices and, finally, the elaboration

of appliance models. The first four steps will be addressed in this paper.

The suite of algorithms proposed in this work allows to discover the set of two-states electrical loads from their aggregated consumption. This, along with the evaluation

of their operating sequences, is a prerequisite to learn appliance models from the data. Results show that loads consuming power down to some dozens of watts can be learned from the data. This should encourage future researchers to consider such an unsupervised learning.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar os conceitos de Fator de Carga (FC) e Fator de Demanda (FD) e verificar o quanto estas informações estão atualizadas para uso pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica. A motivação pelo estudo resultou do fato de o conhecimento e o gerenciamento desses índices proporciorem maior eficiência e segurança às instalações e equipamentos, além de permitir redução do custo da energia elétrica. A metodologia utilizada para o cálculo se baseia nos testes de Chauvenet, que permite determinar se um valor amostral (resultante de uma medição) é anômalo (outlier) em relação aos restantes valores da amostra, supondo-se que esta amostra é retirada de uma distribuição normal. Dentre os principais resultados destacam-se estimativas do Fator de Carga e Fator de Demanda, típicos para os diversos segmentos de clientes de uma empresa de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para se obter essas estimativas foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo permitindo o levantamento da potência instalada em clientes atendidos na alta e na baixa tensão. Em paralelo à pesquisa de campo, a concessionária de energia elétrica realizou medições de consumo e demanda junto a esses clientes. Como conclusão o trabalho confirma que as distribuidoras de energia elétrica não possuem acesso a um cadastro atualizado da potência instalada de seus consumidores. Faz-se necessário uma atualização mais dinâmica nas bases de dados disponíveis o que permitiria uma estimativa mais precisa dos fatores de carga e de demanda.
The aim of this work discusses basic concepts associated with the load factor (LF) and demand factor (DF) and the adequacy of their use by electricity utilities. The knowledge and management of these electrical parameters is rather important, as they contribute for the improvement of the efficiency and security of the system as a whole while promoting reduction on energy costs. The method used to estimate these quantities is based on the Chauvenet statistical tests capable to detect and remove possible discontinuity on the sample data observed to follow normal distribution. The LD and DF were estimated for various clusters of similar clients of a given distributing utility. Estimations were obtained through a survey involving clients of the selected utility to capture information on the end-users and their nominal power demanded at both, the low and high voltage levels. In parallel to the survey, the utility measured and monitored the energy consumption of the clients participating in the study. As a conclusion, the study revealed that the electricity utilities do not have access to update information (stratified by segments of clients) on the electrical parameters. A dynamic scheme to make available updated information related to load factor and demand factor proved to be extremely useful and is highly recommended.

Various forecasting tools, based on historical data, exist for planners of national networks that are very effective in planning national interventions to ensure energy security, and meet carbon obligations over the long term. However, at a local community level, where energy demand patterns may significantly differ from the national picture, planners would be unable to justify local and more appropriate intervention due to the lack of appropriate planning tools. In this research, a new methodology is presented that initially creates a virtual community of households in a small community based on a survey of a similar community, and then predicts the energy behaviour of each household, and hence of the community. It is based on a combination of the statistical data, and a questionnaire survey. The methodology therefore enables realistic predictions and can help local planners decide on measures such as embedding renewable energy and demand management. Using the methodology developed, a study has been carried out in order to understand the patterns of electricity consumption within UK households. The methodology developed in this study has been used to investigate the incentives currently available to consumers to see if it would be possible to shift some of the load from peak hours. Furthermore, the possibility of using renewable energy (RE) at community level is also studied and the results presented. Real time pricing information was identified as a barrier to understanding the effectiveness of various incentives and interventions. A new pricing criteria has therefore been developed to help developers and planners of local communities to understand the cost of intervention. Conclusions have been drawn from the work. Finally, suggestions for future work have been presented.
Libyan government

Various forecasting tools, based on historical data, exist for planners of national networks that are very effective in planning national interventions to ensure energy security, and meet carbon obligations over the long term. However, at a local community level, where energy demand patterns may significantly differ from the national picture, planners would be unable to justify local and more appropriate intervention due to the lack of appropriate planning tools. In this research, a new methodology is presented that initially creates a virtual community of households in a small community based on a survey of a similar community, and then predicts the energy behaviour of each household, and hence of the community. It is based on a combination of the statistical data, and a questionnaire survey. The methodology therefore enables realistic predictions and can help local planners decide on measures such as embedding renewable energy and demand management. Using the methodology developed, a study has been carried out in order to understand the patterns of electricity consumption within UK households. The methodology developed in this study has been used to investigate the incentives currently available to consumers to see if it would be possible to shift some of the load from peak hours. Furthermore, the possibility of using renewable energy (RE) at community level is also studied and the results presented. Real time pricing information was identified as a barrier to understanding the effectiveness of various incentives and interventions. A new pricing criteria has therefore been developed to help developers and planners of local communities to understand the cost of intervention. Conclusions have been drawn from the work. Finally, suggestions for future work have been presented.

This Engineering Doctorate aims to understand the factors that generate variability in small power consumption in commercial office buildings in order to generate more representative, building specific estimates of energy consumption. Current energy modelling practices in England are heavily focussed on simplified calculations for compliance with Building Regulations, which exclude numerous sources of energy use such as small power. When considered, estimates of small power consumption are often based on historic benchmarks, which fail to capture the significant variability of this end-use, as well as the dynamic nature of office environments. Six interrelated studies are presented in this thesis resulting in three contributions to existing theory and practice. The first contribution consists of new monitored data of energy consumption and power demand profiles for individual small power equipment in use in contemporary office buildings. These were used to inform a critical review of existing benchmarks widely used by designers in the UK. In addition, monthly and annual small power consumption data for different tenants occupying similar buildings demonstrated variations of up to 73%. The second contribution consists of a cross-disciplinary investigation into the factors influencing small power consumption. A study based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour demonstrated that perceived behavioural control may account for 17% of the variation in electricity use by different tenants. A subsequent monitoring study at the equipment level identified that user attitudes and actions may have a greater impact on variations in energy consumption than job requirements or computer specification alone. The third contribution consists of two predictive models for estimating small power demand and energy consumption in office buildings. Outputs from both models were validated and demonstrated a good correlation between predictions and monitored data. This research also led to the development and publication of industry guidance on how to stimate operational energy use at the design stage.

This thesis deals with issues of smart houses and smart buildings. In the first part there is a research of possible systems installed in smart house. Each system is described from the perspective of its function and importance .The second part is focused on energy demands and where there is described European standard EN 15232 (Energy demand of building – influence of control automation and house management). In the practical part there was created scheme with devices which can be equipped smart houses with and their separation according to their relation to electricity. Each device is characterized by its electrical and nonelectrical parameters typical for family houses. Next part is about the proposal of prediction model of electricity consumption and generation. There are also stated quantities needed for prediction model and then method for prediction model realization.

The amount of electricity used in individual UK homes varies considerably. Previous UK energy research has identified that high electricity consuming homes not only use more electricity, compared with others, but appear to be consuming even more electricity over time. Furthermore, there is additional evidence which shows that high consuming dwellings also have a greater potential to make energy savings than those who consume less. It has been suggested that future UK energy policy might focus on reducing the demand of high electricity consumers in order to reduce overall CO2 emissions. Therefore, understanding what drives high usage in domestic buildings is essential to support informed decisions. This thesis asserts that to improve knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting high electrical energy consumption in UK domestic buildings, it is necessary to combine an analysis of the occupants socio-economic characteristics, dwelling technical characteristics and appliance related aspects, with detailed monitoring of the ownership, power demand and occupants use of electrical appliances. Using a sample of 315 UK homes, the influence of socio-economic, technical and appliance related characteristics on the probability of a household being a high electrical energy consumer was investigated (Odds ratio analysis). Detailed appliance monitoring data was collected from 27 UK homes to establish the contributions of appliance ownership, power demand and use to high electrical energy demand (Appliance Electricity Use Survey). The current research found similar skewed electricity distributions towards high electricity consumers for both the 315 and 27 home cohorts. Conflicting results were however obtained from the two household samples with regard to whether high electricity consumers are increasing electrical energy demand over time. The results of the odds ratio analysis and Appliance Electricity Use Survey suggest that high electricity consumption in domestic buildings is related to a combination of the socio-economic characteristics of the building occupants, technical characteristics of the dwelling and the ownership, power demand and use of electrical appliances.

Paper [I] Using a unique and highly detailed data set on energy consumption at the appliance-level for 200 Swedish households, seemingly unrelated regression (SUR)-based end-use specific load curves are estimated. The estimated load curves are then used to explore possible restrictions on load shifting (e.g. the office hours schedule) as well as the cost implications of different load shift patterns. The cost implications of shifting load from "expensive" to "cheap" hours, using the Nord Pool spot prices as a proxy for a dynamic price, are computed to be very small; roughly 2-4% reduction in total daily costs from shifting load up to five hours ahead, indicating small incentives for households (and retailers) to adopt dynamic pricing of electricity. Paper [II] Using a detailed data set on appliance-level electricity consumption at the hourly level, we provide the first estimates of hourly and end-use-specific income elasticities for electricity. Such estimates are informative about how consumption patterns in general, and peak demand in particular, will develop as households’ income changes. We find that the income elasticities are highest during peak hours for kitchen and lighting, with point estimates of roughly 0.4, but insignificant for space heating. Paper [III] In this paper, I estimate the price elasticity of electricity as a function of the choice between fixed-price and variable-price contracts. Further, assuming that households have imperfect information about electricity prices and usage, I explore how media coverage of electricity prices affects electricity demand, both by augmenting price responsiveness and as a direct effect of media coverage on electricity demand, independent of prices. I also address the endogeneity of the choice of electricity contract. The parameters in the model are estimated using unique and detailed Swedish panel data on monthly household-level electricity consumption. I find that price elasticities range between −0.025 and −0.07 at the mean level of media coverage, depending on contract choice, and that households with monthly variation in electricity prices respond more to prices when there is extensive media coverage of electricity prices. When media coverage is high, for example 840 news articles per month (which corresponds to the mean plus two standard deviations), the price elasticity is −0.12, or 1.7 times the elasticity at the mean media coverage. Similarly, media coverage is also found to have a direct effect on electricity demand. Paper [IV] I explore how households switch between fixed-price and variable-price electricity contracts in response to variations in price and temperature, conditional on previous contract choice. Using panel data with roughly 54000 Swedish households, a dynamic probit model is estimated. The results suggest that the choice of contract exhibits substantial state dependence, with an estimated marginal effect of previous contractchoiceof0.96, andthattheeffectofvariationinpricesandtemperatureonthechoice of electricity contract is small. Further, the state dependence and price responsiveness are similar across housing types, income levels and other dimensions. A plausible explanation of these results is that transaction costs are larger than the relatively small cost savings from switching between contracts.

In the household appliance industry, heat pump systems have been used for a long time in refrigerators and freezers to cool food, and the industry has driven the development of small, high-quality, low-price heat pump components. In the last few decades, heat pump systems have been introduced in other household appliances, with the express purpose of reducing electricity consumption. Heat pump tumble dryers have been on the market since 2000 and dominate the market today. A heat pump dishwasher was introduced on the market in 2014 and a heat pump washing machine in 2016. The purpose of adding a heat pump system in these three products was to decrease electricity consumption. Papers I and II used a methodology where transient simulation models were developed and used to increase knowledge about how to decrease electricity consumption for a tumble dryer and a dishwasher by adding a heat pump system. Papers II to V showed that a lower electricity consumption and lower global warming potential together with an energy-efficient drying method, where no humid air evacuates to the kitchen, give a heat pump dishwasher competitive advantages compared to any conventional dishwasher currently on the market. Using simulations, this dissertation concludes that a future commercial heat pump dishwasher, using R600a as a refrigerant, will reduce electricity consumption and total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) by 50% compared to the conventional dishwasher. The willingness from the customer chain to pay extra for this heat pump dishwasher is because of the decreases electricity consumption and the fact that no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. This willingness makes the heat pump dishwasher to a variant which have possibility to succeed on the future market. The challenge for the manufacturer is to develop and produce a high-quality heat pump dishwasher with low electricity consumption, predict future willingness to pay for it, and launch it on the market at the right moment with the right promotion in order to succeed.
The competition in the household appliances industry is strong. Manufacturers are continuously trying to develop, produce and sell product functions and features with good profit. To continually develop new features that the customer chain is willing to pay for is a key factor for a manufacturer to survive. In this study has a heat pump system been added as a new feature to a dishwasher. The first heat pump dishwasher was introduced on the market in 2014 and the heat pump system was only used to heat the dishwasher. Comparing that first heat pump dishwasher was a new closed drying method introduced in this study where no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. Experiments and simulations showed that a dishwasher with an added heat pump system can decrease the total electricity consumption by 50% when cleaning and drying the dishware comparing to an on market conventional dishwasher. The willingness from the customer chain to pay extra for this heat pump dishwasher is because of the decreases in electricity consumption and the fact that no humid air evacuates to the kitchen. This willingness makes the heat pump dishwasher to a variant which have possibility to succeed on the future market.

This thesis deals with energy self-sufficiency focusing on the independence of the electric grid. Basic line emanating project form a concrete proposal for autonomous energy supply system. Emphasis is placed primarily on photovoltaic systems, electric energy accumulation and selection of individual components of such a system. Another important part of the thesis is also an economic evaluation of design variations. The thesis also deals with a market research, and thereof derived benefit assessment of each technology. The accompanying chapters are then devoted to the history of autonomous life style or classification of buildings according to their energy performance.

碩士
中原大學
工業工程學系
85
Due to the economic growth, people's income and living standard in Taiwan have both been increased. The consumption of electricity has also increased with a rate of5~ 8% each year. However, the rate of newly developed electrical resources cannot catch up the consumption rate. The administration has put the restriction on the use of electric power during the peak period in the summer. Therefore, it is very important for everyone in Taiwan to use electricity efficiently. This research project is to study a way to promote people to use high efficiency electrical appliances and to develop a method for evaluating the performance of energy saving. After analyzing the data collected from United States and Japan and with the considerations of practical aspect, the amount of electricity consumption, and the applicability in the future of an appliance, we chose 8 potential high efficiency electrical appliances for promoting energy conservation. They are windows air conditioner, box air conditioner, refrigerator, motor, washing machine, electronic fan, electronic cooker. and illuminating equipment. In this research, we modified Geller and Nadel method for the calculation of the electricity saved through using the high efficiency electrical appliances. The total saved electricity is about 3.113.089KWH which is about 2.954% of the total electricity consumed in 1995 in Taiwan. We have also found some interesting statistics through the survey. Among the seven factors, the function of an appliance is the number one factor which will affect the customers' decisions to buy an electrical appliance. The energy saving factor is ranked at number five. 69% of the surveyed people saying that they will choose those appliances with energy saving labels on them. 42% of them saying that a rebate program will help them to choose the high efficiency electrical appliances. 41% of them saying that the government should give tax reduction to encourage people to use high efficiency electrical appliances.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.
The primary objective of this research was to investigate the failures occurring in the family of surge arresters used within EThekwini Electricity, making use of different diagnostic methods, such as leakage current testing (LC), infrared scanning (IR), and partial discharge (PD) measurements. The different diagnostic tests were used to assess the degradation process of the polymer housed surge arresters and their failure. The measurements were used for diagnosis of 120 kV/65 kA surge arresters of different brands. Tests were performed on surge arresters that were still in the system and these test results were compared with results from tests performed on failed units. Results obtained from the different tests were compared to the test results for different families or designs. An imperfect arrester will exhibit excessive heating when an electrical surge is discharged. The aforementioned tenets are the primary factors influencing degradation and causing failure of Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) in a system. These factors can decrease creepage and flashover distance on insulation, which could result in a substantial increase in resistive leakage current, (which is a few microamperes in ideal condition), overheating, and PD formation on the zinc oxide varistor element. Therefore, it is extremely important to assess the status of the surge arresters whilst they are in service, firstly so that they can be removed from the system before they fail and, and secondly, to verify their condition, and their ability to effectively protect the substation apparatus. Using infrared inspection, valuable information of condition of surge arresters was obtained, heat inside the surge arresters was detected and this shows that IR analysis can therefore be considered as an additional method to assess the condition of polymer housed surge arresters. It was observed that partial discharge activity is an indication of degradation in arrester varistor. LC test, IR, and PD measurement were valuable in obtaining sufficient information for failure of surge arresters. In additional, during the visual internal inspection of arresters, evidence of punctures, treeing, tracking, and moisture masks were noted on ZnO blocks and seals. These results indicate that the moisture ingress through the sealing collar can cause unnecessary outages.
M

碩士
國立交通大學
電子研究所
101
This thesis presents two major parts. One is a flexible non-intrusive power sensor tag with good proximity for accurate electric current and voltage sensing on a typical SPT-2 16AWG power cord of household appliances. The current and voltage sensors are simultaneously fabricated on a 100μm-thick flexible PET substrate. For the design of a 30-turns coil with 30μm in width and 30μm in spacing combing with two electrodes in the area of 1.3x1cm2. The sensor tag exhibits a sensitivity of 23.92μV/A and 72.62mV/115V for 60Hz electric current and voltage, respectively. Another is the NiFe C-clamp stripes fabricated on a 100μm-thick flexible PET substrate for providing sensitivity enhancement and reducing EM (Electromagnetic) interference for the inductive current sensor. The NiFe C-clamp stripes can guide and concentrate the magnetic flux in the central area of the inductive coil. For the 30-turn inductive coil, the 2μm thick NiFe C-clamp stripes with 14.5 mm in length and 25μm in height can provide 37.2% sensitivity enhancement for detecting 1A, 60Hz electric current in the SPT2-18AWG power cord to be detected. Meanwhile, the stripes can also effectively reduce the EM interference coming from an adjacent power cord.

博士
國立交通大學
電子工程學系 電子研究所
101
With the rapid evolution of science and technology, miniaturization is the major development trend in recent decades. As the CMOS technology continues scaling, smart hand-held devices combined with the capabilities of wireless communication and varieties of sensing functions for real-time monitoring of the natural environment conditions or physiological signals become the most convenient and powerful tool in our future life. Instead of CMOS technology, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been recognized one of the key technologies for developing pervasive transducers by realizing a microscale 3D structure to provide various sensing and actuating functionalities in next generation. It has been widely applied in electrical, mechanical, optical, acoustic, chemical, biomedical system,…etc., such as the well-known MEMS pressure sensors, inertial sensors and microphones in the automotive and consumer electronic industry. Nowadays, inductive coils have been applied everywhere in our environment, like the transformer with several floors high at the power plant and the substation, and small on-chip spiral inductors inside the CMOS chips in consumer electronics. The objectives of this dissertation are aimed to demonstrate and extend the microcoil applications in biotechnology, acoustic and electricity monitoring systems for the improvement of our life. In this dissertation, a platform technology with experimental results has been developed and utilized to rapidly investigate and analyze the biological effects of localized extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field (EMF) on living cells. The proximity effect of the localized ELF-EMF on living cells is revealed using the bio-compatible microplatform on which an on-glass inductive coil array, the source of the localized ELF-EMF in micro scale, is designed, fabricated and operated with a field strength of 1.2 ± 0.1 mT at 60 Hz for cell culturing study. After a 72 h ELF-EMF exposure, HeLa (human cervical cancer) and PC-12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cells exhibit about 18.4% and 12.9% cell proliferation rate reduction, respectively. Furthermore, according to the presented dynamic model, the reduction of the proliferation can be attributed to the interference of signal transduction processes due to the tangential currents induced around the cells. In addition, this dissertation also presents an optimized Cu-Ni nanocomposite coil synthesized based on the trade-off of resistivity and permeability of the nanocomposite for low-power electromagnetic microspeaker fabrication. A 200μm wide composite coil plated in an alkaline noncyanide copper based bath that is added with 2g/L of Ni nanopowders can realize ~40% power saving of the speaker performed in a frequency range of 1 to 6kHz as compared with the coil made of pure Cu for the same speaker design. In addition, a PDMS membrane is employed for the low-power milliwatt electromagnetic microspeaker fabrication. For a 1.76 mW power input, the speaker with a 3.5 mm in diameter and 3.3 µm thick membrane can generate a sound with the sound pressure level (SPL) of 106 dB @1 kHz in a 2 c.c. coupler. In the last part of this dissertation, a flexible inductive coil tag is presented to sense the electric current in the two-wire power cords of household goods. The tag is fabricated using a CMOS compatible SU-8 flexible technology which provides unique device characteristics of low-cost, reliable, and pervasive. With a 30-turns coil design in an area of 0.5 x 1 cm2, the coil tag can provide a sensitivity of 18 µV/A and 21 µV/A for detecting 50 and 60 Hz electric current in the ampere regime, respectively. Moreover, by integrating with the voltage sensor part, a flexible non-intrusive power sensor tag with good proximity is presented for accurate power detection of the household appliances using typical zip-cord power lines. Both current and voltage sensors with the design of a 50-turns inductive coil and two capacitive electrodes, respectively, in an area of 1.3 x 1 cm2 are fabricated on a 100 μm-thick flexible PET substrate as a sensor tag. The tag exhibits a sensitivity of 271.6 mV/A and 0.38 mV/V via active low-pass filter circuits for the current and voltage detection. Meanwhile, a compensation circuit inputted with the signals of voltage sensor signals is proposed for the interference reduction of in the current sensor that will be electrically coupled from the power cord, so that the current sensor can achieve over 40dB signal-to-noise ratio for measuring the loaded current of 1A, 60Hz on the power line. Furthermore, a sensitivity enhancement scheme is presented for the flexible inductive coil tag used for the current detection of household two-wire power lines. Experimental results show that the inductive coil tag can exhibit a larger induced voltage by the introduction of the magnetic C-clamp stripes that can guide and concentrate the magnetic flux in the center area of the inductive coil. For a 30-turns inductive coil, the incorporation of a 2 μm thick Ni and NiFe C-clamp stripes with 14.5 mm in length and ~20μm in height onto the coil can provide 15.5% and 37.2% sensitivity enhancement, respectively, for detecting 1 A, 60 Hz electric current flow in a SPT-2 16AWG power line. At final, it’s our belief that the proposed coil designs and fabrication processes combined with the theoretical modeling have great potential for the applications of magnetic field investigation of cell culturing in biological system, low power electromagnetic actuation in acoustic system, and electricity monitoring of household appliances.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2015
The work presented extends and contributes to research in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), focussing on steady-state and transient power measurement disaggregation techniques for circuits containing household ap- pliances. Although previous work in this area has produced and evaluated a wide range of NILM approaches, much of it has involved the use of datasets captured from real-world household implementations. In such cases, the lack of accurate ground truth data makes it di cult to assess disaggregation tech- niques. In the research presented, three NILM techniques are comparatively evaluated using measurements from typical household appliances assembled within a laboratory environment, where accurate ground truth data could be compiled to complement the measurements. This allows for the accu- racy of the various disaggregation approaches to be precisely evaluated. It is demonstrated that the correlation of transient event edges in aggregated power measurements to individual appliance transient exemplars performs better than the matching of steady-state power levels against individual ap- pliance state combinations. Furthermore, the transient approach is shown to be the most appropriate technique for further development.
MT2017

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
100
This thesis presents an integration of load management hardware module and thermal humidity sensor, where Zigbee wireless network is included to establish an energy management and environmental sensing system bases on the Internet-of-Things (IoT) structure. In this developed system platform, it is equipped with the functions of real-time monitoring, load control and data storage, in which the electricity management strategies consisting of electricity usage scheduling, environment regulation and demand response are all concerned. It is found that through this scheme design, the developed system comes with high flexibility along with the improved power consumption efficiency, achieving the goal energy conservation. In order to confirm the feasibility and practicality of the proposed system design, it has been simulated and tested under different scenarios. From the test results, they have demonstrated the effectiveness of this system on environment supervision and home appliance management applications, which is meanwhile served as the beneficial reference for electricity management operating model and future IoT development.